sociology chap 3

All transgender people have gender confirmation surgery. Select one: True False

False

Ethnocentrism refers to a divisive belief in cultural superiority. Select one: True False

True

Gender as social structure proposes that gender should be studied using a combination of all perspectives. Select one: True False

True

Plessy v. Ferguson ruled that separate but equal facilities were constitutional. Select one: True False

True

Prejudice can lead to discrimination. Select one: True False

True

Sex is a biological construct defined by some internal and external parts of the body. Select one: True False

True

Stereotypes are generalizations about a particular group of people. Select one: True False

True

The small number of people who are considered the richest in the world hold about half of the world's wealth. Select one: True False

True

Which of the following is a requirement of the Clery Act? Select one: a. Campuses must provide prevention programs for sexual assault. b. Campuses must expel all students accused of sexual assault. c. Campuses must provide separate dorms for males and females. d. Campuses must identify all registered sex offenders.

a. Campuses must provide prevention programs for sexual assault.

How have the findings of the Human Genome Project impacted ideas about racism? Select one: a. It showed that there are more genetic differences within a race than between races. b. It showed that genetic makeup within races is almost homogenous. c. It showed that racial differences have been biologically mandated since early man. d. It showed that races differ in more than just looks.

a. It showed that there are more genetic differences within a race than between races.

A transgender man is upset when people refer to him as a woman. How would a sociologist explain this? Select one: a. The man is experiencing gender conflict and likely considers himself transgender. b. The man is experiencing intersex gender confusion. c. The man is experiencing gender confusion. d. The man is experiencing hormonal changes.

a. The man is experiencing gender conflict and likely considers himself transgender.

How would minimization impact politicians creating public policy as it pertains to racial discrimination in housing? Select one: a. They would argue that everyone has equal access to all housing areas and there is no discrimination. b. They would argue that housing is based on income and to address income qualifications instead. c. They would argue that minority races choose to remain together and do not want to live in other neighborhoods. d. They would argue that all housing should be open to all races, but attempt to keep minorities out of their neighborhoods.

a. They would argue that everyone has equal access to all housing areas and there is no discrimination.

Under the U.S. constitution of 1887, enslaved people would be counted for political representation and taxation purposes according to the ______. Select one: a. Three-Fifths Compromise b. Monroe Doctrine c. Fifth Amendment d. Missouri Compromise

a. Three-Fifths Compromise

Which industrialized nation has the greatest earning disparities between CEOs and unskilled workers? Select one: a. United States b. France c. Germany d. Poland

a. United States

Although acceptance for LGBT people has grown in the United States, backlash has followed. In over half of the states in the United States ______. Select one: a. an employer can fire workers because of their sexual or gender identity b. same-sex marriage is illegal c. people are required to use the restroom consistent with the sex on their birth certificate d. hate crimes based on sexuality or gender are not recorded

a. an employer can fire workers because of their sexual or gender identity

Robert Park developed a sociological theory that tried to explain what happens once immigrants reach a new country. Which of the following processes did Park describe? Select one: a. assimilation b. internal colonialism c. acculturation d. class consciousness

a. assimilation

How do banks get around following the Fair Housing Act? Select one: a. by moving branches away from neighborhoods of color b. by keeping interest rates consistent across different races c. by loaning to anyone who qualifies for a loan regardless of race d. by allowing loan officers to refuse to work with minorities

a. by moving branches away from neighborhoods of color

An individual is more likely to succeed economically and socially if they have access to ______. Select one: a. cultural capital b. high fashion c. social media d. cultural hegemony

a. cultural capital

Oscar Lewis's term ______ describes the beliefs, values, and attitudes that characterize those living in poverty. Select one: a. culture of poverty b. deep poverty c. cycle of poverty d. social regression

a. culture of poverty

Shared language, religion, and national origin of a particular group of people refers to ______. Select one: a. ethnicity b. class c. race d. society

a. ethnicity

A bank manager argues that everyone has equal access to home loans, and if they cannot get one it is based on lack of effort, not race. Which of the following colorblind ideologies does this exemplify? Select one: a. minimization b. culturalization c. naturalization d. abstract liberalism

a. minimization

While stereotypes and prejudices are held by people of all races, only members of dominant racial groups can be ______. Select one: a. racist b. stigmatized c. subjective d. biased

a. racist

Which term accurately describes the emotional and physical attraction to a particular sex? Select one: a. sexuality b. gender scripts c. intersex d. gender segregation

a. sexuality

The wealthy parents of two young children have enrolled them in private school, provided them with a private tutor, and offered many opportunities for extracurricular activities. This process is referred to as ______. Select one: a. social class reproduction b. homogamy c. social stratification d. economic equality

a. social class reproduction

Growing up in a rural area with little diversity, a young girl hears her family and friends discuss how poor African American women do not deserve governmental assistance, such as welfare, because it is their fault that they are poor. Through ______, this young girl is learning stereotypes, prejudicial behavior, and discrimination. Select one: a. socialization b. sound scientific arguments c. justification d. functionalism

a. socialization

Which of the following believe that inequality is practical for society in order for work to be done? Select one: a. structural functionalist theorists b. symbolic interactionist theorists c. Marxist theorists d. conflict theorists

a. structural functionalist theorists

All social institutions have advantages and disadvantages that create social stratification. Which of the following terms refers to this stratification? Select one: a. structured inequalities b. fixed organization c. systemic accumulation d. structured variables

a. structured inequalities

A person states that she does not see color and, as a result, ignores issues of racism. Which of the following terms best describes this person's perspective? Select one: a. the colorblind ideology b. racial hegemony c. White nationalism d. racism evasiveness

a. the colorblind ideology

A person states that she does not see color and, as a result, ignores issues of racism. Which of the following terms best describes this person's perspective? Select one: a. the colorblind ideology b. racism evasiveness c. White nationalism d. racial hegemony

a. the colorblind ideology

A person who is ______ perceives themself as a member of a different gender from the one assigned at birth. Select one: a. transgender b. androgynous c. intersex d. cisgender

a. transgender

Which of the following individuals would be considered transgender? Select one: a. A person who identifies as a woman but wears clothes often associated with menswear. b. A person assigned male at birth who identifies as a woman. c. A person assigned female at birth who identifies as a woman. d. A person assigned male at birth who identifies as a man.

b. A person assigned male at birth who identifies as a woman.

How is food insecurity related to family work? Select one: a. Male-headed households are more likely to experience a lack of sufficient food for the family. b. Female-headed households are more likely to experience a lack of sufficient food for the family. c. Men are expected to earn money to buy enough food for the entire family. d. Women are expected to earn money to buy enough food for the entire family.

b. Female-headed households are more likely to experience a lack of sufficient food for the family.

A woman is not allowed to be a clergyperson in her church. How would a conflict theorist explain this? Select one: a. She has other functions in society that men cannot perform. b. Gender inequality is at play. c. She does not have the right qualifications to be a clergyperson. d. She cannot become a clergyperson because the position is reserved for males.

b. Gender inequality is at play.

How would someone who is ethnocentric feel about government assistance policies? Select one: a. There shouldn't be any government assistance for anyone. b. Government assistance programs should be reserved for legal citizens. c. Everyone should have access to the government programs they need. d. People need to earn the right to have government assistance.

b. Government assistance programs should be reserved for legal citizens.

Which theorists offer the most comprehensive view regarding theories of class? Select one: a. Jean-Jacques Rousseau b. Max Weber c. Thomas Malthus d. Clifford Gertz

b. Max Weber

How does conflict theory discuss the division of labor by gender? Select one: a. Men and women work in jobs based on the associated gender with these jobs. b. Men have more opportunity in higher paying professions that leave women with less money and power. c. Men and women fulfill roles that help society continue to prosper. d. Women choose jobs that are more nurturing and supportive, which is in line with their personality traits.

b. Men have more opportunity in higher paying professions that leave women with less money and power.

How do clothes represent gender socialization? Select one: a. Girls naturally prefer soft colors to show their femininity. b. Parents purchase clothing that indicates and advertises the gender expectations of the child. c. Parents purchase clothing for their children that reflect their own gender preferences. d. Boys naturally prefer bold colors to show their masculinity.

b. Parents purchase clothing that indicates and advertises the gender expectations of the child.

How does social class impact life expectancy? Select one: a. People in the poorer classes have increasing life expectancy as they have healthier lifestyles. b. People in the upper classes experience an increase in life expectancy, while people in the lowest classes are seeing a decrease. c. People in the upper classes experience more work-related stressors. d. People do not have access to food in some areas of the country.

b. People in the upper classes experience an increase in life expectancy, while people in the lowest classes are seeing a decrease.

______ occurs when an individual does not consent to sexual contact that takes place. Select one: a. Hooking up b. Sexual assault c. Sexual stalking d. Bundling

b. Sexual assault

______ is the disparity in income earned between men and women. Select one: a. A glass elevator b. The gender wage gap c. Gender role confusion d. A glass ceiling

b. The gender wage gap

How do the power elite impact the United States? Select one: a. They work to equalize the distribution of wealth in the country. b. They influence political decisions by influencing the politicians and their voters. c. They have the strongest buying power and influence which products are sold. d. They make the most charitable contributions and have the greatest impact on lower status as a result.

b. They influence political decisions by influencing the politicians and their voters.

Which of the following nations has the lowest tax rate on wealthy citizens and is among the lowest performing with regard to public education and public health? Select one: a. Canada b. United States c. Germany d. Denmark

b. United States

Which of the following social programs would greatly benefit stay-at-home mothers? Select one: a. the privatization of education b. a universal basic income c. increasing minimum wage d. increasing work benefits

b. a universal basic income

The higher the status a person has, the more likely they are to ______. Select one: a. encourage others to follow social norms so they may profit financially b. break the law and violate social norms c. provide financial assistance to those with fewer opportunities and wealth d. follow rules and social norms in order to keep their status

b. break the law and violate social norms

A couple in the colonial era could sleep in the same bed if there was a board between them. This was called ______. Select one: a. hooking up b. bundling c. gender script d. gender segregation

b. bundling

An individual employed part-time at a retail store that schedules her based on the busiest times and days throughout the year, which fluctuates. She finds it difficult to create a monthly budget because her schedule is very erratic. This is an example of ______ employment. Select one: a. seasonal b. contingent c. structural d. static

b. contingent

A person who believes that their culture is better than any others is displaying which behavior? Select one: a. racism b. ethnocentrism c. paternalism d. universalism Feedback

b. ethnocentrism

What role do structural functionalists expect women to play in society? Select one: a. institutional b. expressive c. possessive d. instrumental

b. expressive

Economic inequality relates to and is affected by ______. a. social behavior b. gender c. sanctions d. work ethic

b. gender

When a majority group subordinates and exploits the resources of minority groups within a country, ______ occurs. Select one: a. assimilation b. internal colonialism c. discrimination d. external colonialism

b. internal colonialism

Which term describes an individual with ambiguous sex characteristics that are not clearly defined as male or female? Select one: a. transgender b. intersex c. cisgender d. androgynous

b. intersex

Karl Marx cited the existence of two main social classes in the modern society: the ______ who belong to the working class and the ______, or the wealthy owners of the means of production. Select one: a. patricians; plebeians b. proletariat; bourgeoisie c. aristocrats; peasants d. nouveau riche; serfs

b. proletariat; bourgeoisie

A family with little money lives in a neighborhood in which others have even less financial means. As a result, the family does not feel as bad as they would if they lived in a wealthier area. This is an example of ______. Select one: a. abject poverty b. relative poverty c. absolute poverty d. social poverty

b. relative poverty

An elderly man who identifies as Mexican recalls how the U.S. census in 1940 categorized Mexican peoples as "White." This is an example of which of the following? Select one: a. biologically constructed race b. social construct of race c. fluid categories of ethnicity d. fixed categories of race

b. social construct of race

A person identifies as a woman even though she was assigned male at birth. Which of the following terms would best describe this individual? Select one: a. cisgender b. transgender c. intersex d. androgynous

b. transgender

______ is the unofficial barrier that prevents women from advancing to higher levels of power within a work organization. Select one: a. Gender role confusion b. The gender wage gap c. A glass ceiling d. A glass elevator

c. A glass ceiling

Which of the following is an example of the glass ceiling at work? Select one: a. A man working in maintenance loses his job to downsizing. b. A woman working as an office administrator is denied a raise. c. A woman working as an assistant is passed over for a promotion in favor of a man. d. A man working in middle management is told he cannot advance without a degree.

c. A woman working as an assistant is passed over for a promotion in favor of a man.

How is the act of hooking up a reflection of social inequality? Select one: a. People who hook up do so because they cannot find a suitable mate in their social class. b. People who hook up do so because they have the money to pay for the service. c. Hooking up is part of the college experience, which is more available to wealthier White Americans. d. Hooking up is part of the working-class experience, which is more common among poorer Americans of color.

c. Hooking up is part of the college experience, which is more available to wealthier White Americans.

A group of refugees from a nation in the midst of civil war have been given permission to emigrate from their country to another. Some members of this new country are ethnocentric. How will this impact the immigrants? Select one: a. The immigrants will be respected and welcomed. b. The immigrants will be seen as a cheap source of labor. c. The immigrants will face prejudice and discrimination. d. The immigrants will be seen as "separate but equal."

c. The immigrants will face prejudice and discrimination.

Which theorist argued that private property improves social conditions and allows for incentives in the distribution of wealth to occur? Select one: a. Karl Marx b. Max Weber c. Thomas Malthus d. Jean-Jacques Rousseau

c. Thomas Malthus

In the United States, women who work full-time earn on average ______. Select one: a. the same amount of money that men earn b. 50 cents for every dollar a man earns c. between 80 and 83 cents for every dollar a man earns d. 5 cents more for every dollar than a man earns Feedback

c. between 80 and 83 cents for every dollar a man earns

In a college seminar, an individual argues that in order to eliminate racism, society should ignore race and racial issues completely. This student follows which perspective? Select one: a. behaviorism b. post-racialism c. colorblind ideology d. racism evasiveness

c. colorblind ideology

In 2011, a protest movement formed in New York City's Wall Street district. The movement, known as Occupy Wall Street, garnered global attention as participants protested the unequal distribution of wealth, or ______, in the United States. Select one: a. economic enfranchisement b. the culture of poverty c. economic inequality d. the culture of wealth

c. economic inequality

A male nurse is promoted to charge nurse over the other nurses, all of whom are female and more qualified. Which of the following is occurring? Select one: a. glass elevator b. gender socialization c. glass escalator d. gender role reversal

c. glass escalator

Which of the following occurs when men enjoy higher level positions in female-dominated professions? Select one: a. glass ceiling b. gender wage gap c. glass escalator d. second shift

c. glass escalator

When discussing economic inequality ______ refers to earnings, while ______ refers to assets people own. Select one: a. wealth; income b. revenue; capital c. income; wealth d. capital; revenue

c. income; wealth

Philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that economic inequality stems from ______. Select one: a. unfair practices that disadvantage racial minorities b. unjust working conditions c. private property d. a lack of governmental assistance

c. private property

Max Weber argued that there were three traits which determined social class; power, status, and class. These three traits are based on ______. Select one: a. false consciousness b. social ideologies c. socioeconomic status d. social behaviors

c. socioeconomic status

Which theory focuses on the gender lessons we learn as children and how they then define our actions? Select one: a. conflict b. gender as social structure c. symbolic interactionist d. structural functionalist

c. symbolic interactionist

Members of the corporate community who dominate politics in Washington, DC, are of which class? Select one: a. the middle class b. the entrepreneur class c. the power elite d. the upper class

c. the power elite

In a(n) ______ class, children are not typically exposed to people from other social classes. Select one: a. upper-middle b. middle c. upper d. lower

c. upper

A White, upper-class male cannot understand why a single-mother working two jobs continues to struggle financially. This man sees the world through a ______. Select one: a. veil of ignorance b. veil of intolerance c. veil of opulence d. veil of equity

c. veil of opulence

How does ethnocentrism impact a country with high unemployment? Select one: a. Citizens become more open to diversity that can add more jobs. b. Citizens become less open to governmental assistance for those who are unemployed. c. Citizens become more critical of ethnocentric policies. d. Citizens become less welcoming of immigrants who compete for scarce resources.

d. Citizens become less welcoming of immigrants who compete for scarce resources.

How would a structural functionalist explain gender? Select one: a. Gender identifies the sex of the individual and sex identifies their roles in society. b. Gender and sex are distinct and separate concepts that can sometimes work against each other. c. Gender is based on sex and is used to determine distribution of power. d. Gender and sex are basically one and the same, and are used to define roles in society.

d. Gender and sex are basically one and the same, and are used to define roles in society.

______ describes the expectations for behaviors that are socially appropriate for a particular gender. Select one: a. Intersex b. Sexuality c. Gender segregation d. Gender scripts

d. Gender scripts

Which of the following is a critique of meritocracy theory? Select one: a. One's social and economic advancement is due to family relations. b. Careers that fulfill functional roles are not adequately compensated. c. Income does not reflect education levels. d. It assumes a level playing field for everyone in society.

d. It assumes a level playing field for everyone in society.

A couple gives birth to an intersex child. They ask the doctor about the most common course of action. What information should the doctor provide? Select one: a. It is most common to allow the child to decide for themselves once they are of age. b. It is most common to assign the child the sex of male through surgery. c. It is most common to allow the child to remain intersex. d. It is most common to assign the child the sex of female through surgery.

d. It is most common to assign the child the sex of female through surgery.

How does a high concentration of wealth at the top of the income pyramid impact the rest of the citizens in the United States? Select one: a. It will reduce competition for resources. b. It will improve the living standards of poorer citizens. c. It will increase the number of citizens living in the middle class. d. It will leave fewer resources for the other citizens.

d. It will leave fewer resources for the other citizens.

A country has an estate system in place. How would social mobility occur in this country? Select one: a. The lower levels of the system would have the freedom to vote and choose their professions. b. The lower levels of the system would be able to gain status with hard work and opportunity. c. The lower levels of the system would be confined to a specific lower class without the ability to improve. d. The lower levels of the system would likely remain in the same social position as their parents with little opportunity for advancement.

d. The lower levels of the system would likely remain in the same social position as their parents with little opportunity for advancement.

Based on gender ideology, how would housework be distributed in a family in which both parents work? Select one: a. The man would gradually increase the amount of work he does if the woman starts working more hours. b. Both parents would put in time commensurate with how much they work. c. Both parents would share the work equally no matter how many hours they each work. d. The woman would do more of the housework no matter how many hours she works, even if it is more than the man.

d. The woman would do more of the housework no matter how many hours she works, even if it is more than the man.

A female medical students decides to specialize in pediatrics. How would a sociologist explain this student's choice? Select one: a. Women are innately more interested in specializations that work with family. b. Men tend to opt for more physically demanding specializations, like anesthesiology. c. Men have the ability to choose more flexible, family-friendly specializations. d. Women are more likely to specialize in areas that are more in line with female gender roles.

d. Women are more likely to specialize in areas that are more in line with female gender roles.

Which of the following statements about employment and education is accurate? Select one: a. Women are less likely to earn a college degree and more likely to stay at home. b. Men are more likely to earn graduate degrees and higher paying jobs. c. Men earn more degrees and are more likely to get higher paying jobs. d. Women earn more degrees, but make less money than men.

d. Women earn more degrees, but make less money than men.

Which of the following is an example of a gender script for males? Select one: a. be open to the needs of others b. be aware of how you look to females c. be calm and compassionate d. be the leader and show no emotion

d. be the leader and show no emotion

Which perspective would look at the inequality and power embedded in gender? Select one: a. structural functionalist b. gender as social structure c. symbolic interactionist d. conflict

d. conflict

Sociologist W. E. B. Du Bois rejected theories of assimilation because they fell short of explaining the experience of African Americans. Instead he focused on a(n) ______ basis for racial inequality. Select one: a. conflict b. accommodation c. contact d. economic

d. economic

Karl Marx argued that members of the proletariat class are convinced, through the control of media, that the bourgeoisies deserve their wealth and that if they work hard they too can become rich. Marx termed this which of the following? Select one: a. false ideology b. false dichotomy c. false social construct d. false consciousness

d. false consciousness

Which of the following is a concept of nurture rather than nature? Select one: a. sexuality b. sex c. intersex d. gender

d. gender

Which theory of gender is characterized by an openness to combine all other theories? Select one: a. symbolic interactionist b. structural functionalist c. conflict d. gender as social structure

d. gender as social structure

Which of the following occurs when college students get together at the end of an evening spent at a party or bar for the purposes of an intimate, noncommitted encounter? Select one: a. bundling b. dating c. calling d. hooking up

d. hooking up

A couple has a baby, but the doctor is unable to determine the sex of the child. How should the doctor describe the child's identity? Select one: a. role confusion b. gender neutrality c. cisgender d. intersex

d. intersex

Which of the following occurs when forceful physical tactics are consistently used to control a partner? Select one: a. sexual assault b. situational couple violence c. intimate partner violence d. intimate terrorism

d. intimate terrorism

A recent graduate from Harvard medical school is the first child in his economically disfranchised home to receive a college degree. His talents have allowed him to enter a prestigious medical practice where he earns a large income. This is an example of ______. Select one: a. democracy b. socialism c. oligarchy d. meritocracy

d. meritocracy

Racism requires prejudice and ______. Select one: a. bias b. stereotyping c. institutional discrimination d. power

d. power

Which term pertains to the physical attraction an individual feels for another of a particular sex? Select one: a. intersexuality b. gender script c. transgender d. sexuality

d. sexuality

A couple is in the middle of a heated argument. One of them becomes very angry, picks up a water glass, and throws it against the wall. Which of the following has occurred? Select one: a. sexual assault b. domestic violence c. intimate partner violence d. situational couple violence

d. situational couple violence

The way in which a society values and distributes desired intangibles and goods refers to ______. Select one: a. wealth enfranchisement b. economic disfranchisement c. structured inequalities d. social stratification

d. social stratification

Gender ______ occurs as an individual learns the expectations of being a man or woman in specific situations through interactions with others. Select one: a. segregation b. script c. role conflict d. socialization

d. socialization

Prejudice can stem from ______, which is a predetermined idea(s) about a group or person. Select one: a. objectivity b. accommodation c. stigmatization d. stereotypes

d. stereotypes

Changes in the economy can create or destroy jobs for workers. This refers to which of the following concepts? Select one: a. static employment b. contingent employment c. fluid mobility d. structural mobility

d. structural mobility

A person states that she does not see color and, as a result, ignores issues of racism. Which of the following terms best describes this person's perspective? Select one: a. racial hegemony b. White nationalism c. racism evasiveness d. the colorblind ideology

d. the colorblind ideology