SOC ch. 17 Science, the Environment, & society

According to scientists, what is the number-one contributor to rising global temperatures?

CO2 emissions

In 1942, the research project that focused on developing atomic weapons for the United States was code-named the ____________ Project.

Manhattan

The ____________ study showed how stigmas (e.g., labels) can become self-fulfilling prophecies.

Pygmalion

Sociologists who study scientists in the laboratory do so typically because they:

are interested in how scientific facts are socially constructed.

Charles Perrow believes that although disasters from manufactured risks are a part of modern life, we can:

attempt to reduce their impact

Philosopher Ian Hacking suggests that:

claims undermining the purity of scientific pursuit weaken scientific claims to truth

Which of the following is NOT something scientists predict will result from a continued rise in global temperatures?

decreases in tropical diseases

In Beck's description of risk society, a tornado is an example of what type of risk?

external

The Matthew effect is essentially like:

getting promoted because of who you are and not based on your achievements

One scientist hoped to solve health and nutritional problems for children in developing countries by the genetic modification of rice with:

high levels of vitamin A

According to the controversial twin study, there is a genetic link to:

homosexuality.

Sociologically speaking, the BRCA1 gene mutation is a good example of:

how the effects of genes are subject to change because of social practices.

The Cooperative Wheat Research and Production Program (later CIMMYT, the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center) was established in 1945 to:

improve Mexico's agricultural output.

According to your text, the decision to develop atomic weapons during World War II was influenced by:

international geopolitical circumstances.

Normal science:

is conducted within an existing paradigm.

Ethnographic research:

is field research. involves researcher participation. is done by observation. all of the above.

Sometimes meat and poultry aren't labeled organic even though they come from free-range animals raised without growth hormones or antibiotics. This is because:

maintaining an organic farm with U.S. Department of Agriculture certification is expensive; many farmers can't comply because of this.

Risks that result from human activity are referred to as ____________ risks

manufactured

One global warming prediction is that as ocean levels rise:

many more people will move away from the coast.

Which of the following is NOT on the checklist that government inspectors use when certifying organic farms?

percentage of organic ingredients

Because of the green revolution, food production has kept pace with:

population growth.

What did Latour and Woolgar suggest may influence which research findings receive the most attention?

power struggles within the lab hierarchy

In opposition to the sociology of science researcher Bruno Latour, many scientists assert that ____________ are not made but rather preexist in objective reality waiting to be discovered.

scientific facts

According to Kuhn, what is the factor responsible for important scientific advancements?

scientific revolutions

Some gays and lesbians may be in favor of finding a so-called gay gene, because many in the gay community believe that:

the controversy will move from a moral choice to a biological characteristic, so discrimination may decrease.

What are some of the unintended social consequences that have emerged from the Human Genome Project?

the psychological effects of gene testing that might arise

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor that can influence science and scientists?

the researcher's personality

Which of the following is NOT cited in your text as a factor that influences researchers to choose a particular area of study?

the university where the researcher studied

Farmers who are thinking about future generations have committed to several issues. Which of the following is NOT one of the issues mentioned in your text?

using environmentally friendly tractors

Since the late 1990s, a large portion of Asia has been:

using high-yield rice seeds.