Soc Psych 2070A Exam 1 Practice Tests

According to Bargh's (1994) article called the Four Horsemen of Automaticity, controllability refers to control over ______ a thought, feeling, or behaviour, whereas intentionality refers to control over ______ a thought, feeling, or behaviour. A. stopping; initiating B. initiating; stopping C. the availability of; initiating D. the availability of; stopping E. initiating; the availability of

A

Austin cannot stop thinking about a scary accident he was involved in. These intrusive thoughts are both unpleasant and distracting. When is Austin LEAST likely to think about the accident? A. When his monitoring and operating processes work in tandem. B. When his monitoring process shuts down, and his operating process continues. C. When his operating and controlled processes work in tandem. D. When his monitoring process continues, and his operating process shuts down. E. When his monitoring and automatic processes work in tandem.

A

People are more likely to obey the law if they construe the procedures used to determine their guilt or innocence as fair. In other words, if they exhibit A. high procedural justice. B. low procedural justice. C. high procedural bias. D. low procedural bias. E. high procedural justice AND low procedural bias.

A

Rafael has always hated mathematics courses at the university level and has tried to avoid taking them if he can. However, he likes most other courses at his university. The majority of other students also tend to avoid mathematics courses whenever possible. Given this information about consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus, most people would make a(n) ______ attribution for Rafael's behaviour. A. external B. dispositional C. internal D. self-serving E. defensive

A

Research has found that rape victims are often seen as causing their rapes, and that battered women are often held responsible for their abuse. These findings are best informed by which of the following? A. Belief in a just world. B. The gender double-standard. C. Unrealistic pessimism. D. Hostile femininity. E. Self-enhancement.

A

To better understand a group by observing it from within is the goal of the following research approaches? A. ethnography B. experiments C. correlational surveys D. archival analysis E. observational studies

A

When might someone experience a reduction in self-concept clarity? A. After an important life transition, like going to college or experiencing a romantic breakup. B. If they see their own reflection in a mirror. C. After another person asks them to reflect on who they are. D. b and c E. all of the above

A

Which of the following people has fallen prey to correspondence bias? A. Tim, who points to a person who fell down and says, "What a clumsy oaf!" B. Sophie, who explains her poor exam performance by pointing out how hard the questions were. C. Don, who attributes his loss in a chess game to bad luck. D. Alice, who explains her girlfriend's tears by saying "She didn't get enough sleep last night." E. Beatrice, who points to an erratic driver and says, "Ugh, the city never plows the snow on the streets well enough."

A

Which of the following statements about field studies is true? A. People can be unaware they are in a research study. B. Field studies have high internal validity. C. Field studies are more often unsuccessful compared to laboratory studies. D. People are easier to debrief in field studies. E. The sample is typically less diverse in field studies.

A

You have probably heard the expression, "A rose is a rose is a rose." Who would be most likely to disagree with that expression? A. A Gestalt psychologist. B. A personality psychologist. C. A developmental psychologist. D. A behavioural psychologist. E. A historical psychologist

A

Research suggests that people possess mirror neurons, which are linked to ______, and can be associated with ______ of facial expressions and/or body gestures A) Empathy; automatic mimicry B) accuracy; automatic mimicry C) Empathy; automatic perception D) accuracy; automatic perception E) empathy; automatic mimicry AND perception

A) Empathy; automatic mimicry

Which of the following is a social dilemma? A. Fred must decide between buying himself a present, which he really wants, or contributing his money toward a family vacation, which he is looking forward to, but won't take place unless everyone splits the cost B. Mary must choose between going to a dance with Eric or going with Tom C. Beatrice must decide between going to a movie with a friend or staying home to prepare for a presentation D. B and C E. All of the above

A. Fred must decide between buying himself a present, which he really wants, or contributing his money toward a family vacation, which he is looking forward to, but won't take place unless everyone splits the cost

Your niece Margot has never been on a glass elevator before, does not know what to expect, and is somewhat afraid of trying one out. How might you apply the concept of informational social influence to convince Margot that there is no need to be afraid to ride in glass elevators? A. Have Margot's uncle Fred, an elevator technician, ride the elevator with her while calmly explaining the safety precautions that are required to get elevators certified for use. B. Remind Margot how irrational her fear is and tell her you've never heard of people having problems when they ride in glass elevators. C. Tell Margot that her friends will call her a "scaredy-cat" if she doesn't start riding glass elevators. D. Put Margot in a glass elevator, push the button for the top floor, and tell her not to cry. E. Give Margot a big hug every time she is willing to approach a glass elevator.

A. Have Margot's uncle Fred, an elevator technician, ride the elevator with her while calmly explaining the safety precautions that are required to get elevators certified for use.

Which of the following is true of social comparison and culture?

A. People from individualist cultures are more motivated by positive role models than people from collectivist cultures.

The Trucking Game (Deutsch & Krauss, 1960, 1962) puts participants in a conflict situation. Each participant wants to get his or her truck to the destination as quickly as possible. In one version of the study, the researchers introduced a novel twist. They sometimes gave one participant a gate with which to threaten an opponent. At other times, they gave both participants a gate, and still other times, neither participant had a gate with which to threaten his or her opponent. What happened? A. When only one participant could wield a threat, both participants lost more money than when neither side could wield a threat. B. When both participants could wield threats, nobody used them, and both participants made more money than when neither side could wield a threat C. When only one participant could wield a threat, the person using the threat won slightly less often than the person that was threatened. D. A and C E. All of the above

A. When only one participant could wield a threat, both participants lost more money than when neither side could wield a threat.

Jacob is about to start a new job. Given that he is shy and introverted and wants to avoid making friends at all costs, he should choose the office that is located A. at the far end of the hall. B. next to the cafeteria. C. next door to the copy room. D. next to the water cooler. E. by the vending machines.

A. at the far end of the hall.

Fiona recently found out that she got an A on an important exam. When she next sees her romantic partner Uri, she shares the good news and he responds with enthusiasm ("Wow, baby, that's really great! You deserve it for studying so hard."). This situation illustrates how ______ can help maintain intimate relationships. A. capitalizing on positive events B. positive illusions C. gratitude D. trust E. passionate love

A. capitalizing on positive events

Self-affirmation theory posits that people will reduce the impact of a dissonance-arousing threat by

A. focusing on their competence on a dimension unrelated to the threat.

Anderson et al. (1992) analyzed what people in 54 cultures considered to be the ideal female body: a heavy body, a body of moderate weight, or a slender body. The researchers found that in cultures where ______, the ______ body was preferred. A. food supplies were unreliable; heavy B. food supplies were plentiful; moderate C. Western magazines were available; slender D. food supplies were moderately reliable; slender E. Western magazines were unavailable; heavy

A. food supplies were unreliable; heavy

According to research by Apfelbaum and Sommers (2009) on self-control,

A. low self-control can remove verbal "filters," leading people to be more direct, and appear less prejudiced.

Fiona is a business manager struggling with the question of whether to make unethical business decisions. Based on laboratory research on the effects of deciding to behave immorally, it is reasonable to predict that Fiona would be most lenient about unethical practices a year later if she

A. made an unethical decision to solve her immediate problems.

Cross-cultural research has revealed that _______ is valued more in individualistic cultures. A. passionate love B. social love C. commitment D. companionate love E. fatuous love

A. passionate love

A particular company employs 100 people: 80 are lawyers, and 20 are engineers. Albert, an employee at the company, is quiet and carries a calculator. Most people, when asked whether Albert is a lawyer or an engineer, would guess that he is an engineer. People are using the ______ heuristic in this case. A. availability B. representativeness C. anchoring D. A and B E. A and C

B

Compared to social psychologists who focus on applied research, those that study basic research are more likely to have started studying social behavior because ______. A. they want to solve social problems B. they are curious C. they like to educate people D. b. and c. are true E. all of the above are true

B

Diana has recently conducted a research study on aggression. When she looks at the study results, she sees that they are not quite statistically significant. She decides to run another few participants and check the results again to see if they have reached significance. Diana has engaged in a research behaviour known as A. HARKing B. p-hacking C. cherry-picking data D. fabrication E. fraud

B

Liberman, Samuels, and Ross (2004) randomly assigned participants previously identified as either competitive or cooperative to play the same game under one of two names: the "Wall Street Game," or the "Community Game." Fully twice as many players in the Wall Street Game behaved competitively compared to people who played the Community Game. What do these findings suggest? A. True personality differences do not exist. B. Even minor aspects of a social situation can override personality differences. C. All the competitive people ended up in the Wall Street Game group by chance. D. Social factors are less important than fundamental personality differences. E. Social situations and personality characteristics are equally important.

B

Marsha has a new romantic partner whom she really likes and thinks is considerate. After getting to know him, she feels ready to have sex with him. If Marsha lets her implicit personality theories about her partner guide her behaviour, A. she will likely use a condom, because she believes her partner is so careful he couldn't possibly have a sexually-transmitted infection. B. she will likely not use a condom, because she believes her partner is so careful he couldn't possibly have a sexually-transmitted infection. C. she will likely use a condom, because she believes that, like her, her partner couldn't possibly have a sexually-transmitted infection. D. she will likely not use a condom, because she believes that, like her, her partner couldn't possibly have a sexually-transmitted infection. E. she will likely use a condom, because she believes that all good people use condoms.

B

Ted likes Mackenzie and smiles at her every chance he gets. Mackenzie wonders why Ted is always smirking at her sarcastically and avoids him as much as possible. Ted thinks he's being friendly and cannot understand Mackenzie's standoffishness; Mackenzie thinks Ted is a jerk and cannot figure out why he won't give up. Different perceptions of their interaction indicates that Ted and Mackenzie have different A. biases B. construals C. emotions D. attitudes E. social influence attempts

B

The self-fulfilling prophecy occurs because we often A. work to revise our schemas when necessary. B. use schemas to guide our actions. C. accurately incorporate information that challenges our schemas. D. use judgmental heuristics that influence our schemas. E. center our schemas on the beliefs of others.

B

What do Chaiken's (1987) heuristic-systematic model of persuasion and Petty and Cacioppo's (1986) elaboration likelihood model have in common?

B. Both specify when people will be influenced by what is being said about an argument versus how it is being said.

In their relationship, Marc and Nora both perceive that Marc has been paying more than his fair share of costs, and that Nora has been receiving more than her fair share of benefits. According to Equity Theory, A. both Marc and Nora will feel comfortable with this situation, as long as Nora acknowledges that she is receiving more. B. Marc should feel irritated and Nora should feel guilty. C. Marc should feel guilty and Nora should feel irritated. D. both will feel comfortable with this situation, as long as they have strong investments in the relationship. E. both will feel uncomfortable, but Nora should feel worse than Marc.

B. Marc should feel irritated and Nora should feel guilty.

Which of the following would be the best predictor of whether a person stops smoking a year after reporting their attitudes about quitting smoking?

B. Positive attitudes toward quitting smoking during the next year.

You are on a flight from New York to California. Somewhere over the Rocky Mountains, the plane begins to dip and rise abruptly. The ride is getting bumpier and bumpier. You're concerned and wonder if something is seriously wrong with the plane. According to our discussions of informational social influence, to whom (or what) are you most likely to turn to in order to clarify this situation? A. The passenger next to you who seems to be calm B. The cockpit crew and/or flight attendants C. The airplane information pamphlet in front of your seat D. The passenger next to you who seems to be afraid E. The nearest magazine that can distract you

B. The cockpit crew and/or flight attendants

Consider the following antisocial acts described by your textbook: European soccer fans sometimes attack and bludgeon players and other fans; in the United States, mobs of Caucasians would lynch African-Americans; in Canada, a young man was beaten to death by a group of disguised youths. What do these situations have in common? A. They reflect mass actions caused by relative deprivation. B. They demonstrate how anonymity can influence behavior. C. They represent the downside of social loafing. D. They are extreme examples of process loss. E. They show how group cohesion can be detrimental.

B. They demonstrate how anonymity can influence behavior.

Research suggests that narcissists have ______ explicit self-esteem and ______ implicit self-esteem.

B. high; low

If you wanted to resist an influence attempt, Social Impact theory suggests that you should A. ensure that you are evaluated favorably by members of the group. B. increase the distance between yourself and the group. C. remind yourself that belonging to the group is very important to you. D. A and B E. A and C

B. increase the distance between yourself and the group.

When it comes to relationships, Sarah is a pathological liar. Even though she disapproves of lying, it's something she's done all her life. While telling a particular whopper to Jake (her knew beau), she catches a glimpse of her own reflection in Jake's glass, causing her to think about the appropriateness of her behavior. Sarah suddenly feels bad that she's not living up to her own personal standards. This reaction would be predicted by

B. self-awareness theory

According to self-perception theory, you are most likely to conclude that you like classical music when

B. you have pre-set your car radio to a classical music station.

An advantage of surveys is that they ______, but a disadvantage of surveys is that they may not ______. A. are easy to administer and score; allow researchers to assess associations between variables that may be difficult to observe B. are easy to administer and score; yield significant results C. are easy to administer and score; reflect truly accurate participant responses D. allow researchers to assess associations between variables that may be difficult to observe; be easy to administer and score E. allow researchers to assess associations between variables that may be difficult to observe; yield significant results

C

Cody was pouring gravy when he dropped the ladle and splattered gravy all over the tablecloth. In order to maintain his _________, Cody decided that the ladle was slippery and anyone would have dropped it A. social construal B. social cognition C. self-esteem D. self-perception E. gestalt

C

Imagine that you were a student in one of the classrooms in the self-fulfilling prophecy study by Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968). If you're like most students, you would ________ to be labeled a bloomer, because your teacher would ________. A. not want; place unreasonable demands on you B. not want; make you work alone C. want; pay more attention to you and encourage you more D. want; give you more time at recess E. not want; grade you more critically

C

Leslie cannot say "no" to anyone. Consequently, she takes on too much, and doesn't fulfill her commitments as promptly as she might. When asked to explain her behaviour, if Leslie is motivated to be accurate, she would be most likely to say, A. "You know me, I'm a go-getter who can't stand being bored." B. "I'm just a kind person who doesn't like to let anyone down." C. "I guess I'm a bit of a pushover, and take on more than I can handle." D. "I work better when I'm under pressure." E. "I guess you can't teach an old dog new tricks."

C

On a visit to Australia, former US President George H. W. Bush offended the Australians when he flashed the two-fingered peace sign to a crowd. This is an example of how the use of ______, which vary from culture to culture, may lead to confusion or conflict if displayed outside the user's culture. A. encoding B. display rules C. emblems D. a and b E. all of the above

C

When confronted with "H H H H T T T T T T" as a summary of the results of a series of 10 flips of a coin, most people will view that series as "less random" than a summary of results that looks like "H H T H T T H T H T," even though the odds of a "head" on the next toss is 50/50 in each case. Why? Their estimates have been biased by A. counterfactual thinking. B. the availability heuristic. C. the representativeness heuristic. D. downward counterfactual thinking. E. anchoring and insufficient adjustment.

C

Which of the following statements about schemas is true? A. Schemas affect the information we notice, but only when we are aware of the schema. B. Schemas affect what we notice, but not necessarily what we remember. C. Schemas affect the information we notice, think about, and remember. D. Schemas affect what we think about and remember, but often don't help us organize our knowledge. E. Schemas affect how we organize knowledge, but are sometimes too complex to be efficient.

C

Which of the following is NOT one of the original six basic emotions that nearly all people can recognize in facial expressions? A) Anger B) Surprise C) Contempt D) Disgust E) Fear

C) Contempt

Carolyn believes that she is worthy and well liked. According to attachment theorists, what is the most likely reason for this? A. Carolyn employs a secure attachment style in her relationships B. Carolyn has made a conscious decision to have a secure attachment style C. Carolyn had a secure attachment with her mother D. Carolyn had a secure attachment with her most recent romantic partner E. Carolyn has used therapy to work through her "mother" issues

C. Carolyn had a secure attachment with her mother

"Don't bother me with the so-called facts," asserts your Uncle Clay. "If it's good enough for Trump, it's good enough for me." Which of the following statements about your Uncle Clay is most like true?

C. He will pay less attention to what Trump says and more attention to how he says it.

Jana's New Year's resolution is to train to run a 10km race. She has been doing great, getting up to go on a run at 7 am five days a week, including this morning. When she's headed to work after her run, she gets to the subway station and finds that there is a service disruption. She will have to wait 15 minutes for the next train. Based on the self-control approach, what is most likely to happen?

C. Jana will grumble about the train being late and snap at the person who accidentally steps on her foot.

Luke and Laura have been dating on and off for years and have finally decided to end their relationship for good. Which of the following best illustrates an integrative solution to their dilemma of dividing up their possessions? A. They decide to randomly divide their possessions in half and then flip a coin to see who gets which half. B. They decide to split the possessions strictly by monetary value. C. Laura, the music lover of the two, gets the stereo, while Luke, the gourmet chef, gets all of the fancy pots and pans. D. They agree to let Leif, a mutual friend, mediate the dispute and decide on the fairness of the negotiations. E. They agree to flip a coin and let the winner take the 10 things he or she wants the most

C. Laura, the music lover of the two, gets the stereo, while Luke, the gourmet chef, gets all of the fancy pots and pans.

Gina has been promoted to the supervisor position in her company. She has had a good working relationship with her subordinates, they all respect her, and the goals for her team have been clearly defined by the company. In order to be an effective leader in this situation, Gina should focus on A. maintaining close interpersonal ties with her subordinates. B. establishing common, long-term goals that she and her subordinates can work toward. C. accomplishing the tasks assigned to her and her subordinates. D. A and B E. A and C

C. accomplishing the tasks assigned to her and her subordinates.

The practice of threatening mild punishment when forbidding someone to do something works because it arouses ______ and, therefore, leads to ______.

C. cognitive dissonance; a change in attitude toward the forbidden act

Social psychologists use the term _______ to describe behaviour change in response to a direct request from another person. A. repression B. obedience C. compliance D. concession E. conformity

C. compliance

Wesley is usually quite agreeable and goes along with his friends' plans. Tonight, however, he tells his friends that he doesn't want to go with them to crash a party. Wesley's friends accept his refusal to join them without teasing or punishing him too much. This is likely because Wesley has A. low social power. B. moderate social power. C. idiosyncrasy credits. D. A and C E. All of the above

C. idiosyncrasy credits.

According to research on the mere exposure effect, if your initial reaction to a person is negative, mere exposure is most likely to A. help you eventually ignore that negative impression. B. help you rapidly overcome that negative impression. C. increase the intensity of that negative impression. D. gradually lead to a tolerant indifference toward that person. E. have little to no effects on your feelings toward that person.

C. increase the intensity of that negative impression

Helen is investigating social contexts that influence helping behaviour. She is concerned about validity, so she conducts an experiment. On the streets of Toronto, she pretends to have a heart attack and keels over, recording how many people offer help. She performs this act both in the downtown area and in a small suburb. Helen designed her study this way because she was most concerned about the ______ of her research. A. internal validity B. integral validity C. operational function D. mundane realism E. psychological realism

D

How might you improve your social reasoning? Take a(n) ______ course. A. research methods B. statistics C. economics D. a and b E. All of the above

D

People tend to go through a two-step process when making inferences about other people's behaviour. Step 1 involves making an internal attribution and Step 2 involves adjusting this attribution by considering external factors. If someone stops at Step 1 and doesn't proceed to Step 2, they likely engage in ______, often because of ______. A. judgmental heuristics; perceptual salience B. correspondence bias; the overconfidence barrier C. judgmental heuristics; implicit personality theories D. the fundamental attribution error; perceptual salience E. judgmental heuristics; the overconfidence barrier

D

What allows researchers to rule out differences among participants as the cause of differences in responses to the dependent variable? A. A factorial design B. Random sampling C. Measuring more than one dependent variable D. Random assignment to condition E. Participant matching

D

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from research about gender differences in nonverbal behaviour? A. Females are more likely than males to mimic other people's smiles. B. It is easier to detect angry expressions on male faces than on female faces. C. Subjects were more accurate in detecting happy expressions on female faces than on male faces. D. A smile is often decoded as pride, especially on a male face. E. The costs of decoding facial expressions inaccurately will depend on the gender of encoder and decoder.

D

Which of the following is an independent variable? A. The presumed cause of an outcome. B. The presumed outcome. C. A variable that researchers manipulate. D. a and c E. All of the above

D

At a friend's house party, you see the person you've been crushing on for months. You're hoping to increase the potential mutual attraction between the two of you to see if the attraction could turn into a relationship. You spend some time talking, asking meaningful questions to get to know them, and maintain eye contact. Finally, you pluck up your courage and make a move: What is the best thing to say? A. "This might be forward of me but I think that you should come home with me tonight." B. "Can I follow you home? I was always taught to follow my dreams." C. "I like Legos, you like Legos. Maybe we should build a relationship?" D. "I think you're really attractive. Would you like to go out with me sometime?" E. "You know, my friends bet me that I wouldn't work up the courage to talk to you tonight. Want to go buy some pizza with their money?"

D. "I think you're really attractive. Would you like to go out with me sometime?"

A minority of group members can influence the majority via A. consistency. B. normative social influence. C. informational social influence. D. A and C E. B and C

D. A and C

What is/are the take-home message(s) of Solomon Asch's (1951, 1956) experiments in which participants were asked to judge the lengths of lines? A. People will go to great lengths to not look foolish in front of others. B. People will go to great lengths to please people on whom they depend. C. People will go to great lengths to conform even when a situation is unambiguous. D. A and C E. All of the above

D. A and C

Which of the following is the best description of the way that men and women tend to define themselves?

D. Men's self-concepts are more likely to include collective interdependence, and women's self-concepts are more likely to include relational interdependence.

Two different interpretations have been proposed to explain group polarization. The persuasive arguments interpretation involves______ while the social comparison interpretation involves ______. A. groupthink; transactive memory B. risky shift; cooperation during conflict C. process loss; great person theory D. being right; being liked E. task-oriented leader; relationship-oriented leader

D. being right; being liked

Curtis often changes his behaviour in different social situations, in order to act in the most appropriate manner or to ensure that he is well-liked. Curtis most likely engages in

D. high self-monitoring

The #1 predictor of breakup is low ______. The #2 predictor of breakup is low ______. A. positive illusions; satisfaction B. commitment; positive illusions C. satisfaction; commitment D. positive illusions; commitment E. commitment; satisfaction

D. positive illusions; commitment

The phenomenon of groupthink is most likely to occur when a group is highly ______, highly ______, and when the leader is very ______. A. motivated; diplomatic; feared B. stressed; motivated; feared C. motivated; cohesive; directive D. stressed; cohesive; directive E. stressed; motivated; diplomatic

D. stressed; cohesive; directive

Your friend Geoff shows you the gift he bought for his mother's birthday. It's an atrociously ugly fake marble statue of an angel, with the words "My Mother's An Angel" printed sloppily on the bottom. Geoff asks you what you think, and because his feelings are easily hurt, to spare him, you say, "It's awesome! Maybe I'll get one for my mom!" In this case, you ______ experience cognitive dissonance because there is ______ justification for your action.

D. will not; sufficient external

According to research about priming, professors might read the following words prior to an exam if they want their students to do well on the exam: A. coward, timid, fear B. sloppy, messy, wasteful C. quiet, concentrate, obey D. hockey, tennis, basketball E. remember, integrate, comprehend

E

Harry and Ron participate in a social psychology study. Harry is asked to unscramble sentences like "steady hands the was boat" and Ron is asked to unscramble sentences like "rocky hands the was boat." Both Harry and Ron were primed, and if asked about mood after the sentence task, Harry may feel more ______ than Ron because of ______. A. calm; current goals B. anxious; recent experience C. aware; recent experience D. anxious; current goals E. calm; recent experience

E

Melissa wants to use deception in her upcoming research study. Her colleague Matthew warns her that she should use deception only if A. it is justified by the study's educational or applied value. B. she can guarantee that the deception will work. C. effective non-deception alternatives are not feasible for the study. D. b and c E. a and c

E

Renee and Sally are currently irritable. Renee exhibits the actor/observer difference when she says, A. "Sally is irritable because she got a bad grade, but I think she's overreacting." B. "Sally is irritable because she got a bad grade, but I'm irritable because I'm just a nasty person." C. "Sally is irritable because she got a bad grade, but I'm irritable because I didn't study enough." D. "Sally is irritable because she's just a nasty person, but I think she's overreacting." E. "Sally is irritable because she's just a nasty person, but I'm irritable because I got a bad grade."

E

Social psychological research has demonstrated that the ______ the initiation to join a group, the ______ the initiates like the group. A. shorter; less B. milder; more C. more severe; less D. longer; more E. more severe; more

E

When we make self-serving attributions, we tend to attribute our successes to ______ factors and our failures to ______ factors. A. unstable; stable B. external; internal C. uncontrollable; controllable D. situational; dispositional E. internal; external

E

Which of the following is NOT an effective way to improve research integrity? A. Full disclosure of study materials and procedures. B. Conducting and publishing high-quality replication attempts. C. Pre-registering empirical studies. D. Using the largest sample you can afford. E. All of the above are effective ways to improve research integrity.

E

Which of the following is an operational definition of generosity? A. Scores on a generosity scale. B. Amount of money donated yearly to charities. C. Trying to change generosity by asking some participants to read news articles about the benefits of generosity, but asking other participants to read news articles unrelated to generosity. D. A and B E. A, B, and C

E

Which of the following is true about research concerning embodied cognitions? A. Physical warmth may increase friendliness. B. People who sit on wobbly chairs may become more likely to believe that marriages won't last. C. Holding a pencil in your teeth may not make you think that cartoons are more funny. D. a and b are true. E. All of the above are true.

E

Why should people be skeptical about advertisers' claims that subliminal messages in ads work?

E. Advertisers seldom, if ever, use controlled studies to support their claims.

Which of the following is/are true about 2d:4d ratios? A. 2d:4d ratios are based on a comparison of the index and ring fingers B. Low 2d:4d ratios are a masculine feature C. Testosterone causes the ring finger to lengthen relative to the index finger D. A and B E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Which of the following statements regarding social loafing and social facilitation is FALSE? A. Social loafing leads to relaxation and impairs performance on simple tasks. B. Social facilitation effects have been observed in humans as well as other species. C. Social facilitation increases arousal and impairs performance on complex tasks. D. The potential to be evaluated is an important aspect of social facilitation. E. All of the above statements regarding social loafing and social facilitation are true.

E. All of the above statements regarding social loafing and social facilitation are true.

A video played in class described research where some participants forced other participants to clean toilets with their bare hands. Who conducted this research? A. Freud B. Milgram C. Bargh D. Bandura E. Zimbardo

E. Zimbardo

Jack is interested in assessing his implicit attitudes about himself. If Jack has a negative implicit attitude toward himself, he should

E. b and c B. be faster to pair "me" concepts with unpleasant attributes on an IAT. C. rate his initials as less aesthetically appealing in a name-letter task.

Kenneth believes that Funny-O's cereal is good because it has no sugar, it contains all of the recommended vitamins and minerals, and it has no artificial flavors and because he has been eating them all his life. Kenneth's attitude toward Funny-O's is a(n)

E. b and c B. behaviourally-based attitude. C. cognitively-based attitude.

Applied research suggests that having a greater amount of intrinsic motivation (as opposed to extrinsic motivation) is associated with all of the following EXCEPT

E. developing a variety of new skills quickly.

Melanie doesn't find it easy to trust or get close to other people and says that she "doesn't need anybody." Melanie most likely scores ______ on attachment avoidance and ______ on attachment anxiety, and one could hypothesize that her early caregivers were ______. A. low; low; inconsistent in their affections B. low; high; consistently unresponsive and distant C. high; low; inconsistent in their affections D. high; high; consistently unresponsive and distant E. high; low; consistently unresponsive and distant

E. high; low; consistently unresponsive and distant

Cultural norms in North America place a great deal of emphasis on

E. individuality

Burt decides to go on a date Friday night with Taylor after meeting her at a party. This is a great opportunity for Burt, because Taylor is so far out of his league, and he would generally never have a chance with someone like her. Now that he's committed to going on the date, Taylor tells him that she expects him to pick her up, drop her off, and pay for everything during the night. By not making these requests up-front (before Burt agreed to the date) Taylor has used the

E. lowball technique.

According to ______, one reason we join groups is because the natural state of existence for humans has involved interactions with others; forming and maintaining groups can help us survive so we have evolved to take advantage of groups dynamics A. social exchange theory B. social evolution theory C. social norm theory D. social role theory E. social baseline theory

E. social baseline theory

What is social psychology?

the scientific study of how individuals think, feel, and relate in a social context

What is a construal?

the way in which people perceive, comprehend, and interpret the social world