Sociology Chapter 4
triad
3 person group ( can take lines of their own since no 1 person can dissolve the group)
dyad
a group with 2 members (each member has direct control on groups existence)
accommodation
a state of balance between cooperation and conflict; both sides give a little and take a little; ex. staying at a motel; where both parties give up something to come to a mutual agreement
ascribed status
a status that is assigned to an (individual); does not need to do anything special to get this status (uncontrolled); ex. royalty, religion
achieved status
a status that is earned based on a skill, talent, hard work; ex. athletes, graduates
master
a status that plays the greatest role in a persons life; ex. student, teacher
role performance
actual behavior
what a group is not
aggregate or social category
pressure group
an interest group that endeavors to influence public policy-especially governs mental legislation-regarding its particular concerns and priorities; ex. NRA, NEA, Sierra Club; also social network
reference group
any group with whom individuals identify and whose attitudes and values they often adopt
cynical
behavior that is rewarded tends to be repeated; costs outweigh
e-community
community of people who interact through the internet or other electronic communication (most are secondary groups, some evolve into primary groups)
5 ways to resolve conflict
compromise, avoidance/give up, compartmentalize, rationalize, prioritize
urbanization
concentration of the population in cities
reciprocal roles
corresponding roles having interaction between related statuses; ex. teacher/student, parent/child, doctor/patient
conflict
deliberate attempt to oppose, harm, control by force, or resist the will of another person or persons; your main goal is not to win but to make the other side lose; ex. politics, George simmel
role set
different roles attatched to a status; ex. student-study, employee-work, mother is often expected to earn money and prepare meals
role conflict
difficulty meeting the expectation of more than one status; ex. yard work but homework, athlete/emloyee, mother/wife, wife/ employee
size
dyad, tryad, small group
expressive leader
emotion oriented (find ways to keep a group together and maintain morale)
intimacy
emotional attatchment
small group
few enough members that everyones able to interact on face-to-face basis (4-15 people--15 is the largest number that can work well in a group, larger will split into smaller)
preindustrial
food production; human and animal labor
organization
formal or informal types
aggregate
group of people gathered in the same place at the same time who lack organization or lasting patterns of interaction; ex. mall, crowd, passengers on an airplane, or people in line at a train station
social category
group of people who share a common trait or status; ex. students, women, teenagers, school, same status but not same goals
subsistence
how you make your living; ex. feed and cloth yourself
reciprocity
idea that if you do something for someone, they owe you something in return (exchange)
group functions
in order to exist, all groups must fulfill several basic functions; define boundaries, set goals, make decisions, control members behavior, assign tasks, select leaders
in-group
individual belongs to and identifies with (exclusivity)
out-group
individual doesnt belong to or identify with
exchange
individual, group, or social interaction undertaken in an effort to receive a reward in return for actions; ex. chores, allowance; reciprocity, exchange theory, altruism, cynical
secondary group
interaction is impersonal and temporary in nature (who you are as a person is relatively unimportant-an individual can be replaced by anyone who can carry out the taks to achieve groups goals
competition
interaction that occurs when two or more persons or groups oppose each other to achieve a goal that one can attain; common in Western societies; school and sports
cooperation
interaction that occurs when two or more persons or groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit many people; when successful everyone wins, vital within groups, no group can achieve its goals without it from its numbers, works with competition
Group 4 major features
it must consist of two or more people, there must be interaction among members, the members of the group must have shared expectations, the members must possess some sense of common identity
social structure
network of interrelated statuses and roles that guides human interaction; tying in roles and statuses together
informal organization
no official structure/ establish rules of conduct
leader
people who influence attitudes and opinions of others; two types instrumental and expressive
role
pertains to behavior expected of someone occupying a specific status; ex. rely on eachother
types of groups
primary, secondary, reference , in-, out-, e-community, interest, pressure
role expectations
refers to the expectations of a particular role; sub role; ex. encourage students
possible for primary
secondary relationships exist in the same group
groups
set of two or more people who interact on the basis of shared expectations and who possess some degree of common identity
interest group
share a common interest and publically promote and create advantages for its cause; ex. coorporations, charitable organizations, civil rights group
role strain
situation that occurs when a person has difficulty meeting the expectations of a single role; ex. student asked hard question, wants to give good answer but don't want to make others late
how groups differ
size, time, organization
primary group
small group of people who interact over a relatively long period of time on a direct and personal basis (family, friends); intimacy is an example
status
socially defined position in society; ex. our president and student body
George Simmel
sociologist identified four sources of conflict-war, disagreements within groups, legal disputes, clashes over ideology (prolife-prochoice)
time
some may meet only once in a while some exist for many years; no group can meet 24/7
division of labor
specialization by individuals or groups in the performance of specific economic activities
formal organization
structure, goals, activities are clearly defined
social institutions
system of statuses, roles, values, and norms that is organized to satisfy one or more of the basic needs of society; ex. include family, economy, politics, education, and religion
instrumental leader
task oriented (concerned with finding means to help reach goals)
rationalize
tell yourself the conflict doesn't exist; isn't so much of a way to resolve conflict in reality as it is to resolve in your own mind
conflict resolution
the methods and processes involved in facilitating the peaceful ending of conflict-solving your problems; numerous kinds
exchange theory
theory that people are motivated by self-interests in their interaction with other people
compartmentalize
to behave in different ways in different situations; ex. prison guard/parent; a person tries to separate the conflicting roles
prioritize
to decide which role is more important and act on that one
avoidance/give up
to deny or drop one role- decided role conflict is unreasonable and gives up one status or another
compromise
to find a solution that meets the demands of both roles-give and take- both sides give a little for it to work
horticultural societies
type of society characterized by a reliance of vegetables grown in garden pots as the main form of subsistence; more food supply leads to larger pop. 300 people, can form permanent villages; DOL is practiced at higher level,very few chiefs left
Pastoral Societies
type of society characterized by a reliance on domesticated herd animals as the main form of subsistence; food supply more reliable than H&G and support larger populations; fewer people need to supply food, division of labor, no permanent villages, encourages trade which creates inequality as some grow wealthier which acquire power, heridary in time chieftains emerge
hunting and gathering societies
type of society characterized by the daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals as the main form of subsistence; oldest way, food unreliable, population are small 60-100 people, ex. South America/ Kung tribe-Bostawna-South Africa
agricultural society
type of society characterized by the use of draft animals and plows in the fields; start of farming, as food supplies get more reliable complex society (millions), DOL increases as inequality does; categorized as landowners or peasants, monarchy hands of one person
post industrial society
type of society in which economic activity centers on the production of information and the provision of services; ex. lawyer, computer engineer, U.S., primary concern of society not production of food or goods but the creation of information and ideas and the provision of services
preindustrial society
type of society in which food production-carried out through the use of human and animal labor-is the main economic activity
industrial society
type of society in which the mechanized production of the goods is the main economic activity; factories, source of power is fossil fuels such as coal and oil, works to work at factories-mass produce goods, urbanization, democratic power isn't always determined in industrial societies
subsistence strategies
ways in which a society uses technology to provide for the needs of it members
social network
web of relationships that formed by the sum total of an individuals life with others (direct/indirect relationships)
types of social interaction
when you play a role, most of the time, you have to interact with others; exchange, competition, conflict, cooperation, accommodation
altruism
without reward for good deed