Sociology 110 Exam 1

A random sample is

When everyone in the population has an equal chance of being selected

What age group is overrepresented in American crimes?

15-24

Which of the following things must be true for a behavior to be considered cultural?

it must be learned

When the values of two or more variables change together it is called

correlation

Which of the following things is NOT true about deviance?

deviance is only applied to the worst criminals

Which of the following is NOT a function of deviance identified by Durkheim?

deviance provides jobs and keeps the economy running

A person's conscious efforts to balance pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society is the

ego

Which of the following is NOT a common theory in sociology for why the crime rate has changed in the last 25 years?

people getting married too young

97% of convictions come from

plea bargains

Which of the following is NOT a total institution?

schools

A theorist from which of the following perspectives would be most likely to point out that the way the educational system is organized in the United States benefits the rich at the expense of the poor?

social conflict theory

Which of the following major theories would be most likely to view the different punishments between crack and powder cocaine as the result of the powerful making laws that benefit themselves?

social conflict theory

Which of the following theories assumes that competition over scarce resources is at the heart of all social relationships?

social conflict theory

Which of the following theories assumes that inequality is built into the social structure?

social conflict theory

Sociology focuses on the role which of the following plays in human behavior?

social factors

The lifelong social experience by which individuals develop their human potential and learn culture is called

socialization

Which of the following is the level of analysis for sociologists?

society

Which of the following is NOT a distinctive characteristic of a total institution, according to Goffman?

specially tailored program to individual needs

In the United States, expressing an extremely offensive view in public is a violation of which kind of norm?

strongly held, informally enforced

A theorist from which of the following perspectives would be most likely to point out that the school system ensures that society has a skilled work force?

structural functionalism

Which of the following theories assumes that patterned behavior contributes to the stability of society?

structural functionalism

Which of the following theories assumes that social change is evolutionary?

structural functionalism

A theorist form which of the following perspectives would be most likely to point out that children from different cultural backgrounds may interpret conversations with the teacher in different ways?

symbolic interactionism

Which of the following theories assumes that humans act according to their interpretations of reality?

symbolic interactionism

Which of the following theories assumes that we are constantly interpreting our own behavior and the behavior of others?

symbolic interactionism

Which of the following theories is considered a "micro-theory"?

symbolic interactionism

Which of the following is NOT an example of a sociological explanation for the higher murder rates of males?

testosterone

Which of the following is NOT an explanation in the text for the decline in the use of the death penalty in the United States?

the crime rate has gotten so high people are convinced the death penalty doesn't work

The high standardization found in total institutions is partly to

to facilitate the breaking down of someone's existing identity

In class I argued that civilizational distinctions like "The West" or "The Islamic World" were primarily based on

Cultural heritage

Which of the following theorists argued that the personality is made up of the id, ego and superego?

Freud

Which of the following is a sociological explanation for why group X has higher income levels than group Y?

group X has a culture that values education more than group Y

Which of the following is NOT an "element of culture"?

Hair color

Which of the following is NOT one of the "distinctive characteristics of sociology" listed in class?

Human behavior is mostly biologically determined

Which of the following is NOT a limitation of scientific sociology listed in the text?

Human behavior is much simpler than sociologists usually think

Which of the following is a human being's basic drives?

Id

Which of the following research orientations corresponds to Symbolic Interactionism?

Interpretive Sociology

Which of the following theorists studied stages of moral reasoning?

Kohlberg

A structural functionalist would likely consider the childcare that schools provide as an example of a

Latent function

Our self-image based on how we think others see us is called the

Looking-glass self

Which of the following is personal neutrality in research?

Objectivity

Which of the following is an apparent but false relationship between two variables that is caused by another variable?

Spurious correlation

A powerfully negative label that changes a person's self-concept and self-identity is called a

Stigma

The cultural values and norms internalized throughout life is called the

Superego

measuring exactly what you intend to measure is

Validity

Max Weber argued that workers should be which of the following in their research?

Value-free

Which of the following statements about crime in the United States is true?

Both violent crime and property crime have decreased since about 1990

The attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment is

Deterrence

If we find that countries with more religious freedom are no more or less likely to have a lot of economic freedom than countries with less religious freedom we can say:

Economic freedom and religious freedom are not correlated

If we find that countries with more religious freedom also tend to have more economic freedom we can say:

Economic freedom and religious freedom are positively correlated

Which of the following theorists emphasizes the challenges we face throughout life?

Erikson

Which of the following research methods has the most challenges with ethical considerations?

Experiments

Which of the following research methods is most limited in its generalizeability?

Participant Observation

Which of the following theorists identified four stages of cognitive development?

Piaget

Which of the following research orientations sees society as an orderly system?

Positivist Sociology

Which of the following is consistency in measurement?

Reliability

Interpreting someone's past in view of some present deviance is called

Retrospective labeling

Which of the following is NOT something that varies across cultures?

The desire to eat

Which of the following is NOT a standard of causation, according to class lecture?

change in value of the dependent value must precede change in the value of the independent variable

Which of the following is NOT a key American value identified by Williams and discussed in class?

communalism