SOC test 1
Every society has a certain ________________ which dictates how that societal institutions are organized and which roles need to be filled within those organizations.
) Social Structure
"Social physics" or "positivism" is best defined as the:
) idea that we can scientifically and logically study social institutions and the individuals within them.
Who was convinced that societies evolve from lower ("barbarian") to higher ("civilized") forms and that societies, like living organisms, evolve through time by adapting to their changing environment, thus the most capable and intelligent ("the fittest") members of the society will survive.
Herbert Spencer
Unlike earlier religious traditions, which attempted to determine the ultimate cause or source of reality, August Comte developed positivism in order to:
Identify laws that describe the behavior of a particular reality.
According to Emile Durkheim, industrialized societies display organic solidarity. What is the basis for organic solidarity?
Interdependence and individual rights
Today, the media credit card debt per individual in the United States is $3000 and most people have more than 2 credit cards. This reflects the growing trend of:
Globalization
who was the first female sociologist?
Harriet Martineau
In hunting and gathering societies, the members are bonded together by shared beliefs and values as well as the performance of common tasks. This is an example of ____________ solidarity.
Mechanical
If a researcher, deciding to study crime within a specific community, chooses to interview residents to gain some insight into the problem, he/she would be utilizing ____________ analysis.
Micro
Understanding how each person makes sense of the world around them would be referred to as ___________ analysis.
Micro
Metaphorically, what part of sociology would a zoom lens on a camera be most like?
Microsociology
The fact that no theoretical approach dominates the whole of sociology means that:
Studying human behavior is complex and requires multiple perspectives
Due to _________________ advances, sociologists can now study how people communicate using the internet and other social media tools.
Technological
Christine Williams looked at patterns of occupational sex segregation, examining the ways that large-scale social structures created the constraints within which individuals lived their lives. Based on this information her week would be characterized as what kind of sociology?
macosociology
If a researcher, choosing to study poverty within a major city, chooses to focus on the relationship between social class and level of poverty, he/she would be utilizing a _________ analytical approach.
macro
If a sociologist, focusing on racism, chooses to study the effects of racism on various racial and ethnic groups the focus of the study would involve ______________ analysis.
macro
John is a sociologist who is going to study sexism within Fortune 500 corporations. He is going to focus on the organizational structure of these companies. He is utilizing a ___________analysis for this study.
macro
Sociology as a discipline developed during a period of
massive social change in the form of new systems of production (industrial revolution), new ideas (the Enlightenment), and new political forms: democracies (American and French revolutions).
Emile Durkheim was interested in the rates of suicide and how they varied form country to country. In another study, Durkheim found that the
more firmly connected people are to others, the less likely they are to commit suicide; thus demonstrating that even suicide is impacted by social forces.
Some sociologists use a macro sociological approach. While others take a micro approach. How does this affect the ultimate goal of their research?
no matter what approach is taken, all sociologists attempt to illuminate the collection between individual and society
Many people believe that when they get laid off from their job they are experiencing an individual trouble or personal problem. A sociologists would realize that this is related to large social forces such as an economic recession or industry wide restructuring. They are able to connect their ____________ troubles to ______________ issues.
private,public
By stating that the sociological perspective shows us "the strange in the familiar," the text argues that sociologists
reject the familiar idea that people simply decide how to act in favor of the initially strange idea that society shapes our lives.
What do symbolic interactionists study?
shared meaning
Durkheim suggested that in traditional societies people were bound together through mechanical solidarity. What was the basis of theses sorts of bonds?
shared traditions and similar experiences
What school of social theory believes that society is a stable system of structures, each of which contributes to the equilibrium of the whole?
structural functionalism
Which sociological theorist first used the word sociology to describe the science that seeks to understand human behaviors?
auguste comte
In How to Observe Morals and Manners, Harriet Martineau critiqued the institution of marriage as:
based on an assumption that women are inferior
Maynard believes that women's experiences are central to the study of society. According to the text, his beliefs most closely align with which theoretical perspective?
feminist theory
Which of the following is a major critique of conflict theory?
in focusing on conflict and change its and change its sometimes ignores the stable and enduring parts of society
In the midst of an economic crisis, when foreclosures have become a common feature in the country in response. Jenna and her family lose their home because her parents can no longer pay the mortgage. Sociologists would likely sees this as:
A public issue
Karl Marx differs from Emile Durkheim in that Marx:
Argued that social change is caused by economic influences, not values and ideas
Which of the following sociologists developed the theory of positivism?
Auguste Comte
How does Karl Marx differentiate between members of the proletariat and the bourgeoisie? Members of the?
Bourgeoisie own the means of production, whole the proletariat possess only their own labor.
If her were alive today, Max Weber would explain that corporations such as McDonald's could be considered a __________________ because they go through a process referred to as "rationalization" with specific tasks and rules for employees and customers.
Bureaucracy
The first Starbucks in Mainland China opened in 1999. Now, there are 350 Starbucks in China, 69 stores are in Beijing alone. This is an example of:
Globalization
2) In Sweden, many couples, after marriage decide to live apart. This is referred to as "Living Apart Together". They do so because they believe it will make for a happier married life. This practice would be seen by many Americans as strange, but if they were to look at this practice from the eyes of the people who live in Sweden they would be using:
Cultural Relativism
Bullfighting is a popular sport in Spain, however many Americans think of bullfighting in a negative light, due to the brutality of the sport. However, if these Americans looked at bullfighting from the perspective of the Spaniards, they would understand that this is part of their culture and is a tradition. They would be using their:
Cultural Relativism
A white woman goes into an upscale shop to look at clothes. She is excited to see that there is a sale and gathers a huge pile of clothes to take into the dressing room. An African American woman goes into the store and is also excited about the sale, but hesitates to take too many clothes into the dressing room because she's afraid the staff think she will shop lift. WEB bois would say that the African American woman has:
Double consciousness
Which sociologist showed that social factors exert a fundamental influence on suicidal behavior?
Emile Durkheim
The Division of Labor in Society was the first of many intellectual contributions to sociology from:
Emile Durkheim.
Mc Donald's, blue jeans, and Pizza Hut are now found in countries all over the world. This is an example of the effects of
Globalization
Which of the following is the most serious critique of structural functionalism?
It tends to argue that any social feature that exists must serve a function.
Which of the following founders of sociology is known, in part, for having his writing become the basis of communism?
Karl Marx
Which theorist examined society in terms of the history of the class struggles?
Karl Marx
The interstate highway system facilitated efficient movement of traffic in and around urban areas. The decline of the central city was the ___ consequence of the highway system.
Latent
Why does C wright mills think that it's important for everyone even people who will never take a sociology class, to develop a sociological imagination?
Many people remain unaware of the intricate connections between the patterns of their own lives and the larger course of history.
Macrosociology and microsociology seem to make very different assumptions about how society works. How does sociology, as a discipline, deal with these two very different perspectives?
Most sociologist think of these two perspectives as being on a continuum with each other, adopting whatever perspective seems most useful for a particular problem.
Howard Becker said that sociology can be best understood as the study of people "doing things together" This definition reminds us that:
Neither society nor the individual exists in isolations, each is dependent on the other.
In the U.S., there is a diverse division of labor. We rely on farmers, truckers, grocers, teachers, lawyers, physicians, and plumbers to meet our needs. This reflects ______________ solidarity.
Organic
Which of the following is an example of "social control "according to the authors?
Posture Photos
A researcher who is studying the issues within a local school district realizes that these problems are occurring in the majority of public school districts within the U.S. This researcher is connecting private troubles to ______________ issues.
Public
Auguste Comte, one of the early founders of Sociology, advocated using the scientific method to undercover the underlying laws of society. He was an advocate of:
Social Reform
Sports teams and governmental hierarchies are two examples of _________________________.
Social Structures
Following C. Wright Mills, sociologists refer to breaking free from the immediacy of personal circumstances and putting things in a wider social context as the:
Sociological Imagination
Why can 'doing sociology' be described as a radical undertaking?
Sociology requires requires people to suspend their preconceptions, assumptions, and beliefs about the world
Advertisers of various products are constantly trying to understand how people utilize their product and try to predict what people will want in the future. This is an example of which sociological concept?
The Social Construction of Reality
In Sweden, many couples, after marriage decide to live apart. This is referred to as "Living Apart Together". They do so because they believe it will make for a happier married life. This practice would be seen by many Americans as strange, but if they were to look at this practice from the eyes of the people who live in Sweden they would be using:
The Sociological Imagination
According to the theory of social solidarity, the division of labor in a society helps to determine:
The way social cohesion among individuals is maintained
A paradigm can be defined as:
Theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them.
August Comte believed that Sociology should be studied:
To make society a better place
The main focus of Sociology is:
To study the way people are influenced by groups in their lives
The term ____ is associated with the sociologist Max Weber. It means trying to empathetically understand why people act the way they do based on their social and cultural surroundings.
Verstehen
Who said American society, "the problem of the twenties century is the problem of the color of line"?
WEB Du Bois
From a sociological perspective ,the love you feel for a romantic partner is:
a product of a particular historical and social circumstances
Which of the following is defined as a complex group of interdependent positions that together perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time?
a theory
Harriet Martineau is significant to sociologists today for instating that and analysis of society must include:
all of society's members, including women and minorities
Sociology can be defined as the systematic and scientific study of human society and social behavior. Given the definition, what level of social structure might sociologists examine?
almost any level -from interactions between two people to large scale institutions
One of Durkheim's major goals was to study how individual behavior is shaped by social forces and insisted that
behavior cannot be fully understood in individualistic terms, instead it must be understood within a larger social context.
The 19th Century theorist Herbert Spencer
believed that if left alone, social problems will work themselves out through the process of natural selection so that the "fittest" (rich and powerful) deserve to enjoy their wealth or success because they have been "selected" by nature to be what they are.
What did Du Bois have in common with Harriet Martineau?
both were intrigued by americans democratic promise but disappointed in its hypocritical injustices
According to the theoretical position developed by Karl Marx, what is the engine of social change?
conflict between social groups
According to social theorist Randall Collins, getting a "piece of paper" is more important to many than actually having the knowledge to do a job. He calls the undue priority placed on formal education:
credentialism.
The major goal of sociology's pioneers, including Comte and Durkheim, was to:
discover how society actually operates.
According to du bois, African Americans sense of self and identity are greatly influenced by the experiences of slavery and after emancipation segregation. Du bois labeled this experience:
double conciousness
Which of the following best characterizes microsociology? It is an approach that:
examines interactions between individuals and the ways those interactions reflect larger patterns within a society
The most age-segregated social institution in our society is a:
four-year college.
Which theoretical approach uses the analogy of the human body in assessing the role of each part of society in the continuation of society as a whole?
functionalism
Edward lost his job at a credit company clearinghouse shortly after the 2008 financial crisis. An examination of the situation using the sociological imagination would focus on which of the following?
how was edwards private trouble tied to a public issue
According to Weber, development in modern science technology and bureaucracy are examples of the general social process that focuses on social, economic and cultural life according to the principles of efficiency and technical knowledge. He terms this approach:
humanistic approach
Regardless of which methodology they use, what are all sociologists trying to do?
illuminate the connection between the individual and society
People in our society tend to think of themselves in terms of their individuality, but we are also all products of our __________, such as the time and place we live and the family we were born into.
social contexts
The Philip Morris Company changed its name to Altria in an attempt to create a new:
social identity
In government, many social actors such as senators, legislative aides, and voters work together as a complex group of interdependent parts to influence society. Seen in this light, government is a:
social institution
In government, many social actors such as senators, legislative aides, and voters work together as a complex group of interdependent parts to influence society. Seen in this light, government is a:
social institution.
Social institutions often appear monolithic and unchanging. The sociological perspective sees that:
social institutions are socially constructed and changeable.
Herbert Spencer believed in "evolutionary" change in society & was an advocate of the idea that:
societies, like living organisms, evolve through time by adapting to their changing environment.
As defined by C. Wright Mills, which of the following "enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society"?
sociological imagination
Sociologists observe society by:
studying the various parts of society and the ways the interact and influence each other
The Amish primarily live in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania and have a distinct way of communicating with each other and follow certain guidelines in terms of cultural practices. They would be considered a ____________.
sub-culture
Samantha is interested in the ways in which symbols such as body language words and gestures affect communication. As a result, she enrolls in an etiquette class. Anna's actions reflect:
symbolic interactionism
What is the sociological imagination?
the ability to understand the connections between biography and history or the interplay of the self and the world.
Weber contended that a bureaucratic structure is the efficient organizational type. Which of the following exemplifies a bureaucratic organization?
the college or university you attend
Social theorist Herbert Spencer was:
the first great English-speaking sociologist and sometimes called the second founder of sociology.
1987, the software company Infocom released a game called Bureaucracy, scripted by the science fiction writer Douglas Adams. In the game a character struggles to keep her blood pressure low enough to avoid a heart attack while changing her address and dealing with a large impersonal and inefficient bureaucracy. Although the game is meant to be humorous what element of bureaucracy would be familiar to Weber?
the impersonal nature of bureaucracy
Which of the following was a focus of Max Weber's research?
the influence of cultural ideas and values on social change and individual behavior.
According to Emile Durkheim, the division of labor in a society helps to determine:
the way social cohesion among individuals is maintained
Which of the following is NOT one of the manifest functions of education? To learn:
to obey authority figures
