Sociology 101 final ch.11,12,13,14&17
The notion that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibilities and child rearing is known as:
"the cult of domesticity."
Working wives generally get less leisure time than their husbands. This is known as:
"the leisure gap."
According to research in Chapter 12, what percentage of today's U.S. families consists of a male breadwinner, a female housewife, and their children?
23 percent
Approximately what percentage of U.S. marriages ends in divorce?
40 percent
Approximately what percentage of Americans marries at some point in their lives?
90 percent
What population currently has the highest rate of HIV contraction in the United States?
African American women
Hypertension is directly related to stress, which can be attributed to being poor. However, poor African Americans in the United States have rates of hypertension that are similar to middle- and upper-class African Americans. How would the "tokenism theory" explain this?
All African Americans may still experience discrimination.
Which of the following is true with regard to bottled water?
All of the above. a. It is more expensive than gasoline by volume. b. People (in taste tests) can't tell the difference between tap and bottled water. c. The contents of tap water are more heavily regulated than those of bottled water
Which of the following scenarios illustrates "stereotype threat"?
Antoine, a black student at Yale University, is nervous about taking the Law School Admissions Test (LSAT). He fears that if his score is low, he will confirm negative perceptions about the intelligence of black men. His fear then affects his performance, and he scores lower on the actual test than he did on practice tests.
Which of the following is most likely to be a conflict perspective argument about why education levels have continually risen in the United States over the course of the last century?
As education became more common for all people, social elites needed to obtain more education in order to set themselves apart from others
Why aren't antibiotics as successful in treating illnesses as they were several years ago?
Bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics
Most economists, policy analysts, and well-informed Americans say that the single policy that caused the credit bubble and bust of the 2000s was the repeal of the:
Banking Act of 1933.
A powerful example of the devaluation of housework in the United States was the original September 11th Victim Compensation Fund. Ultimately, what happened?
Both the deceased's future earnings and his or her estimated contributions to the family's unpaid household work were measured to determine the family's amount of compensation
According to scientists, what is the number-one contributor to rising global temperatures?
CO2 emissions
Resource dilution model
Hypothesis stating that parental resources are finite and that each additional child dilutes them
Morbidity
Illness in a general sense
Which of the following is an argument in favor of school vouchers?
In order for schooling to be equal for all children, parents should be able to decide where their children go, regardless of their ability to pay.
Structural changes brought on by the Industrial Revolution had major consequences for families. What was one of the primary mechanisms that explains these consequences?
It separated work and home, and created new roles for men and women.
Which of the following is a functionalist explanation for the increased number of Americans with college degrees throughout the course of the twentieth century?
Jobs have become more skilled and technologically advanced, and a more educated workforce is necessary to fill these jobs.
The American values of hard work and self-reliance might lead blacks to follow the example of which folklore figure in order to prove themselves?
John Henry
Which of the following illustrates the concept of cultural capital?
Joshua and Sam have both earned bachelor's degrees from a local university and are now interviewing for the same job. When Joshua goes into the job interview, he is able to discuss art, architecture, and travel experiences he had while growing up. Sam has not had these same experiences and is not able to have the same kind of conversations with the interviewers.
As discussed in Chapter 12, which group of women is least likely to get an abortion?
Latino women
____________ results from inadequate growth during gestation or a curtailed period of gestation.
Low birth weight
A government program that provides health insurance for the poor is:
Medicaid
If state and federal health care plans don't change, which of the following can you look forward to when you turn 65?
Medicare
Which of the following contributes to increasing rates of heart disease and hypertension in women?
More women are entering high-level jobs
Talcott Parsons and other functionalists argued that the nuclear family was necessary in modern industrial society. Problems with the functionalist argument are highlighted in which of the research findings below?
Mundurucu mothers and fathers live in separate homes, eat separate meals, and sleep apart, yet this arrangement is functional for this culture.
As more people obtain college degrees and it becomes unreasonable for students to stay in school for most of their young adulthood, what is one consequence?
People will seek to differentiate themselves not only by having a degree but also by earning degrees from the most selective and prestigious colleges and universities.
What is the relationship between birth weight and education?
Siblings who weighed less at birth exhibit lower educational attainment than their heavier siblings.
As your text points out, single mothers and poverty often go hand in hand. What is the primary reason their employment opportunities typically limit them to low-wage work?
Single mothers are often unskilled and have less education than the average American
Which of the following statements is true concerning the domestic world of Ozzie and Harriet portrayed in the 1950s television program?
The program portrayed an idealized version of American family life in the 1950s.
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the notion of traditional family (stay-at-home mom and working father) in U.S. history?
The traditional family was unique to a particular time in history (1950s) and can really be viewed as an aberration.
What might be a reason that upper-status students score higher on SATs?
Their parents are better able to obtain help for them, as in SAT prep courses and extra tutoring if they are doing poorly in school.
Which of the following is a factor affecting the strong academic performance of Asian Americans?
There is a high degree of social capital in Asian American communities, and the community reinforces norms regarding education and parenting.
Which of the following is true regarding single-parent families in the United States and worldwide?
They are on the rise in the United States and worldwide.
With regard to the effects of families on children's educational outcomes, which of the following is true?
When a family goes from two to three children, middle children are significantly more affected by the loss of family resources.
With regard to research on the effects of race and social class on education outcomes, which of the following is true?
When social class characteristics are controlled for, test score gaps between black and white students shrink, black students have a higher high school graduation rate, and black students are less likely to be held back a grade.
Recent trends indicate that weekly hours of housework done by men and women are converging. Which of the following statements indicates how household labor is divided by gender?
Women do the housework and men help out.
Why did the elderly who received more Social Security have higher mortality rates than the elderly who received less Social Security and had to work part-time?
Working had a positive impact on their longevity due to social interaction.
Offshoring
a business decision to move all or part of a company's operations abroad to minimize costs
Union Busting
a company's assault on its workers' union with the hope of dissolving it
Alienation
a condition in which people are dominated by forces of their own creation that then confront them as alien powers; according to Marx, the basic state of being in a capitalist society
In the 1960s many social scientists, including Daniel Patrick Moynihan, viewed the strong role held by women in many African American families as:
a detrimental characteristic that undermined men's roles in the family and caused all sorts of social problems.
Most Latino families in the United States are shaped by which of the following?
a devout tradition of Catholicism
Corporation
a legal entity unto itself that has a legal personhood distinct from that of its members, namely, its owners and shareholders.
Communism
a political ideology of a classless society in which the means of production are shared through state ownership and in which rewards are tied no to productivity but to need
Stereotype threat is:
a psychological process of fear that develops when members of a negatively stereotyped group are placed in a situation in which they may confirm the stereotype.
A professional who attempts to make a client happy at the expense of the esteem of his or her peers is known to sociologists as:
a quack.
When a scientific paradigm shifts, this means that:
a scientific revolution has taken place.
Affirmative action
a set of policies that grant preferential treatment to a number of particular subgroups within the population-typically, women and historically disadvantaged racial minorities
A paradox of the American education system is that education is:
a social institution that stratifies students based on the characteristics of their backgrounds even though it is intended to provide equal opportunity.
Risk society
a society that both produces and is concerned with mitigating risk, especially manufactured risks (ones that result from human activity)
Matthew effect
a term used by sociologist to describe the notion that certain scientific results get more notoriety and influence based on the existing prestige of the researchers involved
Family Wage
a wage paid to male workers sufficient to support a dependent wife and children
Tracking
a way of dividing students into different classes by ability or future plans
About how long do the majority of single mothers stay on the welfare rolls in the United States?
about 2 years
Which of the following is considered a factor that can influence science and scientists?
all of the above
What are some of the unintended consequences of DNA testing?
all of the above a. social b. psychological c. economic
Marx described workers as being alienated from:
all of the above.
In contrast to Simmel, Karl Marx believed that friendship under capitalism is not possible because
all relationships become market relationships.
In contrast to Simmel, Karl Marx believed that friendship under capitalism is not possible because:
all relationships become market relationships.
Socialism
an economic system in which most or all the needs of the population are met through nonmarket methods of distribution
Social class or Socioeconomic status (SES)
an individual's position in a stratified social order
Union
an organization of workers designed to facilitate collective bargaining with employers
Credentialism
an overemphasis on credentials(e.g., college degrees) for signaling social status or qualifications for a job
When it comes to health care, Western societies:
are reactive; people tend to go to the doctor only when they decide they are sick.
A sociological explanation for the rise in autism diagnoses in recent years is that
autism has become socially "contagious," as more people become familiar with the symptoms and are more likely to see them in their children.
According to your text, the decision to pursue nuclear technologies during World War II was influenced:
by international geopolitical circumstances.
What is the name of the economic system that developed along with the agricultural revolution and Industrial Revolution in Europe?
capitalism
Legally recognized unions of gay and lesbian couples that are explicitly intended to offer similar state-mandated legal rights and benefits of marriage as are given to heterosexual couples are known as:
civil unions
In a capitalist economic system, the price and distribution of goods and services are determined by what?
competition
Sick role
concept describing the social rights and obligations of a sick individual
Mortality
death
According to Espenshade and Chung (2005), eliminating affirmative action programs would do which of the following?
decrease black and Hispanic admission acceptance rates by one-half to two-thirds
Digital divide
differential access to telecommunications and information technologies based on socioeconomic status
When compared to the 1990s, views regarding gay and lesbian marriage are becoming increasingly
divided between positive and negative
Which profession has the least number of practitioners in the United States?
doctors
Capitalism
economic system in which property and goods are primarily owned privately: investment are determined by private decisions; and prices, production, and the distribution of goods are determined primarily by competition in an unfettered marketplace
Your text suggests that significant economic development in underdeveloped areas of the world would require:
eliminating malaria.
According to Bourdieu, the three types of cultural capital are:
embodied, objectified, and institutional.
Marriages that cross racial and ethnic lines have become more common in the United States, although most U.S. marriages are still racially and ethnically endogamous. What factors might discourage exogamy?
facing ostracism from within one's tightly knit community
Nuclear Family
familial from consisting of a father, mother, and their children.
According to sociologists Jerry Jacobs and Kathleen Gerson, because workers want to advance in their careers, many avoid taking full advantage of:
family-friendly office policies.
The ________ theory of the family argues that nuclear families are necessary for child rearing and fulfilling society's need for productive workers.
functionalist
The "drift explanation" of the relationship between health and socioeconomic status states that:
genetics and biology affect socioeconomic status (SES) so that people who are healthier have an easier time maintaining a high SES.
Contrary to popular belief:
girls and boys score about the same in national math tests.
Recent trends in marriages between people from different races or ethnic groups indicate a:
growing acceptance of exogamy.
Because Ford created the "family wage," he was:
heralded for his generosity and genius.
At 9:05 A.M., the bell rings and children file into their third-grade classroom. The first student to sit at his or her desk—book open and pencil ready to write—wins a star for the day. The students love this little bit of competition. This example of nonacademic socialization (which can teach students the benefit of competition) can be referred to as the
hidden curriculum
Knowledge and skills that make someone more productive and bankable are known as:
human capital.
Neoclassical economists typically look at a member's power in the family as a direct expression of that member's utility to the family unit. This measure of power tends to be based on gender and what other factor?
income
According to the text's discussion, cohabitation
increases the rate of divorce because people who cohabitate probably have fewer qualms about divorce.
Adam Smith argues that money is:
inherently social.
What did Mechanic and Meyer find to be the most important factor for patients in rating their doctor?
interpersonal confidence
"quack"
is a professional who violates this unstated ethic by seeking to make a client- the customer or patient- happy at the expense of the esteem of his or her peers.
The research on teacher quality demonstrates that:
it is difficult to identify characteristics that will make effective teachers because these characteristics are hard to quantify.
Which term refers to the formalized rights, duties, and responsibilities of a person?
juristic person
Extended Family
kin networks that extend outside or beyond the nuclear family
Which type of family has higher child mortality rates?
large
Research has shown that the ____________ the family, the ____________ the children's achievement on test scores and grades.
larger; lower
Civil Union
legally recognized unions explicitly intended to offer similar state-provided legal rights and benefits as marriage
Domestic partnerships
legally recognized unions that guarantee only select rights to same-sex couples
Cohabitation
living together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning
There are several ways corporations can dominate the market by offering the lowest prices to attract the most buyers. Which of the following is one of the ways your text mentions to do this?
lowering production cost
Risks that result from human activity are referred to as:
manufactured risks.
Exogamy
marriage to someone outside one's social group
Endogamy
marriage to someone within one's social group
Attitudes about gender and work became self-confirming myths and enforced women's dependence. The unfair family wage pushed an incentive on women to:
marry and stay married.
Which term refers to a single seller of a good or service in the market, resulting in zero competition?
monopoly
Offshoring occurs when firms:
move all or part of their operations abroad to developing nations.
When studies control for family background characteristics, the SAT:
no longer predicts college grades very well.
A family consisting of a mother, father, and their biological children is known as a(n):
nuclear family.
It is it difficult to make generalizations about Latino families in the United States because:
of their diverse origins and geography
Organic products can lead to health stratification by income because:
organic products are more expensive.
Married people tend to live longer than unmarried people. It could be that they take better care of themselves when they have the responsibility of a family. It could also be that:
people who are healthier are more likely to get married
Wangari Maathai, of the Green Belt Movement, demonstrated that the simple act of ____________ has profound social effects for community empowerment, gender equality, and international peace.
planting trees
Because of the green revolution, food production has kept pace with:
population growth.
Feudalism
precapitalist economic system characterized by the presence of lords, vassals, serfs, and fiefs
Inequality creates ____________, which affects our height through stress reactions
psychological stress
The explanation for the relationship between socioeconomic status and health that focuses on an individual's social class, and the relative stressors inherent in a lower-class lifestyle, is called:
psychosocial.
Which of the following is NOT an element of socioeconomic status?
racial background
A prominent hypothesis about the effect of family size on children's educational outcomes is the:
resource dilution model.
Which of the following is a reason for the decline in doctors' authority after 1990?
rising ability of nurse practitioners to treat patients
Global warming
rising atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases as well as higher global average temperatures
Normal Science
science conducted within an existing paradigm, defined by Thomas Kuhn
Which term describes the economy that revolves around providing intangible services such as restaurant work, health-care provision, higher education, legal advice, computer tech support, and massage?
service sector
Journalist Barbara Ehrenreich traveled around the country to study firsthand what it was like to "get by" working low-wage jobs. All of the following are true about her experiences EXCEPT
she felt that if she had only worked harder, she would have been able to "get by."
Journalist Barbara Ehrenreich traveled around the country to study firsthand what it was like to "get by" working low-wage jobs. All of the following are true about her experiences EXCEPT:
she felt that if she had only worked harder, she would have been able to "get by."
According to your text, the most frequent form of domestic violence is:
sibling on sibling.
Jacqui is a student at a Catholic middle school. One day she is asked by her friends from the public school to skip school. Though Jacqui wants to be with her friends and is excited by the thought of breaking the rules, she decides not to go. Jacqui is concerned that if she were seen skipping school, her actions would reflect badly on her school, her parents, and her teachers. She also does not want to undermine the trust that adults have placed in her. This example illustrates how ____________ in Catholic schools may influence behavior.
social capital
Cultural capital refers to:
social class-based skills and resources that people inherit and can use to their advantage.
Which term best describes the division between individuals who have access to Internet resources and those who do not within the United States?
social divide
Asians tend to have lower infant mortality rates than others in the United States. This is most likely attributable to:
socioeconomic status.
Which of the following is a problem caused by deforestation in Africa?
soil erosion
With regard to biological or genetic differences between people, sociologists have found that:
stigmatized minorities in all countries have lower IQ scores, lower educational attainment, and lower occupational status, indicating that social processes of stratification and stigmatization affect the life chances of these groups.
Kinship Network
strings of relationships between people related by blood and co-residence (that is, marriage)
Fee-for-service caused a situation where physicians could control the number of (often unnecessary) visits required for treatment. This problem was called:
supplier-induced demand.
Cultural capital
symbolic and interactional resources that people use to their advantage in various situations
One of the major reasons that lower-status parents use more directives and teach their children to be more obedient than inquisitive is that they:
tend to have jobs that require them to be obedient and they want their children to learn this.
Historically, physicians did not have particularly high prestige, but their power did peak around:
the 1980s
Oligopoly
the condition when a handful of firms effectively control a particular market
What public health risk do we face if more and more people fail to complete prescribed courses of antibiotics?
the development of antimicrobial-resistant antigens
In families where both spouses work for wages, the second shift can best be described as:
the domestic tasks that fall disproportionately on women in addition to their paid work
Globalization in the twenty-first century is characterized by:
the emergence of new markets, new means of exchange, new players, and new rules that are intensifying worldwide interdependencies.
Monopoly
the form of business that occurs when one seller of a good or service dominates the market to the exclusion of others, potentially leading to zero competition
Paradigm
the framework within which scientists operate
Social capital
the information, knowledge of people, and connections that help individuals enter, gain power in, or otherwise leverage social networks
Hidden Curriculum
the nonacademic and less overt socialization functions of schooling
Normative view of science
the notion that science is unaffected by the personal beliefs or values of scientists but rather follows objective rules of evidence
Cult of domesticity
the notion that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibility and child rearing
Agricultural Revolution
the period around 1700 marked by the introduction of new farming technologies that increased food output in farm production
Polygamy
the practice of having more then one sexual partner or spouse at a time
Polyandry
the practice of having multiple husbands simultaneously
Polygyny
the practice of having multiple wives simultaneously
Monogamy
the practice of having only one sexual partner or spouse
Medicalization
the process by which problems or issues not traditionally seen as medical come to be framed as such
Education
the process through which academic, social, and cultural ideas and tools, both general and specific, are developed
Service sector
the section of the economic that involves providing intangible services
Miscegenation
the technical term for interracial marriage, literally meaning "a mixing of kinds"; it is politically and historically charged - sociologists generally prefer the term exogamy or outmarriage
Champagne-glass distribution
the unequal, global distribution of income, so named for its shape
Black and poor women in the United States have come to rely on which of the following in order to manage child care and work responsibilities?
their extrafamilial female networks
One argument against genetically modified foods is that
they may pose long-term adverse health effects
One argument against genetically modified foods is that:
they may pose long-term adverse health effects.
Aries wrote that children of preindustrial families were
thought of as small adults who didn't warrant any special treatment or nurturing
Aries wrote that children of preindustrial families were:
thought of as small adults who didn't warrant any special treatment or nurturing.
According to research presented in Chapter 12, if the typical American mother has two shifts, then the typical black American mother has how many?
three
According to Adam Smith, what is the most efficient way to produce something?
through a division of labor that breaks production into its constituent parts
One of the major reasons Native Americans were placed in boarding schools for 60 years was:
to socialize them to become "civilized" Americans.
While HMOs might decrease the prestige of physicians, they could also be detrimental to patients because a patient could be:
undertreated.
Sociologists generally concur that the impact of divorce on children:
varies widely, but high levels of parental conflict are bad regardless of marriage or divorce.
Paradigm shift or Scientific revolution
when enough anomalies accrue to challenge the existing paradigm, showing that it is incomplete or inadequate to explain all observed phenomena
One of the most interesting findings from the Coleman Report was that:
when lower-class students went to school with more upper-status students, their grades improved.
Stereotype threat
when members of a negatively stereotyped group are placed in a situation where they fear they may confirm those stereotypes
Reproductive technology has increased the number of multiple births, which leads to the ethical issue of:
whether to abort some of the embryos.
Second Shift
women's responsibility for housework and child care - everything from cooking dinner to doing laundry, bathing children, reading bedtime stories, and sewing Halloween costume
Boundary work
work done to maintain the border between legitimate and nonlegitimate science within a specific scientific discipline or between legitimate disciplines
