Social Psychology Exam 4

Researchers who have assessed adult attachment styles have contacted research participants again, months or years later. What percentage of participants have changed from one style to another?

25% to 30%

Which of the following is FALSE?

A frustration that has an excuse or justification is no more likely to lead to aggression than no frustration at all; only unjustified frustrations lead to aggression.

__________ refers to the desire to help another person, even if such help involves cost to the helper.

Altruism

Based on results of Darley and Batson' s (1973) "Good Samaritan" experiment, who is most likely to help an elderly women who has slipped on the ice?

August, who is killing time before an appointment

Which research findings below provide the soundest evidence that excessive heat causes greater aggression?

Compared to students who took a test in a normal temperature room, test-taking students in a ninety-degree room were more likely to express hostility toward a stranger.

__________ refers to the ability to experience events and emotions the way that another person does.

Empathy

Violent video games seem to have a stronger influence on behavior because of which of the following?

Games reward violence.

Of the following people, who would be most likely to demonstrate aggressive behavior?

Gerald who has separated his shoulder and is in considerable pain.

Amu lives in an isolated area and very close-knit community. The community hunts and farms together and must do so to survive. If Amu suddenly becomes aggressive toward other community members, how is he likely to be treated?

He will be shunned and perhaps even cast out of the community.

Which of the following couples is most likely to experience arousal, ecstasy, and intense longing when the other is away?

Ida (age seventy-six) and George (age eighty-three), who were smitten with each other at recent community dance

What is "functional distance" to a social psychologist?

It is an aspect of architectural design that determines what people you see most often.

Which of the following statements about online dating is correct?

Online profiles are not always accurate.

__________ refers to any act that someone performs in order to benefit another person.

Prosocial behavior

When viewing a commercial for a local charity, who would be the most likely to later contribute to the charity?

Sarah, who has lived in the community her entire life

__________ theory posits that we learn to aggress by observing and imitating others.

Social-cognitive learning

Ed is steaming mad and ready to punch the next person he sees. According to the authors of your text, what is the first, best thing he should do to help him resolve his anger effectively?

Take a deep breath and count to ten.

In which of the following situations is Nathan, a local Christian pastor, most likely to help out?

Thai, a single Christian male who lost everything in a fire

What is group selection?

The idea that natural selection can operate on the group level as well as with individuals.

You are about to leave on vacation and your brother is driving you to the airport. Unfortunately, you get to the airport too late and you find out that your flight has already left. Under which of the following conditions are you most likely to feel aggressive toward your brother and want to scream at him?

You missed your flight by two minutes.

In which of the following situations is frustration LEAST likely to result in aggression?

Your friend sprained her ankle, and cannot help you move, as promised.

The authors of your text suggest that openly and rationally discussing something that has made you angry with close friends can lead to __________.

a stronger friendship

According to the gender differences presented by the authors of your text, generally speaking, __________ would be more likely to help an aging relative with daily tasks than __________.

a woman; a man

Gary, a northern male who has a reputation for violence, has been drinking with his friends. Stan approaches Gary and insults his girlfriend. Gary and Stan get into a fistfight. Which of the following best explains why Gary and Stan began to fight? Research suggests that __________.

alcohol lowers our social inhibitions and allows us to act impulsively

Shinji's girlfriend completely indulges and pampers him. She attends to his every whim, and allows him to totally depend on her for even necessities such as food. It makes him extremely happy to be a passive love object and be doted upon. The Japanese describe this kind of love as __________.

amae

Recall that Elaine Hatfield (Walster) and her colleagues (1966) randomly paired incoming students for a first-year orientation dance. They found that men __________.

and women both valued physical attractiveness

Which of the following statements is most closely related to the empathy-altruism hypothesis (Batson, 1991)?

"Walk a mile in my shoes."

To try and increase a child's ability to take the perspective of others and hence increase his or her empathic concern, one could ask that child to answer questions like __________.

"What would each person in your house like best for Christmas?"

If you are in an emergency situation and need help, which of the following statements to a bystander is most likely to get you the help you need?

"You in the red sweater-call 911!"

Which of the following statements is TRUE about communal versus exchange relationships? In communal relationships, partners __________.

assess equity over the long haul, rather than day-to-day

Gender differences show up in relational aggression around the age of __________.

3 years

According to the relationship between frustration and aggression, who is most likely to get into an argument with someone who cuts in line ahead of him or her?

Barbara, who is the next in line at the grocery store check-out counter

Which of the following adages most directly contradicts research findings on the propinquity effect?

Familiarity breeds contempt.

Which of the following is NOT supported by the "what is beautiful is good" stereotype?

It affects judgments about peoples' morality

According to the "think-drink" effect research, which of the following participants will be most aggressive toward the research confederate?

Jake, who believes he has had 5 very strong drinks.

According to your text, which of the following scenario's is least likely defended by a social exchange theory?

Javier empathized with Moises when he dropped his groceries, so he helped him pick them up

Lee is thinking about murdering someone who has wronged him. According to information from your text, under what circumstances would Lee be least likely to commit the crime?

Lee knows that punishment is certain and prompt.

Which of the following is the best example of someone with an altruistic personality?

Lori, who volunteers her time running a women's shelter and regularly gives to charities

Based on the research by Koranyi and Rothermund (2012), when Lincoln is in a happy relationship, he is least likely to pay attention to which of the following?

Sandra, the English department's sexy staff assistant

Sara is very popular and has several suitors. She doesn't really care much for any of them. Which one is most likely to be angry that Sara does not return her feelings?

Shannon, who is anxiously attached

Teresa watches a lot of TV every day. Based on research presented in your text, how is Teresa most likely to view the world?

She probably is overly fearful of being attacked.

__________ theory would be most likely to mention such factors as social approval and increased self-worth as motivations for prosocial behavior.

Social exchange

Who is most likely to be aggressive?

a female from Australia

The phenomenon in which each bystander's sense of responsibility to help __________ as the number of witnesses __________ best defines diffusion of responsibility.

decreases; increases

Aggression in females is general seen when they must __________.

defend their young

A giant tornado is bearing down on Dorothy's farmhouse. She only has time to help one other resident. Based on research regarding kin selection, whom will Dorothy take with her to the storm cellar?

her sister, Glenda

Joseph was on the subway when he noticed a man lying slumped over on the seat. Joseph looked around at the other passengers, who seemed calm and unconcerned. Joseph concluded that the man was probably okay. However, the other passengers may have been looking around at Joseph, to see how he reacted. This would be an example of __________.

pluralistic ignorance

Recall that Latané and Darley (1970) had participants complete questionnaires alone, or in the presence of two others. When the experimental room filled with "smoke," participants who were alone reported the potential emergency more quickly than did those who worked on the questionnaire in the company of others. These results provide support for the concept of __________.

pluralistic ignorance

People have a tendency to be attracted to others who are of the same level of physical attractiveness. Research by Taylor and colleagues (2011) found that this also applies to level of _______.

popularity

Whereas __________ is any act performed to benefit another, __________ is such an act performed with no regard for one's safety or interests.

prosocial behavior; altruism

Dehumanizing an enemy (e.g., referring to Germans as "Krauts" or Japanese as "Nips" or "Japs" during World War II or referring to Vietnamese as "gooks" during the Vietnam War) can contribute to further aggression and even wartime atrocities by __________.

reducing our ability to empathize

When researchers reviewed the literature on standards of beauty across cultures, they found that the attractiveness ratings among participants of all different races and ethnicities ranged from .66 to .93. These relatively large positive correlations suggest that __________.

regardless of culture or background, people can agree on what is attractive

Kevin is told that if he works for five days at a telemarketing job, he can expect to earn $100 a day on commission alone. When he gets his paycheck at the end of the week, it comes to only about $80 per day. He's very upset even when he finds out that his coworkers all made only about $60 each per day. This is an example of __________.

relative deprivation

The 2013-2014 bullying prevention program implemented in New Jersey schools demonstrated even larger benefits in schools where __________.

the more popular, well-liked kids were involved in the anti-bullying campaigns

In explaining the race riots of 1967 and 1968, Reverend Jesse Jackson noted that the riots occurred "in the middle of rising expectations and the increased, though inadequate, social spending." His analysis best reflects __________ as a source of aggression.

thwarted expectations

Berkowitz and Le Page (1967) purposely angered the participants. Then the participants were left in a room with either a gun lying around or a badminton racket. Later, the participants were given the chance to administer electric shocks (not really) to a fellow college student. What was the independent variable of this research?

type of object in the room

Festinger, Schachter, and Back (1950) traced friendship formations among couples in an apartment complex at MIT. They found that residents were most likely to be friends with people __________.

who lived closer to them

Julia, who forgot to return her best friend's library books for her, may feel guilty. When someone is a nickel short of bus fare, Julia __________.

will give the stranger a nickel to alleviate her guilt

Evolutionary theory suggests that __________ should be attracted to __________.

women; older, more financially stable men

You are trying to reach the glove compartment and drive at the same time and end up "tapping" the bumper of the driver in front of you. When you both get out to survey the damage, you apologize saying, "It's my fault; I should have been paying closer attention to driving. I'm sorry." What is the other motorist likely to do in response, according to the authors of your text?

become less angry about the situation

The text discusses a cultural value, simpatía, prominent in Spanish-speaking countries. Although simpatía has no direct English translation, it generally refers to __________.

being friendly, polite, and helpful

As the authors of your text explain, love is experienced differently in different cultures. For instance, the Japanese term, amae, has no English equivalent, but can best be described as __________.

being totally indulged and cared for by your partner

Jacob is about to start a new job. Given that he wants to make lots of new friends, he should choose the office that is located __________.

by the vending machines

According to the analysis presented by the authors at the end of Chapter 12 (Aggression), the most effective way to try and reduce the likelihood of future school shootings is to __________.

change the exclusionary, cliquish atmosphere of most high schools

According to research presented by the authors of your text, humans' two closest primate relatives (sharing 98% of DNA with humans) are the __________, known for their aggressive nature, and the __________, known for their peaceful nature.

chimpanzees; bonobos

Based on information presented by the authors of your text, complete the analogy about gender differences in helping behaviors. Men: __________ :: women: __________.

chivalry; long-term nurturing

The authors of your text offer three main motives as to why people help others. Which of the following is NOT one of those motives?

cognitive dissonance

Cross-cultural research indicates that Chinese couples value __________ more, and American couples value __________ more.

companionate love; passionate love

Ramona cares deeply about Raül, but does not feel any passion for him. Raül, on the other hand, has feelings of great longing accompanied by physical arousal whenever she's near. In this situation, Ramona is feeling __________ love for Raül, whereas Raül, is feeling __________ love for Ramona.

companionate; passionate

According to social exchange theory, __________ refers to people's expectations about the rewards and punishments they are likely to receive in a particular relationship.

comparison level

Consider the following piece of folk wisdom: "Opposites attract." The social-psychological concept of __________ is most closely related to this truism.

complementarity

Muhammed and Akim share a relationship that is grounded in intimacy, passion, and commitment. According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love, what kind of love do they share?

consummate

Researchers have found that testosterone levels are significantly higher in men __________, suggesting a __________ contribution to aggression in humans.

convicted of violent crimes; biological

According to Latané and Darley (1970), a number of things must occur before witnesses decide to intervene in an emergency situation. According to this stage model, when witnesses __________, costs of helping will be most relevant to their behavior.

decide whether to implement their decision to help

Nicole and Travis have been dating for about six months. While out to dinner one night, Nicole notices a very attractive man sitting two tables over. Travis, seeing Nicole's wandering eyes, begins to point out flaws in this other man. Travis is attempting to __________.

decrease Nicole's perception of her comparison level alternatives

When Newcomb (1961) randomly assigned male students at the University of Michigan to be roommates at the start of the school year, he found that __________ and __________ were powerful predictors of who would become friends.

demographic similarity; attitude similarity

Charles Darwin, an evolutionary theorist, found it difficult to explain altruism. From an evolutionary perspective, it would initially seem that over centuries and generations, altruistic behaviors would __________ because __________.

disappear; self-sacrifice would produce fewer offspring

Shortly after Mary and Robert were married, he became somewhat aggressive to other men who showed an interest in his wife, and made claims like, "Anyone who lays a hand on my woman has to go through me first." Such claims and aggression are explained by evolutionary theory as __________.

displays of dominance

Well-controlled laboratory experiments and field studies (e.g., McDonald, Zanna, & Fong, 1996) have revealed that alcohol consumption contributes to aggression by __________.

disrupting the way we process information

According to cognitive dissonance theorists, when people attempt to vent their aggressive impulses by harming another person, they are more likely to engage in later acts of aggression because __________.

dissonance is reduced by derogating the victim, increasing the odds of later aggression

Andrew would be more likely to help than Carol in which of the following situations, based purely on the gender differences discussed by the authors of your text?

diving in and saving a child who appears to be drowning

The social exchange theory of interpersonal attraction can be considered to be a(n) __________ model.

economic

When it comes to helping behavior, __________.

either gender might be more helpful, depending on the help needed.

"Put yourself in my position," Janice whines. "Can't you spare an hour to help me out?" Janice is attempting to evoke __________ when trying to persuade you to help her.

empathy

A child starts to cry after she sees her best friend trip and scrape her knee. The child's behavior is most likely an example of __________.

empathy

According to Batson (1991), when people experience __________ for another in need, they ________ help.

empathy; will

In romantic relationships, a study of nearly 500 first-year American college women reported that they were __________ likely to hit, slap, and throw objects as their boyfriends.

equally

Advocates of which of the following approaches believe that men and women have different agendas in their relationships with each other?

evolutionary psychology

Jim dives into the water to help his drowning sister; Ivan dives into the water to help a total stranger because he wanted to impress his new girlfriend and is a trained lifeguard. Jim's motive to help is best explained by __________, while Ivan's motive to help is best explained by __________.

evolutionary theory; social exchange theory

Carolyn believes that she is worthy and well liked. According to attachment theorists, what is the most likely reason for this? Carolyn __________.

had a secure attachment with her mother

Receiving help can lower a person's self-esteem when the __________.

helper's demonstration of superior skill leads the recipient to feel incompetent

According to research by Batson and his colleagues, when empathy is __________, people __________.

high; will help no matter what the costs

Justin sees a blind person in need of help crossing a busy intersection. If Justin does not feel empathy for the blind person, under what circumstances (according to Batson's empathy-altruism hypothesis) would Justin help?

if the rewards would outweigh the costs

In romantic relationships, when would similarity with your partner be the LEAST important?

if you are just looking for a "fling"

Two experiments in England found that after playing a violent video game, people were numb to the feelings of others and less likely to help them. In these experiments, those negative feelings and behavior were directed toward __________.

immigrants

Pluralistic ignorance results when __________ backfires.

informational influence

Pluralistic ignorance is an example of the power of __________ to inhibit helping.

informational social influence

Kin selection appears to be a(n) __________ act.

ingrained

Ada runs over to Abella and steals the ball from her hands so that she can have it. This is an example of __________ aggression.

instrumental

Pluralistic ignorance is to __________ as diffusion of responsibility is to __________.

interpretation; personal obligation

Consider the following things that a person might experience in a relationship: financial security, emotional support, social status. According to Rusbult's (1983) investment theory, these things that might be lost were the relationship to end are called __________.

investments

Based on research conducted with nonhuman animals, it is reasonable to conclude that aggression __________.

is not inevitable, but instead an optional strategy

The research (Pennebaker, 1990) on "opening up" about the experience of traumatic events finds that expressing one's thoughts and feelings about these events is helpful primarily because __________.

it fosters insights and increased self-awareness

Given what the text presents about temperature and levels of aggression, during which month would you expect to find the highest rate of violent crime in North America?

july

The idea that natural selection favors behaviors that help a genetic relative is known as ___________.

kin selection

Sheila is considered to be very attractive by both men and women. Which of the following features is she MOST likely to have?

large eyes

According to research conducted by Cunningham and his colleagues (1986), there is overlap in what men and women find attractive in the opposite sex. For example, both men and women find __________ attractive in members of the opposite sex.

large eyes and prominent cheekbones

According to the authors, when we are angry, it is best to __________.

make an assertive statement that we are angry and why

The reproductive success of __________ is measured by the quantity of their offspring, whereas the reproductive success of __________ is measured by raising their offspring to maturity.

men; women

A teacher at a preschool tries to show some rowdy children how to "play nice." She shows them a doll hitting her, and her hugging the doll in response. The teacher's behavior is an example of __________.

modeling nonaggressive behavior

Most social psychologists regard aggressive behavior patterns as __________.

modifiable

People who have lived in the same place for a long time are ___________ likely to help with needs.

more

In a speed-dating study by Finkel and Eastwick (2009) it was shown that when women were responsible for rotating from one "date" to another, that women were __________.

more likely to report more chemistry with their partners and were less picky

One problem with using archival data (e.g., existing records of disturbances) to demonstrate that exposure to uncomfortable levels of heat causes people to behave aggressively is that __________.

more people might simply be outside on a warm day than on a cold day

An evolutionary psychologist would be most likely to base theories on __________.

natural selection

Bushman and his colleagues (2007) found that the more respected a person or institution is, the greater their influence as a role model for aggression. They found this effect holds for __________.

nonreligious and religious people

Based on the research presented in the text, if a group of 4-year-old girls wanted the play purse that another girl was given, what are they most likely to do?

not play with her until she gives it to them

According to your textbook, most social psychologists agree that aggression is a(n) __________ strategy.

optional

A meta-analysis (Montoya, Horton, & Kirchner, 2008) determined that __________ similarity predicted liking and attraction better than __________ similarity.

perceived; actual

Prosocial behavior is __________.

performed with the goal of benefiting another person

Propinquity is MOST similar to which of the following?

physical closeness

Hostile is to __________as instrumental is to __________.

physical or emotional pain; reaching a goal

Capital punishment has served as a(n) __________ deterrent to those who consider commission of such crimes. This is evidenced by the __________ in the rate of capital crimes when the death penalty is enforced or abolished.

poor; lack of change

In social exchange theory, we are always looking to __________.

profit from the services we provide others

Allen volunteers to visit the homes of AIDS patients because those visits help him forget about his own problems. This is an example of __________ behavior.

prosocial

Recent research by Buchanan and Preston (2016) has shown that when people help others, the same parts of their brain are activated as when they __________.

receive tangible rewards like food, water, and sex

According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love, intimacy plus passion is what kind of love?

romantic

According to a survey presented in the text, which attachment style do most people have?

secure

Results of laboratory experiments with adults (e.g., Bower & Hilgard, 1981) suggest that the one reason why threats of punishment do not seem to deter violent crime in the "real world" is that in the criminal justice system, punishment is __________.

seldom swift or certain

Arthur Aron has proposed that a central human motivation is __________.

self-expansion

Which of the following is out of place?

slapping

Elaine explains that she donates money to charity because, "It makes me feel like I'm investing in the future. It just feels good!" Her motive for helping is BEST described by which theory?

social exchange

Suzanne is a master of relationship aggression. Her tools for being aggressive would include __________.

spreading rumors

According to evolutionary theory (Darwin, 1859), natural selection favors genes that promote __________.

survival

Which of the following is out of place?

symmetrical

In studies on what people find attractive, the __________ of the face seems to be very important.

symmetry

Frank tells his friend that he his madly in love with Marie, and that it feels like he's high. There is some element of truth to that because __________.

the areas in Frank's brain that experience reward and release dopamine are active

The norm of reciprocity is defined as __________.

the expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future

When researchers suggest that people tend to prefer an "average" face as being most physically attractive, they mean that people prefer __________.

the face based on mathematically averaged composites

According to most social psychologists, aggression is defined as __________.

the intention to cause harm to or pain in another

Opponents of the death penalty for certain violent crimes might use social-psychological data to argue that one reason why the threat of capital punishment doesn't serve as an effective deterrent to violence is that __________.

the odds are low that a violent criminal will be promptly apprehended, tried, and convicted

Distance is to __________ as familiarity is to __________.

the propinquity effect; the mere exposure effect

The altruistic personality refers to __________.

the qualities that cause an individual to help others in a wide variety of situations

People from Asian cultures are more likely to be concerned that __________ than are North Americans.

their romantic relationship does not disrupt the existing family network

Why would gratitude evolve in a social group?

to motivate us to return help we have received from others

To ensure that community service participation for a school or job does not undermine people's intrinsic motivation for helping, an administrator should do which of the following?

try to ensure that people feel that their help is voluntary

Social exchange theory posits that relationship satisfaction depends on our perceptions of the rewards and costs associated with the relationship, what kind of relationship we believe we deserve, and whether __________.

we believe that a relationship with someone else would be better

One determinant of whether we will respond aggressively when provoked is whether __________.

we perceive the provocation as intentional

Which of the following is most likely to be inaccurate in an online dating profile, according to Toma, Hancock, and Ellison (2008)?

weight

When children were randomly assigned to watch either a violent film or an exciting film about bicycle racing and then played floor hockey (Josephson, 1987), children who __________.

were aggressive to begin with and watched the violent film were the most aggressive

Femlee (1995) asked 300 college students to reflect on the last relationship they had ended, to list the things that first attracted them to their former partners, and to list the things that they disliked most about their partners around the time of the breakup. If Michelle is like some of Femlee's participants who experienced a "fatal attraction," she will probably say,

"At first I loved how spontaneous Patrick was, but after a while he was so undependable and irresponsible."

Social-psychological research has revealed that viewers of a great deal of television come to view the world as a dangerous and hostile place. If Terry is one such person, what is he likely to think when he watches a violent cops-and-robbers show?

"I had better get him before he gets me!"

On her first day of work in a new job, Amy would be most likely to feel resentful were a coworker to say to her, __________.

"I thought you learned that in training. Let me help you out."

Social-psychological research has revealed that exposure to televised violence might weaken viewers' inhibitions about using violence in their own lives. If Peter is one such person, what is he likely to think when he watches a violent cops-and-robbers show?

"If they can get away with it, so can I."

You've arrived half an hour late to pick up a friend. She was scheduled to take an examination, and even if you speed on the way to the university, she will now lose at least twenty minutes of the time she needs to complete the exam. According to the authors, what is the best thing to say when you arrive?

"It's all my fault. I overslept. I'm really sorry."

Social-psychological research has revealed that viewers often learn the particulars of how to aggress when they watch violent television. If Andy is one such person, what is he likely to think when he watches a violent cops-and-robbers show?

"So that's how it's done."

Research by Toma and colleagues found that __________ of participants in their research provided some inaccurate information on their online dating profile.

100%

According to research presented in the text, __________ of all rapes or attempted rapes occur between people who know each other.

85%

According to the social-psychological definition of "aggression," which of the behaviors below is the best example of aggression?

A child throws a temper tantrum and tries to hit his father.

A woman's car is stuck in the snow and she needs a push to get free. __________ is more likely to stop to help her out because __________.

A man; the situation calls for an act of chivalry

Which of the following is an example of hostile rather than of instrumental aggression?

A teenager throws eggs at a homeless person.

According to evolutionary theory, some psychologists argue that men are programmed to be aggressive. What is their explanation for this claim?

Aggression may help men perpetuate their genes.

Which statement below most accurately reflects the relationship between alcohol and aggression?

Alcohol interferes with our ability to attribute ambiguous behavior to situations.

Research examining the "what is beautiful is good" stereotype cross-culturally has found that __________.

Americans and Koreans both believe that more attractive people are more sociable, friendly, popular, and likable.

Which of the following is the best example of instrumental aggression?

An assassin kills a leader to ensure the success of a coup.

As Dale is walking by Andy, he trips over Andy's foot, falls to the ground, and hits his face on the side of a table as he is falling. Dale will be most likely to reciprocate by acting violently toward Andy if __________.

Andy intentionally tripped him

Which of the following is the best example of hostile aggression?

Bernie is angry at his mother and screams at her, "I hate you!"

A prison guard has to transport (by bus) four prisoners convicted of violent crimes. Based on information from your text, who would be most likely to cause the guard problems and behave aggressively?

Bold Bob, who is squeezed next to the luggage and is next to the smelly bathroom

When American and Japanese participants were studied on the likelihood they would engage in altruistic behavior, what was the final result?

Both cultures were equally likely to be altruistic.

Of the following statements regarding attraction, which one is correct?

Both men and women are treated differently based on their physical attractiveness.

From the study by Buss and his colleagues, which of the following statements is NOT true?

Both men and women prefer potential mates who are younger than they are

According to research presented in the chapter, what do exposure to media violence and guns have in common in terms of aggression?

Both prime aggressive tendencies.

Nelly really likes Brian. They don't go out often, but when they do, they engage in fun activities, but rarely talk or develop any emotional closeness. This is most likely because __________.

Brian has an avoidant attachment style

__________ reflects the idea that if people can "aggress" in harmless ways, built-up aggressive energies will diminish, reducing the odds of further aggressive behavior.

Catharsis

When testosterone and aggression are only related when opportunities for reproduction are high, it is called __________.

Challenge Hypothesis

Which of the following findings provides the soundest support for the assertion that we learn aggression by observing others and imitating them?

Children who watch an adult assault a "Bobo" doll will imitate that behavior in the laboratory.

Your friend asked you to look at a number of dating profiles to help him try to spot any deceptive profiles before he makes contact. Based on research presented in this chapter, which of the following would be a red flag?

Chris has a really short description of himself.

Why are many biologists skeptical about the concept of group selection?

Classic evolutionary theory proposes that the processes of natural selection operate only at the individual, not the group level.

__________ theory can be used to explain why participants will derogate victims after they have done those victims physical or psychological harm.

Cognitive dissonance

__________ is to one's current partner as __________ is to a possible future partner.

Comparison level; comparison level for alternatives

Stanley is building a robot in the year 2054. Fulfilling a fantasy and taking advantage of the technology available, he decides to make his robot have a female form and be physically appealing. To have the most success in this, what should he do?

Create a robot with a face that is the composite of highly attractive faces.

__________ is to aggression as __________ is to cooperation.

Dehumanization; empathy

According to the __________, testosterone only relates to dominance behaviors when the stress hormone cortisol is low.

Dual-Hormone Hypothesis

If the urban overload hypothesis (Milgram, 1970) is true, __________ to help a fallen pedestrian on the streets of New York City because __________.

Ellen would not be likely; she tries to keep to herself amid all the stimulation

Based on what the authors of your text present about similarity and liking, who would Russ (a liberal philosophy major) be most likely to become friends with?

Emily, a college Democrat and philosophy major

__________ refers to the ability to experience events or emotions from another person's perspective.

Empathy

__________ theory holds that people are happiest in their relationships when their rewards and costs are comparable to the rewards and costs of their partners.

Equity

Results of a study by Jankowiak and Fischer (1992) examining love across 166 cultures shows that cultures in __________ tend to have the greatest percentage of cultures with passionate love.

Eurasia

Recall that participants in an experiment described in the text (Toi & Batson, 1982) listened to an (alleged) radio interview in which a student in their introductory psychology class described an accident that caused her to fall behind in the course. Some participants were told that Carol would soon be returning to their class. According to the research, why is this referred to as a "high cost" condition?

Every time participants saw her, they would feel guilty if they didn't help her.

The authors provide the text of a UPI story describing the discovery of the bones of a disabled dwarf in a cave in northern Italy. The reporters speculate that over 12,000 years ago, early hominids would take care of the disabled members of their group. __________ would argue that the bones belonged to a dwarf who was related to the other cave inhabitants, whereas __________ would argue that the other inhabitants relied on the dwarf for some unknown purpose.

Evolutionary theorists; social exchange theorists

__________ occurs when a person is thwarted on the way to an expected goal or gratification.

Frustration

Two children, Jane and Joan, have been eyeing a new water pistol in the local toy store for months. Each is convinced that her parents will buy her the water pistol as soon as summer comes. Yesterday, Jane's parents bought her the water pistol, which turned out to be the last one in the store. As soon as Joan found out, she had a temper tantrum and hit Jane in the stomach. __________ best explains Joan's behavior.

Frustration-aggression theory

__________ refers to the tendency to aggress when we perceive that our progress is thwarted.

Frustration-aggression theory

Which of the following is FALSE?

Gender differences exist in aggression, particularly in response to provocation (e.g., an insult).

According to the authors of your text, how does shared DNA play a role in relationships?

Genetically similar individuals often end up doing the same thing at the same time in the same place.

Which of the following best describes an incident of aggressiveness?

Gregory puts oil on the floor in hopes that his late coworker comes in the door and immediately slips and falls.

Extrapolating from the research on relational aggression, which of the following would be the best thing a parent could teach a young girl?

Have a thick skin about what other people think, and work on developing a few good friends.

Which of the following is a CORRECT statement about helping behaviors?

Helping behavior is common in virtually all species of animals

__________ aggression is an act that stems from feelings of anger, and that is aimed at inflicting pain.

Hostile

According to Milgram's urban overload hypothesis, if you have a heart attack, where do you want to be when you have that heart attack?

In a small town where there are fewer people and distractions.

Why is an exchange approach more common in casual relationships than in intimate relationships?

In intimate relationships, it's hard to determine if equity has been achieved.

When other bystanders are present, people are less likely to interpret an event as an emergency. __________ best explains why this is so.

Informational social influence

__________ aggression is an act in the service of a goal that does not involve the infliction of pain.

Instrumental

One of the major problems with the empathy-altruism hypothesis, which Batson himself admits, is that ___________.

It can be difficult to know people's true motives when helping.

What is the impact of current technologies on the factor of propinquity in relationships?

It removes many of the challenges of physical separation.

Mr. Jenkins was backing out of his driveway and accidentally hit his neighbor (whom he dislikes) as he was biking by. Why isn't this act aggressive?

It was unintentional.

If an architect were to capitalize on functional distance, and design an apartment building in which all tenants had an equal chance of taking advantage of the propinquity effect, the building would have which of the following features?

It would be circular, with elevators, laundry facilities, and mailboxes equidistant from all tenants.

While waiting for a bus, witnesses hear a man growing increasingly frantic as he cries, "My nitro tablets. Where are my nitro pills? I can't find my nitro tablets, and I'm having a heart attack!" He collapses to the ground, clutching his chest. Everyone knows that it is a medical emergency. In this situation, who is most likely to help?

James, who has recently completed a CPR course

Recall that Perrett et al. (1994) created two kinds of composite faces, an "average attractive" composite and a "highly attractive" composite, using photographs of Caucasian and Japanese men and women. They then asked participants in Great Britain and Japan to rate these faces. Which of the following was NOT a finding of their study?

Japanese and British participants differed in their assessments, with people preferring faces from their own ethnicity.

Jeff is participating in a research study where he is given several drinks. He is told that the goal is to get his blood alcohol level to a point just shy of the legal driving limit. However, he is really only getting a nonalcoholic mixer and fruit juice. How will Jeff behave toward another participant who just insulted his favorite sports team and managed to spill a drink on Jeff's shoes. Why?

Jeff will most likely behave aggressively because he expects to be disinhibited by alcohol.

Of the following people, who would be most likely to be found working at the local food bank?

Jessica, a 20-year-old student

Keep in mind Rusbult's (1983) social exchange approach to relationships. Who is more likely to realize that relationships involve costs as well as rewards?

Jessica, who has been dating David for a relatively long time

Which of the following does NOT represent prosocial behavior?

Joanne goes to her job every day to earn her paycheck.

A woman has just been in a car accident and needs someone to get her out of her car. A man has AIDS and needs someone to take him to the hospital for ongoing treatments. According to the research on gender differences in prosocial behavior, which of the following is most likely to be true?

John is more likely to help the woman; Karen is more likely to help the man.

Pete is gay, a student studying biology, and lives in Colorado. According to the discussion in your text, which of the following GO-FUND ME pages will Pete most likely donate to?

Jorge, a young gay student who was beaten up and left seriously injured

__________ is to aggression as __________ is to peaceable solutions.

Lack of social skills; communication training

Which of the following statements does NOT match the research on attraction?

Large eyes, prominent cheekbones, and big noses are attractive features in both sexes.

Based on information from your text on residential mobility, which of the following people would be more likely to volunteer in their community?

Layla, who has lived in her community her whole life

According to evolutionary theory (Darwin, 1859), genes that lower our chances of survival are __________.

Less likely to be passed on to the next generation

Until relatively recently, social psychologists have limited their study of interpersonal attraction to initial encounters or first impressions. Why?

Long-term relationships are more difficult to study scientifically.

Malika and Alicia are out shopping when they are asked to contribute to AIDS research. Malika has just received an A- on her psychology exam; Alicia has just received a D. According to your text, who is more likely to contribute?

Malika and Alicia are both likely to help, but for different reasons.

Which of the following does NOT represent altruistic behavior?

Mark works hard at his job every day to make it easier for his coworkers to do their job.

Based on research presented in the text, who would likely have the highest salary on the professional hockey team?

Mark, who is very aggressive and who has spent the most time in the penalty box this year

When considering altruistic behaviors, which of the following is true?

Men and women are equally altruistic.

Which of the following is NOT an alternative explanation for the pattern of sex differences in mate selection proposed by evolutionary theory?

Men prefer a certain "look" in a mate indicating successful reproduction.

What is social exchange theory?

Much of what we do stems from the desire to maximize our rewards and cut our costs.

Based on research on the idea of catharsis, what is the bottom line-does catharsis work to reduce aggression?

No, it actually makes people more aggressive.

Which of the following challenges to the evolutionary theory of altruism was NOT reported in your book?

None of the research in evolutionary theory has actually been observed behaviorally.

The introduction to Chapter 10 discusses some assumptions we make about men and women and relationships that are not true. Which of the following is an age-old adage that has been shown by research to be wrong?

Opposites attract.

In explaining the process by which kin selection works to encourage altruism, evolutionary psychologists would argue that __________.

Over millennia, the genes of those who follow the "biological importance" rule will survive.

In your text, a study is presented where researchers are studying physical similarity and seating choice. When providing participants with a chair and with someone similar to them or dissimilar to them, what were the results of the study?

Participants sat closer to the confederate when the confederate was similar in appearance to them.

In research on the contribution of genetics and relationships, which of the following best characterizes the conclusions drawn by researchers?

People who share more DNA are more likely to be friends.

Researchers (Ohbuchi, Ohno, & Mukai, 1993) found that participants were less likely to administer shocks to another person when that person had previously disclosed something personal about him- or herself. According to the authors of your textbook, why is that?

Personal information can make it easier to empathize with another.

Which of the following is true about whether or not punishing aggression reduces aggressive behavior?

Punishment fails because it tells the target what not to do, but doesn't tell them what they should do instead.

Emma and Clark have some tough relationship issues to sort out. Based on the research by Misra and colleagues (2014), if they want to feel connected to one another and express the necessary amount of empathy during their discussion, what should they do?

Put their mobile devices away.

__________ refers to the perception that you (or your group) have less than you were led to expect, or less than similar others have.

Relative deprivation

According to an evolutionary approach to love, why do women prefer men with resources, whereas men prefer women who are attractive?

Resources signal competence in men; attractiveness signals reproductive fitness in women.

According to research presented by the authors of your text, in which of the following cities would you be the most likely to be helped if you needed help crossing a busy street?

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Which of the following is the best example of altruistic behavior?

Robert anonymously donates a kidney to a twenty-year-old accident victim he will never meet.

Who would be most likely to expect an apology?

Samantha, who is French

What was the impact of the 2013-2014 bullying intervention program that was implemented in New Jersey?

Schools showed a 30% reduction in disciplinary reports for peer conflict.

The idea of venting one's frustrations and anger by aggressing in harmless ways is an oversimplification of __________ theory of catharsis.

Sigmund Freud's

__________ theory posits that relationship satisfaction is determined by people's perceptions of costs and rewards, their beliefs about what kind of relationship they deserve, and their estimated chances of a better alternative relationship.

Social exchange

Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the results of correlational research demonstrating the connection between viewing television violence and subsequent acts of aggression?

Some people-adults as well as youths-are influenced to imitate televised acts of violence

Your text offers several challenges that evolutionary psychology has not been able to address. Which of the following would also challenge evolutionary rationales for helping behavior?

Susan runs out into a busy freeway to save a wounded animal.

Feingold (1990) conducted a meta-analysis of a number of studies that addressed gender differences in the importance that people place on physical attractiveness. Based on his findings, which of the following people is LEAST likely to be influenced by physical attractiveness?

Susan, whose attitudes are measured

Some have speculated that people in rural areas are more likely to help than are people in urban areas because "trust" and "being neighborly" are more valued in rural than in urban settings. Were this true, who would be most likely to help a stranger who needed assistance?

Tammie, who is visiting Chicago from a small town in Vermont

Nisbett (1993) has conducted research pointing to regional differences in the propensity to aggress. Based on his findings, which of the men below would be more likely to beat up another man who called his wife "ugly"?

Ted, who lives in Texas

Which of the following is NOT a viable explanation for why watching violence on television is correlated with aggressive behavior, according to social-psychological research?

Television encourages the catharsis of aggressive impulses.

In an early experiment regarding the effects of violent media (Liebert & Baron, 1972), one group of young children watched an extremely violent episode of a police show. Another group watched an exciting, but not violent show. What were the results of this experiment?

The children who watched the police show were more aggressive with playmates.

Kristi has been very frustrated in her search for the perfect apartment that costs next to nothing. According to frustration-aggression theory, what would most likely increase the likelihood that Kristi's frustration will lead to aggressive behavior?

The perfect apartment burned down the day after she put down a deposit.

Andersen and Bem (1981) conducted a variation of the getting-acquainted telephone study by Snyder, Elizabeth Tanke, and Berscheid (1977). Andersen and Bem provided attractive and unattractive photos of men to women who interacted with men at the other end of a telephone. What would you expect happened when the women thought that the men with whom they were speaking were the men in the photos?

The results were similar to studies in which men were provided the photos.

Even if it is clear that a person needs help, that you are the person responsible to help, and that you know how to help, you might still decide not to help. Which of the following is NOT a reason that people choose not to help in these kinds of cases?

The situation isn't an emergency, and the Latané and Darley model isn't applicable.

Social exchange theory would have the most trouble explaining which of the following helping situations?

Theo calmly walks into heavy traffic to rescue a stranger who collapsed in the crosswalk.

Strangers were brought into a research lab and were instructed to discuss a personally meaningful topic in research conducted by Pryzbylski and Weinstein (2013). Most of the time, doing that activity fosters a sense of closeness among strangers who are meeting for the first time. In this research, that closeness did not occur. Why not?

There was a mobile device on the table between the strangers.

Males tend to be more violent in their teens and twenties than later in life. Based on evolutionary theory (as discussed by the authors of your text), why would this be true?

These are peak reproductive years.

How would investment model researchers like Rusbult and Martz (1995) explain why battered women often return to their abusive partners?

These women might be poor and have no other economic alternative.

Roger's attachment style is secure and Bob's attachment style is secure. Based on the research presented in your text, what could you infer about their relationship?

They are satisfied and committed to the relationship.

In a study described in the text, students who are trained to resolve conflict in nonaggressive ways, were studied 10 years after their training. They were exposed to a game situation where their opponent cheated them out of points. What happened to the participants when they discovered their points had been stolen?

They behaved less aggressively and had reduced testosterone reactivity to the event.

How does female-dominated society lead bonobos to deal with conflict?

They diffuse tension by having sex.

According to information presented by the authors of your text, people who have lived in the same place longer tend to be more likely to help. Why?

They feel more interdependent with their neighbors and attached to the community.

Based on social-cognitive learning theory, what is one reason why parents who were abused as children are more likely to abuse their own children in turn?

They learned that violence is acceptable.

Xiang-Xiang and Zhao are a Chinese couple who are romantically involved. Which of the following is most likely to be true about them?

They value companionate love the most.

According to the authors of your text, which of the following is the LEAST plausible explanation for the Harris and Klebold massacre at Columbine High School?

They were mentally ill.

Both Jacques and Brittany find themselves in traffic court to testify about being rear-ended by another driver. Both were physically okay, but both now have anxious reactions when a traffic light changes and they must stop more quickly than normal. How might this shared experience impact their relationship?

They will be more attracted to each other because they share this experience.

Carol and John have had a high rate of satisfaction and investment through their relationship. Unfortunately, they have broken up. Which of the following is their most likely postbreakup interaction?

They will remain friends.

Regarding breakups, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Those who initiate the breakup cope better than those who were broken up with.

Dima just finished listening to a charity album filled with songs about helping and caring for others who are victims of war in Darfur, tornadoes in the American South, and famine in Somalia. Why would she be more likely to help the lady parked near her whose car has a flat tire?

Thoughts of helping are cognitively accessible after listening to the album.

Based on the research presented in your text on aggression, what advice would you give to Tim, who just found out he didn't make the baseball team and is angry?

Try to relax and restrain urges to be aggressive.

Amos has just received a good grade on his calculus exam. He's in a great mood, and thinks to himself, "School's going well; my relationship with Carrie is going great. It's a wonderful world!" On the way out of the building, he finds that a bicyclist has hit a pedestrian, so he hurries over to help the fallen person. This example best illustrates which of the three reasons why positive mood enhances helping?

We are motivated to prolong our good moods, and helping does that.

You attend a party even though you dislike meeting new people and tend to be very shy. Once there, you approach a young woman who is standing alone in the corner trying not to make eye contact with anyone. You begin talking to her about how you dislike the discomfort of meeting new people and that parties drain your energy. She totally agrees with everything you say, confirming that you both see eye-to-eye on a lot. You find, at the end of the evening that you like this young woman. According to social psychologists, why is this so?

We tend to like people who share our own attitudes.

Which of the following statements is NOT a pitfall of online dating as identified by the authors of your text?

Websites provide insufficient methods for contacting people from dating profiles that interest subscribers.

Based on research presented in this chapter, whom is Benjamin going to sit closest to in the library? Benjamin is wearing glasses, a university sweatshirt, and is moderately attractive.

Wendy, a somewhat attractive sophomore wearing glasses

Evolutionary psychology would have the most trouble explaining which of the following incidents?

When Larry was on a ship going down at sea, he let everyone else be saved ahead of him, even though everyone on the ship was a complete stranger to him.

Based on evidence from studies presented in the chapter on evolutionary explanations of helping behavior, whom would you be the most likely to help if she had just spilled the contents of her purse?

You would be equally likely to help anyone.

Which of the following ideas is NOT consistent with social exchange theory (including Rusbult's expansion of the theory)?

Your commitment, your rewards, and your costs determine your comparison level of alternatives.

Based on information from your text, under which circumstance are you LEAST likely to reciprocate aggression?

Your friend insults you after telling you that he failed his calculus exam.

Tony is just looking for a romantic fling, nothing serious. If Tony would describe himself as a preppy, conservative Protestant, whom would he be more likely to choose for a short-term, sexual relationship?

Zelda, who is a New Age artist

Which of the following types of relationships is most likely to be an exchange relationship in which partners trade resources "in kind"?

a casual relationship

According to the authors of your text, people who have lived in the same place for a longer time tend to feel __________.

a greater attachment to the community

According to research, which of the following are people who have lived in the same area for a longer period of time more likely to feel?

a greater sense of attachment to the community

Which of the following is the BEST example of an aggressive stimulus?

a gun rack in the rear window of a pickup truck

Although evidence from studies presented in the chapter suggests that people are more likely to help family than strangers or friends in some situations, they also note that people are equally likely to help a friend or family member under which of the following circumstances?

a non-life-threatening situation

Author Eliot Aronson (2000) suggests that the Columbine massacre was not simply a product of deviant individuals. Although certainly not excusing this behavior, he points to the role of __________ as a significant factor in the recent spate of school shootings.

a school atmosphere of exclusion and mockery

The phenomenon of "road rage" has been given increasing attention by print and electronic media. Briefly, road rage involves retaliations against other drivers (e.g., shooting, running them off the road) that far exceed their offenses (e.g., driving too slowly, tailgating). You're designing next year's model cars, and have just read Chapter 12 (Aggression). What new design feature might you suggest?

a second horn that makes a funny "I'm sorry" noise

Stemming from the urban overload hypothesis, consider what you would do in the following situation. You have just run over a nail with your car during a long road trip, but luckily you have run-flat tires and can drive up to fifty miles before your tire will deflate. Based on what you know from the urban overload hypothesis, where should you drive to if you were going to seek help from strangers for your tire?

a small, rural town

What, according to the social-psychological point of view, is inherited about aggression?

a tendency to respond to provocation against an aggressor, which can be overridden

Research by Hancock and Toma (2009) found that __________ of participants in their research provided deceptive or misleading photos on their online dating profile.

about 30%

Researchers (Barker, Dembo, & Lewin, 1941) frustrated some children in a study by making them view attractive toys that were kept out of their reach. Based on research presented in the chapter, what is most likely to happen when they did allow the children to play with the toys? They found that these frustrated children were more likely to __________.

act aggressively with the toys

Most of the experimental evidence regarding violent media demonstrates that watching violence increases the frequency of which of the following?

aggressive behavior, angry emotions, and hostile thoughts

Biologist Zing Yang Kuo (1961) demonstrated that a cat that had been raised from birth with a rat in the same cage would attack neither that specific rat nor other rats. This research suggests that __________.

aggressive instincts can be modified through experience

John and Sam get into a fistfight in the middle of a gun shop. The presence of the guns would be an example of __________.

aggressive stimuli

Researchers (Wheeler & Kim, 1997) asked American, Canadian, and Korean students to rate the attractiveness of people in yearbook photographs, and to rate the people in the photographs on a number of personality dimensions. They found that __________ students were likely to associate attractiveness with __________.

all; friendliness

Longitudinal studies of violence and aggression have shown that exposure to violence in media or video games has the strongest relationship in children who __________.

already are predisposed to violence

According to evolutionary theory (Darwin, 1859), natural selection favors genes that promote individual survival. This tenet is most troublesome in explaining __________.

altruism

Using the Bystander Intervention Decision Tree of the decisions bystanders make before helping (or not helping) in an emergency, which of the following is NOT one of the stages in the model?

altruism

Marla has revised her will to ensure that upon her death, all of her functioning organs (corneas, liver, kidneys, heart, and so on) will be used to help transplant patients. She's told no one about her actions, and expects nothing in return. This is an example of __________ behavior.

altruistic

Raphael volunteers as a Big Brother. He donates money to charity, and he helps his elderly next-door neighbor with weekly shopping and home repairs. Raphael's personality is __________.

altruistic

Recall that the introduction to Chapter 11 (Prosocial Behavior) began with a description of several of the citizen-heroes of September 11, 2001-for example William Wik, who refused to flee to personal safety because there were still people to be rescued. He died when a tower collapsed. Wik was willing to sacrifice his own life to save others, and his behavior could thus best be described as __________.

altruistic

When Jochem saw the child fall through the ice at the lake, he never hesitated and immediately dove in to save the child. This is an example of __________ behavior.

altruistic

Research suggests that there is __________ between babies and adults, men and women, and people from several cultures as to what is considered physically attractive.

amazing consistency

Jonah was driving his car on the road when he saw a man fall through the ice on a nearby pond. He stopped his car and crawled on his stomach on the ice out to the man who had fallen through. He helped save the man from the icy water. This is considered __________.

an altruistic act

The weapons effect is __________.

an increase in aggression that can occur because of the mere presence of a gun or other weapon

Which of the following emotions is NOT associated with promoting helping behavior, according to research on feeling bad and doing good?

anger

According to a team of researchers who investigated 15 school shootings that occurred between 1995 and 2001, the motivation behind the vast majority of these shootings was __________.

anger from being bullied and socially rejected

Annie works with AIDS patients to get an idea of whether she wants to pursue social work as a career. Bert volunteers at a mental hospital to fulfill a class requirement. Stacey paints a mural for her old school because her sorority requires her to do a community service project. George helps the elderly prepare their income tax returns because his accounting firm will not give him a Christmas bonus if he does not volunteer. Who is most likely to engage in volunteer work again in the future?

annie

"I find that others are reluctant to get as close to me as I would like. I often have dreams that my husband doesn't love me like he used to, and that he leaves me unexpectedly. I guess I have this need to lose myself in the person I love, and this sometimes scares them away." A person who has a(n) __________ attachment most likely wrote those words.

anxious

A chapel in Las Vegas frequently marries couples that have not known each other for very long. Based on the research on attachment theory, these individuals may be more likely to have a(n) __________ attachment style.

anxious

In her investment model of close relationships, what does Rusbult (1983) define as an investment?

any inputs into a relationship that would be lost if one left that relationship

Frustration increases the probability of an aggressive response, but does not inevitably lead to such a response (e.g., Berkowitz, 1993). A number of situational factors work to accentuate frustration, further increasing the odds of aggression. For example, frustration is accentuated when we __________.

are close to our intended goal

Underlying the urban overload hypothesis is the idea that people become overwhelmed in areas which __________.

are densely populated

Research demonstrates that, when shown a model who responds to provocation in a restrained, pleasant manner, children __________.

are less likely to respond with aggression when they themselves are provoked

According to evolutionary psychologists, why would Doris be more likely to save her children than her parents in a life-threatening emergency? Doris's children __________.

are more likely to pass on her genes

According to the bystander effect (Latané & Darley, 1970), if you just witnessed a mugging, you will be most likely to call for help if you __________.

are the sole witness

In all likelihood, there is a kernel of truth to the "what is beautiful is good" stereotype; that is, attractive people are often more warm and socially skilled than less attractive people. According to the authors, this is probably because attractive people __________.

are treated differently than unattractive people

In a study reported by the authors of your text, a participant in a chat group posed a question to the group asking for help. The results of this study showed that the participant was more likely to receive help faster when he or she __________.

asked one specific person

Julie is really interested in Tom. She flirts with him at lunch a few times, and finally asks him out for a drink on Friday. According to the authors of your text, Julie's behavior is __________.

assertive

Moreland and Beach (1992) had a confederate attend large university classes for a systematically varied number of class sessions. She attended some classes a few times and other classes many more times. In keeping with the research on the mere exposure effect presented in the text, when unsuspecting students in those classes were later shown photos of the confederate, when would they have liked her best? When she had __________.

attended more classes

Feingold (1990) conducted a meta-analysis of a number of studies of the importance that men versus women placed on the physical attractiveness of potential partners. According to his findings, there tends to be a larger gender difference (such that men are more influenced by physical attractiveness) when __________ are being measured than when __________ are being measured.

attitudes; behaviors

According to the research by Koranyi and Rothermund (2012), reciprocal liking is powerful enough to keep us from our basic tendency to pay more attention to __________.

attractive faces

Brian has had many girlfriends in his life, mostly because he feels unable to comfortably commit to any one person. As soon as a relationship begins to get serious, he feels trapped and puts up barriers to his partner. His girlfriends always want him to make a bigger commitment than he is comfortable making. Brian's attachment style is best described as __________.

avoidant

Melanie doesn't find it easy to trust other people and says that she doesn't "need anybody." In all likelihood, Melanie's __________ attachment style can be traced to a caregiver who __________.

avoidant; was aloof and distant

Researchers provided men with photographs of either attractive women or unattractive women and told the men that their conversation partner was the woman in the photograph. They found that men who believed they were talking with an attractive woman __________ than did men who thought they were talking with an unattractive woman.

behaved in a warmer way

Researchers (Burnstein, Crandall, & Kitayama, 1994) found that when participants imagined a house fire, they were more likely to help some people than other people. Based on these researchers' findings, it seems that in life-and-death situations, __________.

biological relatives are more likely to be helped than are nonrelatives

Glen and Stacy are at a park with friends. Another couple begins taunting them and saying rude things. Based on research presented in this chapter regarding provocation, who is likely to behave aggressively?

both

Rape may occur as a result of __________.

both physical force and incapacitation

In their relationship, Marc and Nora both perceive that Marc has been paying more than his fair share of costs and that Nora is receiving more than her fair share of benefits. According to equity theory, __________.

both should feel uncomfortable with the situation, but Marc should feel more uncomfortable than Nora

Research examining the "think-drink" effect gave some participants a nonalcoholic drink, some a weak alcohol drink, and some a strong alcohol drink to see how aggressive they would be. The participants were also told how much alcohol they were getting, but the researchers did not necessarily tell them the truth about the amount. What is (are) the independent variable(s)?

both the amount of alcohol they received and the amount of alcohol they were told was in the drink

Carla is involved in a romantic relationship with Jack. Her costs of the relationship are relatively low and her rewards are very high with this relationship. However, Carla has recently met Ted, and she believes that he could offer her a relationship with even higher rewards than Jack. According to social exchange theory, Carla is likely to __________.

break up with Jack in favor of the relationship with Ted

According to the evolutionary psychology notion of kin selection, Bob is most likely to help his __________.

brother Ralph

You know that Susan is a very helpful person. She spends many hours each week volunteering at a local homeless shelter; she donates a lot of money to charities, and she is always the first person to volunteer to organize something when your group of friends wants to get together. According to the research on the altruistic personality, you __________ that Susan would help carry a neighbor's groceries if the situation arose because __________.

cannot be sure; personality is not necessarily the most reliable predictor of prosocial behavior

Little Neil is frustrated and is threatening to throttle his baby sister. His mother intervenes, and suggests that Neil "get over it" by taking a dozen eggs and smashing them against the tree in the front yard. Neil's mother appears to be a proponent of __________ as a means of reducing aggression.

catharsis

Teresa punches a pillow every time she feels aggression building up toward her younger brother, and this makes her feel relieved and more relaxed. Such an outcome supports the notion of __________.

catharsis

Which of the following has not been shown to lead to higher levels of aggression?

cortisol

According to Nisbett (1993), a(n) __________ is characteristic of regions where inhabitants evolved from herding societies, and thus __________.

culture of honor; some forms of aggression are more common

Sexual scripts vary based on __________.

culture, sexual orientation, ethnicity, and geographic region

According to the review prepared for the government on Child Safety and Online Technologies, where is the greatest source of danger for teenagers?

cyberbullying and harassment

Greitemeyer and his colleagues have conducted a number of studies to examine the effects of video games on helping. They have some participants play a prosocial video game and others play a neutral video game. The dependent variable of this research is the __________.

degree of helping

The 2013-2014 bullying prevention program in New Jersey used "anticonflict intervention groups as part of their program. The role of these groups was to __________.

design anti-bullying campaigns for implementation in their schools

Recall that participants in an experiment described in the text (Toi & Batson, 1982) listened to an (alleged) radio interview in which a student in their introductory psychology class described an accident that caused her to fall behind in the course. Some participants were encouraged to empathize with "Carol," whereas others were encouraged to listen objectively to the interview. Some participants in each of these two groups were led to believe that Carol would be returning to their psychology course; others were led to believe that she would finish out the term at home, and that they would never see her again. These researchers found that when participants __________, their decision to help was guided by __________.

did not empathize with Carol; social exchange concerns

Juanita sees a crowd of people gathered around a man lying on the ground. She thinks about whether to call an ambulance, but then reasons that somebody else has probably already done so. This is an example of __________.

diffusion of responsibility

In a study by Isen and Levin (1972) they found that people who had found 10 cents in a pay phone were more likely to help another person when the opportunity presented itself. They believed this happened because when you feel good, you are more likely to __________.

do good

In a primitive tribe, Shantu fights with the other young men his age to impress the young women. As it turns out, several young women are attracted to him because he seems to be able to protect them and is rising in social status. In essence, Shantu's aggression can be explained in evolutionary terms as a display of __________.

dominance

Based on information presented in your text, what are the two evolutionary reasons why males are aggressive?

dominance and jealousy

During the seventeenth century, when European fur traders arrived, the Iroquois changed from a peace-loving tribe to fierce enemies of their neighbors, the Hurons. This suggests that __________.

economic and social competition can elicit aggression

When Jillian (a widow) hears about another woman in her community who just lost her husband, she immediately plans to go visit this other widow because she thinks, "Who better than I, can understand what she is feeling?" This is an example of __________.

empathy-altruism

Research has found an answer to the question of whether people will help out-group and in-group members. People help their in-group members because of __________ and out-group members because of __________.

empathy; rewards

According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love, a relationship that is based on commitment alone results in __________.

empty love

If you were an employer who wanted to increase volunteerism among your employees, what strategy would you employ in order to increase the chances that the employees would continue to volunteer in the future?

encourage volunteerism while preserving employees' free choice to volunteer or not

Chris was aggressive with a romantic partner because of jealousy and because the partner wasn't paying enough attention to Chris. According to the research presented in the text, Chris is ___________.

equally likely to be male or female

Kin selection occurs __________.

equally often in the two genders and in the various cultures studied

According to research presented in the text, partners who overbenefit in a relationship and partners who underbenefit are likely to feel dissatisfied with their relationships because the powerful social norm of __________ is being violated.

equity

Claire and Matt are involved in a romantic relationship. Matt has recently given Claire a gold bracelet. Because there was no special occasion, Claire now feels the need to reciprocate the gift. The __________ theory of relationships is most applicable in this case.

equity

Because of the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine, people who express that they are madly in love are likely to report that they feel __________.

euphoric and high

Research has found that there is agreement across cultures concerning what constitutes an attractive face; that infants prefer photographs of attractive faces to unattractive ones and that they prefer the same faces that adults do; and that statistically average faces tend to be seen as attractive. These findings provide support for a(n) __________ interpretation of the importance of physical attractiveness.

evolutionary

The authors of your text explain that there are three main motives for helping others. They are __________.

evolutionary, empathy-altruism, and social exchange

The overjustification effect suggests that providing __________ for volunteering or community service can undermine __________.

excessive rewards; an intrinsic motivation to help

Dave has recently taken Jennifer out for a wonderful, elaborate birthday date, which involved all of Jennifer's favorite activities and an expensive gift. However, when Dave's birthday came a week later, Jennifer gave him some flowers and told him that she had too much work to do, so they could not go out anywhere. Remembering the birthday he had given Jennifer a week earlier, Dave was very upset. Jennifer could not understand his anger and told him that she had thought that the gift he had given her was because he loved her, not because he thought he would get a gift later. Dave considers the relationship to be based on __________ and Jennifer considers the relationship to be __________.

exchange; communal

In their relationship, Mark is concerned with maintaining an equal ratio of rewards and costs, whereas Jenn is concerned with being responsive to Mark's needs. Mark views the relationship as a(n) __________ relationship and Jenn views it as a(n) __________ relationship.

exchange; communal

Recall that recent research finds that people rating the physical attractiveness of faces most prefer faces that resemble their own. This finding suggests that __________ is critically important in physical attraction.

familiarity

According to research in the text, churchgoers were more likely to contribute to charity before they attended confession than after confession. These findings are most compatible with __________.

feel bad; do good

Timothy just got into a big fight with his girlfriend, and as a result, he is in a bad mood. When Kate asks him to contribute to her charity organization, Timothy readily agrees, which makes him feel better. Timothy's behavior can best be explained by __________.

feel bad; do good

In the grocery store one evening, Yolanda is in a good mood after earning a promotion at work, but Trudy is feeling quite guilty for stealing office supplies from work. When another shopper collapses on the ground unconscious, Yolanda would be likely to help according to the __________, while Trudy would be likely to help according to the __________.

feel good, do good effect; feel bad, do good effect

Jim watches a heavy dose of violent TV cop shows. According to research presented in the text, what is one likely outcome of this behavior? Jim will __________.

feel indifferent when he hears a violent argument between his neighbors

One reason that social psychology took a long time to begin studying long-term relationships was because ____________.

feelings and intimacy associated with close relationships are difficult to measure

Leandro tends to be happy when in relationships with others. However, right now, he's away from home and the absence of meaningful relationships is leading to __________.

feelings of loneliness, hopelessness, and helplessness

Researchers (Isen & Levin, 1972) found that mall shoppers who found dimes were more likely to help a stranger pick up papers he had dropped. These results suggest that __________.

finding a dime put people in a good mood and increased their helping

You have been hired by a company to come up with an advertising campaign to sell more shoes. Based on the mere exposure effect, you propose __________.

flooding the market with pictures of the shoes

According to research on the impact of religion on helping behavior, if Dr. Hinford, a devoutly religious man, makes a donation to a children's charity, he is most likely to do it __________.

for a children's charity that is religious

You are strongly attracted to Mario, and you very much want him to like you, too, but you're afraid that if you open your mouth, he won't like you. If you're too nervous to interact with Mario, you can take advantage of the mere exposure effect and __________.

frequent the same coffee shop that he goes to, making sure that he sees you every day

In a classic experiment (Barker, Dembo, & Lewin, 1941) researchers prevented children from playing with attractive toys. Once the children gained access to the toys, they behaved destructively, smashing the toys and throwing them against the wall. These results demonstrate the power of __________ to increase aggression.

frustration

When Festinger and his colleagues studied friendship patterns among married couples in an apartment complex at MIT, they found that people who lived at the foot of the stairs or near mailboxes had more friends on upper floors than did other people who lived on the first floor. This illustrates the power of __________ to influence friendship patterns.

functional distance

Xhao has devoted hours helping and working with Ming so that he understands his calculus homework. Such behavior exemplifies the Chinese concept of romantic love known as __________.

gan qing

Researchers (Sergios & Cody, 1985) conducted a replication of the study by Hatfield (Walster) and her colleagues (1966), in which men and women were paired at random for a "blind date" dance. In their study, Sergios and Cody studied gay men. They found that __________.

gay men are similar to heterosexuals in the importance of attractiveness

Michelle is online looking for a date to an upcoming event. She notices one very attractive individual who has posted interest in attending the event as well. She thinks he is likely to be very sociable, but her roommate who is from Korea thinks he will also be a good match because he will be __________.

generous

Research by Christakis and Fowler (2014) found that people share more DNA with their friends than with strangers. Which of the following conclusions is valid? Having similar __________.

genetics predisposes people to make certain behavioral choices, so that they end up in groups with similar people

In a group setting, one member could take advantage of the help that he/she receives from the other group members, thereby exploiting the reciprocity norm to his/her advantage. Some researchers believe that, instead, __________ evolved.

gratitude

According to a research study presented in the text, participants played a trivia game against four other students. Participants were allowed to help the other players, even though it could cause them to lose the game. Under what conditions were participants more likely to help other players? When they __________.

had been in the group longer

At Cornell and Vassar, students intervened in emergencies. In both cases, they __________.

had learned about the barriers to helping in class

Why is empathy training a good antidote to aggression? Empathy makes it __________.

harder to derogate our victims

Bullying is a particularly __________.

harmful form of relational aggression

In 2013-2014 a bullying intervention program was initiated in New Jersey by Elizabeth Levy-Paluck and colleagues. The program was designed to __________.

have well-known children in the schools convey the social norms for the school

There is mounting evidence suggesting that people who are more physically attractive are perceived and treated differently than those who are less attractive. One striking example of this was found in the context of __________.

health outcomes of premature infants in the hospital

Suppose Dan is late for a very important meeting. As he runs toward his car, he sees a woman using crutches who has dropped a large stack of papers onto a busy sidewalk. Dan feels a great deal of empathy for this woman because he remembers how tough it was when he had to use crutches a couple years before. According to the empathy-altruism hypothesis, Dan will __________.

help her pick up the papers because he wants to reduce his own and her distress

Gan qing is a Chinese concept of love which is achieved by __________.

helping and working for another person

Researchers tested the hypothesis that rates of helping strangers would be higher in countries that valued simpatía. They staged helping incidents in twenty-three large cities and observed whether or not people helped. These researchers found __________.

helping tended to be higher in those countries that valued simpatía, but was also high in some countries where this was not a value

Men are more likely to help in __________, whereas women are likely to help in __________.

heroic ways; ways that involve a long-term commitment

According to social exchange theory, even if someone is in a good relationship, he or she would be likely to leave if he or she has a __________.

high comparison level for alternatives

Cliff believes that his relationship with Kristi provides as many rewards and as few costs as he expects in a relationship. Cliff considers himself fortunate, because he does not believe that he can get nearly as good an outcome with anyone else. Cliff can be described as having a __________ comparison level and a __________ comparison level for alternatives.

high; low

According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love, which of the following is NOT considered a major component of love?

honesty

While the 37-culture study (Buss, 1989) found gender differences in preferences for mates, which of the following were at the top of both men's and women's lists for a mate?

honesty

Xiao runs over to Cheng and shouts, "I hate you" while pushing Cheng to the ground. This is an example of ___________ aggression.

hostile

Desdemona is having a bad day. As she runs to answer the phone, she bangs her knee on the coffee table. Cursing and limping, Desdemona grabs the phone and is rude to the person at the other end of the line. This is an example of __________.

hostile aggression caused by pain

The goal of __________ aggression is to inflict pain; the goal of __________ aggression is to achieve some other outcome.

hostile; instrumental

John and Patricia are miserable in their relationship. If John were to use a tactic that is both destructive and passive, he would __________.

ignore Patricia or spend less time with her, but remain loyal, hoping things will improve

Testosterone may lead to aggression by reducing our __________.

impulse control

The Pygmies of Central Africa and the Arapesh of New Guinea live in peace and harmony, while European history consists of one war after the other. Formerly peace-loving, the Iroquois became a fierce and aggressive Native American tribe in the seventeenth century. These examples illustrate that __________.

in humans, innate behavioral patterns-including aggression-are infinitely malleable and modifiable

A(n) __________ is a group with which individuals identify and of which they feel they are members.

in-group

Feeling sad and guilty has a tendency to __________ good, helping behaviors.

increase

Gillian is sitting in a crowded coffee shop when she hears the squeal of brakes and the crash of metal-on-metal. She looks around and notices that all the other customers remain engrossed in their conversations. Because these cool and calm responses __________, Gillian will be __________.

increase pluralistic ignorance; less likely to assume it's an emergency situation

According to research on the effects of mood on helping, good moods are likely to __________ the odds that we will spontaneously help another, and bad moods are likely to __________ the odds that we will spontaneously help.

increase; increase

Researchers (Wheeler & Kim, 1997) asked American, Canadian, and Korean students to rate the attractiveness of people in yearbook photographs, and to rate the people in the photographs on a number of personality dimensions. Whereas Koreans associated "beautiful" with integrity and concern for others, North Americans associated "beautiful" with personal strength. These differences suggest that __________.

individualistic versus collectivistic values shape stereotypes about beauty

Andrea asks her friends to spread a nasty rumor about her opponent for the office of class president to attempt to damage his reputation in the days before the election. This is an example of __________.

instrumental aggression

Complete the following: passionate love is to _________ as companionate love is to __________.

intense longing and physiological arousal; affection and intimacy

Research by Toma and colleagues found that 81% of participants in their research provided some inaccurate information on their online dating profile. They seem to provide inaccurate information __________.

intentionally

Martha and Jan have been having trouble in their relationship for some time. One night when Martha is out, Jan reflects on their relationship and can't help thinking about all the ways things have been going wrong. Their sex life, once passionate, is only so-so; they hardly talk anymore; and Martha no longer seems to like Jan's friends. These late-night ruminations best represent the __________ stage of relationship dissolution (Duck, 1982).

intrapersonal

According to Duck (1982), relationship dissolution doesn't happen all at once; instead, it is characterized by a series of stages. These stages are, in order:

intrapersonal, dyadic, social, intrapersonal.

Hostile aggression differs from instrumental aggression in that instrumental aggression __________.

is done as a means to an end other than causing pain

Evolutionary psychologists believe that people help others because __________.

it has become ingrained in our genes

A strong tie that binds people together, whether they be romantic couples or business rivals, that is only developed over time and through mutual experiences is described with the term __________ in Korean culture.

jung

At a Korean wedding, the newlyweds were toasted by the bride's grandparents who have been married for fifty-two years. One of the guests whispers, "The bride and groom are in love, but over time, her grandparents have developed very strong __________."

jung

According to information from your text, it would be easiest to "turn the other cheek" and not reciprocate aggression if you __________.

know it was not intentional

Research by Patterson (1974) found that high school football players were more competitive and aggressive in __________ than __________ weeks, thereby contradicting the predictions of the supporters of catharsis.

later; earlier

Proponents of the death penalty might use social-psychological data to assert that it can become an effective deterrent if __________.

law enforcement could work more efficiently and promptly

Berkowitz and Le Page (1967) primed aggressive tendencies by doing which of these?

leaving a gun in the room

A study presented in the text demonstrated that when participants were first "accidentally" bumped, then called a disrespectful name, northerners tended to react __________ southerners.

less aggressively than

Which of the following best describes the urban-overload hypothesis (Milgram, 1970)? People who ___________.

live in cities often feel overwhelmed, so simplify things by keeping to themselves

According to the urban overload hypothesis, people in cities should be less likely to help than people in small towns because people __________.

living in cities tend to keep to themselves

Consider the following quote from Hatfield and Rapson (1993): Does "dinner at an expensive restaurant on Monday balance out three nights of neglect due to a heavy workload"? In other words, __________.

long-term, intimate relationships are governed by looser notions of equity

Which of the following does not belong?

longing

Todd is still feeling angry about something Jeff did to him 10 years ago. Jeff has since moved away and is unavailable for a meeting to talk it out. What would you suggest Todd do to resolve his anger?

look at the event from a third person perspective

Although Barbara's relationship with Jaquez provides relatively few rewards compared to the costs, Barbara has come to expect that most relationships are difficult and costly. Thus, although Barbara holds a __________, she is unlikely to abandon her relationship with Jaquez.

low comparison level

The process of arranged marriages in many Eastern cultures is most likely the reason for __________.

lower divorce rates

Which of the following is NOT considered a primary service of an online dating website?

matching users based on analyses of compatibility

Research shows that most cases of extreme violence in a family are perpetrated by __________.

men

Research has explained why men are less likely to apologize. Why is that?

men have higher thresholds than women for what requires an apology

Lem is looking at new cars. Each one he sees has a certain trim detail across the hood which he somewhat likes at the start of the day. At the end of the day, and fifteen cars later, he really likes the detail. His opinion is influenced by the __________.

mere exposure effect

In Bandura's famous "Bobo" doll study, he had some children watch a woman aggress against an inflated doll, while other children did not watch an aggressive act. Bandura found that the children who watched someone beat up the doll were later __________.

more likely than control-group children to behave aggressively against a similar doll

Research on mood and helping found that people were __________ likely to help __________ they attended confession.

more; before

When people are asked to rate the attractiveness of faces, the faces that they MOST prefer __________.

most resemble their own

According to Latané and Darley (1970), the first step in deciding to help in an emergency is __________.

noticing the event

Recall that Feshbach and Feshbach (2009) implemented a thirty-hour program in the Los Angeles schools designed to teach students empathy and perspective-taking skills. Which of the following behavior and characteristics were NOT improved through this program?

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Which of the following is an area of the brain that shows reduced activity when exposed to testosterone?

orbitofrontal cortex

Recall that the introduction to Chapter 11 describes several of the citizen-heroes of September 11, 2001. The text identifies these people as __________.

ordinary citizens who found themselves in extraordinary circumstances

Reciprocal liking is __________.

our liking someone because we believe they like us

When community service work is required by a school or business, there is the downside risk that people will infer that they are volunteering only because it is required and will be less likely to freely volunteer in the future. This risk is known as the __________.

overjustification effect

Self-expansion refers to a desire to __________.

overlap or blend with another person, so that you have access to that person's knowledge, insights, and experience

Recall that Darley and Batson (1973) conducted a study in which participants were provided the opportunity to help when they were on their way to deliver a brief speech on the Good Samaritan or on another topic. These researchers found that __________ because __________.

participants in a hurry were less likely to help; they didn't notice the man slumped in the doorway

Researchers used computer graphics to generate composite faces that reflected the exact mathematical average of the facial features of a large number of individual photographs. They then asked participants to rate the attractiveness of the composite photograph and the individual photographs that were combined to make up the composite. These researchers found that __________.

participants preferred the composite photo to the individual photos

In research presented in the text, participants were exposed to a lecture on social-psychological factors that inhibit helping. Later, these participants were put into a potential helping situation. The results suggest that __________.

participants who learned about factors which inhibit helping were more likely to help

When Darley and Latané exposed participants to a faked seizure in one of three experimental conditions (participants were lone witnesses, one of three witnesses, or one of five witnesses), they found that __________.

participants who thought they were lone witnesses helped more and helped faster

Often, toward the beginning of romantic relationships, we experience __________, whereas after the relationship has continued for a number of years, we experience __________.

passionate love; companionate love

The "feel good, do good" effect in studies of prosocial behavior refers to the idea that __________.

people in a good mood are more likely to help

Researchers staged an incident in which a man fell down with a cry of pain and raised his pant leg to reveal a bloody injury. The staged scene was repeated in both rural and urban areas. When Amato counted the number of passersby who stopped to help the man, he found that __________.

people in small towns helped more than people in urban areas

According to the authors of your text, the same act may be considered aggression or not depending on whether __________.

physical or psychological harm was intended

The concept of __________ refers to the idea that when no bystanders to a possible emergency appear to be concerned, other bystanders assume that nothing is wrong.

pluralistic ignorance

There is a(n) __________ correlation between the length of time a person has lived in the same place and the likelihood that he or she will help in the community.

positive

A number of studies have revealed that doing well on a test, receiving a gift, and listening to pleasant music can increase helping. These consistent findings across investigations suggest that there is a __________ relation between __________ and helping.

positive; positive mood

According to the bystander effect, the number of people who are around when an emergency occurs is __________ correlated with the time it takes someone to provide help in an emergency.

positively

A steady diet of violent television fare can encourage aggression in children who are consequently __________ respond aggressively in real life.

primed to

According to social-psychological research (e.g., Bower & Hilgard, 1981), what are the "ideal conditions" for punishment to be an effective deterrent to violence? Punishment must be __________.

prompt and certain

Katie and Jon are in the same accounting class, they live in the same wing of their dormitory, and they usually both study at the campus coffeehouse in the morning before class. Over time, Katie and Jon become attracted to each other. What force is most likely at work here?

propinquity

Video chatting, e-mail, and texting may influence interpersonal relationships because they increase the __________ of people even if they do not affect their physical proximity.

propinquity

Researchers (Kubitscheck & Hallinan, 1998) studied the influence of tracking (grouping students by academic ability) on friendship formation. They discovered that tracking fostered __________, which in turn increased the __________ of students "tracked" together.

propinquity; similarity

Julianna likes to contribute to worthy charities because she can help others and, at the same time, get a tax deduction. Julianna is engaging in __________.

prosocial behavior

Chip and Dale get into a bitter fight over who owes what for their large phone bill. Chip is frustrated that Dale won't see his side of the argument. Which of the following will increase the odds that Chip will resort to physical aggression against Dale? Dale __________.

pulls out his checkbook, but then refuses to write the check to Chip

According to the tenets of evolutionary theory, reproduction is more costly (in terms of time, energy, and effort) for females than it is for males. Thus, it is advantageous for males to __________ and for females to __________.

pursue many females; pair infrequently, and with a carefully chosen male

Helga stops and helps Bjorn change a flat tire along the road because she figures that one day she'll need help and someone will return the favor. This best illustrates the idea of __________.

reciprocity

Researchers found that churchgoers were more likely to donate to charity before they attended confession than after, presumably because the act of confession __________.

reduced their guilt

Brigit has been hanging out with the same group of friends for over 10 years. However, Brigit recently met a man and has found that her friends now talk about her behind her back. This is categorized as ___________.

relational aggression

When researchers performed an fMRI on participants looking at pictures of someone they were in love with, they found that the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and caudate nucleus were activated, and that they were more strongly activated the more intensely participants indicated that they loved the person in the photo. These particular areas of the brain are associated with the __________.

release of dopamine

Complete the following analogy. Reward of helping is to __________ as cost of helping is to __________.

relieves distress; embarrassment

You are trying to convince your friend Alexandria to donate her time and money to your favorite charitable cause. If you wanted to use the "feel bad; do good" idea to persuade her to help, you would __________.

remind her of the last time she let you down, then ask her to help

At certain times in the menstrual cycle, women demonstrate a preference for a mate that has the greatest degree of facial symmetry, facial masculinity, and a muscular physique. These demonstrate a male's degree of __________.

reproductive fitness

The best predictor of a relationship that is ending is the couple __________.

responds to conflict with sarcasm, contempt and criticism

The basic concepts of social exchange theory address __________.

rewards and costs, outcome, and comparison level

Western cultures see __________ as the basis for marriage, while Eastern cultures see __________ as the basis for marriage.

romantic love; similarities in social standing of families

Based on information about the urban overload hypothesis, where would you be more likely to receive help finding a lost child?

rural or small towns

"It's the male's role to persist in his sexual advances, and the woman's role to set limits." The preceding statement is an example of a sexual __________.

script

Ellen is not concerned about the possibility of Alex abandoning her and believes that she is worthy and well liked. Alex, however, is anxious, and is concerned that Ellen will not reciprocate his desires for intimacy. According to this scenario, Ellen has a(n) __________ attachment style and Alex has a(n) __________ attachment style.

secure; anxious/ambivalent

Ainsworth and her colleagues (1978) identified three basic attachment styles, which they termed __________.

secure; avoidant; anxious/ambivalent

Researchers provided men with photographs of either attractive women or unattractive women and told the men that their conversation partner was the woman in the photograph. They found that when independent raters evaluated the women's side of the conversation, women who were believed to be attractive actually behaved in a more confident, animated, and warm manner than did women who were believed to be unattractive. These results demonstrate that the __________ might explain why there is a kernel of truth to the "what is beautiful is good" stereotype.

self-fulfilling prophecy

The authors of your text tell a story about Abraham Lincoln in which Lincoln ordered a coach to stop so he could save some piglets from drowning. Lincoln claimed that he helped because "I should have had no peace of mind all day had I gone on and left that suffering old sow worrying over those pigs." Lincoln argued that he was helping because of __________.

self-interest

The groups of people who live among those who are __________ may be more likely to survive than those people who live among groups of people who are __________. This idea is referred to as __________.

selfless; selfish; group selection

Prosocial behavior is to __________ as altruism is to __________.

selflessness

According to Latané and Darley (1970), a number of things must occur before witnesses decide to intervene in an emergency situation. According to this stage model, diffusion of responsibility is most likely to affect witnesses' __________.

sense of obligation to intervene

Men and women both view physical attractiveness as the most desirable characteristic in potential __________.

sexual partners

In a survey of high school students, nearly half of the students surveyed believed that when a woman says "No" to a sexual advance, she doesn't really mean it. These findings provide support for the power of __________ to influence attitudes toward sexual aggression.

sexual scripts

Mike knows he is supposed to pick up Laura for their date, buy dinner and drinks, and try to get her to have sex with him. Laura knows she is supposed to eat very little at dinner, not pay for anything, and resist all of Mike's sexual advances. Mike's and Laura's behavior demonstrates that they both understand the current __________ in their culture.

sexual scripts

Research on the effects of violent media, including video games, on aggression demonstrates that the effects of such games on aggression are __________.

significant, and a causal as well as a longitudinal relationship has been demonstrated

Recall that Boyden and his colleagues (1984) found that gay men who were stereotypically masculine desired a partner who was most of all logical, and that gay men who were stereotypically feminine desired a partner who was most of all expressive. These findings support the role of __________ to influence attraction.

similarity

The greatest amount of research supports the notion of __________ over the notion of __________.

similarity; complementarity

Brian does not know anything about Sally except that she is very attractive. Based on research presented in the text, Brian is MOST likely to make the attribution that Sally is __________.

sociable and extroverted

Evolutionary psychology is the study of __________.

social behaviors as a result of genetic factors and natural selection

Physical beauty confers only limited advantages. Researchers have found that people are MOST likely to associate physical attractiveness with __________.

social competence

Although George wants to help a stranded motorist he passed on the freeway, he passes by because he knows it would take too much time out of his busy schedule. What theory offers the BEST explanation as to why George did not help?

social exchange

Erich Fromm (1955) wrote, "Love is often nothing but a favorable exchange between two people who get the most of what they can expect, considering their value on the personality market." Although a bit cynical, this description of friendship is most compatible with the __________ theory of attraction.

social exchange

Mayling is approached by a homeless person on the street and asked for some change. Mayling has been struggling to make ends meet and decides that she can't afford to give money to the homeless person right now. What theory BEST explains her choice?

social exchange

You ask your brother if you can borrow his car for a date on Saturday night. Before handing over the keys, he asks in jest, "What's in it for me?" His question best reflects __________ as applied to prosocial behavior.

social exchange theory

Researchers (Wheeler & Kim, 1997) asked American, Canadian, and Korean students to rate the attractiveness of people in yearbook photographs, and to rate the people in the photographs on a number of personality dimensions. Which of the following traits did ALL participants associate with physical attractiveness?

social skills

A little girl watches a television cartoon in which a woman yanks a child by the hair and screams at her. After seeing the cartoon, the little girl acts out this same interaction with her doll. This is an example of __________.

social-cognitive learning

Riots do occur more often on hot days than on cool days. The hotter the day in a number of cities, the more violent crimes occur. These results suggest that discomfort can lead to aggression. However, such results should be interpreted with caution because __________.

some third variable might account for the relation

According to Rusbult's investment model of relationships, __________.

some women stay in abusive relationships because they have a high investment in the relationship and they have poor alternatives

Assume that Kyle grew up in the South, where a "culture of honor" predominates. Based on research presented in the text, Kyle would be more likely than a northerner to behave aggressively when__________.

someone insults him

Survey research by Nisbett (1993) has revealed that although southerners are no more likely than northerners to endorse aggression in general, __________.

southerners are more prone to aggress in response to insults

Researchers exposed some students to a lecture on bystander intervention research and other students to a lecture on an unrelated topic. Two weeks later ___________.

students exposed to the lecture on helping were more likely than others to help, even in the presence of an unresponsive confederate

According to Pennebaker (1990), talking about our angry feelings and their sources can be physically and psychologically beneficial because __________.

such self-disclosures often result in insights and increased self-awareness

Anger control through "active enabling" might involve which of the following?

taking a deep breath and counting to ten

Aidan has just received notice that he's been admitted to the law school of his choice. As he walks along, he's in a good mood. He sees a worker fall off a ladder, and rushes over to assist. Why did Aidan help in this case? Good moods __________.

tend to focus our attention inward, on our attitudes and values

Scientists wanting to understand sex differences in aggression will need to study the way __________ relate to aggression.

testosterone and estradiol

According to research on the effects of apologies in reducing later aggression, which of the following statements is true about the effects of apologies? Apologies __________.

that are sincere and include an explanation are the most effective of all

Based on information from your text about the rates of volunteerism, which of the following countries has the highest rate of volunteerism in its population (47%)?

the United States

One of the key criterion in defining both rape and sexual assault is __________.

the act occurred without consent

If you were a student in 1966 at Elaine Hatfield (Walster) and her colleagues' first-year orientation dance, what would most likely influence your desire to date again the person with whom you were paired?

the date's physical attractiveness

A good way to summarize cross-cultural research on love is to say that __________.

the emotional experience of love is similar across cultures, but different concepts of love reflect beliefs that are valued more in some cultures than in others

Every morning at the bus stop, Carlos encounters an old woman begging for change. She is clearly hungry and alone. Because Carlos feels very bad for this woman and can "feel her pain," he makes a point of giving her some change each morning that he sees her. Which theoretical approach best explains Carlos's behavior?

the empathy-altruism hypothesis

The basic tenet of __________ is that when we feel empathy for another person's plight, we will help that person regardless of what we may stand to gain.

the empathy-altruism hypothesis

The bystander effect refers to the finding that __________.

the greater the number of bystanders, the less likely individuals are to help

Arlene finds that even though she sat in the opposite corner of the classroom from Ronda during the entire term of their chemistry class, when they bump into each other at a party, she seems to like Ronda more than the strangers around. This is best explained by ____________.

the mere exposure effect

Research presented in your text on fMRI studies done while fans were watching baseball found that ___________.

the more active the reward centers of the brain were, the more aggressive the fans fel

Researchers (Griffitt & Veitch, 1971) administered tests to students who were randomly assigned to take the test in a room with normal temperature or in a ninety-degree room. After completing the test, students were asked how aggressive they felt, and their hostility toward a stranger was measured. These researchers found that students in the __________ hostile to the stranger.

the ninety-degree room felt more aggressive than those in the normal room, and were more

One consequence of living by the Golden Rule, "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you," is that if you help those in need, they might return the favor someday. This idea is best represented by ___________.

the norm of reciprocity

The chimpanzee shares 98% of its DNA with humans, and can be described as __________.

the only nonhuman species that commits murder

Rusbult and other researchers suggest that in trying to predict relationship satisfaction, we need to consider not only the rewards and costs of a given relationship, but also __________.

the partners' level of investment in the relationship

Research on the effects of aggressive stimuli, such as guns, shows that __________.

the presence of guns increases the probability of aggressive behavior in the presence of frustration or anger

Some evolutionary psychologists argue that in our distant past, those who selfishly pursued their own individual interests would be less likely to survive to pass on their genes. This argument lies at the heart of __________ as a source of altruistic behavior.

the reciprocity norm

The main tenet of social exchange theory is that we will help others when __________.

the rewards are high

Researchers have found that humans kill members of their own kind at __________ rate __________.

the same; as chimpanzees

Pluralistic ignorance is most likely to discourage intervention in an emergency when __________.

the situation is ambiguous

Shakim is outgoing, an extrovert, and confident in who she is. She will most likely be attracted to __________.

the young man who lives next door, who is strong and confident too

In order to best predict whether people will help another person, it is best to know something about __________ and __________.

their personality; the particular situation in question

The findings of a recent field study (Misra et al., 2014) are cause for concern because in the presence of at least one mobile device, __________.

there was less empathy and connectedness between people who were having conversations

Research has demonstrated that people will help in-group members because __________.

they have feelings of empathy

You woke up late and are far behind at work. When you reach the end of your rope, you treat your secretary with hostility and disrespect. This mistreatment causes you to experience dissonance, which you are most likely to reduce by __________.

thinking about all the irresponsible or inept things he's ever done

Rusbult's (1983) research on college-age dating couples showed that rewards played a role in determining satisfaction __________ and that costs played a role __________.

throughout the relationship; only after the first few months

In support for the empathy-altruism hypothesis, researchers (Toi & Batson, 1982) found that participants were most likely to help a student named Carol who was injured in an automobile accident when they were told __________.

to try to imagine how Carol felt about what happened to her and how it changed her life.

In research by Pryzbylski and Weinstein (2013), the mere presence of a mobile device decreased participants' feelings of __________.

trust, closeness, and empathy

Your boss is upset at you for being late so often. Assuming you've already apologized, if you wanted to assuage your boss's anger, one good strategy is to __________.

try to evoke empathy in her

Greitemeyer and his colleagues have conducted a number of studies to examine the effects of video games on helping. They have some participants play a prosocial video game and others play a neutral video game. The independent variable of this research is the __________.

type of video game

Jessica has been treating Paul like a king. She pays for all of their dates, and does lots of special things for him. Paul has not been reciprocating this treatment. How is he likely to be feeling, according to equity theory?

uncomfortable and guilty

Research by Hancock and Toma (2009) found that 32% of dating profile photographs were deceptive. In this case, daters seem to provide inaccurate photos __________.

unconsciously

Although equity theory suggests that both partners who are overbenefited and underbenefited feel uncomfortable, the partner who is __________ is more likely to perceive inequality as a problem.

underbenefited

Evolutionarily speaking, one reason that people prefer the familiar over that which is unfamiliar is that __________.

unfamiliar things can be potentially dangerous

According to Milgram's (1970) __________ hypothesis, compared to rural dwellers, people in large cities are bombarded with stimulation and work to reduce it by keeping to themselves.

urban overload

A researcher (Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1963) raised rats in isolation. When other rats were finally introduced into their cages, rats raised alone __________, suggesting that __________.

used the same aggressive behaviors as other rats; aggression need not be learned

Creators of deceptive online dating profiles tend to distance themselves psychologically from the lies and exaggerations they write. This results in their profiles __________.

using fewer first-person pronouns

Bonobos are a close primate relative to humans, sharing 98% of human DNA. Bonobos are particularly interesting to use when studying aggression because they are __________.

very peaceful and led by a female hierarchy

Recall an experiment in which participants were insulted either before or after they learned that the offender was upset due to a low grade. Participants were more likely to retaliate when the situation was explained to them after the insult. These results support the idea that provocation is LESS likely to result in an aggressive response when __________.

we learn of mitigating circumstance ahead of time

An increase in aggression that can occur because of the mere presence of a gun or other weapon is known as the ___________.

weapons effect

A researcher (Pennebaker, 1990) asked people who had experienced a traumatic event to describe the event and how they experienced it. Six months later, he found that these people __________.

were healthier

Given empirical support for the bystander effect (Latané & Darley, 1970), all things being equal, you would be more likely to get needed assistance were you to have a heart attack __________.

when having a conversation with one other person

Genetic fitness isn't unimportant to women. When are women most likely to demonstrate a preference for males who have symmetrical faces, a muscular physique, and a masculine face?

when ovulating

A principal theory in social psychology is social exchange theory. According to this theory, we will be most likely to help others __________.

when the benefits outweigh the costs

The Teduray of the Philippines believe that humans are violent by nature, so they work to be sure that their behavior does not harm others. However, when will they become aggressive?

when they must protect themselves from outside groups

Researchers have found support for the urban overload hypothesis. More specifically, they have found that it is more important to know __________ than to know __________.

where helpers are currently; where helpers grew up

Miguel believes that rewards are an important part of maintaining a relationship. His friend Lucas is his "pistolão." That means Lucas __________.

will use his personal connections to help Miguel

Citizens are outraged at an unpopular government policy, and in many parts of the country they have taken to the streets to protest. Results of research on the "long, hot summer" would lead you to predict that in the __________ would be LEAST likely to fill the streets in protest.

winter, residents of Minneapolis, Minnesota