Sociology
discuss positivist sociology, interpretive sociology and critical sociology so that you present each orientation clearly, Why might a sociologist prefer one orientation to another? why is it important for a student of sociology to understand all three.
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from what you have learned in this chapter, do you think that a global culture is emerging ? Do you think the idea of global culture is positive or negative? Explain your answer.
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guided by the discipline's the three major theoretical approaches, come up with sociological questions about (a) television, (b) war and (c) colleges and universities.
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in the united states hot dogs hamburgers french fries and ice cream have long been considered national favorites. what cultural patterns help explain this country's love of these foods?
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which early sociologist coined the term sociology in 1838
Auguste Comte
ideas created by members of a society are part of
Non material culture
micro level orientation
a close up focus on social interactions in specific situations
variable
a concept whose value changes from case to case.
concept
a mental construct that represents some aspect of the world in a simplified form.
multiculture
a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the US.
measurement
a procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case
cause and effect
a relationship in which in one variable ( the independent variable) causes change in another (the dependent variable)
correlation
a relationship in which two (or more) variables change together
survey
a research method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or questions on a questionnaire or in an intereview
stereotype
a simplified description applied to every person in some category.
language
a system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another.
sociobiology
a theoretical approach that explores ways in which human biology affects how we create culture.
validity
actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure
in human history the " dawn of civilization" took place with the development of
agriculture
social structure
any relatively stable pattern of social behavior. Social structure gives our lives shape in families, the workplace, or the college classroom.
symbol
anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture.
sociologists define a symbol as
anything that has meaning to people who share a culture
explain why using the sociological perspective can make us seem less in control of our lives? In what ways does it actually give us greater power over our lives?
because we care what society thinks to much and worry about what society would think about what we do or don't do. We have more control over our lives because we would think twice before doing something that we were not suppose to be doing if we knew that people could see and/or tell if we were doing something bad.
reliability
consistency in measurement
Non material culture
consists of the idea created by members of a society, ranging from art to Zen.
the discipline of sociology first developed
countries experiencing rapid social change.
subculture refers to
cultural patterns that set apart a segment of a society's population.
subculture
cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's population.
countercultural
cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted with a society.
values
culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good and beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines for social living.
popular culture
designate cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population.
Afrocentrism
emphasizing and promoting African cultural patterns.
Interpretive sociology is a research orientation that
focuses on the meanings people attach to behavior.
Karl Marx
helped develop the social conflict approach.
Max Weber and George Herbert Mead
helped develop the social interaction.
Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, and Herbert Spencer
helped develop the structural functional approach
Sapir-Whorf thesis
holds that people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language.
US culture holds a strong belief in
individuality
empirical evidence refers to
information we can verify with our senses.
structural functional approach/ macro level
is a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.
social conflict approach/ macro level
is a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change.
symbolic interaction approach/ micro level
is a framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals.
experiment
is a research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions.
theory
is a statement of how and why specific facts are related
research method
is a systematic plan for doing research.
the main idea of the structural functional approach
is its vision of society as stable and orderly. the main goal of the sociologists who use this approach, then is to figure out what makes society tick.
which of the following phrases describes the concept of ethnocentrism
judging an unfamiliar culture using the standards of your own culture.
In research using participant observation, the problem of "breaking in" to a setting is often solved with the help of a
key informant
technology
knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings.
agriculture
large scale cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sources.
macro level orientation
meaning a broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole.
cheating on a final examination is an example of violating campus
mores
of all the world's countries, the united States is the most
multicultural
Auguste Comte
named the discipline of sociology in 1838
folkways
norms for routine or casual interaction.
Sociology's social conflict approach draws attention to
patterns of social inequality
high culture
patterns that distinguish a society's elite
culture shock
personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life.
ethnocentrism
practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture.
society
refers to people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture.
material culture
refers tot he physical things created by members of a society, everything from armchairs to zippers.
participant observation
research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities.
norms
rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members.
the personal value of studying sociology includes
seeing the opportunities and constraints in lour lives, the fact that it is good preparation for a number of careers, becoming more active participants in society.
the critical sociology research orientation is linked most closely to which theoretical approach
social conflict approach
beliefs
specific ideas that people hold to be true.
cultural integration
the close relationships among various elements of a cultural system.
social functions
the consequences of a social pattern for the operation of society as a whole.All social patterns, from a simple handshake to complex religious rituals, function to tie people together and keep society going
pastoralism
the domestication of animals.
Eurocentrism
the dominance of European cultural patterns.
cultural lag
the fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others disrupting a cultural system.
what does the sociological perspective show us about whom any individual chooses to marry?
the operation of society guides many of our personal choices.
gender
the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being male or female.
cultural relativism
the practice of judging a culture by its own standards.
cultural transmission
the process by which one generation passes culture to the next.
post industrial
the production of information using computer technology.
manifest functions
the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern.
which theoretical approach focuses on the link between culture and social inequality
the social conflict approach
which region of the United States has the largest share of people who speak a language other than English at home
the southwest
positivist sociology
the study of society based on systematic observation of social behavior.
interpretive sociology
the study of society that focuses on discovering the meanings people attach to their social world.
race conflict theory/macro level
the study of society that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different racial and ethnic categories.
gender conflict theory/ macro level
the study of society that focuses on inequality and conflict between women and men.
critical sociology
the study of society that focuses on the need for social change.
latent functions
the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social patterns.
horticulture
the use of hand tools to raise crops, appeared around 10,000 years ago.
hunting and gathering
the use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation for food.
culture
the ways of thinking, ways of acting, and material objects that together form a people's way of life.
when trying to measure people's " social class" you would have to keep in mind that
there are several ways to operationalize this variable.
cultural universals
traits that are part of every known culture.