SOC 310
A typology can be described as an analytic code that is also a(n)
attribute code.
Which is a synonym for cohort design?
prospective design
Why would an ethnographer seek out a gatekeeper?
to gain access to a field site
Cyberethnography, or netnography, refers to
the study of how people behave in the online world.
How do qualitative researchers establish causality?
with logical approaches such as qualitative comparative analysis
QUESTION 11 1. Which statement demonstrates generalizability? 2. a. Race should first be studied as a broad concept, before looking at specific racial groups. b. A study of stress among 500 Hispanics offers insight about what is typical among all Hispanics in the United States. c. One Asian person's life history reflects broader social realities of race, gender, and age. d. In general, people from disadvantaged racial groups experience stress.
B
________ show the 95% confidence intervals for conditional means
error bars
Howard Becker found that marijuana users were best able to answer which question?
How did you start smoking marijuana?
________ is an example of an omnibus survey.
The General Social Survey (GSS)
When scholars present their work orally at professional conferences, they typically
focus more on methods and results, because this is what the audience has the most interest in.
Biological responses to stimuli are known as ________ measures.
physiological
An experiment in which the independent variable is manipulated by "nature," not by the experimenter, is known as a ________ experiment.
natural
A researcher might choose to use a cognitive interview to
pretest possible survey questions.
The key difference between an interval and a ratio variable is that only
ratio variables have a true zero point.
Which of the following projects best illustrates the logistical challenges of evaluation research?
To study an intervention in Uber driving, researchers must be able to locate large numbers of Uber drivers, who are often spread out throughout a city, and involve them in research.
A hypothesis is a ________ statement of a(n) ________ between two concepts
testable; relationship
analysis allows us to examine two variables simultaneously to see if one variable influences the other.
bivariate
Which is an example of micro data?
an individual's birth and death dates
A sampling strategy in which cases are deliberately selected on the basis of certain features is ________ sampling.
purposive
In ________ sampling, cases are deliberately selected on the basis of features that distinguish them from other cases.
purposive
The ________ experiment is the most common type of experiment.
laboratory
This graph displays a ________ distribution.
skewed left
When researchers adjust for the effects of additional variables to ensure the treatment and control groups are equivalent, they are using
statistical controls.
________ questions allow researchers to easily compare responses across different populations and time periods.
Closed-ended
Which of the following is true of error in social science research?
All social science research involves some level of error
How do researchers know if a project has reached saturation?
New materials reinforce what the researcher already knows.
In analytic coding, what is the relationship between codes that emerge from data and codes that emerge from the literature?
These codes may be blended or merged as necessary in a given project.
What kind of institutions must have institutional review boards?
any institution that receives research money from the federal government
Elise finishes her study of child actors in theater settings and decides to publish it as a monograph. She writes a
book-length publication that includes the research question, methods, and findings.
A memo is a note the researcher writes to himself or herself in order to
capture possible themes or findings.
Serena conducts a study of presidential inaugurations in Washington, D.C. She interviews Max, who provides a first-person account of the last inauguration. What do sociologists recommend as the most important way Serena could assess the quality of this first-person account? She may
consider whether Max's political views may shape his experience and interpretation.
How can software programs such as QDA support model-building in qualitative research? Software programs can
help build a model, but the scholar must contribute original thought and decisions about which findings are significant.
Professor Begay uses purposive sampling to select three Native American charter schools in the Southwest where he can study language instruction. Professor Begay
identifies important features for selection, and chooses schools based on those features.
This figure describes the relations between variables in a causal hypothesis. 1 refers to ________ variable; 2 refers to ________ variable.
independent; dependent
Historical research methods and comparative research methods both
interpret macro social processes through critical examination of social organization.
Dr. Liu wants to learn how well the students in his research methods class performed on their final exam. He ranked the 25 exam scores in order from lowest to highest, and then he examined the middle score. What measure of central tendency did Dr. Liu calculate?
median
Compared to the within-subject design, what is a characteristic of the between-subject design?
more possible to conduct
What would happen if a social scientist took an emic approach to a study about how life in refugee camps affects children's education? The scientist would
move into the refugee camp in order to experience life as the refugees do.
An iterative approach to qualitative data analysis means that the researcher
moves back and forth between the steps of the analysis process.
If a research team has asked a sample of politicians to report the U.S. region in which they were born, the team should report the mode to indicate central tendency because region is a(n)________ variable.
nominal
Which of the following activities demonstrates empiricism?
observing and counting people who use cell phones while walking through a park
Which of the following would be considered a strength of the natural experiment?
occurs in a very realistic and consequential setting
Leo uses a panel design to study marital satisfaction. Accordingly, he interviews
one sample, drawn at three different times.
A senator asks her legislative aide to write a policy brief about low-income housing policy in her state. The aide writes a good policy brief, which
provides an impartial summary of what is known about low-income housing.
Chenguang has been very careful to clearly define the construct of job satisfaction in her study of employed parents. This is an important step to ensure that
she and those reading her study are thinking of the same meaning of job satisfaction.
Researchers have found that delineating clear hiring criteria
significantly eliminates bias in hiring decisions.
The ________ poses the question, and the ________ provide(s) the preset answers that respondents may select.
stem; response options
Surveys are more ________; in-depth interviews are more________.
structured; flexible
With respect to method, a research report describes ________, whereas a research proposal describes ________.
the methods used; the methods that are to be used
Which of the following terms refers to whether results are true or accurate?
validity
Stephanie plans a study that will interview elderly people about traumas in the first third of their lives. Which of the following considerations is most centrally derived from the Nuremberg Code?
whether participants might be harmed by recalling traumatic events
An idea that can be named, defined, and eventually measured in some way is an
concept
Affonso plans to study the effect of degree type on the income of college graduates. He chooses to represent degree type with college major and to represent income with individual annual income (in dollars). In this study, college major is a(n) ________ variable and individual annual income is a(n) ________ variable.
nominal; ratio
In this table, Column B indicates the ________ of each response.
relative frequency
Look at the table below. The column header "Telephone Interview" should go where?
Column C
Megan conducts a study that tests the following hypothesis: "Frequency of posting online comments varies by gender, such that men comment more often than women." This statement is a
hypothesis of difference.
When participants' identifying information is only accessible to members of the research team, this is called
confidentiality.
Applying analytic codes will be more successful if the researcher has
developed deep familiarity with all the data, by transcribing or reading it.
Transcription should
result in a typed form of the interview, word for word.
Which basic question about social phenomena is asked by the structural functionalism paradigm?
Does it promote stability of society?
Mark is interviewing Abdul about cross-country running. Abdul tells a story about a time when he was running alone in a remote location, and broke his ankle. Which question would represent a probe?
Did you ever incur an injury like that again?
Dr. Raza wants to present data on how college hookups vary by social class. What would you recommend as the simplest way to present the comparison between the groups?
cross-tabulation
Jerome has surveyed his friends to see the number of meals they've eaten at McDonald's in the past month. He received the following responses: 2, 3, 1, 2, 4, 2, and 12. Twelve is an example of a/an
outlier
When study participants report positively valued behaviors and attitudes rather than giving truthful responses, this is known as
social desirability bias.
A bibliography may also be called a(n)
works cited.
Which of the following is a leading question?
Don't you think society is headed in the wrong direction?
A research report is different from an essay, argument paper, or newspaper article because it must
report original research.
The full set of questions that the interviewer asks the respondent is called the
interview schedule.
1. A cross-sectional study cannot establish causality because 2. a. science can establish correlation, but not causation. b. it draws only two samples drawn at two points in time. c. cross-sectional studies measure people at just one point in time. d. social life has so many variables influencing events.
C
Which question would MOST likely be used as the basis for evaluation research?
Do housing subsidies reduce overcrowded housing?
What was the ethical breach in the Milgram obedience experiment?
The people administering shocks might have experienced psychological harm.
Which of the following restates the importance of ethics in sociology? a. Protestant ethics are the backbone of sociological ethics. b. Because it is value-free, sociological research relies only on law, not ethics. c. Sociologists follow the ethics of their personal value systems, religious or otherwise. d. Sociology relies on a moral system that determines whether research actions are right or wrong.
D
What defines quasi-experimental research methods?
They lack random assignment of individuals to treatment and control groups.
A ________ is the most fundamental concept in univariate analysis.
distribution
Matthew Desmond's Evicted is based in Milwaukee, WI, but makes claims about poverty and housing throughout the United States. Ethnographic research often draws conclusions that reach beyond the field setting, which assumes
external validity.
In a study of the educational richness of a preschool, observers count the number of books and educational toys and observe the number of times teachers read the children a book and play with children using educational toys. These observations would be examples of observational measurement of
frequency.
Sociologists Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss promoted a systemic, inductive approach to qualitative research that advocates the extrapolation of conceptual relationships from data, rather than the formulation of hypotheses from existing theory. Their approach is called
grounded theory.
Raj is interested in the impact of race and social class on interactions with the police. He has created a factorial design experiment. What is a characteristic of this experiment?
his study has two independent variables—race and social class
For a nutrition class, Samir is conducting a study about quitting smoking. He notices the process of demand characteristics at play and worries it will bias the study findings. Research subjects are
overreporting their success in stopping smoking, because they think this is what the study wants to promote.
Rob plans a study about high-school students and their grades. He samples for range, so he includes
students with high, average, and low grades.
Willow has collected information from 12 members of a sorority on campus to see at what age they desire to marry. Here are the responses she collected:
13
Organizations may sometimes provide false or biased information. Researchers should, therefore,
carefully evaluate material from any archive for bias and accuracy.
Lauren conducts a study of hospice (end-of-life) care. She reaches verstehen when she
faces her fear of death and experiences deep grief.
How did Alice Goffman, a sociology graduate student at the time, gain access into the lives of low-income Philadelphia men on the run from police?
As a participant observer, she gained access by tutoring young people and meeting their families.
When conducting a literature review, the researcher is looking for
Correctb. holes—that is, particular aspects of the topic that are relatively unexplored.
What is a characteristic of physiological measures?
It can be difficult and expensive to collect physiological measures in the laboratory.
What led to the development of the Nuremberg Code?
Nazi experiments such as "freezing experiments" conducted on prisoners
Which statement about the "Second Generation in New York" study is accurate?
Participant 73 mentioned children 15 times.
________ data analysis is the process by which substantive findings are drawn from numerical data.
Quantitative
Compared to behavioral measures, what is a characteristic of an attitudinal measure?
Researchers prefer attitudinal measures when they are interested in understanding why an outcome occurs.
At which stage of the laboratory experiment does debriefing occur?
Stage 4: the researcher assesses the quality of the experiment and works to ensure the participant's well-being
Which of the following statements concerning the collection of demographic data is true?
States use data about race to assess racial disparities in health.
What action did researchers in the Tennessee (STAR) experiment undertake to alleviate ethical concerns?
Students in the control group experienced the same size of classes that existed prior to the study.
What is a necessary condition to establish causality?
The independent variable must precede the dependent variable.
Sanjay has decided to study poverty comparatively across several nations and chooses to measure poverty by whether people have access to safe drinking water. Sanjay's measure is problematic because it does not properly consider the importance of
a social context
Lisa uses her library's academic search engine to begin a literature review about autism in Hawaii. She finds 200 sources, and reads the brief descriptions of content that are found just after the article title, but before the main body of text begins. Lisa is reading
abstracts.
Changing interview questions after a research study has started is
acceptable for most in-depth interviews, but not acceptable for a survey.
Danilo is going to study the way middle schoolers develop a sense of identity around academic performance. He decides to conduct a qualitative study using ethnographic methods to learn more about these processes. In this study, Danilo is almost certainly likely to establish the operational definitions of his key concepts
after data collection begins.
One feature of a poster that is distinctive, not present in a written research report, is that a poster
allows two-way face-to-face interaction between author and audience.
There are different types of confusion that can emerge around a study's unit of analysis. If a researcher draws conclusions about individuals using group-level data, the mismatch is called ________. If he or she draws conclusions about a group based on individual-level data, the mismatch is called ________.
an ecological fallacy; reductionism
A sociology study about employment seeking and criminal backgrounds collects data from publicly available databases, and then de-identifies the data. No one, not even the researcher, can trace a piece of data back to the person it describes. This researcher has achieved
anonymity.
Self-reported responses of participants to questions about their attitudes, opinions, emotions, and beliefs are known as ________ measures.
attitudinal
Why do social scientists believe that the U.S. Census would have higher-quality results if it used a sophisticated probability sample?
because the census often undercounts poor people, urban residents, and people who move frequently
Junmey conducts a study on water quality in a village where people are suffering from poor water. Junmey does not use her findings to help the people, even when she could, stating that the purpose of this study is for her to earn a dissertation. She says she will apply findings in later work, but not this one. Junmey has violated which Belmont principle?
beneficence
________ replacement occurs when younger people who enter the survey population by becoming adults have systematically different attitudes than older people who exit the population by death.
cohort
If you want to compare groups in a cross-tabulation, you should use ________ or ________ percentages.
column; row
A local high school wants to compare the average GPA of female students to that of male students. What statistic should it calculate?
conditional means
Herman is a U.S. Census statistician and notices that in one zip code there is only one Arab-American family in an otherwise white neighborhood. He chooses the statistical technique that will make the Arab-American family's presence in society noticeable, but not traceable to the actual zip code where they live. Herman chooses
data swapping.
When a researcher makes a decision to focus only on certain units or angles of a concept, she is choosing to study only certain
dimensions.
Blackwell and colleagues conducted an experiment on seventh graders in a New York City school to assess whether teaching students that intelligence was a malleable rather than a fixed trait could improve students' classroom motivation and mathematical performance. This experiment is an example of a
field experiment.
David conducts a study of how professional swimmers cope with athletic injuries. He uses his codebook for numerous purposes, including
how he made coding decisions in difficult cases.
Which topic is best suited for in-depth interviewing?
how people feel about technology in their workplaces
Farhad is deciding between studying the importance of cultural sexual norms of religious denominations versus those same norms of different countries. His is a choice between a ________ level of analysis and a ________ level of analysis.
institutional; societal
What is the defining feature of an experiment?
intentional manipulation of the independent variable
Fieldwork is a scientific method with a particular purpose: to develop
interpretive understanding.
Dr. Stephens has interviewed Betty five times over the course of his fieldwork studying heroin users in Appalachia. Betty has had strong insights that have helped him further develop his project. What role has Betty served for Dr. Stephens?
key informant
When social scientists use physical materials as data, they
may add the physical materials to a data set that also includes written or digitized materials.
Which term refers to how detailed and specific a measure is?
precision
When the interviewee goes off on a tangent, the interviewer must find a polite and effective way to ________ the interview.
redirect
Life history interviews are designed for ________, whereas oral histories are for ________.
research; preserving the past
Michelle collects five new reports and adds them to her data set. She finds that these new reports add nothing new; rather, they reinforce what she has already found. Michelle has reached the point of
saturation.
In her study of Sudanese refugees, Amy uses attribute codes because
she thinks nationality, ethnicity, and age will be important in the analysis.
Which most accurately states the focus of sociology? Sociology is the study of
social life.
The discussion of the difference between the federal poverty line (FPL) and the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) poverty line is important because it highlights
the complexity of accurately measuring poverty.
As a general rule, a truth table sorts cases by
the presence or absence of particular variables.
Rene compares the income distributions of male and female dentists. She finds that, among dentists, men's average income is higher than women's, but that the standard deviation of women's income is larger than the standard deviation of men's income. These results tell us that
there is more variation in women's income than men's income.
David conducts a historical-comparative study of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. When he considers counterfactuals, he
thinks about what would have happened in society if the terrorist attacks had not occurred.
In Nicole Deterding's study of community college students and their approach to education, what were the analytic codes?
two concepts: expressive approach and instrumental approach
If Dr. Bodley were to triangulate his data, he would
use ethnography along with other methods to enrich findings.
Knut begins a study of nose-picking at Home Depot, but after informing potential participants, he finds that no one picks his or her nose. He wants to reduce the Hawthorne effect, so he
waits, because people will resume their usual behavior fairly quickly.
The ________ is the value of the 50th percentile.
median
Which evaluation study is considered one of the MOST important educational investigations ever undertaken?
the STAR study
________ is when an apparent relation between two concepts is actually the result of some third concept influencing both of them.
Spuriousness
A sociologist takes a problem-based approach, identifying drug addiction as a social ill that should be addressed. An anthropologist's cultural relativistic approach would: a. focus on refining theories of human behavior. b. use archives and physical remains to interpret human behavior. c. also be problem based, but in a nonwestern context. d. try to grasp the drug user's view (the insider view).
D
In the Student/Teacher Achievement Ratio (STAR) study, why did the researchers create two separate intervention groups?
The study could also evaluate the effectiveness of a cheaper intervention—teacher's aides.
How does univariate analysis differ from bivariate analysis?
Univariate analysis examines one variable, while bivariate analysis looks at the relationship between two variables.
Dr. Anderson has collected information on whether respondents voted in the 2016 presidential election. There are two answer choices (yes or no). Can she report a mean for this variable?
Yes, she can report the proportion who voted and the proportion who did not vote.
Rupert designs a basic research study about farmers' markets in rural Vermont. It is considered basic research because it
contributes to theory about local and global economic intersections.
Which approach to research refers to the translation of general theory into specific empirical analysis?
deductive
Which goal is MOST strongly associated with quantitative research?
discovering and understanding the effects of causes
Sociologists model social life with three levels that move from specificity to abstraction. Which words represent these levels, in order from the widest point of the triangle to the narrowest?
macro; meso; micro
It is important to establish rapport in the course of fieldwork so that the researcher
may develop empathy and strong communication with research subjects.
W. E. B. DuBois's The Philadelphia Negro is best classified as a
neighborhood study, because it is about a neighborhood within a big city.
Miguel wants to write a postmodern, confessional ethnography in the style of Venkatesh's Gang Leader for a Day. Miguel's study is about the lives of fast food workers. He writes
reflexively, focusing mainly on his own experience and on the nature of ethnographic knowledge.
Qualitative methods typically collect data that enable rich description in
words and images.
In a research study, which of the following steps typically occurs first?
write literature review
What is this figure an example of ?
skip pattern
How could you create a snowball sample?
ask a respondent to recommend another person to contact
The CBCL, HOME, and CLASS are measures often used in research because they
have been vetted and therefore researchers can have confidence in using them.
A type of order effect in which exposure to a particular image, word, or feeling shapes how we think and feel in the immediate aftermath is known as
priming effect.
Which type of ethnographic writing is MOST common?
realist tales
Joel follows standard advice for recording interviews, so he
audio records after asking permission, and turns the recording off if and when the interviewee requests it.
Which of the following studies would have the LEAST external validity?
a case study examining an environmental organization
In comparison to a monograph, government reports usually have
no literature review or theory section.
Megan wants to study bullying in high school. She randomly selected 1,000 students at a high school, and 400 students completed the survey. What is the response rate?
40%
The meso level of social life is associated with which example?
Auburn Elementary School
Emily plans a study of Internet trolling. She takes an interpretivist approach, so she asks:
How do people explain why they engage in trolling?
What is a characteristic of a natural experiment?
It is more observational than a true experiment.
Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment included a consent form, which every research subject signed. In what way did informed consent make it more difficult to identify an emerging ethical problem?
Research subjects knew that they could be assigned a prisoner role. When, then, did the suffering and humiliation of being a prisoner become too much?
What did Nazi concentration camp experiments and the Tuskegee syphilis experiment have in common?
Researchers inflicted deliberate harm on research subjects.
Which of the following restates the importance of ethics in sociology?
Sociology relies on a moral system that determines whether research actions are right or wrong.v
Sociologist Katherine Newman used both interpretive and positivist approaches in her research about school shootings. Which is a positivist question?
What causes school shootings?
Jasmine is doing research on poor single mothers. For which question is leaving the response open-ended MOST appropriate?
What kinds of assistance do you think the government can provide that does not currently exist?
As a general rule, do interviewers need to pretest their interview schedules?
Yes, because what seems clear to the interviewer may not come across that way to an interviewee.
You are the hiring director of a large university's IRB, working according to the rules of the National Research Act of 1974. Who would you recruit to serve on the board?
a broad range of experts from the university, and one community member
Dr. Lee is interested in studying the success of students at elite public universities. She decided to study the employment placement of students at the University of California-Berkeley, UCLA, and the University of Virginia because these three schools were ranked as the top three public universities by U.S. News and World Report in 2017. Why did Dr. Lee select these schools?
because of their importance and elite status in higher education
Dr. Anansi argues that his findings are theoretically valid because they
both explain the data of his study and provide generalizable theory to interpret other cases.
A label or tag for a chunk of text is called a(n)
code.
When McCabe and colleagues studied gender in children's literature, they developed a list of five possible categories for gender in book titles. This list is the
coding scheme.
In the 2006 sociology study of Harvard University Facebook users, an ethical dilemma emerged. Which question represents the most important ethical issue at stake? Should sociologists
gather data without informing the person who posted the data?
A sociologist studying American neighborhoods identifies a causal effect of income on the availability of healthy and nutritious foods. Specifically, people with lower incomes tend to live in neighborhoods where there are more fast food restaurants and less access to fresh fruits and vegetables. Given this finding, the researcher can be confident in concluding that the study has
internal validity.
What is a characteristic of someone who may not answer and return mail surveys?
low educational attainment
The ________ is more sensitive to outliers than the ________ is.
mean; median
Qualitative research, often using an inductive approach, typically starts with data collection, which means that conceptualization and operationalization
often come later than they do in a quantitative study.
Dr. Ling conducts a study of gender-based violence in all nations of the world. Her codebook includes
organized information about the data set, such as countries and rates of violence.
Jerome has surveyed his friends to see the number of meals they've eaten at McDonald's in the past month. He received the following responses: 2, 3, 1, 2, 4, 2, and 12. Twelve is an example of a/an
outlier.
You are presenting results of a study on income inequality to the local community, the members of which have little to no statistical training. Which measure of variation would be the best for you to use to describe the variation in income to the community?
percentile
________ sampling allows researchers to make decisions about what additional data to collect based on findings from data they've already collected.
sequential
Organizations such as Data Sharing for Demographic Research are designed to allow researchers to
share data that would be time-consuming and expensive for scholars to collect on their own.
Luna surveyed 5,000 public defenders in five U.S. cities and asked them to report their monthly incomes. If Luna has accurately determined that the median is the most appropriate measure of central tendency for this sample, this tells us that the income scores had a
skewed distribution.
Which sampling method is MOST common for in-depth interviews?
snowball sampling
Why would a scholar generate an annotated bibliography?
to record brief descriptions of each text and relevant reactions to it
Causal ordering is difficult to establish, but it is considered valuable because researchers often want to understand
which variable came first, thus influencing another variable.
Before interviewing 10 individuals about their approaches to pet care, Devon prepares an interview schedule by
writing a list of questions he will use in the interviews.
Felicia is studying religious affiliation and chooses to measure this by asking respondents how often they celebrate religious holidays in the course of a year. Felicia's study is likely to
yield bad information about religious affiliation in a highly consistent way.
In the course of her study on drug use, Eileen finds many instances of criminal activity. She ensures her subjects confidentiality, because before the study began she received a(n)
certificate of confidentiality.
A researcher would reduce his or her data to
eliminate data that will not be useful to the analysis.
What is an activity that is likely to occur when interviewing participants after the experiment is complete?
ensure that the participant did not become suspicious about the study hypothesis
Barbara is studying the potential effect of female political representation on fertility rates across several industrialized countries. She has decided to translate the abstract idea "female political representation" into something more concrete and opts for the proportion of political offices held by women in each country. In this study, ________ is the concept and ________ is the variable.
female political representation; proportion of political offices held by women
By working to the point of saturation, Patrick Carr and Maria Kefalas learned about what it is like to grow up in rural America. They expected to find differences between young adults that stay and those that leave to seek better lives. Their interviews revealed
important distinctions between two types of leavers (seekers and achievers) and a third type of young adults (returners).
Radka has collected data on the conditional mean of weekly hours of exercise, comparing those under 75 years of age and those 75 years or older. She observes a higher mean number of weekly exercise hours for the younger group. Because the sample of respondents 75 or older is much smaller than the sample of those under 75, the error bar is much wider for the older than for the younger respondents. Radka needs to check for whether the two groups' error bars overlap, because if they do,
it reduces confidence that the observed group differences weren't due to chance.
When researchers attempted to re-create the STAR study in California, results were less positive than anticipated. According to the text, what is one possible explanation for these different outcomes?
By Tennessee's standards, California's reduced class sizes were not actually "small."
In the quantitative social science research process, moving from a concrete definition of a concept to an actual measure of the defined concept involves
operationalization.
What is a quality of a successful experiment?
Participants are actively engaged.
Why are randomized field experiments considered the "gold standard" of evaluation research?
They are not biased by the differences between treatment and control groups
In an unstructured interview, the interviewer comes to the interview with
a list of topics to discuss, but not specific questions.
A broad set of taken-for-granted and often unacknowledged assumptions about how social reality is to be defined is
a paradigm.
Data from the General Social Survey reveals that as Americans grow older, they profess to be more religious. This is an example of a(n) ________ effect.
age
Dr. Mahoney's study focuses on why certain high-risk individuals do not continue in a life of crime. Because it seeks to understand individual choices, this study highlights
agency
Amir is studying the impact of the job applicant's gender on hiring recommendations. He wants to ensure that the independent variable was salient. What is a strategy that he could use?
asking the participants if they noticed the independent variable in the debriefing
The Devah Pager study on criminal status, race, and hiring is an example of a(n)
audit study.
Which of the guidelines below needs to be considered by the writer of this question: "Should loving soon-to-be mothers take prenatal vitamins?"
avoid leading questions
In medical studies, what is the term meaning the treatment the participants would normally receive outside of the study and not some lesser treatment?
standard treatment
________ sampling allows researchers to oversample groups so that researchers have more data on those groups than they would with simple random sampling.
stratified
When the U.S. Census weighs risks and benefits of data release, statisticians sometimes determine that release of microdata risks harm to the individuals who could be identified. By not releasing certain data under these conditions, they practice
suppression.
The ________ is a mode of administration in which self-administered questionnaires (SAQ) are usually used.
survey by mail
Population trends are bivariate patterns in which one of the variables is
time
Linda hypothesizes that increasing wealth does not increase happiness. In this hypothesis, what is the independent variable?
wealth
What mode of administration is cheapest to administer?
web-based surveys
A survey on aging conducted by telephone systematically omitted those without phones. What is this kind of error called?
coverage
Ethnography is different than journalism because ethnography ________, whereas journalism ________.
creates or tests a social science theory; tells a story
Dushawn conducts an oral history with Leon, an 80-year-old man from Miami. Dushawn's goal is to
preserve the details of Leon's life.
This figure depicts three different ways to draw a probability sample of 12 from six-person groups. Which type of sampling is illustrated from top to bottom of the figure?
Cluster Sampling; Stratified Sampling; Simple Random Sampling
For which research question would mapping be an ideal research method?
How does social inequality influence access to grocery stores?
Which of the following is a research question for a descriptive study?
What is the rate of home ownership in the United States?
Which of the following is an example of an attitudinal measure?
a response to the survey question: "How much did you like your partner today?"
Dr. Bourgeault decides to write up her ethnography of emergency room nurses as a realist tale. Accordingly, Dr. Bourgeault focuses the ethnography on
a third-person account of the lives of emergency room nurses.
In a study about cheating, the researcher finds that students believe cheating is wrong, but they do it anyway. The most common justification was, "If the teacher doesn't catch it, then he must not mind. It's the teacher's job to stop us from cheating." This reasoning helps resolve
cognitive dissonance.
Survey researchers must take care to protect respondents' ________. It is unrealistic and impractical for survey researchers to promise ________ to respondents.
confidentiality; anonymity
A good interview feels a lot like a
conversation between interviewer and interviewee.
Classroom quality can be measured in many different ways. If a researcher is careful to map out each dimension of classroom quality, and observers have a clear plan for how to determine classroom quality when they see it, what have the researchers accomplished?
They have increased the reliability of their research method.
A researcher wants to know whether stress influences time spent exercising. She wants to strengthen the validity of her measure, so she
collects primary data, so she can control the accuracy of her measure.
Megan is collecting data for a research project. She has decided to increase her sample size from 500 participants to 1,000 participants. As her sample size increases, her sampling error ________ and her margin of error ________.
decreases; decreases
In-depth interviewing is a research method that results in detailed understanding of an interviewee's
experiences, thoughts, and feelings.
At what school level was the 1996 Abstinence Education Program implemented?
public high schools, middle schools, and the higher grades of elementary schools
Tanika is enrolled in a longitudinal study about body image. She contributes data to the study every six months for four years. She experiences subject fatigue, so she Selected Answer: I Answers: a. reports that, in her life, exhaustion is more important than body image. b. experiences resentment toward other research subjects. c. drops out of the study because of boredom or loss of interest. d. completes the study, but the quality of her data diminishes over time.
C
Jay wants to be sure his study is reliable, so he: a. meets ethical guidelines. b. conducts the study in the manner it was proposed. c. checks to see whether his measure accurately captures the concept it is intended to capture. d. tests whether his measure produces consistent results.
D
f you were conducting a sociology study and had particular concern about you, as the researcher, deceiving people by misrepresenting your identity, which study and subsequent scholarly dialogue would be MOST helpful to consult?
Laud Humphreys' Tearoom Trade
The Federal Front Door study used ethnography to understand
how people experience the process of navigating federal bureaucracies.
In the course of his study on nursing homes, Inger inadvertently learned about specific instances of elder abuse. She had promised her subjects confidentiality, but
in some states, she is required to report abuse, even if she learned it in the course of research.
According to the Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index, 33.3% of Americans in January 2017 reported feeling worried daily. What do you need to know in order to be confident that the true population parameter is close to 33.3%?
margin of error
What is the relationship between a typology and a theory? A typology
is a way of organizing data, and it leads to theory.
In the ROWE intervention, Best Buy's work teams were split into two categories. One category of work teams implemented a Results-Oriented Work Environment, in which employees could work whenever and wherever they wanted as long as they got their work done, while the second category continued work as usual. How would sociologists classify the latter category?
control group
What type of graph is displayed below?
line graph
Which method, because of its artificiality, is well suited for testing abstract theories about how the social world works?
experiment
The ________ condition is a condition in an experiment where the independent variable is manipulated.
experimental
Reliability refers to consistency or "repeatability" of measures in research. Participant observation has
low reliability because it relies heavily on researchers' perceptions and interpretations.
The reason that variables are more abstract than indicators is that
indicators assign values to variables, thus bringing them closer to final measurement.
A perfect Cronbach's alpha score is
1.
Choose the set of response options that is forced choice and exhaustive.
1. agree; 2. disagree
Lisa is analyzing the results of her pretest. What would indicate to her that a question needs revision?
The cognitive interview showed that the question was confusing.
In a study of the U.S. Census, informants would be ________, whereas respondents would be ________.
U.S. Census statisticians; any U.S. citizens
An intervention hopes to reduce teenage texting while driving by introducing an intervention in a local driver's education course. Researchers will measure the young people's self-reported propensity to text and drive before and after the intervention. What is one issue confronting the pre-post design of this study?
Young people's awareness of the dangers of texting and driving might increase throughout a driver's education course even without the intervention.
The trend in social scientists' opinion of blogs is that blogs
are a fresh space for sharing ideas away from the stifling format of conventional academic platforms.
An IRB has approved a study involving deception. After the interviews, the researcher tells the subjects that although they were interviewed about public speaking nervousness, the study was really about body language. Why would the researcher disclose this?
because subjects must be debriefed at the end of a study that involves deception
Historical research methods consider ________; comparative research methods consider ________.
change over time; variation across locations
The process of tagging or labeling segments of data as an example of, or related to, a theoretical idea or theme is called
coding.
In scientific research, an idea that can be clearly named, defined, and eventually measured is called a
concept
When researchers use a coding approach informed by grounded theory, their approach is
inductive.
Sven begins an ethnographic study of luchadores (Mexican wrestlers). In his first weeks, his experience of ________, is fairly typical of early fieldwork interactions.
insecurity, anxiety, and loneliness, which are part of learning to adjust to a new world
Auguste Comte's view of social science as a study of patterns that can be objectively understood through logical analysis is known as
positivism.
One purpose of the Results-Only Work Environment intervention study at Best Buy was to
reduce work-family conflict.
Models can be described ________ or presented ________.
verbally; visually
________ refers to the extent to which the conclusions drawn from a study generalize to a larger population or to a different setting.
External validity
Compared to telephone surveys, in face-to-face interviews,
researchers can capture more paradata.
The tendency to select the same answer to several sequential questions, perhaps out of boredom or a desire to quickly finish the survey, is known as
response set.
Why would interviewers present themselves as ignorant or naïve?
to encourage interviewees to speak as experts on their own experience
When Mary Waters analyzed her data from Hurricane Katrina survivors, what surprised her?
Survivors described more post-traumatic growth than Waters expected.
What may be a consequence of suspicion?
Suspicion causes participants to behave in artificial ways.
What mode of administration is MOST susceptible to missing responses?
mail surveys
What is one method through which researchers can focus their projects on areas of greatest concern?
developing their research questions in consultation with key stakeholders
A(n) ________ case is one that does not fit a usual pattern or common understanding of how the world works.
deviant
Which question below is MOST precise? Selected Answer:
Do you believe the Affordable Care Act, the comprehensive health-care reform law enacted in 2010, should be repealed?
In this table, Column A indicates the ________ of each response.
frequency
For which question would you use a Likert scale?
How strongly do you agree or disagree with the statement: "Gun control is unconstitutional"?
When answering a question about church attendance on a survey, Anita falsely answers that she went to church last week when she did not. This is an example of
social desirability bias.
One reviewer called Sudhir Venkatesh's Gang Leader for a Day "evil" because, in order to conduct his study, Venkatesh
encouraged and fed a drug dealer's ego.
A 95% confidence interval for a 40% approval rating with a 3% margin of error would be
37% to 43%.
Which of the following is a variable?
the number of illegal activities in which a person has engaged over the last year
When qualitative researchers use ethnographic fieldwork to conduct a descriptive study, what is the best outcome?
thick description
How are focus groups typically conducted?
The researcher serves as moderator, guiding the group members as they discuss the topic.
A repeated cross-sectional design results in description of change or continuity
over time
Both structured abstracts and unstructured abstracts
summarize the entire research report.
The NAS poverty line may offer a more accurate picture of poverty in the United States than the FPL, but it
may not be as reliable a measure over time.
Sociologist Christine Williams interviewed female Marines and male nurses for her study about gender identity. She intentionally developed a nonrepresentative sample because
the nonrepresentative cases could shed light on both typical and atypical cases.
________ means that no identifying information can be linked to respondents or their survey answers.
Anonymity
The most commonly used value for confidence levels by social science researcher is
95%
Critics of the federal poverty line (FPL) point out that it does not take regional variation in cost of living into account and that what constitutes an adequate diet is highly subjective. Because of these and other issues, the FPL leads to which of the following?
Many Americans who are poor do not get counted as poor when they should be.
What is the relationship between memos and the final report?
Memos are often used as text in the final report.
In pre-post design, researchers measure the outcome of interest once before the intervention, introduce the intervention, and then measure the outcome again. Why is this considered the simplest method of reflexive control?
Participants serve as their own controls.
Dr. Zhang plans a fieldwork study on a remote island of Indonesia. Taking globalization into account, Dr. Zhang expects the people of this island to
be aware of, and participate in, the world beyond their island.
The central ethical principle at stake in Laud Humphreys' Tearoom Study was ________; in contrast, the central ethical principle at stake in the study of Harvard Facebook users was ________.
deception; privacy
This table depicts a
frequency distribution.
Self-reported measures (such as surveys) are more sensitive to participants' moods and to social desirability bias, which means what?
study participants' desires to present themselves in a positive light
________ statistics often receive extended media exposure and are the most likely to grab the public's attention.
surprising
Anneli plans a study of surgeons' willingness to report their own eye health problems (problems that threaten their ability to continue working). She starts with a pilot study, which
surveys a small number of surgeons, serving as a test run of the methodology.
Immediately after a presidential executive order, what mode of administration is MOST suitable for measuring Americans' views of that executive order?
telephone surveys
How do qualitative and quantitative researchers write up their research projects?
Both qualitative and quantitative researchers write research reports.
A study of white collar crime (e.g., financially motivated crimes perpetrated by white collar professionals) attempted to measure the intervention of teaching Wall Street financiers about the social ramifications of white collar crime. The intervention did not prove successful. What will likely be the next steps for the study?
The program will not be expanded.
Sociologists from the "Chicago school" studied immigrant groups' assimilation processes in U.S. cities. Such studies may be called research on subcultures, because subcultures
are groups within a larger culture.
News media is particularly well-suited to providing sociologists with
facts that were reported at the time of an event or events.
Which of the following questions follows Howard Becker's cardinal rule for designing interview questions?
How did you meet the person you married?
What is the best sampling strategy?
It depends upon the type of study being conducted.
In establishing causality, which of the following conditions, in practice, is the MOST challenging?
The relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable must not be caused by some other factor.
Which of the following is a first-person account?
a Facebook post by a person who observed a significant public event
Dr. Swan is a sociologist with experience in ethnography and in-depth interviewing. She uses skills developed in those areas to begin a project in historical-comparative research about rural poverty. Accordingly, she selects
a West Virginia town suffering from economic dislocation as the case she will examine.
Nancy Scheper-Hughes writes an ethnography about human rights abuses involved in global human organ acquisitions, and advocates for policy changes related to this issue. Her ethnography may be understood as
critical, which is a valid form of ethnography that reports an injustice and advocates for change.
Johann took part in a study that he was told initially was about test-taking strategies. After the experiment was over, he was surprised to learn that the actual purpose of the experiment was to determine whether exposure to negative racial stereotypes causes changes in test performance. The interview after the study when Johann was informed of the actual purpose of the experiment is known as the
debriefing.
A new challenge in the era of big data is that, despite simple practices of de-identifying data, unique combinations of variables may be used to identify individuals. This reconstruction of data and its source is called
deductive disclosure.
In a study of social phenomena that are complex, the researcher creates variables that represent certain units or parts of a concept and assigns values to those variables to set out a blueprint for measurement. This is relevant to the fact that ________ are more abstract and ________ are more concrete.
dimensions; indicators
Which of the following is always considered qualitative data?
ethnographic observations
Which of the following is an example of manipulation of the independent variable?
in a study on the relationship between threats to masculinity and sexual harassment, intentionally varying whether male participants had their masculinity threatened
Sue interviews medical billing specialists about how changes to health-care law will affect their work. Because they are specialists, these interviewees are considered
informants.
What is one element that makes a focus group different than an in-depth interview? Focus groups are ________; in-depth interviews are ________.
intended to capture interaction as well as content; intended to capture responses to questions
Dr. Stevens wants to study processes of government reconstruction following civil war. She chooses a materials-based approach for this type of macro-sociological topic because
the topic is so much larger than any individual, so data such as reports, media, and expert analyses would offer better insight.
Anurak is designing a study on the importance of parent-child relationship quality for children's social adjustment in school. For parent-child relationship quality, he has decided to focus on the children's perceptions of how much their parents love them, respect them, and make them feel important. In making this choice, Anurak is creating ________ that represent the level of parents' love and respect and children's importance.
variables
Which of the following settings is MOST likely to be suitable for covert observation that is both effective and ethical?
a demonstration outside the U.S. Capitol
Matthew Desmond describes ethnography as a unique type of research because while doing fieldwork, the ethnographer becomes
a research instrument.
A question that asks about two or more ideas or concepts in a single question is known as a(n) ________ question.
double-barreled
An intervention into children's test scores measures the impact of children who regularly study for two hours per night. However, some children in the intervention fail to consistently study for two hours per night, affecting the results. What type of issue is this?
logistical
Graduate student Elisa set out to do an ethnography about public library patrons but found nothing new or interesting to investigate. She worried that her project was failing, but she followed Alice Goffman's research experience (the work that resulted in the book On the Run), so she
stayed in her setting, but followed a different line of inquiry.
What is one reason why a study investigating whether a new urban housing assistance program reduces homelessness might not achieve internal validity?
At the same time of the study, developers flood the market with affordable apartments, making housing more accessible to homeless populations.
Why is validity a challenging ideal in a sociological study?
It is difficult to match a measure to the concept it is supposed to capture.
What is a weakness of face-to-face interviews compared to other modes of administration?
Respondents are more susceptible to social desirability bias.
Compared to mail surveys, Internet-based surveys
are completed and returned more quickly.
A researcher might wish to adopt the role of participant observer, but finds that observer is the better option. Among which social group would this MOST likely be the case?
brain surgeons
Variables are used to capture the variability in the presence or level of some concept across the group being studied. This feature of variables illustrates that they
break down concepts into comparable data points.
What is a characteristic of field experiments?
can be confident the findings apply to the real world
The ________ refers to the probability that a confidence interval includes the population parameter
confidence level
Latisha plans a study of why people snack. She assumes that, although people will offer opinions about why they snack, a more objective approach is needed to truly understand why people do what they do. Latisha is taking a(n) ________ approach.
positivist
An evaluation report is usually more ________, whereas a research report is usually more ________.
practical; theoretical
Dr. Holloway conducts a study of the parents of school shooting victims. She carefully conducts a risk versus benefit analysis, weighing the risk of ________ against the benefit of ________.
psychological harm to parents; greater understanding of school shootings
What is the process that ensures that participants have an equal likelihood of being assigned to experimental or control conditions?
random assignment
Which of the following is essential for establishing causality?
random assignment
Bella has conducted a laboratory experiment using a nonrandom sample of mostly white college students as participants. She found that nonmothers are preferred over mothers in hiring decisions. What follow-up strategy would do little to increase external validity?
replicate the study using less common names on the résumés
Juan wants to study the relationship between economic inequality and political extremism, with economic inequality as the independent variable. Which of the following is a proper hypothesis?
Economic inequality leads to political extremism.
________ refers to whether you get the same results if different researchers conduct the study again, whereas ________ refers to the accuracy or truthfulness of a measure.
Reliability; validity
The cross-tabulation is using ________ percentages.
cell
Sierra conducts a study of unemployment and reaches this conclusion: "In 2016, the unemployment rate in Dover County was 6%." Such a conclusion may be reached with which type of study design?
cross-sectional
The most important difference between macrosociology and microsociology is that macrosociology focuses on ________ and microsociology focuses on
large-scale social systems; personal concerns and interpersonal interactions
Lisa looks for relations among concepts such as political engagement, region, and educational level. She expects to find
relations that fall within the five general sets of relations among concepts.
Research design "B" represents which research design?
repeated cross-sectional
Which of the following is an example of a quantitative method?
surveys
Francis plans a study that applies rational choice theory to romantic relationships. He interviews individuals about how they chose their romantic partners and why they persist in the relationship over time. Using rational choice theory to interpret data, he concludes that
though it feels like love, individuals are actually making decisions that maximize self-interest.
In her study of car shows, Dr. Ingram sets triangulation as a research goal because she believes
using several methods to collect data will allow for a superior understanding of car shows.
1. In his study of workplace age discrimination, sociologist Vincent Roscigno and his colleagues found that, as a method, personal interviews 2. a. were better suited for topics that were less intense and controversial. b. were too subjective, so they used survey data instead.*** c. supplemented survey data and highlighted the human dimension of the topic. d. contradicted survey data, making it difficult to draw conclusions.
C
Roger is a student using Emile Durkheim's work on Suicide to write a sociology paper. Unfortunately, his paper exhibits the ecological fallacy. Durkheim found that nations that are largely Catholic had lower suicide rates than nations that are largely Protestant. Roger concludes that
Protestant students at Roger's university are at higher risk of suicide than the Catholic students.
A researcher distributes a survey to college students. One question asks, "How many hours per night do you sleep?" and another asks, "What is your GPA?" If the study has a cross-sectional design, which conclusion is possible?
Students who sleep more have higher GPAs.
Dr. Lang is conducting a study of when and why adults eat candy. She studied Annette Laureau's Unequal Childhoods and sees that her study will have similar methodological challenges. Accordingly, Dr. Lang decides to use observation instead of interviews because
habits are so ingrained that it is difficult for people to describe or explain them.
Dr. San collected data from numerous data sets regarding behaviorally challenged third graders. He has data from three levels: student, school, and state. What is the strongest way for him to analyze these data? He
may merge data across units of analysis, developing a single data file.
Why was Laud Humphreys' deception considered so ethically serious?
The potential consequences for his research subjects were so significant.
If a researcher wanted to see how spouses' marital quality changed over time if and when children were born, he or she would probably use a ________ design.
a. repeated cross-sections b. reliability c. panel study d. cross-sectional NOT A, PROBABLY C
A sociology student wants to develop a mixed-method study, so he plans to
a. study the micro-level and macro-level dimensions of the topic. b. use interviews and a survey. c. use cultural relativism as a framework, instead of a problem-based framework. d. use methods from both sociology and one related discipline (psychology, anthropology, or history). NOT D!
Miko tests status characteristics theory by documenting how dentists distribute resources and credentials through educational and professional associations. This study reveals new insights that influence the development of this theory. Which part of this scholarly process represents an inductive approach to science?
applying research findings to the refinement of theory
Pascal wants to conduct in-depth interviews of preschool bus drivers. He follows Christine Williams's advice for first-time interviewers, so he
asks questions about bus drivers' direct experience, without asking them to interpret their experience sociologically.
Lincoln and Guba (1985) argue that instead of validity and reliability, qualitative research should instead be judged based on
credibility and dependability.
What is the most effective method for increasing the reliability of a research method?
doing a very careful job of conceptualization and operationalization
Michael Burawoy began his research by reading Marxist theory about class consciousness. He then conducted fieldwork with factory workers, with the goal of improving or modifying theory. He calls this approach
extended case study.
What is a strategy survey designers use to minimize boredom and to prevent respondents from quitting partway through the survey?
follow factual questions with subjective questions
The split-half method is when
researchers randomly split the set of items for a measure into two sets to create two separate measures instead of one.
As Dr. Stine analyzes data about nurses and burnout, she de-identifies the data in order to ensure
respondents' anonymity.
A researcher creates a scale to measure students' satisfaction with their sociology courses. After identifying six key questions and organizing them into a composite measure, the researcher averages the six items into a variable called "sociology satisfaction." The Cronbach's alpha score was 0.8, which means the
scale items are all measuring some aspect of satisfaction with sociology courses.
Thomas Kuhn's ideas about paradigms and paradigm shifts show that
scientists are predisposed to prefer certain theories.
The most important reason why, when the choice is available, sociologists collect primary information over secondary information is because
secondary information was collected by someone else, so the researcher cannot control its quality or content.
The use of different types of research methods to study the same general research question is known as
triangulation.
When a researcher conceptualizes an idea, she has
turned an idea into a variable.
Imagine that an ethnographer is beginning a study about how models gain access to the industry, and what daily life as a model is like. The best classification for this research is
workplace ethnography.
Which of the following represents a sociological interpretation of this photograph?
The Wire depicts common beliefs and attitudes, such as the notion that crime and criminal justice are mostly male domains.
Which of the following statements based on research is true?
White respondents who hold racist attitudes may not fully divulge their views, especially if the interviewer belongs to an ethnic or racial minority.
What is one advantage to studying cases with which you are already familiar?
You already have background information about the setting.
The terms validity and reliability would be most applicable to which of the following projects?
a nationally representative survey of 1,200 Americans about their TV viewing habits
Among professional social scientists, what is the MOST common form of research report?
a peer-reviewed article in a refereed journal
A researcher is getting ready to gather data from a nationally representative sample of 5,000 Americans on their attitudes toward voting in local elections. In order to make sure our measures are reliable, we might gather a random sample of 100 Americans and test the study. What would we call this preliminary study?
a pilot study
Which of the following studies are institutional review boards (IRB) most likely to approve?
a study where participants are elaborately debriefed
You are launching a sociology research project about elderly people in your community. You may need to use a consent form if
a. your project is not ethical. b. the project can be considered "research involving human subjects." c. you need a way to keep track of who participates in the study. d. the harm potentially caused to participations could constitute an ethical problem. NOT D
Poverty can be defined according to some specific quantitative criteria, like income, without differentiating poverty by context. This is an example of a(n)
absolute standard.
When we consider a concept, such as marital quality, there is not universal agreement about what that concept means. This lack of clear agreement is because of the ________ quality of concepts.
abstract
What is a characteristic of the laboratory experiment?
allows disentangling of the complexity of a social phenomenon that occurs in the natural world
A sociologist asks, "What sparks positive change in institutional structures?" Which of the following represents a materials-based methodology for this study?
analysis of meeting agendas and minutes
Agata is planning two different studies. One will be a content analysis of how often romantic storylines occur among older adult movie characters. The second will be a study of whether those who see older adults in romantic film roles have different attitudes about older adults' sexuality than those who do not see older adults in romantic film roles. The form of measurement Agata will most likely use for the first study is ________. Alternatively, she will probably use ________ as the form of measurement for the second study.
artifact counts; manipulation
Age, gender, occupation, and socioeconomic status are often used as ________ codes.
attribute
A monograph is called a "crossover" book because it often spans
both academic and nonacademic audiences.
Jaime is a graduate student conducting a study of high-school marching band leaders. His adviser tells Jaime to look at his sample not as a group of 50 leaders but as a set of 50 individual instances to be analyzed. This way of thinking is called
case study logic.
What would happen if a sociologist used purposive sampling to select a case for a historical-comparative research study? He or she would
choose a case because it represents an anomaly (something different than what is typical).
Karina develops a mixed-method study, so she
conducts a large-scale survey and follows up with in-depth interviews with some respondents.
Juan is doing a study on obedience to authority. He will be using paid actors to act as authority figures. These paid actors are known as
confederates.
Tomas is learning ethnography so he can become a usability expert. In this role, he will study how
consumers engage with websites and technology.
Two instructors teach a required introductory writing course. Both classes are held at the same time and are similar in terms of demographics and majors. The head of the writing program wants to compare these two classes to understand why there are such different responses to the course. One course's students are highly resistant to taking the course while the other course's students are highly enthusiastic. The writing director is investigating ________ outcomes.
contrasting
What is a key feature of experiments?
control of other factors that could influence the dependent variable
Julio needs to collect data for his senior honors thesis and has decided to administer surveys to 500 students who are currently enrolled in an Introductory Sociology course at his college. Julio's sample is a good example of a ________ sample.
convenience
Health-care researchers in Texas are conducting a randomized field experiment on the effects of providing free health care to people over 65 years old. One of the logistical issues with this study, however, is that people in the control group tended to drop out of the study at higher rates since they were not benefiting from the treatment. What do sociologists call this phenomenon?
differential attrition rates
How are oral history interviews regarded by Institutional Review Boards? Oral history interviews
do not need review because they do not contribute to generalizable knowledge.
Although the problem of losing respondents over time can be a problem with longitudinal studies, they are often preferable to cross-sectional designs because they can help researchers detect causal effects. The reason longitudinal studies are better able to detect causal effects is that they can
document within-person changes.
Tom works at a hospital and plans to conduct research on the families of persons receiving hospice care. Tom's research is not funded by the federal government, but the hospital does receive federal funds for other studies. What is Tom's institutional review board (IRB) responsibility? Tom's research
does need IRB review because his institution receives federal funding for other studies.
om works at a hospital and plans to conduct research on the families of persons receiving hospice care. Tom's research is not funded by the federal government, but the hospital does receive federal funds for other studies. What is Tom's institutional review board (IRB) responsibility? Tom's research
does need IRB review because his institution receives federal funding for other studies.
You are conducting a study of how chemistry majors do homework. You sit with a group of chemistry majors and try to observe their homework processes. You quickly realize you will need to alter your research methods, because you have inadvertently triggered reactivity. You are confident of this assessment because the chemistry majors are
explaining chemistry to you, rather than doing their homework.
There are approximately equal numbers of men and women in the U.S. population. If a researcher wants to study the impact of gender on whether teenagers decide to apply to college, but only includes women in the study, which of the following would be in jeopardy?
external validity
Suppose a researcher wants to measure whether people have experienced racial discrimination in their neighborhood. The researcher might ask questions about whether subjects ever felt they were turned away from renting or buying a home because of their race. The researcher might also ask about whether they have ever been treated unfairly by store clerks or their neighbors. After writing the questions on their survey, the researchers felt they had accurate measures of discrimination because they seemed right. Which kind of validity would they feel they achieved?
face validity
What mode of administration is MOST susceptible to interviewer effects?
face-to-face interviews
The first question on a survey should be
focused on a pleasant or interesting topic.
Gregory has designed a study of how health differs by level of educational attainment among adults. He decides to focus on degenerative diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. From there, he chooses simple representations about whether the respondents have ever had these conditions, and then constructs a series of yes/no questions. In this study, ________ is most closely connected to the importance of dimensions.
focusing on degenerative diseases
n the ROWE (Results-Only Work Environment) intervention, researchers conducted qualitative fieldwork to get a sense of major work-life issues facing Best Buy employees. This information was then used to write relevant survey questions. This strategy of using qualitative information to inform quantitative research is called
formative research.
Reports, observations, artifact counts, and manipulation are the four basic
forms of measurement.
A presentation of the possible values of a variable along with the number or proportion of observations for each value that was observed is known as a
frequency distribution.
Damon uses his sociological imagination to reflect on intersectionality in his life. He considers how ________ intersects with ________.
gender; race
Professor Flaeger hypothesizes that when college students participate in local service activities, their views toward human rights are strengthened. In this hypothesis, what is the dependent variable?
human rights attitudes
Because it is so difficult to establish causality, researchers more often focus on ________ than attempting to test a ________.
hypotheses of association; causal hypothesis
Codes that represent broad categories or topics related to a research question are called ________ codes.
index
A team of researchers wants to study whether the type of neighborhood a person lives in impacts his or her health. Because many different observers will be involved in the study, there is a need to make sure these different observers agree with each other when they make evaluations about neighborhood type and about what "health" looks like. If the various observers agree when they look at the data, they would have achieved which of the following?
intercoder reliability
Which of the following is a term that describes the consistency of items on a scale and assesses how well responses to the first item on a scale predict responses to the second item?
internal reliability
The degree to which a study establishes a causal effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable is known as
internal validity.
In mediation, a new variable may be introduced that links the independent variable to the dependent variable. This new "connecting variable" is called a(n) ________ variable.
intervening
It is difficult for in-depth interviewing to have high reliability because:
interviews cannot be exactly replicated in future studies.
Lisa uses triangulation in her study, so she uses
interviews, surveys, and observation.
Dr. Harper seeks primary information for her study about the lives of Sudanese refugees in the Midwest, so she turns to ________ for ________.
interviews; stories of Sudanese refugees' lives
In a materials-based study of American popular music, Jenny uses episodes of the American Music Awards from the last 10 years. These episodes are best classified as
media.
You are curious about color preference among kindergarteners and have surveyed a class to see which color (pink, purple, blue, green, red, or yellow) is the favorite. Which measure of central tendency should you calculate for this variable?
mode
A survey uses a closed-ended question to measure which language a respondent learned in early childhood, naming all known languages as possible responses. The survey will likely need to allow respondents to choose more than one option for respondents who learned multiple languages as children. This illustrates that
mutual exclusivity can sometimes be absent, but exhaustiveness cannot.
If a poll oversampled teenagers at three times their proportion in the U.S population, each teenager in the sample would only have ________ the weight of other respondents when researchers calculate population estimates.
one-third
Nikolas wants to study childhood nutrition. He decides to measure diet with a set of five survey questions that parents fill out on behalf of their children. In this decision, Nikolas has completed what task?
operationalization
Researchers often apply attribute codes before they apply analytic codes in order to
organize the data by descriptive qualities, rather than more complex analytic qualities.
Which approach involves the use of survey booklets that are subsequently given to data-entry assistants who enter all of the respondents' answers into a database?
paper-and-pencil interview (PAPI)
Megan develops a sociological study that describes how caregivers give meaning to their experiences with vulnerable loved ones. Megan includes reflection on her own life experiences, because she believes her own experiences shape how she collects and interprets data. Megan's approach fits with which paradigm?
postmodernism
The word vulnerable has many meanings. In research, what is the MOST important quality that distinguishes a population as "vulnerable"?
potential inability to give informed consent
Duwayne conducts a study of elderly people who attend exercise classes. He assembles a sample by asking elderly people whether they attend exercise classes, and selecting those who do. This approach is called ________ sampling.
purposive
When researchers draw findings from qualitative data, such as text, audio, video, and photographs, they are conducting
qualitative data analysis.
When a researcher systematically reviews materials that have been converted into a quantitative data set, seeking to test a hypothesis, this approach is called
quantitative content analysis.
Critical race theory is part of the conflict paradigm because it
questions why some races are advantaged over others.
Nazi experiments that caused suffering and death are universally denounced. The studies conducted by Milgram, Zimbardo, and Humphreys, however, are
recognized as not causing lasting harm, and creating valuable knowledge.
Using statistical data on individual baseball players' performance in past games is not a good way to make predictions about which teams will win future games. Taking this approach would introduce the problem of
reductionism
Dr. Katapar studies the relationship between exercise and happiness. He poses a null hypothesis, "Exercise does not influence happiness." He hopes to
reject the hypothesis.
Mateo has designed a survey study in which he asks about respondents' marital quality. He administers the survey to several different samples over the course of two years and discovers that the respondents do not seem to be answering the marital quality question in very consistent ways. This suggests Mateo's measure of marital quality has a ________ problem.
reliability
Which of the following is the correct term for a measure that is consistent, dependable, and predictable?
reliable
In Suicide, what was Emile Durkheim's unit of analysis?
religious denominations
Compared to telephone surveys, face-to-face interviews
require significant advance planning.
Researchers are attempting to conduct an intervention providing public transportation vouchers to residents as a method of reducing neighborhood crime rates. In hindsight, researchers discovered that participants in the treatment group were already less likely to have a criminal record than the general population to which they were compared. This problem is an example of
selection bias.
Studies that focus on such countable aspects of social life as texts, news stories, or paintings dealing with a particular subject matter are relying on ________ as their unit of analysis.
social artifacts
To be effective, the manipulation of the independent variable in a laboratory experiment needs to be
strong enough so that participants are aware of it.
With which interview format does this question fit: "Did you drink water after exercising?"
structured interview
Miko is interested in attitudes about drinking on campus and plans to conduct an Internet-based survey of a random sample of all undergraduates at her college. She plans on conducting a pretest. Who should she survey?
students who live in her dorm of all genders and class levels who will not participate in the official survey
A study uses a repeated cross-sectional survey to study changes in attitudes toward nonmarital cohabitation over time. The results show that in more recent years, people have become more accepting of unmarried couples living together. To the extent that this increased acceptance is due to cohort replacement, the feature of the cross-sectional design that helps us to understand the change in attitudes over time is that repeated cross-sectional surveys
survey different people in each data collection over time.
A sports website has a poll on its web page asking who readers think is the best NBA player in history: Michael Jordan or LeBron James. This poll will yield results that are biased by ________ error.
systematic
If a researcher was looking for ethical guidelines developed specifically by and for sociologists, she might look to
the American Sociological Association Code of Ethics.
Emily is conducting a materials-based study of a social issue in Mexico. Which of the following would be classified by sociologists as a report?
the U.S. State Department's official document that synthesizes information about human rights in Mexico
When sociologists consider whether research is ethical, they are referring to if
the actions are right or wrong, good or bad.
The CES-D is considered a reliable composite measure because
the alpha score when used in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (ADD Health) is 0.87.
A team of researchers is using surveys to study college students' feelings about the dining hall on campus. In order to ensure reliability, the researchers employ a test-retest method. One potential problem with a test-retest might be that
the dining hall could have changed its food in between the two survey points and therefore students' attitudes about the dining hall may have changed.
Jeremiah plans a study that asks, "Why are young people postponing marriage?" He applies the sociological imagination to this question by focusing on
the influence of housing costs and diminishing stigma against premarital sex.
The test-retest method is an approach in which
the same measure is administered to a sample and then re-administered to the same sample later.
Karen Ho's ethnography studied "up" instead of "down." This is seen in her emphasis on
the subculture of investment bankers.
Amy applies status characteristics theory to student government at her university. This theory predicts that student government officials gain power and prestige when
their race, gender, and social class characteristics are highly valued in the broader society.
Concepts such as socialization, deviance, and self-control can be linked to explain crime. When concepts are systematically linked in such a way that they generate an explanatory chain of relations, they become a(n)
theory
If a researcher studying poverty decides to measure poverty solely in terms of income, very wealthy people with no income would be erroneously counted as poor. This example shows the problem of measures being
too precise.
In his study of gender stratification in corporate careers, Dr. Bank codes his interview data according to the standards of grounded theory. This means that he introduces codes from the literature relating to gender stratification
toward the end of the coding process, after other codes have emerged from the data themselves.
Steve studies happiness in romantic relationships. He conducted a study in which he expected a positive relationship between happiness and time spent together. Instead, he found a concept relation of spuriousness. What is the confound?
unemployment, because this affects both happiness and time spent together
Dr. Jackson wants to conduct an in-depth study of bullying in high school. She is particularly interested in better understanding how bullying relationships develop and continue throughout the school year. What strategy do you think would ensure that Dr. Jackson collects the highest-quality data for her study?
use purposive sampling and spend a year teaching and observing students at her former public high school in New York City
Michael Burawoy advocated the extended case study approach, which encourages ethnographers to
use their field site to improve or modify an existing theory.
Consider two books about Sacagawea, a Shoshone woman who assisted the Lewis and Clark expedition. One is a history book and one is a historical sociology book. What emphasis is distinctive to historical sociology?
using the story of Sacajawea to strengthen rational choice theory
If a researcher asks a participant in a study to envision himself or herself as an unemployed autoworker living in Detroit, Michigan, with a partner and two children, who is struggling to afford food and housing, the researcher is using a
vignette
Shawn has read the Belmont Report and follows established practice for ensuring the protections emphasized in the report. Accordingly, Shawn develops a plan for ensuring
voluntary informed consent.
Which interpretation of these data on number of Americans enrolled in colleges and universities represents a structural functionalist approach?
Increasing the population's educational attainment helps society because a more educated population is more economically productive. Those who access higher education gain more of society's social rewards. Higher education results in credentialism, stratification of people based on degree rather than skill. Trends in higher education must be distinguished by race, class, and gender in order to understand their effects on social inequality.
According to your textbook authors, a high-quality random sample can provide accurate estimates of the characteristics, behaviors, and attitudes of an entire population, even if the survey sample includes just ________ people.
1,000 to 2,000
Benjamin is studying the influence of age on weekly hours of television viewing. Using a statistical software program to estimate the slope for age on voting, he derives the following regression equation: Weekly TV Hours = 2.35 + (0.16 * Age) As your textbook notes, the regression coefficient, or slope, can be used to calculate the expected value of the dependent variable (in this case, TV hours) for a given value of the independent variable (in this case, age). If a person is 63 years old, what would his or her expected number of TV hours be?
10.08
Which document forms the foundation of the U.S. national system of human subjects' protection?
Belmont Report
Look at the table below. What is the correct placement of the types of dependent measures?
Cell 1=Behavioral measures; Cell 2=Attitudinal measures; Cell 3=Physiological measures
In 2004 it was revealed that the Census Bureau had provided detailed data on Arab-Americans to the Department of Homeland Security. Which of the following is the MOST important "lesson learned" from that earlier situation?
Even when a research decision is technically ethical, it may still put people at risk.
If you were conducting a sociology study and had particular concern about you, as the researcher, deceiving people by misrepresenting your identity, which study and subsequent scholarly dialogue would be MOST helpful to consult?
Laud Humphreys' Tearoom Trade
Which sentence best describes the role politics play in intervention research?
Policy makers may lose interest in a program before the evaluation is complete.
Which set of response options reduces acquiescence bias?
Polygamy should be legal.; 2. Polygamy should be illegal.
What should be a characteristic of a survey that attempts to track trends over time?
Questions and responses should use the exact same wording every time.
Sociologists at the University of Pennsylvania wish to conduct an intervention involving providing free breakfast and lunch for all students under 18 and its impacts on educational success. They will randomly assign state school districts to the intervention and will match the treatment and control sample based on population characteristics. What is one reason why this study, like all randomized field experiments, might be difficult to implement?
Randomized field experiments are often high cost.
1. When qualitative researchers use ethnographic fieldwork to conduct a descriptive study, what is the best outcome? 2. a. establishment of causation b. a correlation c. thick description d. a longitudinal analysis
C
In the early twenty-first century, Serena writes a research ethics paper about the legacy of Philip Zimbardo. She considers his work and reputation over the 40 years since the Stanford Prison Experiment (1971) and concludes he was
a good researcher who recognized his mistake, and continued to work for decades on understanding authority and abuse.
Twila designs a sociology research study about gender-based violence. After she proposes the study, she decides that she really wants it to be applied research. Accordingly, she refines the study to
evaluate a local nonprofit organization devoted to reducing domestic violence.
Why is saturation considered a very difficult goal for qualitative researchers?
Researchers are limited by time and funding, and cannot always continue collecting data until saturation.
If you are interested in studying a city that has similar features to the average city in the United States, what type of case should you select?
typical
Historical sociology and history are very similar, but history aims to understand and document the particular details of an event, while historical sociology aims to
use theory to make broad conclusions about human behavior.
A researcher is carefully making decisions that will affect how much variation he or she needs to adequately measure a variable. This concern with variation will influence his or her decisions regarding
whether to use precise measures or sort subjects into basic categories.
________ approaches move from the concrete to the abstract; ________ approaches move from the abstract to the concrete.
Inductive; deductive
Why might it be unreasonable to ask whether an urban housing program would eliminate all homelessness?
Most interventions are designed to produce important but modest effects.
Micaela conducts a critical content analysis of beginner's piano lesson books. She deconstructs these artifacts to find
a hidden theme of racial superiority embedded in the illustrations.
In Mary Waters's study of West Indian immigrants to the United States, how did Waters sample for range? She included in her sample:
a range of social class backgrounds of West Indian immigrants.
Dr. Silverstein knows he has reached saturation in his ethnographic study of shark attack survivors when
additional data are no longer yielding new insights.
Julia has collected data on how students at her university feel about the legalization of marijuana. Answers ranged from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree." She wants to create a graph to display the distribution of responses. What type of graph should she create?
bar graph
When sampling, it is important to
be strategic and methodical about what you observe.
A study design in which participants are randomly assigned to different levels of the independent variable, such as viewing résumés for a male or a female job applicant, is known as a ________ design.
between-subject
Dr. Machi writes an abstract as part of his research report. The purpose of the abstract is to
briefly summarize the research report.
In general, interviews should begin with ________ questions and move to more ________ questions.
broad; specific
Shawna is interested in the effect of a particular test strategy on test performance and wants to reduce experimenter effects. What is a strategy that she could use?
conduct a double-blind study
Eli is a family life educator and wants to intervene at the micro level to influence the issue of domestic violence. What should Eli do?
counsel a family affected by domestic violence
The margin of error increases when the sample size ________ and the variation in a variable ________.
decreases, increases
Emile plans a study about the health of deep-sea divers. In determining whether to use a cross-sectional design or a longitudinal design, Emile should ask, "Do I want to know about
diver health in a single moment in time, or diver health over time?"
Sociologists categorize birth certificates as records because records
document events or characteristics at a particular moment in time.
Larry records all of his dreams in a journal for 50 years. From time to time, he looks them over to see if he notices any personal growth over time. A sociologist would call Larry's approach
dust-bowl empiricism.
Nicolena wants to arrange data so she can see all the respondents and some of the key domains and measures. She arranges data in what form?
ethnoarray
Sociologists are more interested in ________, whereas psychologists are more interested in
groups and societies; individuals b. the global scene; local communities c. the past; the present d. social problems; cultural relativism
Miguel interviewed 20 bartenders about what it is like to close a bar in the early morning hours. He knew he reached saturation when
interviews did not yield new insights but rather confirmed what he already knew.
Margarite conducts a focus group about attitudes toward the ultra-wealthy. She follows the principle of homogeneity, so she
invites only middle-class people to be part of the focus group.
Bita has asked a sample of 50 college sophomores how many close friends they have. Most of the scores range from 1 to 4, with two students reporting 0 close friends and 8 students reporting between 5 and 8 close friends. However, there is one student who reports having 27 close friends. When Bita presents her univariate results on the central tendency of this distribution, she should report the
median
Bella proposes a study about birdwatchers in national parks. In order to interpret her data, she chooses
one of two or three sociological theories that scholars use for this topic.
Lisa wants to survey mothers and examine the kinds of attitude changes about mothering that occur as their children grow older. Which type of survey would be best suited for this research?
panel
Raul wants to conduct a study on interracial dating by asking participants to read a description of a scenario and then answer questions about how they would react to the given situation. He would like the study to have high external validity. Which type of experiment would he choose?
population-based survey
Urban poverty researchers have developed an intervention aimed at reducing predatory lending (i.e., unfair financial lending practices, often targeting poor communities of color). Which of the following research methods is best suited to measure whether the intervention worked?
quantitative records of lending practices based on organizational data
For which type of questions might unfolding questions be the MOST useful?
questions about household finances
Genetic material that is donated now could be relevant for an individual's health in the future. Which of the following do sociologists consider a realistic possibility for protecting people's health with regard to genetic data, years after the initial study?
re-contact subjects or their descendants when necessary
The Houston Area Survey is conducted annually by the Kinder Institute at Rice University. A representative sample is surveyed each year, and the Houston Area Survey is a rich source of data on how Houstonians have changed over time. What type of study is the Houston Area Survey?
repeated cross-sectional survey
Before she conducted her research on Hurricane Katrina survivors, Mary Waters carefully considered whether the study would produce useful knowledge and whether her subjects would be traumatized by talking about the experience. Such an assessment of ________ and ________ is central to the IRB review process.
risks; benefits
When participants notice the experimental manipulation, such as noticing that a job applicant is female (or male), this is known as
salience.
Margaret Mead's ethnography in the Admiralty Islands represents anthropology more than sociology because, at the time, anthropologists
studied people from different cultures, while sociologists studied their own societies.
When researchers adjust for the effects of additional variables to ensure the treatment and control groups are equivalent, they are using
statistical controls
Dr. Nguyen is interested in better understanding which students at the University of Houston study abroad. Her target population is all
students at the University of Houston.
One of the main goals of evaluation research is translation, which means what?
the process of implementing the components of an evaluation research project on a larger scale
Which of the following describes operationalization?
the process of linking conceptualized variables to a set of procedures for measuring them
The American Anthropological Association denounced the Human Terrain System because
this project gave information to the U.S. military that could be used to harm people.
How do researchers typically access data sets?
through government and academic websites
In a 2002 report, researchers found that in reduced-size classes in California, 34% of third-grade students scored above the national median in reading, compared with what percentage of third graders in regular-size classes?
32
1. In her study of 50 middle-class heterosexual black women, sociologist Averil Clarke found that the women's singlehood was due to 2. a. persistent social inequalities. b. personal reasons that varied by individual. c. a decision to prioritize career over romance. d. personal choice.
A
What is the purpose of a pilot test?
It is used to see how well the measure works and whether it presents any problems that need to be fixed before the study is carried out.
An editorial is different than a refereed journal article because an editorial
does not include jargon or citations.
If researchers used the model of the Human Terrain System, they might
embed sociologists in another country to generate deep cultural understanding.
Why would a sociologist classify this as a structured abstract? It
is divided into sections with headers.
1. Dr. Han plans a large-scale panel study, with prospective design, and secures funding. There are many challenges to the project, and in an effort to minimize attrition, he a. incentivizes participants with moderate cash payments. b. establishes causality by collecting data at two different times. c. uses two different samples at two different times. d. increases the sample size for an initial national survey. 1 points
A
Danika exercises her sociological imagination when she thinks about a. how her life connects with gender, race, and class dynamics in society. b. how to pass her sociology class. c. the fact that social inequality is so persistent. d. the challenges faced by socially disadvantaged groups.
A
Kokimo uses Thomas Kuhn's ideas about paradigms to study success in the Olympics. Kuhn's framework leads her to notice that
Americans see success as an individual achievement, whereas the Japanese emphasize the role of the community.
1. Causal ordering is difficult to establish, but it is considered valuable because researchers often want to understand 2. a. **why something is happening, not simply that it is happening. b. which variable came first, thus influencing another variable. c. how people report data differently if the researcher is present. d. our capacity to make our own choices and act autonomously.
B
1. Dr. Kichler uses a cohort design to investigate young adults and job switching. Accordingly, she draws a sample of 2. a. 30 job-seekers in Seattle in 2013, and then a sample of 30 job-seekers in Miami in 2018. b. 25 job-seekers in Seattle in 2013, and follows up with that same sample in 2016 and 2018. c. 1,500 job-seekers in every region of the nation, and follows up her survey with phone interviews. d. 25 job-seekers in Minneapolis in 2013, and follows up by asking that same sample, in 2020, to reflect on the past seven years.
B
1. In order to successfully use the scientific method, a researcher must 2. a. study living humans. b. gather and analyze data. c. have a degree in a scientific field, or be pursuing one. d. construct a hypothesis that shows variables in relation to one another.
B
In a study of family process, a sociologist finds that the relation between poverty and childhood problems is influenced by parental support. When parents provide strong support, poor children's problems are less numerous and less severe. The three concepts are poverty, childhood problems, and parental support. Which category of relations within a theory best describes these findings?
C
Why is Randol Contreras's ethnography The Stickup Kids considered so important?
Contreras is an insider-ethnographer, returning to the social location of his upbringing to do ethnography.
________ refers to the possibility that the mere presence of an interviewer, or that interviewer's personal characteristics, may lead a respondent to answer questions in a particular way, potentially biasing the survey responses.
Correctc. Interviewer effects
In his study of gangs, how did Sudhir Venkatesh deceive research subjects?
He did not tell them his true purpose and instead said that he was writing a biography.
It might be easy to quickly judge middle-class parents for over-scheduling their children, but in-depth interviewing helped Hilary Levey Friedman understand why these parents do what they do. Why does this social practice exist?
Parents are cultivating "competitive kid capital" that will help their children succeed in life.
A study on the effect of adolescents' criminal behavior on their likelihood of graduating high school asks adolescents about their own criminal behavior, but uses county-level high-school graduation rates. This study has a problem, which is
an ecological fallacy.
If a researcher creates a measure of exercise frequency by averaging individual reports of exercise behavior across a neighborhood, this researcher is studying exercise at the ________ level.
group
In the context of materials-based methods, the word materials refers to
preexisting information that can be used as data in a study.
Political science students want to better understand voting students' views in campus elections. Because they cannot know in advance who will vote, and they want to use a probability sampling method, which sampling method would be best to use?
systematic
1. Sociologists have studied social media use and loneliness for some time. What can most definitely be claimed, based on the research by Primack and colleagues? 2. a. Social media use and loneliness are correlated. b. Loneliness causes increased social media use. c. Social media use causes loneliness.*** d. Social media use correlates with dozens of variables, one of which is loneliness.
A
1. Which is an example of explanatory research? 2. a. a comparison between domestic violence rates in two regions of a nation b. a cross-sectional approach to collecting data about domestic violence c. an ethnographic description of violence in one culture d. an account of how survivors cope with domestic violence
A
1. Dr. Lang plans a study of why some high schoolers join Honor societies. Which of the following is the unit of analysis? 2. a. the research question, "Why do some high schoolers join Honor societies?" b. Dr. Lang c. high-school students d. Honor societies
C
1. In its attention to race, class, gender, age, and other characteristics, intersectionality is most concerned with how the various dimensions of ________ affect people's lives. 2. a. agency b. generalizability c. inequality d. microsociology
C
1. Which of the following is an example of a macrosociological topic? 2. a. dynamics of a town hall political meeting b. common problems in therapist-client relationships c. trends in global capitalism***** d. how individuals experience grief
C
Which accurately describes how sociologists view macro-level issues and micro-level issues? a. Macro-level issues are the true subject of sociology; micro-level issues are for scientists trained in human biology or psychology. b. They are often unrelated to each other, which is why sociologists focus on either macro or micro research. c. Micro-level issues are better understood with theories from psychology; macro-level issues are better understood with theories from history. d. Macro-level issues and micro-level issues are linked because large-scale systems affect personal experiences.
D
Will wants to lose 75 pounds. Which of the following represents the constraining influence of social structure against his agency? Answers: a. He exerts amazing willpower and loses 75 pounds on his own, without a gym or a coach. b. Obesity is widespread in society. c. He fails to lose weight because he continues in his long-established habits. d. High-quality food and gym memberships are costly, and Will's income is low.
D
Liam wants to investigate the human experience of love. He asks his sociology adviser whether it is possible to use social science to study something as subjective as love. What advice does Liam's adviser offer that reflects a standard sociological view?
Develop a concept that names, defines, and measures love, and then sociological research can proceed.
What is the distinction between a time-series design and multiple time-series design?
Both strategies take multiple measures of outcomes over time, but multiple time-series design compares effects over multiple locations.
Sampling is necessary because a. it focuses on one dimension of a complex social problem. b. it reduces the number of variables at play in a situation. c. causality cannot be established at a single moment in time. d. a researcher cannot study every member of the population of interest.
D
Lorenzo follows the steps of the historical-comparative research process. He begins to write up his findings regarding the nuclear facility accident in Fukushima, Japan, in 2012. Which statement would come first in his paper?
Fukushima provides a case for evaluating theories about risk management in large-scale societies.
Experiments might potentially be critiqued for problems with external validity. Why?
It is hard to know if what happens in a lab setting will happen in the real world.
A group of labor researchers studying fast food workers hope to measure the effect of eliminating on-call scheduling (when workers are scheduled to be "on-call" but may or may not have to come into work) on worker health and well-being. One unanticipated consequence researchers found in the treatment group was that even though formal on-call schedules were eliminated, fast food managers continued to call in workers on their days off, a phenomenon which has been documented in similar studies. Based on what we know from the STAR study, what lesson do evaluation researchers need to keep in mind?
It is important to rely on specific scientific knowledge that has been established in prior evaluation research.
A common measure of educational attainment includes categories for less than high-school diploma, high-school diploma, some college, college degree, some postgraduate education, and postgraduate degree. These categories could be confusing or miss people who went to trade school or who earned any type of nontraditional degree. This measure would have problems with which of the following?
It would have problems with precision, which would threaten reliability.
Is it wise to tell participants the experiment's true purpose?
No, because participants may change their behavior as a result of learning the true purpose of the experiment.
A poverty organization in Los Angeles is testing the intervention of cash handouts to women on welfare. Though they may produce robust sociological data, randomized field experiments such as this one carry serious ethical concerns. What is one likely ethical concern of such a project?
Researchers may be arbitrarily denying some people of a known benefit.
Which of the following represents a sociological view of grand theory?
Several grand theories ought to be active at any time in the discipline, because society is too complex to fully understand from one vantage point.
Aaron wants to develop an ethnographic study that continues the work of W. E. B. DuBois, Herbert Gans, and William Whyte. Accordingly, Aaron studies
a newly developing Minneapolis neighborhood of Liberian immigrants.
A pilot test involves administering some version of a measurement protocol (a survey, an experiment, an interview) to whom?
a small preliminary sample of subjects
The American Sociological Association (ASA) submitted an amicus brief to the U.S. Supreme Court in support of marriage equality because
as a nonlitigant, the ASA wanted to contribute scholarly research to the process.
Which experience of "trial and error" helped Mary Waters develop stronger interview questions regarding West Indian immigrant experiences?
asking questions that did not elicit strong responses, and then rewording the questions for more effective responses
A researcher needs to create a decision rule to
assign difficult material to a category in a coding scheme.
Which of the following research decisions is associated most closely with the concept of dimensions? Selected Answer:
choosing between measuring "prison quality" by either reports from current inmates or by job attainment of former inmates after release
Mikal wants to study the effects of sleep deprivation. He chooses a homeless shelter as a field site, playing a radio loudly during the night so people can't sleep. He chose the homeless shelter because, without other options, people will stay all night for the duration of the study. Mikal has violated the justice principle of the Belmont Report because he
chose a vulnerable population simply for his own ease in accessing a research population.
Dr. Luther has accessed a list of all public elementary schools in the state of California. He randomly selects 20 schools from the list and then randomly selects 100 students at each school to survey. What type of sampling method has Dr. Luther used?
cluster
A document that lists all variables in a survey and provides information about each variable, including question and response categories, is called a(n)
codebook.
Who is more likely to be included in the potential pool of Internet survey respondents (when compared to the comparison group in parenthesis)?
college graduates (compared to high-school dropouts)
Nadia has collected data on whether students study abroad and whether their major is a foreign language. She has created a cross-tabulation with foreign language as the column and studying abroad as the row. She wants to compare foreign language majors to nonmajors. Which percentage should she use?
column
An idea that can be named, defined, and eventually measured in some way is a(n)
concept.
When a researcher is making decisions about the operational process, he or she must typically first choose the field of study from several quantitative and qualitative research methods. If it were very important that his or her study clearly establish the effect of a reading program on students' graduation rates, it would probably be best if he or she
conducted an experiment and defined a treatment effect.
What did researchers do to the subjects in the Tuskegee syphilis experiment?
denied them newly available antibiotics, so researchers could study the natural course of the disease
The goal in research involving a hypothesis is to
disprove the null hypothesis.
If we want to establish that our conclusions are ________, we must test our hypothesis across a range of subgroups.
generalizable
When Elijah Anderson began his fieldwork with street corner men on Chicago's South Side, he had no research question. This choice was valid because he was using the grounded theory approach, which involves researchers
generating theory based in the data itself.
Ella uses purposive sampling in her study of male weightlifters. She:
goes to a gym and asks male weightlifters to be in her study.
Sociologist Mark Regnerus's research was funded by two conservative institutions, and its findings comported with the values of those institutions (that children raised by parents who ever had same-sex relationships had worse outcomes than others). Other sociologists questioned whether Regnerus
had a conflict of interest.
For which of the following would it make sense to measure using a composite variable?
happiness
Mark Regnerus and Andrew Cherlin disagreed about the meaning of trends regarding marriage. If they used the same paradigms to look at terrorism, how might their perspectives differ? Regnerus would likely look at ________; Cherlin would likely look at ________.
individual motivations (micro level); global economic and political factors (macro level)
Structural functionalism and conflict paradigms are more often criticized for neglecting ________; symbolic interaction is criticized for ignoring ________.
individuals; social structures
In the pictured cross-tabulation, what are the totals in the bottom row and right most column called?
marginal frequencies
Reliability and validity are both central to the goal of
matching the conceptual definition and the operational definition.
Dr. Liu wants to learn how well the students in his research methods class performed on their final exam. He added together all 25 exam scores and then divided by 25. What measure of central tendency did Dr. Liu calculate?
mean
The power dynamics of site access suggest that a(n) ________ would be a more difficult field site to access, in contrast with a ________.
members-only golf club; public park
Mario is a researcher interested in studying eating behaviors. He wants to use a mode of survey administration that can assess the quality of his data and potential sources of bias. He also wants to increase response rates. Which mode is best suited for the goals of his research?
mixed-mode approach
When a researcher decides to represent adolescent risk behaviors with variables about illegal drug use and the use of tobacco products, he or she is
moving from an abstract to a more concrete phase of the study.
What is the term for when treatment and control groups are formed by a procedure other than randomization?
nonequivalent comparison design
Quantitative data analysis always involves
numerical data.
Horace is studying how chronic pain affects people's work lives. He has collected a massive amount of scholarly literature related to his topic. He read some of it and plans to read more later. He used some of it in his study, while other parts will be useful in a future, related study. What belongs in the bibliography of his study about chronic pain and work lives?
only the sources he cited in the research report
Jack Katz makes a complex argument against IRBs, the central point of which is that IRBs have
overstepped their bounds.
Observations about the noise level in the household, how well the respondent understood the questions, and whether another family member was present are examples of
paradata.
When StoryCorps collects oral histories, the goal is to
preserve the stories of individual people.
Michelle wants to study the eating habits of college students for her class research project. She will design and conduct her own survey that she will administer to her classmates. She is involved in ________ data collection.
primary
When using a matching procedure to study the impacts of class size on student achievement, researchers would most likely assemble a control group by matching participants based on which characteristic?
prior school performance
Who should NOT be monetarily compensated for participating in an interview?
prisoners, because of institutional rules
Maya has created a sample in which she uses random chance to select participants, and she can calculate the likelihood that a participant will be selected. What type of sample has Maya created?
probability
After showing a correlation between intimate friendship and happiness, Jona tries to explain how intimate friendship causes happiness. This exploration of how is the study of
processes and mechanisms.
Sari reads a research report by Dr. Williams, a study that uses interviews to investigate stress in correctional officers. Sari wants to explore the replicability of Dr. Williams's study, so she
reproduces Dr. Williams's study with the same methodology, but in a different city.
Dr. Omani is planning a sociological study of environmental habits among homeowners. His university's IRB requires him to submit a ________, which includes research questions and methods, descriptions of the subjects, and steps he will take to minimize risk.
research protocol
A blog is a useful publication form for conveying
research results, recommendations, and the author's opinions about the topic.
The Belmont Report states the importance of treating people as autonomous agents with the right to decide whether to participate in a study. This principle is referred to as
respect
The ________ inspired Stanley Milgram's experiment.
role of ordinary people in carrying out the Holocaust
________ error refers to the difference between the estimates from a sample and the true parameters that arise due to random chance.
sampling
This graph depicts a ________, which is a set of estimates that would be observed from a large number of independent samples that are all the same size and drawn using the same method.
sampling distribution
Liam develops a secondary data set of newspaper articles about presidential elections from 1950 to 2016. He sees that election coverage varies significantly by election, so he has varying numbers of articles from the various elections. He accounts for this discrepancy with
sampling weights.
Jack works for a women's shelter and conducts a study of men and violence. When respondents answer the question, "Have you ever been violent toward a loved one?" he wonders whether interviewer effects are at play. Respondents
say "no," possibly because this is what they think Jack wants to hear.
What is this card an example of ?
showcard
Geographic information systems (GIS) take bits of data and associate them with maps to create visual images of how
social phenomena are unfolding.
Which statement is most often true? Ethnographers begin their research
sometimes with a topic or sometimes with a site.
There are critiques of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Some of those critiques surround its development for use with English-speaking people of European descent. Thus, some of the trouble in assessing reliability for depression scales points to which of the following?
the need to take into account diverse populations when using any measure
Which of the following accurately describes the focus of the macro level of social life?
the structure, composition, and processes of society
In her analysis of U.S. family history, Stephanie Coontz used materials such as census data to challenge which societal blind spot?
the tendency to romanticize the past as a golden time when families were stable and happy
When researchers want to test robustness, or how well an operational protocol is working, they might use which of the following techniques?
the test-retest method
A key reason researchers clearly decide on and describe their operations for observing phenomena is that
those reading the study will be clear on exactly how the researcher conducted the study.
Why would a researcher conduct critical content analysis on materials such as speeches or journalistic reports?
to identify societal blind spots
Why would a researcher write a respondent memo?
to note ideas or themes that emerge from a single respondent's data
Francis is interested in attitudes about the hookup culture on college campuses. He plans on conducting a cognitive pretest. Why do you think he is conducting a cognitive pretest?
to understand how respondents interpret particular questions
Anthropologist Laurence Ralph published a section of fieldnotes in his ethnography Renegade Dreams, a choice that strengthened the ________ of his qualitative research by allowing readers to evaluate the way he linked data to conclusions.
transparency
When Glen Elder conducted life history interviews with individuals who grew up during the Great Depression, his goal was to
understand the effects of economic adversity.
What type of abstract is this?
unstructured
A variable that represents identification with different racial-ethnic groups is a nominal variable because the
values cannot be ranked.
Which of the following is a systematic observation of park use?
watch and record the number of park users at the playground every three hours
In an evaluation study of the impact of car breathalyzers on drunk driving, researchers collected both quantitative survey data and qualitative interviews. In this case, the quantitative evaluation could determine
whether the intervention worked.
If a variable has an infinite set of possible values from low to high, it is a(n) ________ variable.
continuous
What would be an example of a naturally occurring independent variable?
implementation of a new school testing program
A survey in which a randomly selected subset of respondents, typically 50% of those persons selected to participate in the survey, receives one topical module while the other 50% receives a different topical ballot is called a(n) ________ design.
split-ballot
Why might a vignette be helpful in an in-depth interview about sexual harassment?
A specific situation would help make the concept concrete.
Though all students in the STAR study benefited from smaller classes, the gains were larger for minority students in both the first and second grades. Why is this finding important?
Researchers want to reduce achievement gaps among various social groups.
Jenna is conducting a study on gender bias in hiring. She has recruited participants to evaluate job applications. What is an effective way to manipulate the independent variable?
She can randomly put common women's names and common men's names on similarly qualified applications.
A study attempted to intervene in heroin overdoses in the Midwest by giving away an expensive antidote medicine to local clinics and users' support centers. However, the intervention achieved only small effects, with treatment areas having only slightly lower reported overdoses than control areas. A cost-benefit analysis of such a study might determine what?
The high costs are worth achieving even small effects in a life-or-death social problem.
Professor Michael Bellesiles reached an incorrect conclusion in his book Arming America: The Origins of a National Gun Culture. Where, in the stages of historical-comparative research, did he go wrong?
The theoretical framework he used was poorly chosen, leading to faulty conclusions.
Which of the following is an assumption of OLS regression?
The values in a sample follow a bell curve pattern or normal distribution.
Omar studies Stanley Milgram's 1950s Yale University research. Though more than a half-century has passed, Omar can see similar important issues in his social world of the twenty-first century. Milgram influences Omar to ask what question?
Why do people follow authority, even when they believe the authority is wrong?
________ research refers to research in which social scientists study a large number of cases, but only have a modest amount of information about each case.
Variable-oriented
FrameWorks Institute conducts in-depth interview research about social and scientific issues. What question is best suited for an in-depth interview approach?
What motivates people to participate in rallies?
Quantitative content analysis by Janice McCabe and her colleagues, which systematically reviewed 101 years of children's books, supported which hypothesis about the presence of girls in children's literature?
When feminist mobilization weakened, fewer girls appeared.
Mishon's sociological study of W. E. B. DuBois's work with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) follows the typical steps in the historical-comparative research process. Which question represents Mishon's first step?
Who is a particularly influential person in African American history?
George is researching the relationship between racial animosity and political preference. However, he tells his subjects that his study is about undergraduate political party preferences, Which is false. This false reason for participation in an experiment is known as
a cover story.
Johan has collected data by conducting 10 interviews. He transcribed the interviews and is ready to begin coding and analysis. What should he do first?
assemble a set of key respondent attributes and index the transcripts
Michael conducts a fieldwork study of the kitchen workers at a restaurant. He informed the workers that he was doing the study and that he would be fitting in as much as possible by working as a dishwasher. Michael follows informed consent standards for ethical fieldwork, so he
assumes ongoing consent by their acceptance of his presence.
If a researcher is struggling with the data in a longitudinal study of job satisfaction because the composition of the sample has changed over time, he or she is most likely dealing with a problem of
attrition
Mary is a researcher studying sexual harassment. What can she use to make the face-to-face interview setting more comfortable when discussing this topic?
audio computer-assisted self-interview (ACASI) technology
For which study would you recommend that the researchers use a census instead of a sample?
exploring gender differences in the bylines of articles published at the New York Times
Valeria plans to study the influence of students' attachment to school on their educational outcomes. She defines attachment to school as how much students feel they are part of the school community and defines students' educational outcomes as their educational performance. She then measures students' feelings about belonging to the school community with specific questions about how much they think they matter to their teachers and to other students, ranging from "not at all important" to "very important." Educational performance is measured by the students' grade point average and by scores on standardized tests. In this study, "feeling part of the school community" and "educational performance" are examples of
concrete definitions
Suppose a researcher wants to measure difficulties for college students whose parents did not attend college. The researcher writes survey questions about grades, quality of support on campus, and financial resources, but does not ask about whether the student has family support or a good adviser. If the researcher has not tapped into all the dimensions of difficulties for first-generation college students, which of the following would be at risk?
content validity
Jorge conducts a study about first kisses between couples in romantic movies. When he codes 20 movies, he
counts the number of times first kisses occur.
Luka has decided to collect quantitative survey data on health behaviors to test a general theory about social learning. He defines health behaviors as dietary habits and then writes standardized survey questions that measure that dimension of health behaviors. He then collects and analyzes those data. Luka's conceptualization and operationalization decisions follow a(n) ________ approach.
deductive
Bivariate regression analysis expresses the ________ as a simple function of the ________.
dependent variable; independent variable
Max Weber's idea of verstehen continues to be an important ideal for ethnographers today because it is important to
develop a deep, empathetic understanding.
You use Randy Alfred's study of Satanists as a model for your own study of a cultural group with practices and values very different than your own. If you take the role of complete participant, as he did, you might expect to
develop sympathies for people in the group.
Henry wants to take high-quality field notes, so he records
direct observations, inferences, and guesses about what is happening, and his feelings and reactions, all in his field notes.
Dr. Ellin conducts a cognitive interview regarding retirees and gardening. Dr. Ellin asks the interviewee to
discuss survey questions while taking a survey about gardening.
Knowing a variable's ________ is incredibly valuable; it allows us to talk about possible values, averages, and variation, as well as describe differences among groups.
distribution
Xavier plans a materials-based study of Black Lives Matter protests over the last five years. Xavier uses news media to
document where and when protests occurred.
Maria wants to avoid the Wichita jury study's ethical breach in her upcoming sociological study of twelve-step addiction recovery programs. She
does not secretly audiotape meetings.
Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression is a statistical procedure that does what?
estimates how well changes in the independent variables predict changes in the dependent variable
A factory owner wants to know whether the assembly line workers feel adequately rewarded and appreciated. He hires a social scientist to conduct
evaluation research.
Mihir is interested in understanding the relationship between social class and academic achievement. He is most interested in establishing cause-effect relationships between social class variables and academic achievement variables. Which research method should he choose?
experiment
Dr. Lopez is interested in studying the recruitment of high-school athletes. In order for him to provide vivid examples of the impact recruiting can have on high-school athletes, what type of cases would you recommend he focus on?
extreme
Bruce wants to develop a study that has as much transparency in the analysis as possible. He follows Dr. Debra Umberson's advice, so he
has more than one person code the data.
If a distribution of scores is skewed to the right, this indicates that the outliers
have especially high scores.
Which of the following is an example of a physiological measure?
heart rate
What is a characteristic of the population-based survey experiment?
higher degree of external validity than laboratory or field experiments
Monique has collected data on how frequently students skip class at her university. She asked respondents to report the exact number of classes skipped in the past semester. She wants to create a graph to display the distribution of responses. What type of graph should she create?
histogram
Kenyatta conducts a study of residential patterns of Muslim Americans. She uses aggregate data, which offers information related to ________ but not ________.
how many Muslim Americans live in a zip code; individuals who live in particular residences
Devon conducts a study that tests the following hypothesis: "If hours of sleep increase, student grades will increase." This statement is a
hypothesis of association.
A research role of complete participant involves ________, whereas going native involves ________.
immersing oneself in a research role and keeping it secret; losing one's original identity
Josephina is designing a study on how school-level graduation rates predict students' risk of illegal drug use. Her research question is focused on the effect of being
in a school with a certain graduation rate.
Where do laboratory experiments take place?
in a setting where the experimenter ensures that participants notice the manipulation of the independent variable
When should weighting be used to create accurate population estimates?
in a stratified sample
Lucinda completes her study of people's attitudes toward affirmative action, but while analyzing the data, she realizes she should have reworded certain questions in her survey. What should Lucinda do with this insight?
include this limitation in the discussion section; it is a sign of having a critical mind
Thomas writes a research report about his fieldwork with foster-care families. His research was about the families themselves, but he develops views and opinions about how policy in this area could improve. He
includes policy recommendations in the discussion section of the research report.
Sanjay is creating a composite measure to identify individuals at risk of depression. He believes that a greater number of certain experiences will increase the chance of developing depression. Which type of composite measure should he use?
index
Sarah is designing an international study of the effect of age composition on voting behaviors. After deciding to compare older, middle-aged, and young nations on rates of voting in national-level elections, she will assign values to the age composition variable, categorizing them by those who have at least 12% of residents who are over 64, those who have at least 35% of residents who are under 15, and those who have neither a high number of young or old residents. In assigning these values, Sarah is choosing
indicators.
Brian collects data about how people care for their pets during work hours. He decides to build generalizations from the data itself, which is a(n) ________ approach.
inductive
If you want to ________, a nonrepresentative sample would be better than a representative one.
initially test a hypothesis
Lorena wants to conduct a study of how race is discussed among jurors on race-related police brutality cases. Her study follows the results of the Wichita jury study, so she
interviews jurors after the case has ended, because she is legally forbidden from recording jury deliberations.
Andrew is doing a materials-based sociological study of supply chains in the athletic apparel industry. He wants the most credible expert analyses, so he
investigates the origin of his sources and prioritizes the ones that underwent a peer-review process.
What is a good reason for using a leading or argumentative question in an interview, such as, "I've heard some people say that poor people cause their own problems. How do you think poor people come to be poor?" A good reason is because
it can help get interviewees to talk about a controversial or difficult topic.
Some sociologists see ethnography as more of an art than a science because
it is highly personal, yet also has scientific rigor.
Steve wants to study the organizational structure of churches. He wants to contact a single knowledgeable person at each church who will serve as the respondent. This respondent is known as the ________ informant.
key
When Eliot Liebow began his research on lower-class black men who hang out on street corners, he was grateful when a man named Tally introduced him to friends and guided Liebow in developing relationships that would benefit the study. In these actions, Tally served as a
key informant.
Which type of experiment is the purest form of an experiment because it allows the researcher to easily manipulate the independent variables, randomize participants into conditions, and control features of the experimental setting?
laboratory
A researcher is interested in investigating the impact parental leave policies have on parental health and well-being. He decides to focus on one industry and interviews public elementary school teachers who live in Sweden and the United States. What is the key difference in the researcher's study?
location of the participants
The most common role adopted by researchers doing ethnography today is
participant observer.
Martin is creating a cross-tabulation of categorical variables, and he wants to compare groups to one another. He would like your advice on whether he should compare frequencies or percentages. You suggest that he compare
percentages because it allows for clearer comparison of groups of each size.
As this graph notes, there are big differences between cohorts, but since 1985 each cohort has also become more tolerant toward gay people over time. What type of effect is demonstrated with the increased tolerance over time within cohort?
period
Linda writes a poem about the mayor of her town, including identifiable details. Linda's poem is NOT considered human subjects research because
poetry is not systematic; it is not designed to develop generalizable knowledge.
Experiments that rely on survey methods and are conducted on a representative sample of the population of interest are known as ________ experiments.
population-based survey
Divya is interested in learning whether students will support an increase in student fees to supplement child care costs for student parents. There are 10,000 undergraduate and 3,000 graduate students at her university. If she wants to ensure that she has an equal number of undergraduate and graduate students in her sample, what type of sampling method should she use?
stratified
What is a double-blind study?
study where neither the researcher nor the participant is aware of which condition the participant is in
A report ________, while a record ________.
synthesizes credible information; documents events or characteristics at a moment in time
Devon is a graduate student beginning an ethnography of a preschool soccer team. He seeks site entry by contacting the gatekeeper(s):
the coach, because she has the authority to allow an outsider into the team.
What is one lasting result of the National Research Act of 1974?
the establishment of IRBs at many institutions
Sherry conducts in-depth interviews about how campers adjust to rainy conditions. Her sample was not based on a probability sample; therefore, she CANNOT know
whether her findings are true of all campers.
Kevon is interested in the impact of gender on hiring decisions. Participants will view résumés for both male and female job applicants. Kevon is using a ________ design.
within-subject
What is a strategy survey designers use for avoiding response set?
word some questions positively and others negatively
Which of the following expresses the best value-free approach to the scientific method? Dr. Dubus launches a sociological study of opioid addiction. She
asks the research question, "What factors influence individuals to become opioid addicts?"
________ approaches move from the concrete to the abstract; ________ approaches move from the abstract to the concrete.
inductive, deductive
Michelle conducts a study of sleep and college student stress. She expects a negative relation between the concepts, which means she expects to find
that when sleep increases, stress decreases.