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_____ refers to the advantages that people enjoy because of their race. "White power" "White privilege" "White advantage" "Racial privilege" "Racial opportunity"

"white privilege"

"People learn to conform or deviate from the individuals they spend time with." With which theory does this statement best fit? A. Differential association B. Feminist C. Labeling D. Rational choice

. The theory of social change that assumes that change is inevitable because of inequality in society is: . . A. . Conflict . . B. . Functionalist . . C. . Systems . . D. . Symbolic interactionist

. Which of the following is not true about social movements? . . A. . The are usually begun by individuals within the power structure. . . B. . They are most common in industrial or postindustrial societies. . . C. . They often stimulate counter movements. . . D. . They are focused on common interests

1. To be deviant, a person must: A. Not conform to one of society's norms B. Break a law C. Be a sick, twisted individual D. All of the above

By using ___________, a more accurate picture of crime may be seen. A. triangulation of multiple data sources B. self-reported surveys C. Uniform Crime Reports D. victimization surveys

How does primary deviance differ from secondary deviance? A. Individuals are not labeled as "deviant" unless they commit secondary deviance. B. Individuals do not begin to take on a deviant identity until they commit primary deviance. C. Primary deviance is the violation of a norm, but secondary deviance is a violation of a law. D. Both A and B

To study why women kill their abusive husbands, Robin plans to look at the positive and negative sanctions they weighed when deciding to do so. Which theory is Robin most likely using? A. Rational choice B. Differential association C. Feminist D. Labeling

According to the text, which of the following is one of the hurdles a persuasive message must clear in order to change attitudes and behavioral intentions?

A. Is the message comprehended? B. Is the message believed? C. Is the message remembered?

What is the basis of India's caste system? A. education B. ethnicity C. religion D. race

C. religion

As part of therapy, a clinical psychologist encourages her patients to install a punching bag in their homes to release hostility. The therapist apparently believes in

C. the catharsis hypothesis.

Sociologically, what is the immediate family of husband, wife, and children called who live apart from other kin? A. the traditional family B. the horizontal extended family C. the nuclear family D. the vertical extended family

C. the nuclear family

All of the following individuals are considered charismatic leaders except:

Captain Jack Sparrow (the pirate)

Caste Systems (ascribed status)

Caste systems: the caste one is born into determines one's occupation, potential marriage partners, residence, group memberships, and prestige level An individual's caste is recognized through clothing, speech, family name, skin color, other characteristics Individuals learn their caste through socialization The most rigid ascribed status system; maintained by norms, ideologies, and social control mechanisms embedded in religious, political, and economic institutions

Meso-level agents such as _________ are important late in life.

Corporations, mass media, educational systems, religious beliefs

Which of the following statements best exemplifies the conflict perspective on culture? Norms and values unify a society and promote social stability. Culture creates inequality because those in power control the media, education, and the political structures of a society. Material culture, especially the media, creates inequalities specifically for women. Cultural symbols allow societies to develop identities and interact with one another. none of the above

Culture creates inequality because those in power control the media, education, and the political structures of a society.

Anomie and strain are associated with the: A. Symbolic interactionist perspective B. Feminist perspective C. Conflict perspective D. Structural-functionalist perspective

20,000 members, they encourage people of all ages to work for the benefit of the old and the young

Gray Panthers

All of the following are predetermined in caste stratification systems except:

How many children an individual will have

The term affirmative action first appeared in an executive order issued by President

Kennedy

"Power is distributed among various groups so that no one group rules." This statement is most likely to be made by a(n):

Pluralist theorist

_______________ refers to the social institution that determines and exercises power relations in society

Politics

What is most notable about where the poorest countries are located in the United States?

Poor counties are mostly clustered in the South, in Appalachia, along the Mexican border, and in the Dakotas

Which of the following types of authority is held by leaders that have the expertise to carry out the duties of their positions?

Rational-legal authority

Which of the following types of authority is most typical of modern nation-states?

Rational-legal authority

Which of the following is an example of strain experienced by an organization?

Religious beliefs of management

Juan Carlos originally hoped to purchase a home. However, because he could not earn enough money to ever afford one, he decided that a home was no longer important. Instead, he found happiness through quitting his job, moving into a shack in the woods, and enjoying the solitude. Merton would classify Juan Carlos's adaptation to strain as:

Retreatism

Why is health closely related to social standing?

Richer people live healthier and longer because they eat more nutritious food and receive better medical care.

Gender roles

Rigidly assigned tasks or expected behaviors of individuals because of their sex category

Susan would love to be a lawyer but cannot afford to go to law school. Her boyfriend suggested that she steal from her grandmother's estate in order to finance her education, but she refuses. Instead, she took a two-year course and became a librarian. Merton would classify Susan's actions as:

Ritualism

Which sociologist developed the typology distinguishing prejudice and discrimination?

Robert Merton

The impact that the large "baby boom" generation is having on the U.S. Social Security system is a:

Strain

Examples of resources (5)

Strong educational system Well paying jobs Productive land Ample supply of water Access to technology

Anomie and strain are associated with the:

Structural-functionalist perspective

According to Karl Marx, capitalism was responsible for the masses moving from the country to the city. (T/F)

True

fair and justified

Use their power to make the distribution of resources seem ________

146) _________________________ is learning to live with their minority status with little overt challenge to the system.

acceptance

process of absorbing mainstream culture, either "forced" or "permisable"

assimilation

91) Recidivism is:

c) Returning to prison after already serving a prior term

social mobility

changing one's social position, refers to the "extent to which people move up or down in the class system"

In a/n _____ stratification system, a person's ability to change social positions is limited and often based on gender or race. rigid open closed caste slavery

closed

Which of the following aspects is not characteristic of the ideal american male?

compassionate

33) __________ refer to new approaches that have developed to deal with some of the dysfunctions of bureaucracy.

d) Informal structures

Social psychology is to _____________ as sociology is to ________________.

individuals; groups

highest life expectancy

japan (82)

78) The statement, "Members of society create deviance by defining certain behaviors as deviant" most closely reflects:

labeling theory

Preference Policies

policies based on the belief that sometime people must be treated differently in order to treat them fairly and to create equality

Contemporary social psychology emphasizes the

power of the situation, power of the person, and applicability of social psychological principles

The stage of a social movement in which the context for the movement is set is the ___________ stage.

preliminary

_____ refers to a group of people who share physical characteristics that are passed on through reproduction. Gender Ethnicity Racism Race Racial-ethnic group

race

Sanctions are endorsements of certain behaviors. forms of conformity that are written into law. inconsistent forms of punishment. rewards or punishments for obeying or violating a norm. none of the above

rewards or punishments for obeying or violating a norm.

Next week, Abraham and Hazel will attend the bar mitzvah of their nephew. Their nephew's bar mitzvah is an example of a religious ________.

ritual

workers

sell their labor to capitalists and low on prestige, power, and property

managers

sell their labor to capitalists and manage the labor of others for the capitalists

Zari is a successful lawyer, but her career has begun to suffer and she was recently demoted because the school nurse, Melissa, always expects Zari to pick up her daughter from school when she is ill. Zari's boss expects her to never leave work, but Melissa refuses to call Zari's husband because "a sick girl needs her mama." Zari is experiencing:

side-effect

"Gender division of labor exists in modern societies b/c it is efficient and useful to have different but complementary male and female roles" This statement most closely reflects:

structural-fuctional theory

affirmative action for men

study by judith kleinfeld aimed to shed light on why boys are less likely than girls to seek postsecondary education.

133) ____________________ is the subordination of one group to another that holds power and authority.

subjugation

Hunting and gathering societies that generate very little surplus food and material property are described by sociologists as ________ economies.

subsistence

Which of the following theoretical approaches is most commonly used to understand socialization? functionalism conflict feminist symbolic interactionism None of the above are used to understand socialization.

symbolic interactionism

Prejudice and discrimination are learned, and can therefore be unlearned. This statement best illustrates which of the following theoretical perspectives? functionalist conflict symbolic interactionist feminist social exchange

symbolic interactionist

theory that states: culture shapes how we view the elderly, we perceive ourselves and others according to the symbols of our culture

symbolic interactionist

elderly have gone from being an asset (1700's) to a liability (2000's)

symbolic interactionist perspective

"Human reality is socially constructed reality." This statement best matches which of the theories explaining social interaction? symbolic interaction social exchange feminist theories functionalist social learning

symbolic interation

John, who does not claim to be racist, strongly supports a policy that would prohibit mixed-race couples from adopting children. John is demonstrating:

symbolic racism

genocide

systematic effort of a dominant group to destroy a minority group

The present two party system dominating political activity in the United States has been in existence since . . .

the Civil War

The fact that a person is less likely to help in an emergency when other people are present is called

the bystander effect.

For a government to be stable, what quality must exist?

the source of the power must be perceived as legitimate

Which of the following statements regarding language and sexual inequality is false?

the terms spinster and bachelor are equivalent in terms of positive connotation

Which wave of the women's movement focused on the problems of women in the Least Industrialized Nations?

the third wave

A Black worker is shown how to perform her factory job by a White male supervisor. According to the contact hypothesis, this situation would be unlikely to reduce prejudice because

the two individuals do not have equal status.

By using ___________, a more accurate picture of crime may be seen.

triangulation of multiple data sources

103) Pilfering is considered an occupational crime.

true

105) Smuggling women from one area of the world to another in order to use them as sex slaves is best described as a global crime.

true

109) The United States is one of a few Western developed countries that utilizes the death penalty.

true

130) Discrimination is any action (usually negative) taken against members of a minority group.

true

145) Passing is pretending to be a member of the privileged group when one is not fully a part of that community.

true

39) Researchers find that words make up less than 35% of the emotional content of a message.

true

64) Ben has a new job and admires his new boss, Ray, because he is intelligent, aggressive, honest, and (most importantly) successful. Ray is, most likely, part of Ben's reference group.

true

65) The feelings we often have for members of out-groups can result in prejudice and ethnocentrism.

true

66) Individuals require organizations for human interaction and to meet their needs.

true

70) Goal displacement is a common problem in bureaucracies.

true

92) Members of groups and societies define socially constructed concepts.

true

97) Miriam wanted to be able to own a fancy car, so she attended college and became a physician. She could then afford to purchase her luxury automobile. Merton would argue that Miriam was using conformity to adapt to strain.

true

99) Conflict theorists argue that the greater the inequality in society, the more conflict will exist.

true

In technical programs in high schools, more boys than girls still enroll in automobile mechanics and woodworking.

true

According to conformity research, a group's social power is deflated when it loses its

unanimity.

Countries such as Sweden and Great Britain that have incorporated some democratic socialist ideas into their governmental policies are sometimes called:

welfare states

Which of the following psychological terms reflects a disguised value judgment?

well-adjusted B. mentally ill C. self-actualized

When Milgram conducted his first series of experiments with a sample of 20- to 50-year-old men, he found that over 60 percent of them

went all the way up to 450 volts.

conflict theory

which theory, regarding race and ethnic stratification, argues that creating a "lesser" group protects the dominant group's advantages

symbolic interaction theory

which theory, regarding race and ethnic stratification, says that people are defined as belonging to a group based on physical appearance

Conflict theorists often focus on which type of crime? violent crime property crime white collar crime organized crime victimless crime

white collar crime

Discrimination: Meso-Level Analysis

• PurposefulorDejurediscrimination-isbuiltinto the law or is part of the explicit policies of an organization • Unintentional or De facto discrimination - results from broad policies that favor one group and disadvantage another • Past-in-presentdiscrimination-practicesfrom the past that may no longer be allowed but that continue to affect people today

Racism

• Racism is any attitude, belief, or institutional arrangement that favors one racial group over another; this favoritism may result in intentional or unintentional consequences for minority groups - Ideological racism - Symbolic racism - Institutional racism

Dominant and Minority Group Contact: Macro- Level Analysis

• The form of dominant and minority group relations in a nation depend on several factors: - Who has more power - The needs of the domination group for commodities - The cultural norms of each group - The social histories of the group - The times and circumstances

Nonviolent Resistance; Institutional and Societal Policy for Change

• The model for this technique comes from India's Mahatma Gandhi who led the struggle for independence from Britain in the 1950s • In the U.S., Martin Luther King, Jr. followed in the nonviolent resistance tradition

The higher a persons position on the social class ladder the more likely they will become a victim of crime. T/F

False

The norm of noninvolvement is more likely to apply to rural and suburban dwellers than city dwellers. (T/F)

False

Legitimated

by cultural beliefs

The working class is

declining in size

According to studies on occupational mobility, most social mobility in the United States is relatively

minor

Norms that members of society look upon as not being critical and that may be broken without severe punishment are folkways. mores. laws. sanctions. rules.

folkways

an economic system characterized by the public ownership of the means of production, central planning, and distribution of goods

socialism

The average age at first marriage is _____ for men, and _____ for women. 22; 25 25; 26 26; 28 28; 26 30; 25

28; 26

Types, Methods of measuring, Factors that Affect, Land of Opportunity

4 issues dominate the ability of mobility

Women make up about _____ percent of all workers in the United States. 20 25 34 43 54

In the U.S., the top one percent of U.S. households has _____ of all wealth and _____ of all income. 10%; 20% 17%; 34% 29%; 59% 43%; 35% 52%; 34%

43%; 35%

U.S. life expectancy rank

4th (78)

According to social identity theory, people readily

A. categorize themselves and others. B. identify with certain groups. C. compare their group with other groups.

Destructive mirror-image perceptions operate in conflicts between

A. countries. B. small groups. C. individuals.

The division of large numbers of people into layers according to their relative power, property, and prestige is referred to as ________. A. social stratification B. social networking C. multiculturalism D. the diversification of society

A. social stratification

You will be perceived as more credible if you

A. speak quickly. B. argue against your own self-interest. C. speak confidently, without hesitation.

Erving Goffman used the term ________ to refer to characteristics that discredit people. A. master status B. stigma C. role D. sanction

B. stigma

Occupational positions, marriage partners, residencies, social associations, prestige levels

Castes predetermine

In the United States, which political party is most associated with the working class?

Democrats

more difficult. Lower level positions and mothers may not have worked full time.

Determining mobility of women is

Which of the following is incorrect?

Deviants always purposely and knowingly break the law.

move up than down

Fathers and sons: More likely to

the amount of goods or services produced by a nation

Gross Domestic Product

Sel-fulfilling prophesy

Incorporation of stereotyped behavior into an individual's view of themselves

In which of the following countries is the norm of social responsibility supported most strongly?

India

Through rapidly fading, a caste system still exist in which of the following countries?

India

Symbolic Interaction (3)

Individuals learn their position through socialization Cultural Capital Influences children's school and home environments Symbols often represent social positions

Although the Soviet Union claimed to be a classless society, what kept it from actually being classless in practice?

Individuals were stratified into four unequal categories based on their jobs.

John was adopted as an infant by the Smiths, and has always considered them his real family. What do sociologists classify the Smith family as it is regarded by John?

It is his family of orientation.

What does the metaphor "glass ceiling" mean in relation to women's jobs?

It represents gender-based obstacles to promotion.

Jen is more in love with Stan today than the day she married him. According to research on the relationship between love and perceived attractiveness,

Jen probably finds Stan to be more attractive today than the day she married him.

Ethnic groups

Membership is based on shared cultural heritage, often connected with national or geographic identity

Socialization, Family Background, Education

Mobility depends on micro factors (3)

Caste systems

Most rigid ascribed systems

A clear example of gender socialization is:

Not allowing girls to play in the mud because girls are not supposed to get dirty

The two main forms of democratic constitutional government are:

Parliamentary and presidential

Races can be clearly distinguished on the basis of

Skin color

Jews are most accurately classified as an ethnic group because they share more cultural characteristics than biological ones. (T/F)

True

Karl Marx focused primarily on class conflict, whereas more recent theorists have extended the analysis to include conflicts based on gender, race, age, and other dimensions.

True

Of nearly 1 billion adults worldwide who are illiterate, two-thirds are women. (T/F)

True

Overall, there has been a decrease in the rate of population growth worldwide (T/F)

True

People who are prejudiced against one racial or ethnic group tend to be prejudiced against other groups. (T/F)

True

What did peasants have to do under the estate system in exchange for military protection and other services from the nobles?

Work for free on leased land

Customs and traditions. Evolutionary theory

_____ determine the distribution of scares resources.

individual discrimination

actions against minority group members which can take the form of exclusion, avoidance, or physical violence

What is a system of government in which decision making is vested in a small group of people?

an oligarchy

A group that is perceived as distinctive from one's own group is generally called

an outgroup.

According to strain theory, the underlying cause of deviance is that people experience a sense of normlessness. This sense of normlessness is referred to as ________.

anomie

Zhen Wu lives in a rapidly changing society. Technology is changing more quickly than most people can keep up, and the government was recently overthrown. Zhen Wu as well as his family, friends, and neighbors experience a host of new opportunities, excitement, and anxiety. Which of the following is most likely to be the result of these changes?

anomie

Racism

any attitude, belief, or institutional arrangement that favors one racial group over another; this favoritism may result in intentional or unintentional consequences for minority groups Ideological racism Symbolic racism Institutional racism

Social stratification involves not just inequality, but _____ as well.

beliefs about what types of inequality is fair

Conflict theorists generally agree that two major sources of power in American society, ____ and _______, are closely interrelated.

big business and government

nature argument

biology leads to different behaviors based on sex, socialization and social institutions merely reflect (if not exaggerate) inborn tendencies.

The ____ jobs held by members of the working class yield a family income of between $27,000 and $48,000 a year.

blue-collar

Christina graduated from college last year. She moved back into her parents' home while she looks for a job. Christina is part of the Generation X. Generation Y. boomerang generation. baby boomer generation. sandwich generation.

boomerang generation

"By keeping women in traditional gender roles, men maintain control over institutions and resources." This statement most closely reflects

conflict theory

which sociological perspective argues that competition for scarce resources results in significant economic, political, and social inequality?

conflict theory

The Hindu religion holds that individuals are born into one of four Varna or into a fifth group below the caste system known as the _______________ group. A. Sudras B. Rajputs C. Brahmans D. Dalits

dalits

Discrimination that is done deliberately because of cultural images of women as inferior to or fundamentally different from men:

de jure discrimination

Discrimination that is done deliberately because of cultural images of women as inferior to or fundamentally different from men:

de-facto discrimination

_____ is a process of social and economic change due to the reduction of industrial activity, especially manufacturing. Conglomeration Deindustrialization Unionization Undevelopment none of the above

deindustrialization

The _____ Party believes that the government should provide social programs; the _____ Party believes that the federal government should not be involved in social programs. Republican; Independent Democratic; Independent Republican; Democratic Democratic; Republican Independent; Republican

democratic; republican

_____ is a social institution that transmits culture to its members through formal and systematic training. Tracking Credentialing Education Schooling Magneting

education

High-income countries have greater access to _____ than low-income countries. education safe water income health services all of the above

education safe water income health services

67) Weber used the term ideal type bureaucracy to describe a bureaucracy that would not experience the typical dysfunctions associated with bureaucracy.

false

Elliot Aronson's jigsaw technique involved having elementary school children

form academically and racially diverse groups with each member of the group becoming an expert in one area.

Nearly _____ in ten American children are born to unmarried mothers. three four five six seven

four

Lisa strongly believes that certain groups of humans are biologically inferior to other groups of humans and that this is what explains the cultural and social differences between racial groups. Lisa is demonstrating __________ racism.

ideological

Tasha is preparing for her first date with Bobby. She is very excited because Bobby is the captain of the football team. Before the date, she showers, applies make-up, and buys an expensive new outfit. Tasha's preparation is an example of Goffman's imitation stage. the self. impression management. setting control. manner.

impression management

Research indicates that jurors are more likely to be persuaded when attorneys present evidence

in the order of a narrative story.

_____ are those that share a sense of identity and exclude and devalue outsiders. In-groups Out-groups Primary groups Secondary groups Reference groups

in-groups

The main topic in "Clique Dynamics" by Patricia Adler and Peter Adler is the study of _______. primary groups secondary groups reference groups in-groups and out-groups

in-groups and out-groups

Informal system of schooling

includes the unspoken, unwritten, implicit demands that we must learn in order to master the system

lifestyle

includes your attitudes, values, beliefs, behavior patterns, and other aspects of your place in the world

After hearing a respected medical authority lecture about the value of eating fresh fruits and vegetables, Joshua includes more of them in his diet. This change in Joshua's eating patterns is an example of

informational social influence.

The groups that head the country's top corporations and have access to high-level politicians, which they use to promote legislation favorable to big business, are known as ________.

inner circles

Institutional discrimination

intentional and unintentional actions engrained in the normal or routine part of the way an organization operates that have consequences that restrict minority group members • Side-effect discrimination • Past-in-present discrimination

___________________ are interested in how physical differences between men and women come to be symbols that result in different social rights and rewards.

interactionists

Pascal has a higher social position than his father had, which is an example of ____ social mobility.

intergenerational

First-generation college graduates who become physicians reflect:

intergenerational mobility

"Society's reaction to behavior is a major factor in defining someone as deviant." This statement best exemplifies which theory of deviance? differential association labeling strain crime control feminist theory

labeling

"Members of society create deviance by defining certain behaviors as deviant." This statement most closely reflects:

labeling theory

The just-world phenomenon may lead us to believe that an unemployed person is

lazy.

The process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group defines

leadership.

1. caste 2. social classes 3. slavery

1. rigid, immobile system 2. more movement from one stratum to another 3. people are owned by other people

lowest life expectancy

zimbabwe (40)

means of production

Bourgeois control _____________

According to ___________, the U.S. flag has become a sacred icon. A. symbolic interactionists B. rational choice theorists C. exchange theorists D. structural-functionalists

While race might reflect our biological heritage, ________ reflects our cultural heritage. A. age B. social class C. ethnicity D. gender

C. Ethnicity

important decisions that benefit one over another. Evolutionary theory

Conflicts of interest occur over _____

'Ethnicity' refers to

Cultural differences

"People learn to conform or deviate from the individuals they spend time with." With which theory does this statement best fit?

Differential association

Of the following groups of Americans, which one has the lowest median age?

Latinos

Middle class makes up _____% of population

Social Capital

Networks with others who have influence

Social capital

Networks with others who have influence (Individual quantities also influence cultural and social capital)

Ranked Categories

People are divided into

According to world systems theory, what type of nation provides raw materials and cheap labor for production?

Periphery nations

Which sociologist is credited with describing violence as "the ultimate foundation of any political order"?

Peter Berger

Symbolic Interactionism

Physical, biological sex differences act as symbols that differentiate rights and rewards

position in the social world. SF Theory

Stratification system provides each individual a _____________

Your boss pressuring you to donate to the company charity when you have never supported the charity before is a:

Stress

"Deviance serves vital social functions." This statement most closely reflects:

Structural-functional theory

According to the text, which country accounts for 48 percent of world military spending?

The US

____ is the global leader in the number of inmates per capita. Mexico Iraq Ireland Japan The United States

The United States

In which of the following ways does the United States differ from most European nations and Japan?

The United States has never had titled nobility.

Panethnicity

The development of solidarity between ethnic subgroups, as reflected in the terms Hispanic or Asian American

what was the basis of the estate system?

The ownership of the land

Assimilation

The process by which a minority group abandons its own culture and adopts the cultural practices of the dominant group in society

Because the first of the baby boom generation has now turned 60, we are likely to see a shift to more positive images of the elderly. What is the major reason for this?

Their vast numbers translate into economic clout and political power.

Who developed the theory of prejudice that addressed frustration levels and scapegoats?

Theodor Adorno

struggle over scarce goods. Evolutionary theory

There is likely to be a struggle over _____

Which of the following would not describe the proletariat according to Karl Marx?

Those who subsist on welfare

During the Middle Ages, what physical structure(s) dominated the landscape of the city-state?

a castle and the cathedral

What does D represent in the equation A + B + C → D?

a resulting ethnocultural-racial group in society

The Johnson family cannot afford to buy food for their children. The Johnson family is living in absolute poverty. relative poverty. subjective poverty. objective poverty. squalor.

absolute poverty

147) ___________________ is shunning all contact with the dominant group

avoidance

direct exchange of one item for another

barter

Structural-functionalist theory

each sex has a role to play in the interdependent groups and institutions of society As societies organize, roles and relationships change Complimentary roles are necessary for efficiency in society

The great disadvantage of correlational research is that

it does not specify cause and effect.

Which of the following would not be a member off the lower-middle class?

orthopedic surgons

the forced movement of a minority group

population transfer

Which of the following statements about rape is false?

1 in 20 college women in the U.S. will be raped or survive a rape

113) These four groupings of race were later subdivided into ______ sub-categories.

U.S. median age

36.6

A belief that becomes a reality is: A. Self-fulfilling prophecy B. Strain C. Labeling D. Anomie

Marx's notion that religion diverts the thoughts of workers to the afterlife rather than toward rebellion against their worldly oppressors is expressed by his statement ________.

"Religion is ... the opium of the people."

primary market

"clean" jobs

The Census Bureau reports that the median U.S. family income in 2010 was ______.

$60,395

Prejudice, racism, and discrimination are dysfunctional for society in many ways

- They result in a loss of human resources - They cost society due to poverty and crime - They maintain hostilities between groups - And they fuel disrespect for those in power

Which of the choices below is not true about terrorists? A. They generally act alone. B. They are highly committed to their cause. C. They often feel that they are victims of more powerful forces. D. All of the above choices are true.

Which of the following assumptions do sociologists make about social change? . . A. . Some change can be controlled. . . B. . Change is gradual. . . C. . Change in one level affect only that level. . . D. . Both A and B

Of the following, which is the best example of instrumental aggression?

A group of mercenaries, hired to kill the dictator of a small country, arrange to poison him.

The pain-attack response has been observed in

A. rats. B. monkeys. C. snakes.

Stereotyping

An assumption that all individuals who belong to a particular group share the same characteristics.

Sorting

An ongoing _____________ process

Sociologically, why is gender especially significant? A. It reinforces the teachings of Genesis. B. It provides one group to lead, another to follow. C. It is a master status cutting across all aspects of life. D. It permits a comparison to superior male qualities.

C. It is a master status cutting across all aspects of life.

One of the functions performed by schools is to promote a sense of national identity and stabilize the political system. This function is referred to as ________. A. gatekeeping B. tracking C. social integration D. mainstreaming

C. social integration

Which of the following statements is not true about cohabitation trends?

Couples who cohabit before marriage are less likely to get divorced.

Organized crime is more prevalent among: A. Men B. Elites C. Whites D. Marginalized ethnic groups

Which of the following is not a latent function of education? Schools provide child care. High schools and colleges are matchmaking institutions. Educational institutions create social networks. Education increases upward mobility. Education is good for businesses.

Education increases upward mobility.

________ was the psychologist who developed a five-stage process describing the ways in which people cope during the living-dying interval.

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross

Based on what has worked in Africa, how could the United States improve political representation among women?

Encourage proportional representation

Structural functionalism and Conflict theory

Evolutionary theory draws from

Although women commit homicide at nearly the same rate as men, female offenders are treated in significantly more lenient ways. (T/F)

False

Jencks Study

Findings Jencks found that schools alone cannot create equal opportunity He found that even if schools reduce the educational attainment gap, economic inequality among adults continues to exist Children's school, home, community, and physical environments must all be equalized for opportunity to be equalized

physician who started a movement in 1930 to levy a 2 percent national sales tax to support the elderly, eventually lost to Roosevelt's plan

Francis Townsend

Relationships between rich and poor people. Conflict Theory

How are _______________ shaped by this process.

Socialization Process

How does the family reinforce status?

In terms of false consciousness, Karl Marx worried that the workers would adopt which of the following viewpoints?

Individualistic viewpoint

Displaced Aggression

Involves hostilities directed toward individuals or groups other than the dominant group

Why is Isabelle, who is born into a wealthy family, more likely to have a high-paying job when she gets older than is Anthony, who is born to a single mother on welfare?

Isabelle has more opportunities to develop her gifts than Anthony.

What did the Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution achieve?

It allowed women to vote.

What is the primary criticism leveled against capitalism?

It leads to severe social inequalities.

The self-fulfilling prophesy is associated with:

Labelling theory

How did the 2000 U.S. Census instruct Americans to classify themselves in relation to race?

Respondents can choose one or more races that they consider themselves to be.

Why would Erica, who makes several million dollars a year as a model, not be considered in the upper-upper class in the U.S. class system?

She is an income earner, not a wealth inheritor.

Human capital

Skills and useful knowledge

Conflict theorists would consider voting as being more of a ritualistic process than a demonstration of people exercising power in a democracy. A. True B. False

A. True

Values can subtly influence science by guiding

A. scientists' assumptions and preconceptions. B. the labels scientists use for their concepts. C. scientists' thoughts about what ought to be.

Discrimination

Actions taken against members of a minority group

. According to Ogburn, the findings of stem cell research are: . . A. . Innovations . . B. . Discoveries . . C. . Inventions

The terms "life span" and "life expectancy" are interchangeable and virtually mean the same thing. A. True B. False

B. False

Macro Factors Influencing Stratification (3)

The economic system The geographic location of nations Resources

All of the following individuals are considered charismatic leaders except: A. Jesus B. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. C. Captain Jack Sparrow (the pirate) D. Adolf Hitler

Which statement is least accurate regarding sex and gender? A. Gender is sociologically significant because it is the way in which society controls its members B. The world offers unequal access to power, prestige, and property based on one's sex. C. The terms "sex" and "gender" are sociologically and biologically interchangeable. D. Being born male or female carries images and expectations on how one should act.

C. The terms "sex" and "gender" are sociologically and biologically interchangeable.

What did Durkheim call the common elements of everyday life? A. sanctified B. civil C. profane D. sacred

C. profane

Which of the four system of strati faction allows the least opportunity for social mobility among all members of a society?

Castes

Which of the following individuals would have the narrowest field of elligible marriage partners based on background expectations?

Christian, the son of a CEO of a major corporation

According to Weber, governments are given legitimate power when:

Citizens acknowledge that the government has the right to exercise power over them

What is the determining factor for inflation to occur? font color = blue>

Currency is issued at a higher rate than the growth of the Gross Domestic Product.

All of the following are tenets of the structural functionalist view of social stratification except:

Customs and traditions in a society often prevail over rational criteria in determining the distribution of scarce resources

Bourgeoisie and Capitalist class

The haves.

According to the data presented in the text, the United States has more crime than: A. Japan B. Germany C. Australia D. All of the above

_____ segregation, or legal segregation, has been declared unconstitutional, but _____ segregation has replaced this form of segregation in the United States. De facto; de jure De jure; de facto De jure; de inform De facto; de legal none of the above

De jure; de facto

An analysis of the payoffs in favor of change and the forces rewarding the status quo is known as a:

Force-field analysis

Which of the following statements is true?

Homophobia is highly correlated with a belief in a traditional gender

which of the following is the most basic characteristic of class system?

Income inequality

According to the text, the goal of capitalism is:

Profit

Strict Affirmative Action

a policy that involves affirmative or positive steps to make sure that unintended discrimination does not occur

people born at roughly the same time who pass through life's course together

age cohort

Data from 27 countries shows that people everywhere perceive women as more ____________, men as more _________________.

agreeable; outgoing

Prejudice describes ________ while discrimination describes ________.

attitudes; actions

10) Reciprocity, or a mutual offering of favors, is a motivator for interaction according to:

b) Rational choice theory

Prejudice is to discrimination as attitude is to

behavior.

71) The violation of social norms is called:

deviance

_____ is behavior that violates expected rules or norms. Crime Deviance Stigma Social control Sanction

deviance

doctoral degree with greatest percentage of men

engineering

The term "dominant groups" refers to a numerical majority.

false

race

group identified by a society because of physical characteristics

131) ______________________ discrimination is action taken against minority group members, which can take the form of exclusion, avoidance, or violence.

individual

Sociologically, why is gender especially significant?

it is a master status cutting across all aspects of life

Capitalists

own the means of production

Intragenerational mobility

refers to the change in position in a single individual's life

80) A belief that becomes a reality constitutes:

self fullfilling prophesy

The vicious cycle of depression is usually triggered by negative experiences that lead directly to

self-focus and self-blame.

122) __________________ is the categorization of large numbers of people by prejudiced individuals. They are often distorted, oversimplified, or exaggerated ideas passed down over generations and are applied to all members of a group.

stereotyping

Viewing Blacks as superstitious, Whites as uncaring, and Jews as shrewd are examples of

stereotyping

Which of the following is not a necessary element for collective behavior to occur, according to value-added theory?

strong social controls

"Gender division of labor exists in modern societies because it is efficient and useful to have different-but-complementary male and female roles." This statement most closely reflects:

structural-functional theory

The great strength of correlational survey research is that is

studies factors in real-world settings that cannot be manipulated in the laboratory.

100) Americans are most worried about predatory crimes.

true

Numerically, what is the race of the majority of the poor in the United States?

white

Which of the following is not used by sociologists as a measure to determine someone's socioeconomic status.

zip code

Minority Reactions to Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism

• Five common reactions to dealing with a minority group status: - Assimilation - Acceptance - Avoidance - Aggression - Change-oriented Action

socialization and social control

According to Cynthia Fuchs Epstein's theory, distinctions between the type of work performed by men and women is based on:

Marx's four ways to distribute wealth

According to what a person needs According to what a person wants According to what a person earns According to what a person can take

Individual discrimination

Action taken against minority group members which can take the form of exclusion, avoidance, or violence

Keiran is the head of a single-parent family. Based on national patterns, in which ethnic category does Keiran most likely fall?

African American

Which of the following is considered a racial group?

African Americans

According to most sociologists, gender roles are:

All of the above

Aggression

Anger and resentment over minority status and from subjugation may lead to retaliation pr violence

a system of legal racial segregation enforced by the National Party government of South Africa between 1948 and 1993

Apartheid

Ideological Bigotry

Attempts to justify less respectful treatment of people who are "different" by using unscientific sets of ideas that are erroneously portrayed as science base

Which of the following is true regarding age differences in attitudes?

Attitudes formed in the teens and 20s tend to be stable thereafter.

"Members of society create deviance by defining certain behaviors as deviant." This statement most closely reflects: A. Strain theory B. Labeling theory C. Differential association theory D. Rational choice theory

According to Weber, governments are given legitimate power when: A. They are able to oppress all opposition to their rule B. Citizens acknowledge that the government has the right to exercise power over them C. They coerce the people into submission D. Other countries recognize their power as legitimate

Jimmy's gang is warring with Francisco's gang. To keep Francisco from attacking, Jimmy has bought an assault rifle. This is an example of: A. Anomie B. Deterrence C. Democracy D. Culture of poverty

Racketeering is: A. Returning to prison after already serving a prior term B. The extortion of funds in exchange for "protection" C. The conflict that occurs between the elites and minority groups D. An act that marks an offender as deviant

Smiles, frowns, and hugs are all examples of: A. Informal internal controls B. Informal external controls C. Formal external controls D. Formal internal controls

Which of the following countries is considered a core nation by world systems theorists? . . A. . Philippines . . B. . France . . C. . Saudi Arabia . . D. . Mexico

Bill Gates, Donald Trump, and others who have made fortunes in business, the stock market, entertainment, and sports in the 20th century are classified as being "blue bloods." A. True B. False

B. False

What is the primary reason sociologists study religion? A. to verify or disprove the principles of specific faiths B. to study the role that religion plays in people's lives C. to prove which religion is superior in doctrine and practice D. to evaluate the truth of a religious teaching

B. to study the role that religion plays in people's lives

Give an example of a time when you (or someone you know) engaged in self-handicapping.

Before finals last year me and my friend were so stressed out for a final in a really hard class. We put off studying all of the time to watch the NBA playoffs. We even recorded the games that were overlapping and watch them after so that we could have yet another reason to procrastinate. And when we did poorly on our final in a class we just blamed it on the playoffs and watching the games because we already didn't think we were gonna do well.

Discrimination

Behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group.

Racism

Belief that one race is superior to another

In 1963, 7 month old twin boys underwent routine circumcision. One boy was seriously injured and the parents decided to raise him as a girl. What was the outcome?

Brenda rejected dolls, favored guns, and eventually returned to being a male

Which of the following is an effective alternative to prison?

Building social capital

Which of the following is an example of what Vablen called conspicuous consumption?

Buying a new cadillac Escalade

"Deviance serves vital social functions." This statement most closely reflects: A. Feminist theory B. Symbolic interaction theory C. Structural-functional theory D. Conflict theory

The spread of a new finding from one place to another is known as: . . A. . Discovery . . B. . Innovation . . C. . Diffusion . . D. . Invention .

Based on Merton's typologies, what do drug addicts, the homeless, nuns living in a convent, and monks living in a monastery have in common? A. They all conformists. B. They are all rebels. C. They are all retreatists. D. They are all ritualists.

C. They are all retreatists.

The most significant predictor of whether a student will attend college is his/her ________. A. test scores B. motivation C. family background D. personality

C. family background

Stereotyping

Categorization of large numbers of people by prejudiced individuals

Which of the following economic systems involve state-based planning and control of property?

Centralized

Ascribed stratification systems

Characteristic individuals are born with determines ones position in society

Matthew Shepard was killed by a group of young men simply because he was gay. The killing of Matthew Shepard is a form of:

Crowd behavior

Wealth, power and prestige are awarded according to (2)

Cultural Capital Social Capital

Which of the following social scientists distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate power? A. Wilfred Pareto B. Robert Michaels C. C. Wright Mills D. Max Weber

Clarence Darrow (1933) argued that "facts regarding the crime are relatively unimportant." Research suggests that

Darrow was too cynical—facts do matter.

Weber's Bureaucratic Model applies to schools

Division of labor Administrative hierarchy Specific rules and procedures Formalized relations Rationality

Emergent norm theory

Which term is used to describe a group that is set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns?

Ethnic group

According to ___________, the U.S. flag has become a sacred icon.

Exchange theorists

undermine productivity.

Extraordinary amounts of differential access to resources may

A megalopolis is a large clustering of service facilities and residential areas near highway intersections that provide a sense of place to people who live, shop, and work there. (T/F)

False

A unique feature of American colleges and universities is that they have been co-ed since being established in seventeenth-century colonial America. (T/F)

False

An invention is defined as a new way of seeing some aspect of the world that has always existed. (T/F)

False

Most Asian Americans trace their heritage to Japan. (T/F)

False

The rate of divorce among remarried couples is much lower than the rate of divorce among first time marriages.T/F

False

The split labor market and reserve labor force are most aligned with the symbolic interactionist perspective. T/F

False

Wealth and income are interchangeable terms, each meaning the same in reference to social class. T/F

False

Movement up and down the ladder from one generation to the next

Fathers and sons: Considerable

Who proposed the Social Security plan that was finally adopted by Congress in 1934?

Franklin D. Roosevelt

__________________ theorists believe political systems serve important purposes in society.

Functional

In infancy and childhood, parents/family play a major role in ____________

Gender Socialization

alienated in routine, dull jobs . Conflict theory

How do many people become _______ in which they have little involvement and no investment in the end product?

Necessities. Conflict Theory

How do societies produce ______________

Indirect Aggression

Includes biting assertiveness in the arts and in job-related actions such as inefficiency and slowdowns by workers

Achieved stratification systems

Individuals are allowed to earn positions through their ability and effort

How does primary deviance differ from secondary deviance?

Individuals are not labeled as "deviant" unless they commit secondary deviance.

Institutional discrimination

Intentional and unintentional actions engrained in the normal or routine part of the way an organization operates that have consequences that restrict minority group members (Side-effect and past-in-present discrimination)

__________________ theorists focus on symbols and constructions of reality that allow some persons to assume power.

Interaction

Of the following countries, in which one do the citizens have the longest life expectancy?

Japan

proposed affirmative action for men

Judith Kleinfeld

Underclass

Limited unskilled job opportunities for the lower class have resulted in poverty and stagnation so severe that some families are almost outside of the functioning economic system

Which of the following social scientists distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate power?

MAX WEBER

Which of the following economic systems stress individual planning and private ownership of property?

MArket systems

Organized crime is more prevalent among:

Marginalized ethnic groups

Durkheim introduced the term anomie, but _____ elaborated on the concept to explain how social structure can create deviance. Sutherland Bogel Merton Becker Lembert

Merton

Which of the following is considered an ethnic group

Mexican Americans, Irish Americans, Puerto Ricans

In terms of nature vs. nurture argument, most sociologists would agree with which of the following statements? Nature's influence on human development is constant; nurture's influence fluctuates over the life course. Nature can explain all human behavior. Nurture can explain all human behavior. Nurture affects human development, but nature is more significant. Nature affects human development, but nurture is more significant.

Nature affects human development, but nurture is more significant.

What country in the world has the highest illiteracy rate for females and males, with 92% of females and 76% of males unable to read.

Niger

Which of the following statements about rape is false?

One in 20 college women in the United States will be raped or survive a rape

As described in the text, what are the two myths of race?

One race is superior to another; pure races exist

Which of the following is an example of a crowd behavior?

Panics

17) Which of the following is an achieved status?

Parent

Which of the following statements best exemplifies symbolic interactionist theory? Society is composed of interrelated parts that work to maintain society's cohesion. Society has continuous struggles between the "haves" and "have nots" and this inequality is the source of social change. Gender inequality is the major source in inequality in society. People act on the basis of the interpreted meanings attached to interaction with others. None of the above exemplifies the symbolic interactionist theory

People act on the basis of the interpreted meanings attached to interaction with others.

The 1896 Supreme Court ruling that approved "separate but equal" accommodations for blacks and whites as a reasonable use of state power was ________.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Which of the following solutions addresses racism at the group level?

Positive contact

Transnationalism

Processes by which immigrants maintain social, economic, religious, and political ties to both their immigrant communities and their communities back home.

Social class system

Property, power, and prestige; officially achieved, but actually inherited in part

What term describes a system that emphasizes hard work, savings, and a concern for salvation?

Protestant ethic

Prejudice

Refers to attitudes that prejudge a group, usually negatively and not based on facts

Religious Affiliation

Reflects one's social status

Political systems

Reinforce the stratification system through laws, courts and policing

Which of the following usually dictates one's hereditary rank in a caste system?

Religion

Why can't sociologists empirically study religion?

Religion is a matter of faith that is beyond objective evaluation.

Joseph lives in a country where he is not allowed to go to school with white students since he, himself, is not white. He can only eat in certain restaurants, and he has a government mandated curfew based on his race. He cannot buy a house in certain parts of town and must sit on the left side of the bus. Joseph lives in a town that is

Segregated

When minority group members internalize prejudiced views about their group and allow these beliefs to shape their behavior, it creates a:

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Weber

Social class is more than just a division between workers and owners A person is involved in multiple stratification systems simultaneously A combination of statuses must be considered to determine a person's true social class Property, power, and prestige are measures of social class

Talented individuals; most important positions. SF Theory, Davis and Moore

Societies must motivate ______ to occupy the most ______

Inevitable and Necessary. SF Theory

Stratification is _______ and ______ part of the social world.

Which of the following statements do not follow Duncan and Moore's model of inequality? A. Stratification is part of the social system. B. Father's occupational prestige influences the child's occupational prestige. C. Some jobs are, naturally, more prestigious than others. D. "Good" jobs require talent, preparation, and money to do well.

Stratification is part of the social system

Which of the following statements do not follow Duncan and Moore's model of inequality?

Stratification is part of the social system.

Continuity theory and disengagement theory are aligned with the functionalist perspective.

TRUE

Because of _____, teachers now spend much of their time on basic reading and math skills instead of higher order learning. charter schools magnet schools Brown v. Board of Education the No Child Left Behind Act Title IX

The No Child Left Behind Act

Which of the following statements about the history of the car is false?

The car changed dating behavior, as it allowed women to travel farther to find husbands.

Crimes against the company are more likely to occur when:

The company is large

"Social stratification is universal but variable." What does this statement mean?

The inequality of social stratification is everywhere, but the types and amounts of inequalities vary among societies.

Genocide

The systematic killing of an entire people

Proletariats

The working class, the have nots

Which of the following statements is true about charismatic leaders?

They are effective during transitional periods but are often replaced by rational-legal leaders once affairs of state become stable.

Of the following statements about African Americans, which one is true? When compared with whites, their gap in educational achievement has increased in the last four decades. They are the least diverse minority group in the United States. They are the only group to have been brought to the United States involuntarily. Most are foreign-born. They live almost exclusively in urban areas.

They are the only group to have been brought to the United States involuntarily.

Which of the following is not one of the characteristics shared by "ideal-type" democracies?

They are usually headed by military juntas

41 states still limit marriage to men and women. T/F

True

Changes in social organizations, ideologies, conspicuous consumption, and social relationships are attributed to technology. (T/F)

True

Cultural lag was a term coined by William Ogburn to refer to a situation in which some parts of a culture adapt to an invention or discovery more rapidly than other parts. (T/F)

True

Research has demonstrated that prejudice can have positive ramifications. T/F

True

Research shows divorced fathers often have little contact with their children. T/F

True

Research shows that women are less likely to become full professors. (T/F)

True

Slavery as it was practiced in the pre-Civil War South and apartheid as practiced in South Africa are two examples of internal colonialism. (T/F)

True

Slavery as it was practiced in the pre-Civil War South and apartheid as practiced in South Africa are two examples of internal colonialism. T/F

True

The text points out a number of high-profile examples of white-collar crime by large corporations for which violators never went to jail.T/F

True

The theory of differential association suggests that people who associate with certain groups receive an eccess of definitions about either deviance or conformity. T/F

True

There is a direct relationship between the amount of education an occupation requires and the prestige it holds in society. T/F

True

This early sociologist helped to found the NAACP and was himself a prominent Black sociologist. W.E.B. DuBois Booker T. Washington Jesse Martin Donald Black George Herbert Mead

W.E.B. DuBois

All of the following are main assumptions of stratification except:

Wealth is most important resource

According to Stanley Lieberson's research on the unequal levels of success different immigrant groups have experienced in the United States, one primary factor contributing to the group's success is:

Whether the groups were voluntary or involuntary immigrants

Which of the following statements about social mobility in the United States is false?

Scapegoating

a form of aggressive action motivated by frustration against minority groups because an individual is unable to vent frustration toward the real target or cause

In _____, prospective spouses can compare the "value" of eligible partners before selecting a mate. family economics family values a love bazaar a marriage market none of the above

a marriage market

Sociologically, how would a cult be defined?

a new or different religion at odds with the dominant culture and religion

Sigmund Freud argued that aggression ultimately springs from

a primitive death urge.

The United Kingdom's class system is ____.

a pure caste system

What is armed resistance with the intention of overthrowing a government called?

a revolution

Meritocracy (Education perceived as this)

a social group or organization where people are allocated to positions according to their ability and credentials

What is a major reason that social hierarchies endure for so long?

a strong monarchy

28) Which of the following traits is not characteristic of in-groups?

a) A desire to incorporate members of an out-group

30) All of the following are characteristics of ideal type bureaucracy except:

a) An emphasis on democratic decision making

In __________ stratification systems, individuals are allowed to earn positions through their ability and effort. A. ascribed B. closed C. mobile D. achieved

achieved

In open stratification systems, social classes are based on _____ statuses. ascribed achieved hereditary religious official

achieved

Research shows that differences in intelligence scores between Blacks and Whites are almost eliminated when

adjustments are made for social and economic characteristics.

A negative mood is more likely to boost helping in _________ than in ________.

adults; children

Efforts to recruit members of subordinate groups for jobs, promotions, or educational opportunities are called

affirmative action

According to most sociologists, gender roles are:

all of the above

White-collar crime is:

all of the above

achieved stratification system

allow individuals to earn positions through their ability and effort (open systems)

To what do sociologists compare the conversations between a man and a woman?

an employer and an employee

When Anthony worked as a prison counselor, he would often ask property offenders why they committed the crime. The overwhelming response was, "I had to feed my family." How would Sykes and Matza classify this response?

appeal to higher loyalties

Those involved in relationships marked by long-term equity

are unconcerned with short-term equity.

In __________ stratification systems, the characteristics individuals are born with determine one's position in society.

ascribed

_____ statuses are those that we cannot change, control or choose. Master Achieved Ascribed Role Social

ascribed

Estate systems

ascribed systems characterized by the concentration of economic and political power in the hands of a small minority of political military elete

Psychologist Robert Sternberg views love as a triangle whose three sides include all but which of the following?

attachment

Physical appeal and similarity are two important factors that determine a communicator's

attractiveness.

16) Which of the following is an ascribed status?

b) Daughter

24) According to Durkheim, the key finding of his study on suicide is that suicide can be predicted by the:

b) Degree to which an individual was integrated into the group

In the industrialized world, at least half of all deaths are linked with

behavior.

Stan was initially uncertain about the man he identified as the burglar in a police lineup. His confidence increased, however, after

being asked the same question repeatedly.

Karl Marx argued that capitalism benefits the rich and that society would ultimately be reduced to just two classes: _____ and _____. middle; lower lower; upper bourgeoisie; lower bourgeoisie; proletariat proletariat; capitalist

bourgeoise; proletariat

Which is the highest social caste in India's caste system?

brahmans

21) According to the text, the belief that minorities (sexual, racial, religious, etc.) are detrimental to workplace efficiency is false because:

c) Diversity increases productivity and problem solving.

An economic system in which the means of production are held largely in private hands and the main incentive for ecnomic activity is the accumulation of profit is called ______.

capitalism

What did Karl Marx blame for the transformation of most societies from being Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft?

capitalism

_____ is an economic system where wealth is in private hands and is invested and reinvested to produce profits. Capitalism Communism Socialism Mercantilism Pseudo-capitalism

capitalism

an economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of profit, and market competition

capitalism

economic system criticized for increasing social inequalities

capitalism

haves

capitalist bourgeoisie, controlled the means of production, social control to maintain society

the bourgeoisie is called the

capitalist class

Using a sociological perspective encourages accepting conventional ideas. challenging common sense, myths, and misconceptions. seeing society as unpredictable. people to become happier. all of the above are correct.

challenging common sense, myths, and misconceptions.

Intergenerational mobility

change in status compared to parents' status, usually resulting from education and occupational attainment

Milford has always strongly believed that it is wrong to cheat. But after he himself cheats on a chemistry quiz, his attitude toward cheating becomes significantly less harsh. What best accounts for this attitude shift?

cognitive dissonance theory

According to Karl Marx, the proletariat need_____ _____ _______ to bring about social change.

collective political action

Books and movies that celebrate those who do their social duty, even if it means personal sacrifice, are more likely to be found in

collectivist cultures.

Based on the same levels of academic achievement, where does the greatest pay gap exist between men and women over their lifetime?

college graduates

The maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural domination over a people by a foreign power for an extended period of time is known as

colonialism.

Conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with social pressure while privately disagreeing is called

compliance.

"By keeping women in traditional gender roles, men maintain control over institutions and resources." This statement most closely reflects:

conflict

Racial hierarchies are supported and perpetuated through economic inequality. This statement represents the views of functionalists. conflict theorists. symbolic interactionists. feminist theorists. exchange theorists.

conflict theorists

The main theoretical perspective used in article "The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison" by Jeffrey Reiman is functionalist perspective. conflict perspective. symbolic interactional perspective. feminist perspective.

conflict theorists

_____ ask why some deviant acts are defined as criminal while others are not. Functionalists Conflict theorists Feminist theorists Symbolic interactionists Strain theorists

conflict theorists

theory or perspective states that "business owners keep their workers insecure so they don't unite and demand higher wages"

conflict theory on the reserve labor force

Mary wants advice on how to cope with the stress of a new job. She would be best advised to approach her new job with a sense of

control and optimism.

Mr. Davis, an accounting executive at Alpha Inc., participated in tax fraud for several years, which saved the company millions of dollars in taxes. Mr. Davis is guilty of cybercrime. occupational crime. corporate crime. organized crime. industrial crime.

corporate crime

Bill, a middle-aged insurance salesman, has recently managed to lose 50 pounds while on a weight-control program. Research suggests that he is most likely to maintain the weight loss if he

credits his success to his own efforts at self-control.

72) The forms of deviance in which formal penalties are imposed by society are:

crimes

The forms of deviance in which formal penalties are imposed by society are considered _______

crimes

The forms of deviance in which formal penalties are imposed by society are considered ________.

crimes

paper money

currency

male prestige of work (example)

delivering babies, doctors (male) have greater prestige than midwives (female)

party that the majority of women typically vote for

democrat

a mix of private and state ownership. state controls industries thought to be essential for the public welfare

democratic socialism

Early age at marriage is a/n _____ reason for some divorces. macro-level micro-level demographic interpersonal intrapersonal

demographic

77) The statement, "People learn to conform or deviate from the individuals they spend time with" With which theory does this statement best fit?

differential association

89) Companies that fail to install adequate safety equipment because they feel pressured not to cut into their profits commit a crime against their employees. This behavior can best be explained by what theory?

differential association

John has just failed a chemistry test. He goes back to his apartment and criticizes his roommate's choice of music. What term best describes John's behavior?

displaced aggression

75) According to social control theory, which of the following actions might influence a person to conform?

dissapproving nods, laws, an internal voice that explains right from wrong

Puja got a very short new haircut, so she wore a dress, big earrings, and lots of makeup so that she would still look feminine. Puja is:

doing gender

A/n _____ is any physically or culturally distinctive group that has the most economic and political power. popular group apartheid group dominant group majority group principle group

dominant group

term given to groups with the most power, greatest privilege, and highest social status

dominant groups

De jure discrimination

done deliberately because of cultural images of women as inferior to or fundamentally different from men

A state religion is referred to as a(n) ________ when the government and religion work together to try to shape society.

ecclesia

The vicarious experience of another's feeling is

empathy.

88) Crimes against the company are more likely to occur when:

employees are mentally stimulated by their jobs

Which of the following is an example of institutional discrimination?

employment and housing discrimination

Based on what has worked in Africa, how could the U.S. improve political representation among women?

encourage proportional representation

Men are more likely than women to gravitate toward jobs that

enhance inequalities.

Compared to Americans, people socialized in China and India are more likely to favor ______________ as the basis for justice when rewards are distributed to those within their groups.

equality

118) _________________ groups exist where membership is based on shared cultural heritage and is often connected with a national or geographic identity.

ethnic

For the last five years, Sarah has been trying to recover her ethnic heritage by tracing her family line. This attempt to trace her family line is an example of ________.

ethnic work

Jason is studying race among the homeless. He finds that blacks and Mexicans are more likely to be in "public housing" than whites and Asians. He interprets this finding as "those in power exploiting those without power." Most likely, Jason adheres to:

evolutionary theory

In some tribal societies it is highly encouraged for the son or daughter of one tribe to marry the son or daughter of a neighboring or rival tribe to build camaraderie and form an alliance. This pattern of marital behavior is called ________.

exogamy

Being excluded, avoided, or given the silent treatment leads people to

experience a depressed mood and anxiety.

Manipulating one or two factors while holding others constant is the essence of

experimental control.

micro level factors of mobility

factors of what and what level by these examples: family background, socialization, education, and personal characteristics

macro level factors of mobility

factors of what and what level by these examples: occupational structure and economic vitality, discrimination based on gender or race, global economic situation, population trends

Equal opportunity legislation is likely to influence the behavior of

fair-weather liberals, reluctant liberals, timid bigots.

94) According to labeling theory, if social controls weaken, people are more likely to become deviant.

false

98) According to Merton, ritualism involves the use of illicit means to reach approved goals.

false

A prejudice is an action that one individual directs toward another individual.

false

Ideological racism is one's insistence that one is not prejudiced or racist.

false

In sociology, gender is understood mostly in biological terms.

false

The term minority group is used to denote that a group is the statistical minority in a society or culture.

false

The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and undesirable behaviors is known as the

false consensus effect.

People with authoritarian personalities

fight against conventional values.

What sport did Foley and Eder study to examine the devaluation of females as a method of motivating men?

football

A _____ is a complex and structured secondary group that is deliberately created to achieve a specific goal in an efficient manner. primary group secondary group formal group formal organization primary organization

formal organization

_____ refers to learned attitudes and behaviors that characterize women and men. Sex Gender Gender identity Sex roles Sexual identity

gender

As people mature to middle age and beyond,

gender differences in interpersonal behavior decrease.

The socially constructed meanings associated with males and females are called:

gender identity

largest group of americans with european descent

german

Which theory, developed by Swedish sociologist Lars Tornstam, describes the transformation of the elderly to feel more at one with the universe and more understanding in their perception of social issues?

gerotranscendence

_____ refers to the growth and spread of investment, trade, production, communication, and new technology. Monopoly Capitalism Communism Globalization The economy

globalization

Asch's studies, in which subjects were asked to match lines on cards, showed that people tend to see most things differently. people often lie to those who have authority. group membership generates conformity. leaders compete for power in social groups. All of the above are correct.

group membership generates conformity

According to Max Weber, the word "class" refers to a

group of people who have a similar level of wealth and income

Race

group within the human species that is identified by a society as presumably having certain biologically inherited physical characteristics Racial classifications have been based on numerous physical characteristics

ethnic group

groups within the human species that are based on cultural factors

Which of the following negative moods is most likely to enhance helping behavior?

guilt

A noticeable difference has not been found between males and females in

happiness.

The tendency for opposites to mate or marry

has never been reliably demonstrated.

Which of the following factors is not likely to lead to a lighter sentence for the person convicted?

height

Compared to low self-monitoring people, high self-monitoring people are especially helpful if they think that

helpfulness will be socially rewarded.

Compared to boys, girls in countries everywhere spend more time ___________ and less time _______________

helping with housework; in unsupervised play

At the Barkley Company, there are forty employees. Addison is the President and CEO. Below her, Jack and Ross, are managers. The thirty-seven others work below the managers in the storeroom or on the show floor. Which of Weber's ideal characteristics does this exemplify? high degree of division of labor and specialization hierarchy of authority explicit written rules and regulations impersonality qualification based employment

hierarchy of authority

Exposure to ________ appears to improve racial tolerance.

higher education

Following the suicide of a friend or family member, feelings of guilt are often magnified by

hindsight bias.

The society with the most leisure time spread rather consistently throughout the year is the ________ society.

hunting and gathering

When did the first social revolution occur?

hunting and gathering

Social Significance

idea from Symbolic interaction theory that social consequences constitute reality People assigned group membership, in part, on physical appearance All individuals classify objects, including humans Classifications used to scientifically study humans Classifications can provide individuals with an identity

The main idea in article "Gender and Ageism" by Laurie Hatch is ______ if you are a woman and old, you experience the most prejudice. if you are a man and old, you experience the most prejudice. if you are a woman and young, you experience the most prejudice. if you are a man and young, you experience the most prejudice.

if you are a woman and old, you experience the most prejudice.

Institutionalized sexism leads to ______.

ignoring harm to women even including spouse abuse

self-fulfilling prophecy

incorporation of stereotypes behavior into an individuals view of themselves

social inconsistency

individual can have a great deal of prestige, yet not command much wealth

Personality psychologists are more interested in _______________, while social psychologists more likely focus on _____________________.

individual differences; our common humanity

When Mary, the owner of a large apartment complex, was deciding who to rent an open apartment to, she immediately disregarded the application of 84-year-old Millie b/c Mary does not rent apartments to old women. Mary's treatment of Millie is best described as:

individual discrimination

achieved stratification systems

individuals are allowed to earn positions through their ability and effort

76) Smiles, frowns, and hugs are all examples of:

informal external controls

Smiles, frowns, and hugs are all examples of:

informal external controls

Sherif's study of the autokinetic phenomenon best illustrates

informational influence.

A person who is dying in the sterile environment of a hospital, surrounded by medical professionals and beeping machines, is experiencing ________.

institutional death

At one time, many Puerto Ricans were effectively barred from serving in the Chicago Police Department because they failed to meet a height requirement. This was an example of

institutional discrimination

intentional and unintentional actions in a normal or routine part of the way an organization operates

What category of sociologists would be most interested in the way that social class shapes individual lifestyles?

interactionists

Frank Buckman sits on the board of directors for seven oil companies and three corporations that manufacture oil rigs and oil-producing machinery. Several of his closest business associates belong to the same boards. Such a scenario is an example of a(n) ________.

interlocking directorate

Slavery and apartheid are both examples of the ways in which a country's dominant group exploits minority groups for its economic advantage. What do sociologists call this policy?

internal colonialism

Compared to nondepressed people, depressed people are more likely to attribute their failures and setbacks to causes that are

internal.

patriarchy

involves a few men dominating and holding authority over all others

strict affirmative action

involves affirmative or positive steps to make sure that unintentional discrimination doesn't occur

City police find that Mr. Caldwell, an eyewitness to a murder in a local bank, correctly remembers many trivial details of the crime scene, including the specific time on the clock and the paintings on the wall. Research findings suggest that Mr. Caldwell's recall of trivial details means

it is less likely that he can also correctly identify the murderer.

distribute wealth

karl marx said these are 4 ways to what: each persons needs, each persons wants, each persons earns, each person can take

female infanticide

killing of newborn girls

Cultural capital

knowledge and access to important information in society

cultural capital

knowledge and access to important information in the society

The most visible expression of pluralism is called

language

According to the foot-in-the-door technique, if you get someone to agree to a small request, he or she will.

later comply with a larger request.

_____ are the fastest-growing minority group in the United States. Chinese American Indians Latinos Cubans Arabs

latinos

Which of the following is a necessity to have pluralism in a society?

legal protection of the distinct group

Compared with slavery and caste systems, social classes are

less rigid

What term refers to the maximum length of life that is possible for a species?

life span

period between discovering you are going to die soon and death

living-dying interval

Which category of sociologists would be most interested in the way that social classes shapes individuals lifestyles?

lnteractionists

The status of being between two cultures at the same time is

marginality

the law of supply and demand

market forces

Members of the dominant group usually

marry within their group

Mead's and Murdock's international studies cited in the text show that societies define _____ very differently.

masculinity and femininity

What term did Durkheim use to refer to the sense of unity that comes from doing similar activities and directly sharing most aspects of life?

mechanical solidarity

mass media

meso level agents of gender socialization: EX: magazines, ads, films, TV, music videos

the exercise of power in everyday life, such as deciding who is going to do the housework or use the remote

micropolotics

any item (sea shells, gold) that serves as a medium for of exchange

money

A stranger rides the same bus you do to school every day. According to the mere exposure effect, as the days pass you will come to view the stranger

more favorably.

transnationalism

movements of people across borders; people who fully participate in and have loyalty to 2 nations and cultures and hold dual citizenship

Switzerland is made up of four separate ethnic groups that have kept their own languages but are peacefully united politically and economically. This pattern of intergroup relations is an example of ________.

multiculturalism

World systems theory addresses the conflict between

nations who control wealth and nations who provide natural resources and labor.

Functionalists believe that a stratified society is

necessary

media portrayal of the elderly

negative

social capital

networks with others who have influence

Absolute poverty

not having sufficient resources to meet basic survival needs

Kenny is scolded by his mother and told to stand in the corner quietly for three minutes. While standing in the corner he mutters, "I may be standing, but inwardly I'm sitting." Kenny has been ____________ , but displays no sign of __________.

obedient; acceptance

Which of the following is not an ascribed status?

occupation

life chances

one's opportunities based on achieved or ascribed statuses

Which type of stratification system allows movement between classes? A. Vertical B. Open C. Ascribed D. Closed

open

The simple pattern that emerges when it comes to political involvement is that ____.

people who are better served by the system are more likely than people with low incomes to vote and join political organizations

Conflict is defined as

perceived incompatibility of actions or goals.

race

physical attributes

What is another name for multiculturalism?

pluralism

The _________ model of power argues that power is shared among many power centers, each of which has their own self-interests to protect.

pluralist

_______________ refers to the social institution that determines and exercises power relations in society.

politics

137) __________________ is the often-forced removal of a minority group from a region or country.

population transfer

davis and moore theory

positions in society are neither equally valued nor equally please to perform, preparation requires talent, time, and money, differences in rewards in turn lead to the unequal distribution of resources

The term ______ refers to the level of respect and admiration that people have for an occupation.

prestige

_____ deviance is the initial violation of a norm or law and can range from relatively minor offenses to serious offenses. Primary Secondary Tertiary Street Corporate

primary

Alice Rossi

proposed the concept that women are better prepared biologically for "mothering" than men

doctoral degree with greatest percentage of women

psychology

Sociologists use the term "________" to refer to the fundamental changes in society that occur as a result of vast numbers of women entering the workforce.

quiet revolution

Although unconstitutional a(n) _________ is a requirement that employers must hire a certain percentage of minorities.

quota system

_____ is the process of unlearning old ways of doing things and adopting new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors. The self-fulfilling prophecy Resocialization Socialization The "looking-glass self" Anticipatory socialization

re-socialization

prejudice

refers to attitudes that prejudice a group, usually negatively and not based on facts

domestic colonialism

refers to exploitation of minorities

population transfer

refers to the removal of a minority group from a region or country

assimilation

refers to the structural and cultural merging of minority and majority groups, a process which minority members may lose their original identity

party associated with with wealthy

republican

83) Juan Carlos originally hoped to purchase a home. However, because he could not earn enough money to ever afford one, he decided that a home was no longer important. Instead, he found happiness through quitting his job, moving into a shack in the woods, and enjoying the solitude. Merton would classify Juan Carlos's adaptation to strain as:

retreatism

Harold started using drugs when he was 17. By the time Harold turned 20 he was living on the streets. According to Merton, Henry is a/n conformist. innovator. ritualist. retreatist. rebel.

retreatist

The feeling of sexual attraction and idealization of another is called ________.

romantic love

Which of the following is the best predictor of overall happiness?

satisfaction with marriage

an individual or group unfairly blamed for someone else's troubles

scapegoat

26) Roman's book club is considered a(n) __________ group because they are a large, task-oriented group who focus on achieving a specific goal.

secondary

Connor is reviewing birth and death certificates for persons living in Jefferson County. Connor is using which data collection method? survey evaluation research secondary analysis experiment field research

secondary analysis

Seven in ten infants exhibit _________________ attachment.

secure

Alcohol enhances aggressiveness by reducing

self-awareness.

People who score high on a scale of _____________ tend to act like social chameleons: they adjust their behavior in response to external situations.

self-monitoring

Impression management is to ____________ as cognitive dissonance is to ___________ .

self-presentation; self-justification

Opponents see the Afrocentric perspective as

separatism

Sex-selective abortions and infanticide in China and India have led to ________________ "missing women."

seventy-six million

A biological term that refers to ascribed genetic, anatomical, and hormonal differences between men and women:

sex

Latane and Darley attempted to explain people's failure to intervene in cases like that of Kitty Genovese in terms of

situational influences.

A shift in the characteristics of culture and society over time is known as___________.

social change

_____ is a person's movement up or down the class hierarchy. Social stratification Social mobility Social movement Social change Social hierarchy

social mobility

The movement of individuals or grops from one social class position in a society's stratification system to another is called.

social mobility.

_____ is an economic and political system based on the principle of the public ownership of the production of goods and services. Economy Monopoly Socialism Communism Capitalism

socialism

Adrian, from the time he was born, began learning how to think and behave effectively in society. He learned language, norms, and values first from his parents and then from his peers. Adrian went through a process of learning. socialization. culture. resocialization. nurturing.

socialization

The concept of race is

socially constructed.

frustration aggression theory

states that acts of prejudice and discrimination are motivated by anger and frustration when people can't achieve goals

When Eric was waiting for class to start, he considered starting a conversation with one of his classmates. However, Eric decided they all looked like "frat boys" and he figured they would have nothing in common, so he sat silently and waited for class to start. Eric's behavior can be best described as:

stereotyping

Social forces that keep the vast majority of the world's women stuck in low-paid jobs:

sticky floor

Group polarization occurs when group discussion _________ group members' initial inclinations.

strengthens

In sociology, minority refers to the

subordinate group.

Alice Rossi

suggested that nature provides biological predispositions that are overlaid with culture.

John, who does not claim to be racist, strongly supports a policy that would prohibit mixed-races couples from adopting children. John is demonstrating:

symbolic racism

A stop sign, a wedding dress, and a handshake are examples of mores. transitions. symbols. signs. culture.

symbols

Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore believe that positions in society must be distributed and that these positions must be filled by people with the appropriate

talents and abilities

Research has indicated that __________________ can be self-fulfilling.

teachers' expectations of students B. students' expectations of teachers C. experimenters' expectations of participants

Federal guidelines bar federal agents from using race and ethnicity as a reason for investigating someone, but cases involving ________ are exempted.

terroism

A research hypothesis is a

testable prediction.

In a classic 1947 experiment, Allport and Postman showed participants a picture of a White man brandishing a razor while arguing with a Black man. After six tellings of the story, participant to participant, the last version of the story said that

the Black man held the razor.

What was Weber's term to describe the ideal of a self-denying, highly moral life, accompanied by hard work and frugality?

the Protestant Ethic

Richard is a university graduate and an aspiring businessman. He has recently started his own internet company. What is his probable political affiliation?

the Republican party

Which theory would be most likely to point out that the movement to keep Chinese out of the U.S. became strongest during the late 19th century when Chinese immigrants and Whites fought over dwindling number of jobs?

the authoritarian personality

The incorrect belief that the letter "k" appears more often as the first letter of a word than as the third letter can be understood in terms of

the availability heuristic.

In the aristocratic society of Europe from the Middle Ages until the more recent past, the three "estates" consisted of _____.

the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners

What is the specific political gift that Americans gave the world, based on a person's birth and residence? ____ democracy.

the concept of citizenship

Research indicates that when interviewers are instructed to test for a trait, they tend to ask questions that show evidence of

the confirmation bias.

Karl Marx's main focus was on

the effect economic inequality had on all aspects of society.

Husbands remain primarily responsible for earning the income and wives are primarily responsible for the house and children. This is an arrangement sociologists call ________.

the gendered division of labor

Irene has been working at Megacorp for 10 years. She has an impeccable record and has received wonderful reviews. Still, she cannot figure out why the men that started the job at the same time she did have been promoted several levels while she has only receive done promotion. Irene may be experiencing:

the glass ceiling

The belief held by many African Americans that lighter skinned African American women are more attractive than those with darker skin is referred to as ________.

the internalization of the norms of the dominant group

Vertical mobility

the movement up or down in the hierarchy, which sometimes involves changing classes.

Social neuroscientists seek to understand

the neurobiology that underlies social behavior.

The conflict perspective emphasizes

the redistribution of resources, social change, & the exploitation of minorities by dominant groups.

The tendency to conclude that a person who likes to play chess and read poetry is more likely to be a college professor of classics than a truck driver most clearly illustrates the use of

the representativeness heuristic.

The group in society made up of the unemployed who can be put to work during times of high production and then laid off when they are no longer needed is called ________.

the reserve labor force

Environmental justice refers to

the right to live in communities free from the threat of hazardous waste.

In addition to high testeroterone levels, male aggression is predicted by:

the social class of the male

Gender Identity

the socially constructed meanings associated with males or females and how individuals construct their gender identity within these constraints

Joan and Jim were both hired to do the same work at a college in Kentucky, although Jim's title is slightly different than Joan's. Yet Jim received a higher starting salary than Joan. What do sociologists call this form of employment discrimination?

the testosterone bonus

Secession is

the withdrawal of a group of people from a dominant group to establish a new nation.

Frustration-aggression theory

theory which states that acts of prejudice and discrimination are motivated by anger and frustration individuals feel when they cannot achieve their work or goals

In an enactment of the Good Samaritan situation, Darley and Batson studied the helpfulness of Princeton seminarians in order to assess whether helping behavior is influenced by

time pressures.

The governments of Burma, Cuba, North Korea, and Libya are examples of democracies. totalitarianism. tyranny. socialism. communism.

totalitarianism

The term ________________ refers to "identification as someone who is challenging, questioning, or changing gender from that assigned at birth to a chosen gender."

transgender

87) Which of the following do the authors of the text argue is the best way to measure crime?

triangulation of multiple data sources

36) Global organizations such as the United Nations are linked to individuals through social networks.

true

It is easier to determine an individual's class position in closed systems such as slavery and caste systems than in open system.

true

The main argument in article "The Medicalizaiton of Deviance" is that we redefine certain deviant behaviors as "illness" rather than as "badness", so that they are treated medically rather than punishment. true false

true

The main idea of Peter Berger's article "Invitation to Sociology: A Humanistic Perspective" is that the beauty of sociology is to unmask the taken-for-granted common beliefs about social reality. true false

true

Of the nation's top 500 corporations, referred to as the "Fortune 500," how many were headed by women in 2005?

twelve

Sociologically, what is a family?

two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption

power pluralist theorist

type of theorist that argue that power is not held exclusively by an elite group but is shared among many power centers, each of which has its own self-interest to protect

William Julius Wilson refers to the urban poor that exist outside of the functioning economic system as the:

underclass

secondary market

undesirable, hard, dirty work

As a lawyer, Malcolm earns $150,000 a year, drives a luxury car, and lives in a fairly expensive neighborhood. Into what level of the U.S. class system would Malcolm most likely fall?

upper-middle class

_____ are the standards by which members of a particular culture define what is good or bad, moral or immoral, desirable or undesirable. Languages Norms Mores Values Sanctions

values

What are the three variables identified as defining social class?

wealth, power, prestige

Based soley on the idea of life chances, which group would have the greatest chance of survival in times of danger??

wealthy and powerful people

capitalist

who own the means of production and purchase and control the labor of others

When determinng social rank, studies of social class have tended to neglect the occupations and incomes of _____.

woman

According to Daniel Rossides, which class makes up the largest percentage of the population?

working class

Politically the social class of people who are more likely to feel that the government should intervene in the economy to make citizens financially secure are the ___.

working class

have-nots

working class proletariat's, unorganized lower classes can be exploited as long as they do not have a class consciousness

Theoretical Explanations of Dominant-Minority Group Relations: Structural Functional Theory

• A cheap pool of labors (the poor) who are in and out of work serves several functions for society - A cheap pool of labor provides a labor force to do "dirty work" - They make occupation which service the poor (middle class jobs: social workers, criminology , public health workers, and etc.) - They buy goods others do not want - They set examples for others of what not to be - They allow others to feel good about giving to charity

Which of the following contributed to the end estate system in Europe?

Urbanization

The incest taboo is

a universal norm.

sex

biological characteristics

Vietnam Veterans Study

concluded that human behavior is a mix of nature vs. nurture, social class plays a significant role

The _____ view contends that the poor are "deficient" --that they share some problems, values, attitudes, and beliefs about life which are different from those who are not poor. world-systems culture of poverty feminization of poverty modernization dependency

culture of poverty

"Mindguards" protect group leaders from

disagreeable facts.

Research on personality traits indicate that those high in __________ are most likely to be concerned and helpful.

emotionality, empathy, and self-efficacy

The primary effect of a crowd is that is

enhances arousal.

The practice of locating landfills near minority neighborhoods exemplifies

environmental justice.

Which of the following is an example of a mass behavior?

fads

"Interaction often involves a dominant-subordinate relationship." This statement best matches which of the theories explaining social interaction? symbolic interaction social exchange feminist theories functionalist social learning

feminist theories

currency issued by a government that is not backed by stored value

flat money

140) ________________________________ is when a minority group is forced to suppress its identity. This type of assimilation is more likely to occur when the minority group is culturally similar to the dominant group.

forced assimilation

When the Native Americans were pacified by the military in the late 1800s, they were forced to learn the English language, dress like the white man, renounce their religion, and give up their customs. This was a classic example of ________.

forced assimilation

Which of the following is an example of group polarization in one's community?

gang delinquency

132) _________________ is the systematic effort of a dominant group to destroy a minority group.

genocide

The war between the Hutu and Tutsi people of Rwanda would be considered

genocide

Which term is most appropriate in describing the U.S. government's policies toward the Native Americans in the nineteenth century?

genocide

paper money backed by gold

gold standard

A _____ is a formal organization that has the authority to make and enforce laws. bureaucracy government political structure social group police department

government

A caste system is _____ than a class system.

less open

gender and prestige of work

male activities always have greater prestige

the control of an entire industry by a single company

monopoly

caste system

most rigid ascribed stratification system and are maintained by cultural norms and social control mechanisms

_____ refers to the coexistence of many cultures in the same geographic area, without any one culture dominating another. Ethnocentism Cultural relativism Multiculturalism Metaculturalism Popular culture

multiculturalism

Distribution

of desired resources is unequal

What is the profile of the average American voter?

older, non-Hispanic white, college educated, earning more than $50,000

era that consisted of hunting and gathering societies

pre-industrial

The text indicates that inoculation procedures have been successful in

reducing teenage smoking rates.

Population Transfer

removal to new location

According to the text, the pervasiveness of illusory thinking points to the need for a ______________ study of thought and behavior.

scientific

Managers

sell and manage their labor to capitalists

A biological term that refers to ascribed genetic, anatomical, and hormonal differences b/w men and women:

sex

134) ______________________ is a form of subjugation where one individual is the property of another individual.

slavery

One reason people are overconfident is that they are not inclined to seek out information

that might disprove what they believe.

Power

the ability to control or influence others

The fundamental attribution error is reduced when

the actor and observer switch perspectives with each other.

honor killing

the execution of a female by a male relative for "disgracing the family"

What is the relationship between births and no births to single women and their level of education?

the greater level of education the fewer births to single women

The "global village" refers to ________.

the linking of the world's nations by fast communications, trade, and transportation

Ethnocentrism is

the tendency to assume that one's culture is superior to all others.

107) Prisons are total institutions.

true

There is no clear biological or genetic difference between different racial groups.

true

Which of the following would be considered a source of income?

- income from a rental property - stock dividends - earnings from work

Which of the following is described in the text as a category of the U.S. class system?

- the middle class - the lower class - the upper class

What is the "curse of knowledge?"

. the fact that once you know something, it is hard to imagine what it's like not to know

Recent surveys have found that _____ of high school students admit to cheating on tests. 10 percent 35 percent 60 percent 75 percent 90 percent

60 percent

In the 2008 U.S. presidential election, voter turnout was:

62%

Which theoretical perspective argues that deviance will always exist unless the current structure of society is changed dramatically? A. Conflict B. Labeling C. Structural-functionalist D. Strain

because he was gay. The killing of Matthew Shepard is a form of: A.Crowd behavior B.Mass behavior C.Riot behavior D.Both A and B

Structural functional theory

A cheap pool of labors who are in and out of work serves several functions for society A cheap pool of labor provides a labor force to do "dirty work" They make occupational which service the poor possible They buy goods others do not want They set examples for others of what not to be They allow others to feel good about giving to charity

Race

A group identified by society because of certain biologically inherited physical characteristics

Race

A group of human beings distinguished by physical traits, blood types, genetic code patterns or genetically inherited characteristics.

Which of the following is a proactive social movement?

A group promoting gay marriage

Prejudice

A hostile or negative attitude toward a distinguishable group of people, based solely on their membership in that group

Scapegoat

A person or category of people, typically with little power, whom other people unfairly blame for their own troubles.

Quota System

A system that sets limits on how many immigrants from various countries a nation will admit each year

when a dominant group makes life miserable for the minority until they voluntarily leave

indirect transfer

When researcher Karl Teigen gave students the actual proverb "fear is stronger than love," most rated it as true. When he gave others the reverse form, "love is stronger than fear,"

most rated it as true.

"American drivers are expected to keep to the right on a two-lane road" would be an example of what the text calls a

norm.

Peter hates to wear ties anywhere. Nevertheless he wears one to his sister's wedding to avoid the disapproval of his family. This is an example of

normative social influence.

According to the text, teachers are most likely to reward girls for being:

obedient and passive

_________ occurs when each ethnic group or racial group in a country maintains its own culture and separate set of institutions.

pluralism

Affirmative action has caused a re-examination of

preferences by law and medical schools for children of alumni, height and weight procedures, "last hired, first fired" policies.

discrimination

prejudiced attitudes are manifested in actions, differential treatment of and harmful actions against minorities

Gender socialization

process by which people learn the cultural norms, attitudes, and behaviors appropriate to their gender through sanctions

stereotyping

process of categorizing large number of people and attributing to their person qualities based on their dress, language, skin color, and other identifying features

119) The federal government plays a large role in creating ethnic groups in the US by naming and providing ___________ to the groups, which forces members to become part of the group to receive services.

funds

According to the text, professional clinical judgments are vulnerable to

A. illusory correlations. B. overconfidence bred by hindsight. C. self-confirming diagnosis.

The GRIT model could be applied to the reduction of conflict between

A. individuals. B. groups. C. nations

In group situations, men are more likely than women to

A. interrupt others. B. smile less. C. stare more.

Ken belongs to a church in which the worship services are highly expressive with spontaneous "Amens" and "Praise Jesus" outbursts accompanied by loud, inspirational organ music. Ken is most likely a member of the ________ class. A. lower B. capitalist C. middle D. upper-middle

A. lower

The social-facilitation effect has been found to apply to

A. people performing simple motor tasks. B. chickens eating grain. C. ants excavating sand.

Gender age is the relative value that a culture places on men's and women's ages, such as gray hair on men interpreted as a sign of being mature and gray hair on women interpreted as a sign of being old. A.True B. False

A.True

Which statement regarding the nation's income is MOST accurate?

The top 20 percent of Americans earn nearly half the income.

Biological characteristics (anatomy, hormones, etc) determine one's sex. gender. gender roles. sex roles. sexual identity.

sex

According to social control theory, which of the following actions might influence a person to conform?

all of the above

Thorstein Veblen called purchasing obviously expensive automobiles and building very large houses with excessive rooms _____ ________.

conspicuous consumption

Subordinate groups include

deaf people, women, Roman Catholics

_____ refers to a preference for sexual partners of the same sex, of the opposite sex, or of either sex. Sexual discrimination Sexual orientation Sexuality Gender role Gender identity

sexual orientation

__________ refers to how individuals are layered or ranked in society according to how many valued resources they possess.

social stratification

_____ is an organized pattern of behavior that governs people's relationships. Social interaction Social structure Status Master status Role

social structure

Racial formation refers to the

sociohistorical process by which racial categories are created and manipulated.

Which of the following is commonly used to explain the gender pay gap? women choose fields with lower earnings the glass ceiling women are more likely to work part-time all of the above none of the above

women choose fields with lower earnings the glass ceiling women are more likely to work part-time

Which of the following statements about gender and the mass media is false?

women who are quite large are almost entirely depicted as positive role models.

According to sociologist Christin Williams, men who are employed in positions traditionally considered "women's occupations," encounter:

the glass escalator which allows faster promotion

The inability of women to move laterally within a company is known as

the glass wall

Relative poverty

income falls below the poverty line, resulting in inadequate standard of living relative to others in a given country.

Between the year 2010 and 2050, the proportion of the U.S. population that is Black, Hispanic, Asian, and Native American will likely

increase from 36% to 54%

why do women and african americans vote differently than white men as of late

they make less money than white men

What act did members of the National Women's Party engage in to gain the right to vote in 1917?

they picketed the White House

Most Americans agree that

they would vote for a qualified woman whom their party nominated for president.

judaism

this religion allows women equal participation in 3 of their 5 branches

top arms buyer from 2001-2004

Saudi Arabia ($19 billion)

A belief that becomes a reality is:

Self-fulfilling prophecy

In 1936, the news magazine, Literary Digest, collected the opinions of over two million Americans regarding the presidential election. The results suggested that Alf Landon would win in a landslide over Franklin D. Roosevelt. Weeks later, FDR won in a landslide. This survey was plagued by

sampling bias.

Racketeering is:

The extortion of funds in exchange for "protection"

Why do the ruling elite in the Least Industrialized Nations work so closely with the heads of multinational corporations to develop informal partnerships? A. to develop the necessary political stability to maintain the partnership B. to expand the middle class throughout Least Industrialized Nations C. to increase the standard of living of people in poor nations D. to increase humanitarian aid to the poor

A. to develop the necessary political stability to maintain the partnership

What region of the United States has the highest clustering of people in poverty?

The south

Racial profiling is

based on stereotypes.

A _____ is a formal organization that is designed to accomplish goals and tasks by large numbers of people. voluntary association formal association bureaucracy government civil organization

bureaucracy

Women's jobs tend to be "feminine" and require care-giving. serving others. working with people. none of the above. all of the above.

care-giving. serving others. working with people.

Minority influence is most likely to have an impact through

central route persuasion.

Someone with an outstanding gift or exceptional quality that draws others to them and their message is said to possess ________.

charisma

authority based on an individuals outstanding traits, which attract followers

charismatic authority

People's social class can affect which of the following?

child rearing formal schooling religious affiliation

the concept that birth (and residents or naturalization) imparts basic rights

citizenship

In general, women more than men give priority to

close relationships.

According to Merton, Americans are taught to strive towards the "American Dream" of economic success. He called these aspirations institutionalized goals. institutionalized means. cultural strain. cultural means. cultural goals.

cultural goals

In As You Like It, Shakespeare wrote that "All the world is a stage and all the men and women merely players." This illustrates which concept? self-fulfilling prophecy Thomas theorem dramaturgical analysis social construction of reality ethnomethodology

dramaturgical analysis

Comedians such as Dave Chapelle, who use their art to make satirical commentary about race relations in the United States, use which of the following strategies of minority groups when dealing with discrimination and prejudice?

indirect aggression

era that machines powered by fuels increase production, stimulated international trade, and brought greater social inequalities

industrial

Which of the following factors most transformed the process of dying into an event to be managed by professionals?

industrialization

Death-qualified jurors are

more likely to convict in criminal cases.

For minor issues, the impact of a persuasive appeal is likely to increase with

repetition.

Processes that Keep Minorities Unequal from the Dominant Group

-Stratification results in minority status -Prejudice results in poor self concept, negative relations with others -Racism results in negative attitudes, stereotypes, self-fulfilling prophecy -discrimination results in poor jobs, income, education, housing -negative contact results in hostilities, war, conflict between groups

Sociologically, what is a blended family?

A husband or wife brings a child into the new family from a prior relationship.

Pluralism

A state in which people of all races and ethnicities are distinct but have equal social standing

Higher than normal levels of testosterone have been found in

A. violent male criminals. B. boisterous fraternity members. C. National Football League players.

How would sociologists classify communism in respect to its religious qualities? A. It is a secular religion. B. It is a civil religion. C. It is a functional equivalent of religion. D. It is a dysfunction of religion.

C. It is a functional equivalent of religion.

Access to healthcare

Depends on one's position in the stratification system

Sociologists believe that women are born to be nurturers. (T/F)

False

Occupational inheritance

Fathers and sons: High level of

Social Stratification

How individuals and groups are layered or ranked in society according to how many valued resources they possess.

Types of Mobility

Intergenerational mobility refers to change in status compared to your parents' status, usually resulting from education and occupational attainment Intragenerational mobility refers to the change in position in a single individual's life Vertical mobility refers to movement up or down in the hierarchy, which sometimes involves changing social classes Horizontal mobility refers to movement to a new status that is considered equal to the prior one

The practice the South employed after the Civil War to segregate blacks from whites was called ________.

Jim Crow Law

Which of the following facts are untrue regarding hate crimes?

Most are due to homophobia

Sticky Floor

Social forces that keep the majority of the world's women stuck in low-paid jobs

Glass Ceiling

Social forces that keep women from reaching the highest levels of corporate and public responsibility

Which of the following major historical events strongly influenced Karl Marx? The Enlightenment Discovery of the New World The French Revolution The Industrial Revolution World War I

The Industrial Revolution

Assimilation tends to take longer under which of the following conditions?

The minority group maintains its own culture.

Which of the following is a function of a ready labor force, according to structural-functional theorists?

The ready labor force will complete menial, unskilled jobs largely unattractive to the majority of society.

Population Transfer

The removal, often forced, of a minority group from a region or country.

According to Marx, which of the following is a characteristic of the proletariat

They have the power to create a classless society if they develop a class consciousness.

cooperate. Evolutionary Theory

To survive one must________

Minority Groups

Usually has some physical or cultural characteristic that identifies the people within it as different from the dominant group.

The main idea in "The Unfinished Revolution - How a New Generation is Reshaping Family, Work, and Gender in America" is Women want a balance of economic autonomy and emotional commitment. Men want a 'neotraditional' family arrangement. Both A and B are correct. Neither A or B is correct.

Women want a balance of economic autonomy and emotional commitment. Men want a 'neotraditional' family arrangement.

Prejudice is

a negative attitude, not behavior.

You have been asked to prepare a speech opposing capital punishment. To be most effective in convincing those who strongly favor the death penalty, you should present

a two-sided communication.

12) After experiencing combat, many veterans experience internal disorder, conflict, and a sense of normlessness. Émile Durkheim would say that they are feeling:

a) Anomie

11) Which of the following theories would be most likely to argue that people take the underlying rules of interaction for granted?

a) Ethnomethodology

In __________ stratification systems, individuals are allowed to earn positions through their ability and effort.

achieved

_____ statuses are those that we can change, control or choose through effort or actions. Master Achieved Ascribed Role Social

achieved

A social position that people attain largely through their own efforts is called a(n)

achieved status

Zimbardo reported that women who were masked and hooded in KKK-style hoods and robes tended to ___________________ than women who were visible and wore name tags.

administer longer shocks to a victim

The U.S. government is made up of three branches. Which of the following is not one of these branches? executive judicial administrative legislative None of the above - all of the above are branches of the U.S. government.

administrative

In research by Loftus and colleagues, University of Washington students were shown slides depicting successive stages of an automobile-pedestrian accident. Results showed that

asking misleading questions caused distortion of eyewitnesses' memories.

139) _______________________ refers to the structural and cultural merging of minority and majority groups which can cause minority members to lose their original identity.

assimilation

If Mariah has fifty-fifty odds of completing a four-year college degree, of what social class is she most likely a member?

average-middle class

Marcus Garvey's Back-to-Africa movement in the United States was an example of which minority group strategy to dealing with prejudice and discrimination

avoidance

Marcus Garvey's Back-to-Africa movement in the United States was an example of which minority group strategy to dealing with prejudice and discrimination?

avoidance

The exploitation theory explains the

basis of racial discrimination in the United States.

American Psychological Association ethical principles dictate that potential research participants should be told enough about the experiment to

be able to give their informed consent.

29) The main purpose of a bureaucracy is to:

c) Maximize efficiency

If birth alone determines Monika's entire future, allowing little or no social mobility based on individual effort, Monika lives within a(n) ______.

caste system

estate system

characterized by the concentration of economic and political power in the hands of a small minority of political-military elite, with the peasantry tied to the land, common in Europe and Japan, based on ownership of land, position one's born into, or military strength

Which of the following is cited in the text as an example of how changing behavior can alter attitudes?

civil rights legislation.

The United Kingdom and Australia have adopted _____ policies to remove the historical double standard at work.

comparable worth

When an executioner wears a hood he is separating his true identity (the man without a hood) from the one carrying out the execution. Such behavior is part of an effort to separate one's feelings from one's acts, called ________.

compartmentalization

Which of the following aspects is not characteristic of the "ideal" American male?

compassionate

Gender inequality is built into the social structure, in and out of the home. Which sociological perspective does this statement illustrate? functionalist conflict symbolic interactionist feminist exchange

conflict

Stratification is dysfunctional because it harms society and individuals. This statement best represents which theoretical perspective? conflict functionalist symbolic interactionist feminist exchange theory

conflict

Which of the following is an example of social capital? A. Professional licensure B. Country club membership C. Postdoctoral training D. All of the above

country club membership

_____capital refers to social assets, such as an elite education. Economic Cultural Social Class Collective

cultural

ethnicity

cultural attirbutes

Assimilation

cultural blending of groups which results in minority members losing their original identity

Josh, a young black adult who grew up poor in New York, is having difficulty in college. He does not know how to dress for "formal" events, how to tie a tie, or own a pair of dress shoes. According to sociologists, Josh lacks: A. Cultural capital B. Class consciousness C. Solidarity D. Prestige

cultural capital

Since 1969, the middle class in the United States has:

decreased

The number of workers required to support one dependent member of society is called the ________.

dependency ratio

A research psychologist manipulates the level of fear in human participants in the laboratory and then examines what effect the different levels of fear have on the participants' reaction times. In this study, reaction time is the __________variable.

dependent.

In a psychological experiment, the factor being measured is called the __________ variable.

dependent.

a receipt stating that a certain amount of goods is on deposit in a bank or warehouse

deposit receipt

The tendency of mildly depressed people to make accurate rather than self-serving judgments is referred to as

depressive realism.

_______ is defined as the violation of social norms.

deviance

a form of government in which an individual has seized power

dictatorship

The spread of a new finding from one place to another is known as:

diffusion

121) _________________________ refers to differential treatment and harmful actions against minorities that occurs when prejudiced attitudes are manifested into actions.

discrimination

When William McGuire and his Yale University colleagues invited children to "tell us about yourself," they found that the children were most likely to mention their

distinctive attributes.

136) _________________________________ is the exploitation of minority groups within a country.

domestic colonialism

The tendency to assume that one's culture and way of life are superior to all others is termed

ethnocentrism.

Compared to depressed people, normal people

exaggerate their control of events around them.

144) Separation is attempting to "pass" or assimilate as members of the dominant group so as to avoid bigotry and discrimination.

false

37) Because norms govern social behavior, social interaction is rarely misinterpreted.

false

38) Using the turn signal to let the drivers around you know that you are turning left is an example of social interaction.

false

A division of gender roles helps society function smoothly. Which sociological perspective does this statement illustrate? functionalist conflict symbolic interactionist feminist exchange

functionalist

underclass

has virtually no property, prestige, or power

In the article "The Sociological Imagination" by C. Wright Mills, the sociological perspective is how biology influence human lives. how natural environment influence human lives. how social and historical structures influence human lives. None of the above.

how social and historical structures influence human lives.

Sexuality

how we experience our own bodies and our bodies in relation to others

127) __________________ racism is the belief that humans are divided into innately different groups, some of which are biologically inferior.

ideological

John Court reports that as pornographic materials have become more widely available, the rate of reported rapes has generally been found to

increase.

Emile Durkheim, in his studies of suicide, found that _____, and concluded that _____ accounted for the variation in suicide rates. males are more likely than females to commit suicide; social structure females are more likely than males to commit suicide; social structure males are more likely than females to commit suicide; social integration females are more likely than males to commit suicide; social integration none of the above

males are more likely than females to commit suicide; social integration

In the United States, government interventions that restrict a person's ability to immediately produce and sell a product that he or she has discovered or invented are referred to as ________.

market restraints

the means by which people place a value on goods and services in order to make an exchange

mediums of exchange

115) How many different sub-species of humans have scientist identified during the last 820 years?

none- there is one race of humans

Symbols, values, norms and beliefs are examples ofcultural boundaries. nonmaterial culture. material culture. primitive culture. subversive culture.

nonmaterial culture

A technique for bringing about change at the institutional and societal levels used by Mahatma Gandhi, Jesse Jackson, and Caesar Chavez was:

nonviolent resistance

A meritocracy would be considered a(n) ______ social system.

open

Discriminatory practices that are no longer allowed but that continue to affect people today:

past-in-present discrimination

_____ is a political system where power is distributed among a variety of competing groups Communism Pluralism Assimilation Capitalism Socialism

plualism

Which of the following solutions address racism at the group level?

positive contact

150) ________________________ are based on the belief that sometime people must be treated differently in order to treat them fairly and to create equality.

preference policies

The idea that "sometimes people must be treated differently in order to treat them fairly and create equality" is the central idea of:

preference policies

Sam, a bartender who saw duty in Vietnam, refuses to serve Asians in his bar because he believes that Asians have no business living in the U.S.A. Sam's actions describe ________.

prejudice and discrimination

A/n _____ is a group that shapes our behavior, values and attitudes, and influences who we'd like to be in the future. in-group out-group primary group secondary group reference group

reference group

When baseball's rookie-of-the-year has a more ordinary second year we shouldn't be surprised. This fact is easily explained by

regression toward the average.

One factor that has led to an increase in women in the U.S. workforce is a _____.

rising divorce rate

Max Weber used the term ____ to refer to the transition from a charismatic leader to either a rational-legal authority or traditional authority.

routinization of charisma

Karl Marx believed that the dominant ideology in a capitalist society always serves the ___ ______.

ruling clas

The criminal justice system in the U.S. has been found to discriminate against minority groups. Our economic system in the United States has been found to discriminate against individuals who have been convicted of a crime. If a minority job applicant is not hired because of an unjust criminal conviction, the applicant has experienced __________ discrimination.

side-effect

The criminal justice system in the United States has been found to discriminate against minority groups. Our economic system in the United States has been found to discriminate against individuals who have been convicted of a crime. If a minority job applicant is not hired because of an unjust criminal conviction, the applicant has experienced __________ discrimination.

side-effect

_____ refer(s) to the technique and strategies that regulate people's behavior in society. Sanctions Social control Strain Anomie Labeling

social control

Social class systems

stratification based on achieved status

"Each sex plays a complimentary role to ensure the survival and efficiency of society" is a tenet of which sociological theory?

structural functionalist

Every ten years, the U.S. Census Bureau mails forms to every home in the United States to collect federally mandated data. The Census Bureau is using which of the following data collection methods? secondary analysis field research experiment survey evaluation research

survey

128) ______________ racism is the insistence that one is not prejudice or racist—that they are colorblind and committed to equality—but at the same time, they oppose social policies that would eliminate racism and make true equality of opportunity possible. This kind of racism views ideological racism as ignorance, but does not recognize the importance of their beliefs to institutional discrimination.

symbolic

The term micropolitics is most aligned with which sociological perspective?

symbolic interaction

The term genocide would NOT be used to describe which of the following historical events?

the creation of Pakistan and the geographic separation of Muslims and Hindus

Interactionists seek to explain society as a whole by studying

the everyday forms of social interaction

Social mobility

the extend and direction of individual movement in the social stratification system.

What term describes the invisible barrier that keeps women from advancing to the top levels of a corporation?

the glass ceiling

Why was it possible for a peaceful transfer of power to take place in South Africa when President deKlerk (a powerful white South African) was replaced by Nelson Mandela (a black South African)?

the nation followed the procedures based on rational legal authority

Experiments show that people in groups loaf less when

the task is challenging.

Why is every group considered political in some sense?

there is a power struggle of some sort in every group

The attitudes-follow-behavior effect is greatest when

there is insufficient justification for the behavior.

Mark and Sally are married, both are working, and they chose not to have children. What classification best fits them?

they are DINKS

Research on the memories of young children indicates that

they are especially susceptible to misinformation.

People are most likely to resort to self-handicapping when

they fear failure.

Evolutionary psychologists argue that the forces of natural selection predispose us

to particular actions and reactions when dating and mating.

Which of the following solutions addresses racism at an individual level?

tolerance education programs

a form of government that exerts almost total control over a people

totalitarianism

138) ______________________ is when people move across borders and fully participate in and have loyalty to two nations and cultures and often hold dual citizenship.

transnationalism

William Julius Wilson refers to the urban poor that exist outside of the functioning economic system as the

underclass

Callahan, who was born to working-class parents, just graduated from med school and passed his medical board exams. He would be considered to have experienced ______.

upward mobility

______ is an inclusive term that encompasses all of a person's material assets, including land, stocks, and other types of property.

wealth

Minority groups

- Distinguishable - Excluded or denied full participation - Defined and valued differently • usually less favorably - Stereotyped, ridiculed, condemned, or otherwise defamed - Develop collective identities

Common assumptions often go unchallenged among a group of scholars who share the same

. culture.

Given what we know about the causes of aggression and the factors that contribute to its expression, suggest five strategies for reducing aggression in our society.

1) We can reduce aggression by keeping violence away from children so that they don't learn it socially through modeling. If we keep violence from them at a young age and model behavior that is anti-aggression, when they grow up they will be more likely to act without aggression. 2) We should also limit pornography, seeing as studies show it contributes to men acting aggressively towards women. 3) We also should limit the amount of violence and aggression in the media, especially television. Extreme exposure of violence in the media distorts viewers reality of violence, according to the text. 4) We also need to begin steering away from the catharsis hypothesis. This text has shown me that "expressing aggression more often breeds than reduces further aggression". 5)In group situations we can reduce aggression by not diffusing responsibilities. When that occurs it has been found to "amplify aggression". The people who give the orders should have to take part in carrying out the task so that they are apart of the aggression and aren't delegating actions so that they understand the effects of their aggression. Kind of like in Milgram's experiment.

The first time humans were systematically classified into different groups in scientific work was in:

1735 by Carl von Linne

Sexual harrassment was not recognized as a social problem until the:

1970's

About _____ of the human body's 35,000 genes determine the color of a person's skin. 6 16 26 36 No one knows for sure.

A meta-analysis conducted by a University of Minnesota research team found that out of 134 studies, _________ showed clinical judgments to be superior to statistical prediction.

According to the 2010 U.S. Census, almost _____ percent of the population typically complete high school, but only about _____ percent typically complete a four-year college degree.

90; 30

Apartheid

A system of legal racial segregation enforced by the National Party government in South Africa between 1948 and 1994, under which the rights of the majority black inhabitants of South Africa were curtailed and minority rule by whites was maintained.

What is the main idea in the article named "Has the Power Elite Become Diverse?" As the power elite became diverse, the values of power elite also changed. As the power elite became diverse, there is no shared value any more. Although the power elite became diverse, they endorse the same values of those already in power. None of the above.

Although the power elite became diverse, they endorse the same values of those already in power.

norms and values of society

Bourgeois control _____________ of society

According to evolutionary theory, societies typically move through stages in which order? . . A. . Horticultural, hunting and gathering, agrarian, industrial . . B. . Agrarian, hunting and gathering, horticultural, industrial . . C. . Hunting and gathering, horticultural, agrarian, industrial . . D. . Hunting and gathering, agrarian, horticultural, industrial

Which of the following is not one of the characteristics shared by "ideal-type" democracies? A. Civil liberties are guaranteed B. Constitutional limits are placed on governmental powers C. They are usually headed by military juntas D. Citizens participate in selecting the government

_______ is defined as the violation of social norms. A. Stigma B. Crime C. Deviance D. Recidivism

. Variations or alterations in the behavior patterns, culture, and structure of society are known as: . . A. . Cyclical theories . . B. . Strain . . C. . Stress . . D. . Social change

What do conflict theorists believe is the purpose of the hidden curriculum? A. It encourages the mainstreaming of students. B. It promotes individual change. C. It maintains the power of teachers. D. It promotes social inequalities.

D. It promotes social inequalities.

Citizens in which of the following nations pay the lowest social security taxes? A. Hungary B. Poland C. France D. United States

D. United States

Conspicuous Consumption

Displaying goods in a way that others will notice and will presumably earn the owner respect

Biologists and anthropologists generally agree on a five-member classification system to universally distinguish one race from another. (T/F)

False

Everyone who shares a respective ethnic identity expresses that identity through the same ethnic work. (T/F)

False

In every country that industrializes, the birth rate increases (T/F)

False

Sociologically, "gender" and "sex" are interchangeable terms that have virtually the same meaning. (T/F)

False

The term "melting pot" is the most appropriate analogy to classify Americans based on the fascination Americans have with their ethnic roots. (T/F)

False

The way in which race is determined is a universal cultural constant. (T/F)

False

How many classes did Daniel Rossides include in his model of class structure in the United States?

Five

Identify the steps in Darley and Latane's "decision tree" of helping. Based on this model, how could you increase your chances of getting someone to help you in an emergency?

If I needed help, I would not only yell help, but I would yell what was going on to reduce the ambiguity of the incident. I would say something like, "Help! I'm being beat, this man won't stop hitting me!" (Assuming that I could talk) That way people are aware of exactly what's going on and can think of how to respond, instead of only vaguely assuming nothing major is wrong. I also would say to someone who was walking by, maybe after I was beat, that if they walk by and don't help they are being irresponsible so as to motivate them to increase their personal responsibility and maybe give them enough motivation to actually help me. I could also make them feel sort of guilty and say things like please help me, if I don't get help soon I may bleed out. I may be overly dramatic to get a little more attention if I really needed the help. Or I could also say something like, you seem like a good person please help, so that they become aware of their self image and the need to help me.

Compare and contrast the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Tragedy of the Commons.

In comparison, both scenarios will have good outcomes if everyone involved in the situations cooperate. The controversial piece to each of these social dilemmas is that people are constantly trying to maximize their personal rewards and minimize their personal punishments. Because of this social exchange theory it seems that most people will betray the others in order to receive what is best for them. They are also both non-zero-sum games. Cooperation is the best that people can do in both social dilemmas. Both social dilemmas are also based on situational behaviors and changing motives. In contrast, the Prisoner's Dilemma deals only with two parties while the Tragedy of the Commons involves multiple parties. Regulations can help out int the Tragedy of the Commons, however most of the time there are no regulations that help out in the Prisoner's Dilemma because it only involves two parties that were in a previous alliance, its a relationship thing.

Sociologically, why is gender especially significant?

It is a master status cutting across all aspects of life.

According to power elite theorists:

It is inevitable that a small group will rule societies

The concept of the relativity of deviance is BEST illustrated by which of the following statements?

It is not the act itself, but the reaction of others to the act that makes it deviant.

The estate system was associated with feudal societies during what period of history?

Middle ages

Which of the following is a social cost of group inequalities?

Minority members of a society may not be able to reach their full human potential to maximize their contribute to the society.

Which of the following is a social cost of group inequalities?

Minority members of a society may not be able to reach their full human potential to maximize their contribute to the society.

Occupational Structure, Population Trends, Gender and Ethnicity, Interdependent global market

Mobility depends on macro factors (4)

According to the text, lynching, killings, and hate crimes are all examples of:

Mobs

Which of the following statements about terrorism is false?

Modern terrorist organizations are national governments (e.g., Afghanistan, Iran, North Korea).

Illustrate the power of the situation using an example from your own life (e.g., describe a time when others failed to recognize you because the situation was different from usual, or describe a time when a given situation influenced you to act contrary to your beliefs).

One time I had a history class where I was the only girl and so when discussing women's suffrage I feel like my comments were maybe toned down on the feminism because I had no one else in the class who understood the role of women and at times our apparent inferiority in society.

Minority groups in the United States have, on average, significantly lower net worth than white Americans even when the two have similar education, income, and occupations. Sociologists attribute the wealth gap largely to housing policies that excluded minority individuals from home ownership. This is an example of __________ discrimination.

Past-in-present

Which of the following is a meso-level factor that can shape social stratification

Political affiliation

Past-in-Present Discrimination

Practices that are no longer allowed but that continue to affect people today

A(n) ________ is a group within the human species that is identified by a society as presumably having certain biologically inherited physical characteristics.

Race

What is a group of people with inherited physical characteristics that distinguish it from another group?

Race

"A group seeking change can attempt to set up a situation in which desired behavior is rewarded." This statement most closely reflects:

Rational choice theory

What political party was the party of Abraham Lincoln?

Republican

A political gender gap is occurring, with men more likely to vote ____ and women more likely to vote ____.

Republican; Democratic

Recidivism is:

Returning to prison after already serving a prior term

Glass Escalator

Social forces that push men up the organizational hierarchy even if they do not seek to climb it, especially in female-dominated occupations

__________ refers to how individuals are layered or ranked in society according to how many valued resources they possess. A. Social stratification B. Social status C. Social capital D. Social differentiation

Social stratification

How are both the power of the situation and the power of the person evident in the results of Asch's conformity research?

The situation takes power and is evident in the results of Asch's conformity research in that being surrounded by all of these people who disagree with you leaves you feeling uncomfortable. The situation creates you as a minority, although there is no one pressuring you to conform. However, "there were no rewards for "team play" and no punishments for individuality". This means that the ultimate decision was left up to the subject and the power of the person. This situation ultimately should be only based upon the power of the person if it were played out in real life, however the situation takes power in making the subject question whether they should trust themselves or the majority.

Which of the following statements regarding language and sexual inequality is false?

The terms spinster and bachelor are equivalent in terms of positive connotation.

Sociologists consider Jewish Americans an ethnic group because

Their religion is their culture

What did the research by anthropologist Dorothy Jerrome show regarding the ways in which the elderly actually retire?

They exchange one set of roles for another set of roles.

According to the text, which of the following is not a typical function of meso-level political institutions?

To socialize new citizens

Which of the following is the correct order of the stages of the scientific method? Literature review, topic selection, formulate hypothesis, collect data, analyze results Topic selection, collect data, analyze results, literature review, analyze results Literature review, collect data, formulate hypothesis, analyze results Topic selection, formulate hypothesis, collect data, analyze results, present findings Topic selection, literature review, formulate hypothesis, collect data, analyze results

Topic selection, literature review, formulate hypothesis, collect data, analyze results

Tracking or Streaming

Tracking or streaming refers to placing students in groups based on their ability levels, and is another way in which schools contribute to the stratification process Begins in primary school

Todd, an English-born lawyer, went to law school in France. Although he practices law in France, he is employed by an English company and maintains residences in London and Paris. Todd's situation is best described as __________, because he fully participates in and has loyalty to two nations and cultures.

Transnationalism

Because the term "Latino" refers to an ethnic group, Latinos may identify themselves as being black, white, or Native American. (T/F)

True

Functionalists note the incest taboo serves to avoid role confusion in families. T/F

True

Gender stratification refers to the ranking of males and females according to their access to power, property, and prestige based on their sex. (T/F)

True

Sexual harassment was not recognized as a social problem until the 1970s. (T/F)

True

Sociologically, females are appropriately classified as a minority group. (T/F)

True

Sociologists find psychological explanations of prejudice to be inadequate. (T/F)

True

top arms seller from 2001-2004

United States ($28 billion)

Who was the first African American to earn a doctorate from Harvard?

W.E.B. Du Bois

Who formulated a typology that shows how prejudice and discrimination are related but not the same thing?

W.E.B. DuBois

Which of the following is NOT considered an ethnic group?

White Americans

Which of the following questions might a conflict theorist ask about education? What are the benefits of education? Why does education serve some people better than others? What content is covered in the classroom? Where should schools be located? How do students and teachers communicate?

Why does education serve some people better than others?

Which of the following is an example of institutionalized discrimination?

Women are expected to changed their names when they marry and questioned if they do not

Which of the following statements is true in intimate partner violence? Half of all women have experienced intimate partner violence. Men are more likely to be victims of intimate partner violence than women. Males who earn less than $75,000 are more likely to be abusers than those who earn more. Women are more likely than men to sustain serious physical injuries as a result of intimate partner violence. Cultural factors have little effect on reporting intimate partner violence.

Women are more likely than men to sustain serious physical injuries as a result of intimate partner violence.

Which of the following social or economic arrangements is described as being the "capitalist's dream"?

a monopoly

What is a group of people with inherited physical characteristics that distinguish it from another group?

a race

The term "gender role" refers to

a set of behavioral expectations for males or females.

What condition had to exist before members of a society could create a permanent or semi-permanent place to live?

a surplus of food that could be distributed and exchanged

Which of the following do most European nations and Japan have that the United States does not?

a titled nobility

A fixed standard based on a minimum level of subsistence below which families should not be expected to exist is called

absolute deprivation.

Although Ting is greatly disadvantaged by her culture's treatment of women, she largely accepts her position as the child-care provider for her family & has little desire to change the structure of her family. She exhibited which of the reactions to being a discriminated minority group?

acceptance

As a freshman, Tim became a vegetarian in order to fit in with his new friends. Now, as a senior, Tim would never eat meat again. What process does Tim's experience illustrate?

acceptance

In the article "Leaving Home for College: Expectations for Selective Reconstruction of Self" is a process of ______. primary socialization role taking looking glass self adulthood socialization

adulthood socialization

Dr. Loomis' introductory sociology class is composed entirely of first-year students who are 18 years old. Together, these 55 students, and all other 18-year-olds, comprise a(n) ________.

age cohort

Prejudice, discrimination, and hostility directed against people because of their age (old or young)

ageism

The term "________" refers to prejudice, discrimination, and hostility directed against people because of their age, and was coined by the physician ________.

ageism; Robert Butler

148) _________________ is retaliation or violence resulting from anger and resentment over minority status and subjugation

aggression

scapegoating

aggressive action motivated by frustration against minority groups because an individual is unable to vent frustration toward a cause

According to the data presented in the text, the United States has more crime than:

all of the above

In the study of the Saints and the Roughnecks, Chambliss found that:

all of the above

The U.S. prison system was originally designed to:

all of the above

David and Julie fought over what to name their new puppy, until finally they went to Mom to get her to decide on a settlement. David and Julie relied on ___________ to resolve their conflict.

arbitration

According to most research, men who have higher levels of testosterone:

are more aggressive

Preference policies

are policies based on the belief that sometime people must be treated differently in order to treat them fairly and to create equality

Jordan feels that his dark, long hair causes many of his classmates to recognize him as the member of a minority group. In an effort to blend in with his peers, Jordan dyes his hair blond and cuts it very close to his scalp. Jordan exhibited which of the following reactions to being discriminated minority group?

assimilation

The structural and cultural merging of minority and majority groups that results in minority members losing their original identity refers to:

assimilation

The structural and cultural merging of minority and majority groups that results in minority members losing their original identity refers to:

assimilation

gender differences

based on social factors

Following presidential debates, individuals typically

become even more supportive of their candidate than before the debate.

The capitalist societies the means of production are controlled by members of what Marx called the _______.

bourgeosie

Which is the highest social caste in India's caste system? A. Rajputs B. Brahmans C. Kshatriyas D. Dalits

brahmans

In applying to three colleges, Layla spent several days completing nearly identical forms. Each asked for her high school grades, roommate preferences, and parent's financial status. This is an example of which of the shortcomings of bureaucracies? a weak reward system bureaucratic ritualism alienation Parkinson's Law Peter Principle

bureaucratic ritualism

19) Carolina's daughter wants to go to a local concert that will keep her out past curfew. Although Carolina feels that as a good mom she should be her daughter's friend and consider her daughter's wishes, she also believes that a good mother should provide structure by maintaining rules. Carolina is experiencing:

c) Role strain

35) To correct some of the dysfunctions caused by bureaucracy, Company Sociology makes all decisions as groups, emphasizes cooperation, and uses personal appeals to ensure that everyone participates in problem solving. Company Sociology is a(n) __________ organization.

c) democratic-collective

25) Krista's group of college friends is considered a(n) __________ group because they have a strong sense of loyalty to one another, they care deeply about each other, and they receive intrinsic value from belonging.

c) primary

which of the four systems of stratification allows the least opportunity for social mobility among all members of a society?

castes

A computer manufacturer who produces advertisements comparing his product with other competing models on features and prices is most clearly using

central route persuasion.

ascribed stratification system

characteristics determine one's position in society (closed systems)

ascribed stratification systems

characteristics individuals are born with determines ones position in society

split market theory

characterizes the labor market as having 2 levels

Leaders sometimes have a combination of ideal types of authority. What two types of authoritydid the Ayatollah Khomeini most represent?

charismatic and traditional authority

the separation of powers among the three branches of the U.S. government, so that each is able to nullify the actions of the other two, thus preventing any single branch from dominating the government

checks and balances

Weber's three distinct components of stratification are _____, _______. and _______.

class power status group

Max Weber identified distinct components of stratification. Which of the following are the components?

class status power

Karl Marx believed that the key element in understanding human history and social change is to understand family and its functions. the role of education. class conflict. the importance of religion. social organization.

class conflict

In Max Weber's view, social stratification is driven by

class, status, and power

a social system that allows little or no possibility of individual social mobility is called and a(n) ____.

closed

when was old age considered to be an accomplishment because so few people made it

colonial times

All of the following are processes that may create subordinate groups EXCEPT

colonialism

The use of race-neutral principles to defend the racially unequal status quo is called

color-blind racism

beauty image

come from billboards, magazine covers, TV, and movie screens; some of these images are unattainable by most women because they have been created through surgeries and eatting disorders

Prisoners given some control over their environments—being able to move chairs, control TV sets, and switch the lights—

commit less vandalism.

Worldwide networks of labor resources and production processes that create a product are called:

commodity chains

Since 1969, the middle class in the United States has: A. Decreased B. Become the elite class C. Stayed the same D. Increased

decreased

When Milgram's experimental series was reenacted in Bridgeport, Connecticut, far from the prestige and authority of Yale University, the proportion of participants who fully complied with orders to shock the learner ________________ compared to the Yale rate.

decreased to 48 percent

Research suggests that jury deliberations can be influenced by all of the following processes except

deindividuation

five-stages coping with the living-dying interval

denial, anger, negotiation, depression, acceptance

Which of the following occupations is ranked highest in relative social prestige?

dentist

Opinion polls and surveys

describe public opinion at the moment they are taken.

Jimmy's gang is warring with Francisco's gang. To keep Francisco from attacking, Jimmy has bought an assault rifle. This is an example of:

deterrence

De facto discrimination

discrimination- unequal treatment that is unintended Side effect discrimination Past-in-present discrimination

activities done to maintain, discover, or enhance one's racial or ethnic identity

ethnic work

Language, geographic roots, traditions, and religion are all components of assimilation. colonialism. ethnicity. race. apartheid.

ethnicity

While race might reflect our biological heritage, ________ reflects our cultural heritage.

ethnicity

_____ is the belief that one's culture and way of life are superior to those of other groups. Counterculturism Subculturism Superculturism Ethnocentrism Cultural relativism

ethnocentrism

Timothy and Kiley were asked to violate a norm by their sociology professor. They choose to go to the mall and use the up-escalator to go down and the down-escalator to go up. They watched the reactions of others and wrote a paper describing the experience. Which methodological tool were Timothy and Kiley using? dramaturgical analysis secondary analysis participant observation conduct testing ethnomethodology

ethnomethodology

Glass escalator

even if men do not seek to climb in the organizational hierarchy, occupational social forces push them up the job ladder into higher echelons, especially in female-dominated occupations

According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that

even ordinary people, who are not particularly hostile, can become agents of destruction.

When the laboratory experiment deeply absorbs and involves participants, the experiment has

experimental realism.

Which research method have social psychologists used in about three-fourths of their studies?

experimental.

48) The A-OK sign is an insult in Japan.

false

49) According to dramaturgy, we only perform a small portion of our interactions in front of audiences.

false

50) At home or with close friends with whom we are more intimate, we engage in front- stage behavior.

false

53) Gender and ethnicity are examples of achieved statuses.

false

55) Others assign a master status, so it is unlikely to affect an individual's self-concept.

false

59) Grandma Elly feels role conflict because she wants to be a good grandma and give her grandson, Jackson, a cookie but knows that a good grandma wouldn't ruin her grandson's appetite with sweets. Grandma Elly is experiencing role conflict.

false

60) Role conflict differs from role strain in that conflict is between the roles within one status.

false

61) In the United States, status is stable and does not change over time.

false

69) Because of the success of affirmative action policies, minorities are equally promoted within bureaucratic organizations.

false

93) Social control theory is a macro-level theory of deviance.

false

From birth, a caste system determines the direction of a person's life. What occupation is an exception to the limitation on type of work a given member of a caste may do?

farming

When low-prejudiced people are aware of the gap between how they should respond and how they do respond to outgroup members, they primarily

feel guilty.

Elizabeth argued that one reason women are abused by their husbands is because their unpaid labor is undervalued in society. Which perspective is Elizabeth most likely using?

feminist

124) ________________________________________ states that acts of prejudice and discrimination are motivated by anger and frustration individuals feel when they cannot achieve their work or goals. People displace this anger on minority groups who lack social power to negate the negative actions.

frustration aggression theory

Which sociological perspective is most closely aligned with the disengagement, activity, and continuity theories of aging?

functionalism

Which of the following statements about gender roles is false?

gender roles are universal

Which of the following traits would make you think that someone was in the middle class in the United States?

he obtains a college degree

Keela wants to persuade her parents to help pay for a study trip abroad this summer. She will have a more difficult time succeeding if

her parents are forewarned of her intent to convince them.

__________________focuses on social processes that define homosexuality as deviant and legitimize heterosexuality as the only normal lifestyle.

heterosexism

Amy reads a research article and feels like it didn't tell her anything she didn't already know. However, when asked to guess the results of another experiment before reading it, she cannot. Amy's experience illustrates the

hindsight bias.

In the Rosenhan study, clinicians who dealt with pseudo-patients who had faked symptoms to get into mental hospitals demonstrated the error of

hindsight bias.

Phong Lhu is a small business owner and a recently naturalized citizen of the United States. Since there are very few Vietnamese serving in public office, Phong Lhu will most likely vote in accord with ____ .

his interests as a member of an ethnic group

Which of the following statements is true?

homophobia is highly correlated with a belief in traditional gender roles.

The type of social mobility people experience when they move form one social position to another of the same rank is called ______ mobility.

horizontal

While the U.S. economy has expanded since the late 1960s, income inequality has increased. decreased. fluctuated. stayed the same. none of the above

increased

Joanna is conducting a research project that examines whether parent's income impacts a child's choice of college. Joanna thinks that parents who make a lot of money will have children who will attend private schools and parents who make little money will have children who will attend public schools. "Parent's income" is the _____ in Joanna's project. validity reliability hypothesis independent variable dependent variable

independent variable

An experimenter exposes participants to different temperature levels to determine its effect on aggression. Temperature is the

independent variable.

an increase in price

inflation

What is the literal translation of the word charismatic , based on its Greek origin?

it means a gift freely and graciously given

Why was the American Revolution classified as a "revolution?"

it was armed resistance designed to overthrow the British colonial government

Two contradictory criticisms faced by social psychology are that its findings are obvious and that

its findings could be used to manipulate people.

laws that made segregation happen in the US specifically aimed at african americans

jim crow laws

81) The self-fulfilling prophesy is associated with:

labeling theory

Which of the following is not a reason that the middle class is shrinking?

lack of immigration reform by the federal government

The basis of the estate system was the nobles' ownership of the ____.

land

No-fault divorce is a/n _____ reason for some divorces. macro-level micro-level demographic interpersonal intrapersonal

macro-level

The exercise of power over large groups by governments is called:

macropolitics

of a minority or subordinate group generally marry within their group because

members of the subordinate group have a strong sense of group solidarity that discourages outsiders.

Which of the following has been found to be an effect of modeling sexual violence in movies and television?

men become more accepting of violence against women

Which statement best summarizes the relationship between killers and their victims:

men outnumber women as both victims and killers

religious beliefs

meso level agents of gender socialization: defines, reinforces, and perpetuates gender role stereotypes and cultural beliefs; provide explanations of all aspects of life, including proper male/female roles

corporations

meso level agents of gender socialization: produce materials that help socialize children into proper conduct EX: children's books, toys

In George Murdock's study of sex typing and work, what was the one occupation that was always a man's job?

metal working

acceptance

minority reactions to prejudice, discrimination, and racism: some minority groups have learned to live with their minority status

The shift from traditional societies into industrial societies is called ________.

modernization

According to _____, low-income societies are poor because of "traditional" attitudes about technology and institutions. modernization theory attitudinal theory dependency theory traditional theory world-systems theory

modernization theory

In U.S. presidential elections, the most important factor in winning is the candidate's platform. the number of registered voters. the candidate's social class. the candidates racial and ethic background. money.

money

A/n _____ is a situation where one person or company controls a particular market or industry. economy oligarchy monopoly conglomerate interlocking directorate

monopoly

Being around happy people can make us happy. This phenomenon is called

mood linkage.

A growing body of evidence reveals that people who undergo highly stressful experiences become

more vulnerable to disease.

Minorities are discriminated against by redlining when

mortgages are denied for houses in minority neighborhoods.

When the laboratory experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations, the experiment is said to be high in

mundane realism.

74) Which of the following is an example of a consensus crime?

murder

"The way things are is the way they ought to be." This statement reflects the

naturalistic fallacy.

If you are new in the office and want to make new friends, your best bet is to get a desk

near the coffeepot.

114) The scientific bases for race doctrines are:

none- there is no scientific basis for race

Absolute poverty

not having resources to meet basic needs. No prestige, no power, no wealth and insufficient means to survive.

Sociologically, a family that consists of a husband, wife and children is called a ________.

nuclear family

people tend to die sooner in these understaffed dehumanizing facilities

nursing homes

According to the text, teachers are most likely to reward girls for being:

obediant and passive

pluralism

occurs when each ethnic or racial group in a country maintains its own culture and separate set of institutions but has recognized equity in the society

As described in the text, what are the two myths of race?

one race is superior to another; pure races exist

Life chances

ones opportunities, depending on their achieved and ascribed status in society.

According to the text, which of the following models for planning organizational change combine both internal processes and the external environment?

open systems models

What term did Durkheim use to refer to the global division of labor that has led to specific tasks performed by members of society and a lessening of social cohesion?

organic solidarity

Our attitudes predict our actions when

other influences on our actions are minimized. B. the attitude involved is specifically about the action. C. we are conscious of our attitudes as we act.

past-in-present

Discriminatory practices that are no longer allowed but that continue to affect people today:

past-in-present discrimination

Annie and Brandon recently married and are living with his parents. This is an example of a/n _____ residence pattern. matriarchal nuclear patrilocal matrilocal patriarchal

patrilocal

superwoman syndrome

pattern by which women assume multiple roles and try to do well, takes its toll

with no _______ the _______ continued to work at jobs that changed very little

pensions; elderly

main assumptions of stratification

people are divided into groups and ranked, there is an equal distribution of desired resources, each society determines what it considers to be valued resources

The process by which a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors is called

persuasion.

For boys, a sense of rightness involves ____.

playing by the rules

The results of Zimbardo's Stanford prison simulation indicated that

playing the roles of prisoners and guards can harden and embitter ordinary people.

141) ____________________ is when each ethnic or racial group in a country maintains its own culture and separate set of institutions. Legal protection is often necessary in order to have pluralism.

pluralism

pre-elections

primaries

Which of the following is a micro-level factor that can shape social stratification?

pysical attractiveness

Education University is being sued. To increase the number of minority students attending their university, the president mandated that "5% of every freshman class must be a minority student." Education university is being sued for enacting a(n) _______ system.

quota

Although unconstitutional a(n) _________ is a requirement that employers must hire a certain percentage of minorities

quota system

110) ______________ is a group identified by a society because of certain "biologically inherited" physical characteristics.

race

135) __________________ is another form of subjugation, where minority groups are kept powerless by formally separating them from the dominant group and depriving them of access to the dominant institutions.

segregation

__________ is a form of subjugation that keeps minorities powerless by formally separating them from the dominant group and depriving them of access to the dominant institutions.

segregation

_____ suggests that any social interaction between two people is based on each person's trying to maximize their rewards and minimize their costs. Dramaturgical analysis Symbolic interactionism Feminist theory Social exchange theory Ethnomethodology

social exchange theory

nurture argument

social factors create gender differences in behavior

Glass ceiling

social forces that keep women from reaching the highest levels of corporate and public responsibility

The hierarchical ranking of people who have different access to valued resources is referred to as social networking. the division of society. dependency. social stratification. inequality.

social stratification

_______ is a system that places entire categories of people into unequal groups.

social stratification

economic system criticized for not respecting individual rights

socialism

111) Race is ______________________ and maintained by social structures. Racial classifications are usually based on appearance and blood or gene type.

socially constructed

The existence of a sector of "clean" jobs and a sector of "dirty" jobs is the key assumption of which theory of group relations?

split labor market

The existence of a sector of "clean" jobs and a sector of "dirty" jobs is the key assumption of which theory of group relations?

split labor market

Keri is a mother, a parole officer, and a softball player. These positions make up Keri's role set. status set. master statuses achieved statuses. ascribed statuses.

status set

the goods that are held in reserve to back up or provide value for currency

stored value

Companies who fail to install adequate safety equipment because they feel pressured not to cut into their profits by spending money on safety features commit a crime against their employees. This behavior can best be explained by what theory?

strain

"Each sex plays a complimentary role to ensure the survival and efficiency of society" is a tenet of which sociological theory?

structural-fuctional theory

sex typing of work

studies suggest that activities considered "female" in one society could be considered "male" in another society

sex typing of work

study done by George Murdock

Pedro is biased against African-Americans, but as an avid sports fan, he admires Michael Jordan as a man and an athlete. When his son mentions this inconsistency, Pedro explains that Jordan is "different than those others." Pedro's thinking best reflects

subtyping

Through the use of ______________ , Muzafer Sherif made enemies into friends.

superordinate goals

Sociologists who believe we help to produce our own orientations to life by joining specific groups is most alligned with with sociological perspective.

symbolic interactionalist

What sociological perspective stresses that age has no inherent meaning and that each culture shapes the way that its citizens perceive the elderly?

symbolic interactionism

Genocide

systematic effort of extermination of minorities by a dominant group

At one time, aircraft had constant rather than blinking lights on the wingtips. When pilots in formation tried to follow the constant lights of the aircraft in front of them, they veered off course. This is perhaps best explained by

the autokinetic phenomenon.

African American sociologist W.E.B. Du Bois said in 1900 that the century's major problem would be

the color-line

Sociologists who view law as an instrument of oppression used to control workers are aligned most with which sociological perspective?

the conflict perspective

Which of the following states that interracial interaction between people with equal status in cooperative circumstances will cause them to become less prejudiced and to abandon previously held stereotypes?

the contact hypothesis

When used by sociologists the term wealth refers to ___.

the value of a persons property minus that persons debt, a persons net worth

The personal experience of the article "Nickel-and Dimes: On (Not) Getting By in America" tells us that the wages of working class people are enough to live. working class people do not work hard enough to make more money. Working class jobs are not as stressful. None of the above.

the wages of working class people are enough to live. working class people do not work hard enough to make more money. Working class jobs are not as stressful. None of the above.

What did Joan of Arc, Adolph Hitler, and Jesus Christ have in common?

they were all charisimatic leaders

Todd, an English-born lawyer, went to law school in France. Although he practices law in France, he is employed by an English company and maintains residences in London and Paris. He refused to go to the last World Cup Final because France and England were playing, and he is very loyal to both countries. Todd's situation is best described as ______, b/c he fully participates in and has loyalty to 2 nations & cultures.

transnationalism

Todd, an English-born lawyer, went to law school in France. Although he practices law in France, he is employed by an English company and maintains residences in London and Paris. He refused to go to the last World Cup Final because France and England were playing, and he is very loyal to both countries. Todd's situation is best described as __________, because he fully participates in and has loyalty to two nations and cultures.

transnationalism

41) The amount of personal space an individual needs to feel comfortable varies by cultural setting.

true

47) According to rational choice theory, every interaction involves expectations of reciprocity.

true

51) The "real you" is most evident when you engage in backstage behavior.

true

52) Father is a social status.

true

54) Being a guitarist in a band is an achieved status.

true

56) Michael enjoys being the most popular boy in his high school. All of his popular friends are on the soccer team, but Michael doesn't like soccer because he doesn't like running. Despite his dislike for soccer, he tries out for the school team. Dramaturgists would categorize his behavior as impression management.

true

57) Within a group, individuals may hold both formal and informal statuses.

true

58) Role strain is the tension between roles within one status.

true

63) Accomplishing a goal or a task often motivates secondary groups.

true

In the article "Gamers, Hackers, and Facebook --- Computer Cultures, Virtual Community, and Postmodern Identity", the author Ross Haenfler regards cyberspace interactions as a subculture. true false

true

In the article "The Myth of the Missing Black Father", the authors found out that black fathers may not live with their children, but they do visit them often. true false

true

In the article "Why You Voted" by Andrew Perrin, one of the reasons that Americans vote is for ritual purpose. True. false The article did not talk about it.

true

William Julius Wilson refers to the urban poor that exist outside of the functioning economic system as the:

underclass

Oliver works a full-time day shift at a fast food restaurant. He has a college degree and training in electrical engineering. Oliver is unemployed. underemployed. self employed. a contingent worker. a part-time worker.

underemployed

Economic activities, illegal or legal, that people do not report to the government are sometimes referred to as the ________ economy.

underground

gender stratification

unequal access to power, prestige, and property based on sex

86) Which of the following sources of information is based on police reports?

uniform crime reports

de facto discrimination

unintentional discrimination resulting from policies that have a unanticipated consequence of favoring one group over another

Ramone's parents graduated from high school and worked for a local hotel. Ramone graduated from college and teaches high school biology. Ramone has experienced _____.

upward social mobility

Sex

usually thought of as a biological term referring to ascribed genetic, anatomical, and hormonal differences between males and females, but it is actually determined by socially accepted biological criteria Intersexed- persons with ambiguous genitalia

primary sex characteristic

uterus (in women)

If the researcher and the respondent interpret a research question differently, there is a problem with reliability. validity. deduction. accuracy. objectivity.

validity

For sociologists, culture refers to which of the following? values beliefs behaviors all of the above

values beliefs behaviors

In her research project, Megan is measuring age, gender, GPA, and study habits. Age, gender, GPA and study habits are examples of social inequality. variables. characteristics. assets. social issues.

variables

Standards of beauty

vary from culture to culture based on what physical characteristics each culture finds desirable

Dr. Harry Harlows' experiments with infant monkeys concluded that orphaned monkeys needed more attention than those with mothers. biology affects behavior. nourishment was more important than warmth and comfort. warmth and comfort were more important than nourishment. none of the above

warmth and comfort were more important than nourishment.

The Bell Curve presented the research of Herrnstein and Murray on the IQ, where they claimed that

welfare should be ended to discourage births among low-IQ poor women, 60 percent of IQ is inheritable, whites are inherently more intelligent than Blacks.

The study conducted by Richard La Piere described in the text showed that people

were more willing to accept Chinese in person than they were in theory.

Violent crimes are more likely

when the weather is hot.

According to Stanley Lieberson's research on the unequal levels of success different immigrant groups have experienced in the United States, one primary factor contributing to the group's success is:

whether the groups were voluntary or involuntary immigrants

structural functional theory

which theory, regarding race and ethnic stratification, says maintaining a cheap pool of laborers who are in and our of work serves several purposes

symbolic interaction theory

which theory, regarding stratification, says to learn our social position means learning values, speech patterns, and our self-concept...help us understand how individuals learn and live their positions in society

structural functional theory

which theory, regarding stratification, says to view stratification within societies as an inevitable part of the world...societies survive by having an organized system into which each individual is born

Instinct theories of aggression would have the most difficulty accounting for

wide variations in aggressiveness from culture to culture.

proposed that significance of race is declining and social class is more central for african americans

william julius wilson

Which of the following is an example of institutionalized discrimination?

women are expected to change their names when they marry and questioned if they dont

Ethnic Groups

• Ethnic groups are groups where membership is based on shared cultural heritage and is often connected with a national or geographic identity • - Many racial groups are ethnic groups - Some ethnic groups concentrated in ethnic enclaves • Little Italy, Chinatown, Polish neighborhood, and etc. The federal government plays central role in creating ethnic groups. This process in the U.S. emphasizes that ethnic identity is socially shaped and created. The U.S. government classified large aggregates of people who vary in ethnicity, under one umbrella category for example: • Asian Americans (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and etc.) • Hispanics or Latinos (Brazilians, Mexicans, Cubans, and etc.) • Indian or Native Americans (Chippewa, Dine, Lakota, and etc.) • Black or African American (from many ethnic backgrounds)

Explanations of Prejudice: Micro-Level Analysis

• Frustration-aggression theory is a theory which states that acts of prejudice and discrimination are motivated by anger and frustration individuals feel when they cannot achieve their work or goals -Scapegoating is a form of aggressive action motivated by frustration against minority groups because an individual is unable to vent frustration toward the real target or cause - Scapegoating occurs when a minority group is blamed for others' failures or shortcomings

Global Movements for Human Rights: Macro- Level Policies

• Global issues and ethnic conflicts in the social world are interrelated • Human Rights macro level policies are directed at improving dominant and minority group relations worldwide. • The United Nations passed a Declaration of Universal Human Rights after the Holocaust to ensure that every global citizen is awarded particular human rights • National governments and privately funded advocacy groups work for international human rights

Biracial and Multiracial Populations: Immigration, Intermarriage, and Personal Identification

• Race is asocial construct that can change with conditions in a country • Immigration results in a mix of peoples that create many multiracial individuals • The U.S. accepts more new immigrants than any other country • In the 2000 Census, 7 million or 2.3% of the U.S. population selected two or more racial categories with white/American Indian being the most common mixed category

The answers respondents give to surveys may be influenced by biases from which of the following sources?

A. the order in which questions are asked. B. the wording of the questions themselves. C. the response options.

The equation A + B + C = A describes

assimilation

The theory of how people explain others' behavior is known as _________theory.

attribution

Which of the following ascribed statuses most influences a person's wealth and social class position?

race

Since 1970, the richest 20 percent of U.S. families has grown richer, and the poorest 20 percent of U.S. families has grown poorer. A. True B. False

A. True

Individual qualities

Also influence cultural and social capital

Which of the following is an example of a consensus crime? A. Chemical offenses B. Murder C. Political disenfranchisement D. Prostitution

. According to the text, lynching, killings, and hate crimes are all examples of: . . A. . Fads . . B. . Riots . . C. . Mobs . . D. . Demonstrations

. Which of the following is a proactive social movement? . . A. . A group that is against gay marriage . . B. . A group that lobbies for men to earn a "family wage" . . C. . A group promoting gay marriage . . D. . A group that supports stay-at-home mothers

. Worldwide networks of labor resources and production processes that create a product are called: . . A. . International markets . . B. . International chains . . C. . Commodity chains . . D. . Channels of productivity

Which of the following statements about rumors is false? . . A. . Rumors involve unsupported or unproven reports about something. . . B. . Rumors may spread locally or spread more widely because of technology such as the Internet. . . C. . Rumors are a form of mass behavior. . . D. . Rumors are a form of crowd behavior.

Which theoretical perspective argues that deviance will always exist unless the current structure of society is changed dramatically? A. Labeling B. Strain C. Conflict D. Structural-functionalist

Stereotypes are applied to

gamblers, lesbians, peoples with disabilities

Split Labor Market theory

Characterizes the labor market as having two levels (Primary and secondary market)

The research result in article "Charter Schools and the Public Good" show that Charter school students perform better than traditional public school students. Charter schools students perform worse than traditional public schools students. Charter school students do better in math than public school students. Charter school students do better in reading than public school students.

Charter schools students perform worse than traditional public schools students.

According to Karl Marx, the working class must develop ____ ___ to bring about social change.

Class consciousnesses

According to Karl Marx, which of the following was the crucial determinant of economic, political, and social inequality?

Class differentiation

Cultural capital

Knowledge and access to important information in society

What is the largest minority group in the United States today?

Latino American

Marxism

Marx thought there were two economically-based social classes The bourgeoisie are the capitalist class; the haves Control the means of production, or the necessary resources to create capital Control the norms and values of society Use their power to make the distribution of resources seem "fair" and justified Use social control to maintain their control in society The proletariat are the working class; the have-nots The proletariat will remain exploited as long as they do not develop a class consciousness, or a shared awareness of their poor status in relation to the means of production Intellectuals in society could help the proletariat develop a class consciousness and to mobilize to overthrow the bourgeoisie to create a classless society where all wealth is shared

What sociologist developed the three ideal types of authority?

Max Weber

Which social theorist described three ideal types of legitimate authority? Jane Addams Max Weber Robert Merton C. Wright Mills Karl Marx

Max Weber

Which sociologist traced the emergence of capitalism to the Protestant Reformation?

Max Weber

The Manifest Purposes of Education

Socialization Training individuals Promoting Change Enhancing Personal and Social Development

According to Marx, which of the following is a characteristic of the proletariat?

They have the power to create a classless society if they develop a class consciousness

chromosome configuration male; female

XY; XX

Minimum - wage earners constitute a social class because they share the same

economic position

Persuasion studies demonstrate that the major influence on important beliefs and attitudes appears to be

our contact with people.

class consciousness

shared awareness of their poor status in relation to the means of production

statement of race

this stated that all people are born free and equal in dignity and rights, racism stultifies personal development, conflicts cost nations money and resources, prejudices foments international conflict

Functionalists believe that deviance has no useful purpose in society and only contributes to social chaos. T/F

False

A person may voluntarily become a minority. T/F

True

The Effects of Prejudice, Racism, and Discrimination

+Individual Effects -unequal life chances, health, and class to access to property -victims can also have low self-esteem from devalued status in society +Organizations and communities -Lose the talents of individuals they exclude- inability to reach human potential and to maximize their contribution to the society -government subsidies cost millions but made necessary by lack of opportunities for minority individuals +Cultural costs -attempts o justify racism by stereotyping and labeling. The bad side effect is that individuals are less able to reach their full human potential to maximally contribute to the society.

Based on the Strain Theory there are four deviant models of adaptation and one mode considered to be socially acceptable. T/F

True

Based on the model of Gilbert and Kahl, the upper middle class is the class most shaped by education. T/F

True

Because deviance is inevitable, the more important focus is to find ways to protect people from harmful deviant acts, to find ways to tolerate behavior that is not harmful, and to develop a system of fair treatment for deviants.T/F

True

Based on the Marxist orientation of conflict sociologists, how many distinct social classes exist?

Two

The international Women Count Network seeks to give a monarchy value to

woman's unpaid work

Split Labor Market theory

-- characterizes the labor market as having two levels - Primary market: • highwagesandadvancementpossibilities - Secondary market: • lowwagesandfewbenefitsorcareeropportunities-underclass minorities are more likely to work in this sector Split labor market keeps workers in competition against one another for jobs. The focus is an antagonism between worker groups and not against employers. Employers also get cheaper labor as workers compete against each other.

In 2010, nearly _____ of all married couples were interracial couples. 1 percent 5 percent 8 percent 12 percent 17 percent

8 percent

What is the central sociological principle of education as it relates to a nation's needs? A. It is a reflection of the nation's culture and economy. B. It creates a system of labeling individuals to facilitate occupation and role. C. It is the basis of developing a sense of national pride. D. It is a formal system necessary for international recognition.

A. It is a reflection of the nation's culture and economy.

The concept of the relativity of deviance is best illustrated by which of the following statements? A. It is not the act itself, but the reaction of others to the act that makes it deviant. B. The nature of one's behavior is the most important aspect in determining deviance. C. Deviance is most related to functionalism because it creates a dysfunction for society. D. Deviance is analogous to mental illness.

A. It is not the act itself, but the reaction of others to the act that makes it deviant.

Of the following countries, in which one do the citizens have the longest life expectancy? A. Japan B. Germany C. the United States D. France

A. Japan

Which of the following statements about rape is true?

A. Most stranger rapes and nearly all acquaintance rapes go unreported to police. B. In surveys of students and working women, researchers have found that over one-quarter of women reported an experience that meets the legal definition of rape or attempted rape. C. About one-third of college males admit there is the possibility that they would rape a woman if they thought no one would know and they would not be punished.

_________________ audiences are more persuaded by _________________.

A. Well-educated; rational appeals B. Uninvolved; how much they like the communicator C. Highly involved; reasoned arguments

Eyewitness testimony can be distorted or biased by which of the following?

A. suggestive questions B. an eyewitness' own retelling of events C. whether they are an eyewitness for the defendant or the plaintiff

What region of the United States has the highest clustering of people in poverty? A. the South B. the Midwest C. the West D. the North

A. the South

Napoleon Chagnon's visit to the Yanomamö tribe, where he observed tribe members appearing naked in public, using hallucinogenic drugs, and letting mucus hang from their noses, is a good example of ________. A. the cultural relativity of deviance B. the need for social sanctions C. the need for absolute standards in defining deviance D. nonconforming behavior

A. the cultural relativity of deviance

Which of the following was found to be a factor that influenced obedience in Milgram's research

A. the victim's emotional distance B. the closeness of the authority C. the presence of other defiant subjects

LuAnn has a terminal disease and is close to death. Every other day, a person comes to her home and monitors her health signs, talks with her, and answers any questions the family has about LuAnn. The services provided LuAnn are referred to as ________. A.hospice B.socialized medical nursing C. Medicare benefits D. technological life

A.hospice

institutionalized privilege

AKA disprivilege; patterns of social action that are embedded in the entire social system may influence men and women, providing unrecognized privileges

31) After working at a local fast food restaurant for two years, Chris becomes uninvolved and unconnected to his job. He finds his job boring and feels he will not be promoted to a better position. Chris is most likely experiencing:

Alienation

What does it mean when sociologists say that age is "socially constructed"? A. Age is based on sociobiological concepts. B. Age is based on cultural attitudes that are rooted in a society. C. Age is related to heredity and genes. D. Age is perceived in a similar manner all over the world.

B. Age is based on cultural attitudes that are rooted in a society.

Defining social class in America is an objective science because there are clear-cut, agreed-upon definitions of each class. A. True B. False

B. False

A group's usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend and on which they base their lives, is called ________. A. social guideline B. social order C. social control D. sanction

B. social order

What are the three elements of religion based on the writings of Emile Durkheim? A. a moral community, repentance, communion B. sacrifice, obligation, repentance C. beliefs, practices, moral community D. practices, sacrifice, obligation

C. beliefs, practices, moral community

Elizabeth argued that one reason women are abused by their husbands is because their unpaid labor is undervalued in society. Which perspective is Elizabeth most likely using? A. Strain B. Structural-functionalist C. Symbolic interactionist D. Feminist

In his study of 324 societies around the world, anthropologist George Murdock found that specific tasks were universally assigned to men and others to women, giving support to the argument that biology controls human behavior. (T/F)

False

What concepts from Chapter 3 - Culture can we apply in the article "Global Culture" by Manfred Steger? Globalization Cultural infusion Cultural imperialism All of the above.

Globalization Cultural infusion Cultural imperialism

The U.S. System of Ethnic Classification

In the U.S. everyone is assigned to one of two ethnic categories: - 1. Hispanic or Latino - (Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American cultures or other Spanish culture or origin - can be of any race). - The term applies to 21 Latin American countries (excluding Brazil) - 2. Not Hispanic or Latino - Includes anyone who is not Hispanic or Latino - can be of any race The government dose not recognize multi-ethnic origins: - People with one Hispanic/Latino parent and one who is not cannot officially claim both heritages. The government considers such people to share their mother's ethnicity only. If the mother is a mix of both categories above, the child is assigned to the first ethnicity the mother names when asked her ethnic backgrounds.

Life chances

One's opportunities, depending on their achieved and ascribed status in society

Of the following eyewitnesses to a crime, who would probably appear most believable to a jury?

Paul, a radio announcer who appears very confident about what he saw

Three main assumptions underlie the concept of stratification

People are divided into ranked categories There is an unequal distribution of desired resources The criteria societies uses to rank others depends on: The society's history Its geographic location Level of development The society's political philosophy The decisions of those in power

Patricia J. Williams, an African American academic, writes about her experiences with redlining. What happened after the lender found out she was Black?

She was suddenly asked to pay more and offered a less attractive loan, She was offered the original loan terms only after she threatened to sue, She was told her loan was a "risk" due to falling prices in the neighborhood.

It is the year 2100 and you are the first sociologist on Mars. Your job is to understand inequality on the Martian Base. Which of the following scenarios would younot expect? A. The smarter, more sexually attractive scientists are given more Martian Rocks. B. Inequality exists due to the social allocation of Martian Rocks. C. There is no inequality on Mars; it is a utopian society that shares all things equally. D. The scientists have collectively decided that Martian Rocks are valuable.

There is no inequality on Mars; it is a utopian society that shares all things equally.

Which of the choices below is not true about terrorists?

They generally act alone.

In state religions, the government and religion work together to try to shape society. T/F

True

The fastest growing cities in the United States are in the West and South, while the fastest shrinking cities are in the Northeast. (T/F)

True

The major theories on the origin of patriarchy point to the social consequences of human reproduction. (T/F)

True

Talented individuals , Structural Functionalism

_____ need to be motivated

Sociologists use what term to refer to the conscious experience of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities?

affirmative action

Quota systems

are policies that require employers to hire a certain percentage of minorities

In every known society, men, relative to women

are socially dominant.

The process by which an individual gives up his or her own cultural tradition to become part of a different culture is known as

assimilation

The criminal justice system relies on three major approaches to crime control. Which of the following is not one of these approaches? avoidance prevention intervention punishment rehabilitation

avoidance

13) Although Isabella is a good student; she attends sociology class, does well in her other studies, and would never break a campus rule. Unfortunately, her brother Craig is addicted to drugs, steals from their mother, and lives on the streets. One day, Craig calls Isabella and asks her to let him stay in her dorm. Isabella knows that visitors are not allowed in the dormitory, but wants to help her brother. According to role theorists, Isabella is feeling:

b) Role strain

What was the earliest medium of exchange?

barter system

34) Which of the following is an example of individuals and macro-level organizations interacting?

c) Women around the globe receiving training and education from the United Nations

73) Smoking marijuana is a:

conflict crime

A Hispanic college student from the southwest U.S. arrives at college to find that her roommate is a Jewish woman from New York. As they get to know one another, they are able to overcome their initial prejudices and grow to appreciate each other's strengths and talents. This is an example of the

contact hypothesis

The Hindu religion holds that individuals are born into one of four Varna or into a fifth group below the caste system known as the _______________ group.

dalits

Members of a minority or subordinate group

have a sense of group solidarity.

In theory, industries can manufacture and sell poisons, bombs, and weapons of any type as long as there are consumers to buy them and they operate within a government that permits ________.

laissez-faire capitalism

race or ethnicity in the U.S. with the lowest median age

latino (27.6)

Which of the following is an example of a consensus crime?

murder

Which of the following is (are) main findings in the article "Romantic Relationships from Adolescence to Young Adulthood" by Ann Meier and Gina Allen? nearly two-thirds of adolescents have some romantic relationship experience. there is differences in adolescents relationship experiences by race. both a and b are correct. none of the above is correct.

nearly two-thirds of adolescents have some romantic relationship experience. there is differences in adolescents relationship experiences by race.

Institutionalized discrimination

patterns of social action that are imbedded in the entire social system may influence women and men, providing unrecognized privileges or disadvantages

In conducting your research, you make sure that every person in the population has an equal chance of participating in your survey. This procedure is known as

random sampling.

Which of the following types of authority is most typical of modern nation-states?

rational-legal authority

rule by written law

rational-legal authority

Percentage of former prisoners who are rearrested is known as _____.

recidivism

Social constructionist theories contend that sexual behavior is largely the result of social pressure and culture. sexual orientation has a strong genetic basis. sexual identity is based on cultural factors. sexual orientation is based on social structure. none of the above

sexual behavior is largely the result of social pressure and culture.

_____ is any unwanted sexual advance, request for sexual favors, or other conduct of a sexual nature that makes a person uncomfortable and interferes with his or her work. Sexual misconduct Sexual harassment Sexism Feminism Pregnancy discrimination

sexual harassment

_____ refers to our awareness of ourselves as male or female and the ways we express our sexual values, attitudes, feelings, and beliefs. gender identity sexual identity gender roles sexual roles sexual orientation

sexual identity

when a vietnam veteran is prejudice or discriminates against any asian

spillover bigotry

What is another name for "welfare capitalism"?

state capitalism

A/n _____ is a negative label that devalues a person and disqualifies him/her from full social acceptance. harm injurious stigma social control dishonor

stigma

In socialism, who or what determines what will be produced and what it will cost?

the central committee that decides what the country needs

Chartrand and Bargh (1999) found that participants in an experiment who worked alongside another person who occasionally rubbed her face were unwittingly more likely to rub their face. They called this

the chameleon effect.

When individuals experience status inconsistency, what is their likely choice of behavior?

they will claim the higher status

christianity

this religion treated women as 2nd class citizens and excluded women from a variety of leadership roles

101) According to the text, some forms of white-collar crime are considered victimless.

true

95) According to differential association theory, if one does not spend a great deal of time with deviant friends, the individual may not become deviant.

true

Underclass

virtually no property, power or prestige

conflict theory

which theory, regarding stratification, sees stratification as the outcome of struggles for dominance and scarce resources with some individuals in society taking advantages of others

Why do sociologists classify females as a minority group?

women are discriminated against because of their physical characteristics

Theoretical Explanations of Dominant-Minority Group Relations: Cultural Explanations

• Prejudice and discrimination are passed on from generation to generation through cultural transmission through socialization, institutional structure, and media stereotypes - Stereotypes limit the opportunities available to minority group members

Prejudice and Racism: Micro-Level Analysis

• Prejudice are attitudes that prejudge a group, usually negatively and not based on facts - Stereotyping is the categorization of large numbers of people by prejudiced individuals • Often distorted, oversimplified, or exaggerated ideas • Passed down over generations through the culture and tradition • Applied to all members of a group • Used to justify prejudice, discrimination, and unequal distribution of resource - A self-fulfilling prophesy is the incorporation of stereotyped behavior into an individual's view of themselves

To be deviant, a person must: A. Not conform to one of society's norms B. Break a law C. Be a sick, twisted individual D. All of the above

Research suggests that jurors in the minority will be most persuasive when they

A. are consistent. B. are self-confident. C. win defections from the majority.

Which of the following economic systems stress individual planning and private ownership of property? A. Open systems B. Market systems C. Centralized systems D. Planned systems

5 Social classes

Capitalists Managers Petty Bourgeoisie Workers Underclass

Functions of poverty

Convenient scapegoat for societal problems Creates jobs for those who are not poor Provide an easily available group of laborers Reinforce and legitimate our lives and institutions Constantly reaffirm the values of the affluent

Structural-functionalism

Each sex has a role to play in society As societies change, so do roles and relationships

In what society were women and men often considered social equals?

Hunting and Gathering

Which of the following scenarios best depicts how power operates at the micro-level?

Husbands and wives often argue about the division of labor within the household.

Describe an attitude that is important to you. Discuss examples of affective, behavioral, and cognitive components of your attitude.

I feel strongly about recycling. I think that it takes little effort but makes a big difference in our world. My affective component of my attitude is that it I am pro-recycling. The behavioral component of my attitude is I personally always recycle, I make sure all of my friends and family recycle, and I'm on the Green Team to help promote recycling in Boulder. The cognitive component of my attitude is that I know about how much waste we go through because I was in environmental biology and how its damaging our world; however, there is a great amount of value in recycling and it is extremely beneficial.

Describe a television commercial and analyze the elements of persuasion that it uses. Does it promote and/or assume central or peripheral route processing?

I just saw an Old Spice commercial and it definitely promotes its products using peripheral route processing. A phrase that is often repeated throughout the commercial is, "the man your man could smell like" being spoken by an attractive man with no shirt on and great abs. Its interesting because its not even directing the message to the consumer, but rather to women who date the consumer. This seems to convey the message that women want men who wear and use Old Spice. They use no rationale behind it which makes it clear that the advertisers for that company are using the peripheral route to persuasion.

Explain the principles and techniques you would use to become a cult leader.

If I were to become a cult leader I would make sure that my followers would commit to my cult "voluntarily, publicly, and repeatedly". I would have rituals performed often as well as having my new members become active right away in things such as "public canvassing and fundraising" to promote our cult. I would also ease my members into joining by taking advantage of the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. This slow surrender to the cult would have them voluntarily locked into the cult according to the research in the text. I also would have to be a very charismatic leader while being credible at the same time, I would want my new members to trust me so that I can get them more and more involved. I also need my message to be "vivid" and "emotional" to try to appeal to people who may be lost or lonely in life and are looking to associate with a group to help them. Or looking for followers in different places, like people who may be at a turning point in their life and are vulnerable to suggestions for change. I also will project my messages to a younger crowd because they have been found to be more likely to join because their attitudes and beliefs aren't entirely stable yet. Once I have the members joined I will attempt to isolate them from any other social support systems and have them relying and believing entirely on my cult.

________ refers to seeing certain features of a situation while ignoring others, and the use of labels to group individual members as if they were all alike.

Selective perception

The FBI includes the "cognitive interview" procedure in its training program. Describe this procedure and explain why it helps reduce error in eyewitness testimony.

The interview consists of four steps for memory retrieval. First, they ask the person to give a descriptive picture of the setting of things like objects in the room and their mental state at the time of the incident. Second, the interviewer asks that every detail be reported regardless of how minor or insignificant the witness may think it is. The interviewer then asks the witness for a complete narrative of what happened and will repeat asking them for a narrative from several different starting points in the narrative so that they can get multiple perspectives. The last part of it is asking the witness what other people may have seen, giving the interviewer other witnesses possible perspectives. They then take this information and find overlapping and consistent parts to their story, giving those bits of information more credit. This procedure helps reduce error in eyewitness testimony because it finds consistencies throughout the witness's stories and gives them very detailed information which can be more credible.

According to Marx, which of the following is a characteristic of the proletariat? A. They have the power to create a classless society if they develop a class consciousness. B. They control the means of production. C. They control the norms and values of society. D. All of the above are characteristics of the proletariat.

They have the power to create a classless society if they develop a class consciousness.

The American stateman who said, "a little rebellion now and then is a good thing...the tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants," was:

Thomas Jefferson

Which of the following solutions addresses racism at an individual level?

Tolerance-education programs

Because the term "Latino" refers to an ethnic group, Latinos may identify themselves as being black, white, or Native American. T/F

True

Discrimination can occur without the awareness of both those doing the discriminating and those being discriminated against. (T/F)

True

Discrimination can occur without the awareness of both those doing the discriminating and those being discriminated against. T/F

True

Drought and warfare are the major causes of world starvation, not a lack of food. (T/F)

True

declined

Wages in middle class have ____ since the 80s

When people describe themselves in personal ads seeking partners of the other sex, women often offer __________________ and seek _______________.

attractiveness; status

112) One of the historically four (now defunct) main groupings of race is:

australoid

According to Adorno, a(n) ________ is a person who is prejudiced and ranks high on scales of conformity, intolerance, insecurity, respect for authority, and submissiveness to superiors.

authoritarian personality

_____ is a political system in which the state controls the lives of its citizens but generally permits some degree of individual freedom. Democracy Communism Socialism Totalitarianism Authoritarianism

authoritarianism

Someone who identifies with both his or her ethnic culture and the larger culture is said to have a _______________ identity.

bicultural

A researcher is interested in learning whether young people whose fathers are absent from the home are more likely to engage in delinquent behavior. She compares the arrest rates of boys whose fathers are absent with those of boys whose fathers are present in the home. This is an example of

correlational study.

Another term for the fundamental attribution error that many social psychologists prefer is

correspondence bias.

_____ is recognizing that no culture is better than another and that a culture should be judged by its own standards. Darwinism Ethnocentrism Cultural relativism Subculturism Multiculturalism

cultural relativism

According to our textbook, marriage, medicine, and modesty are examples of George Murdock's cultural changes. cultural differences. cultural universals. cultural competencies. cultural variations.

cultural universals

The gap between those with access to information technology and those without is known as the: A. Digitally illiterate B. Techno-barrier C. Digital divide D. None of the above

digital divide

Living three to a room in a college dorm seems to

diminish one's sense of control.

Ben lives in a small Virginia town where he and other residents attend monthly town meetings. At these meetings they publicly vote on issues concerning the town. These monthly meetings are an example of ____ democracy.

direct

The relocation of Native Americans to reservations and the transfer of Americans of Japanese descent to internment camps during World War II are examples of ________.

direct transfer

when a dominant group expels a minority group

direct transfer

According to Ogburn, the findings of stem cell research are:

discoveries

Reluctant liberals are those who

discriminate if there is social pressure to do so.

The president of a bank refuses to hire the most qualified candidate for a key management position because he is Jewish. This is an example of

discrimination

_____ is an action that treats people unequally or unfairly because of their group membership. Prejudice Scapegoating Cultural relativism Ethnocentrism Discrimination

discrimination

62) Durkheim found that personal despair always motivates suicide.

false

68) It is easy for individuals to maintain morals and values when working in an extremely large organization.

false

The definition of blackness in the United States has always been that an individual is black if at least one or more of the person's parents is black.

false

The main idea of the article "Historic Reversals, Accelerating Resegregation, and the Need for New Integration Strategies" is that school segregation is getting better than before. true false

false

"Patriarchy is the cause of women's oppression" is a tenet of which sociological theory?

feminist

85) Elizabeth argued that one reason women are abused by their husbands is because their unpaid labor is undervalued in society. Which perspective is Elizabeth most likely using?

feminist

pensions make elderly retire earlier and younger people can have their jobs

functionalist perspective

Socialization controls behavior because of sociobiology integration institutionalization internalization nurture

internalization

About 1.7 percent of babies are born with "anomolies of sex chromosomes, internal procreative organs, and external genitalia in a variety of combinations" otherwise known as the:

intersexed

About 1.7 percent of babies are born with "anomolies of sex chromosomes, internal procreative organs, and external genitalia in a variety of combinations" otherwise known as the:

intersexed

Evolutionary psychology

involves studying how natural selection predisposes traits and social behaviors.

82) Elizabeth (a fictional person) works at the dean's office. She is one of 20 students on a work study program and does not especially like her job. She works harder than her supervisor (who is paid more) and enjoys coffee breaks when she and her coworkers share stories about how little they are paid and how they deserve more. One day, Liz steals 15 ink cartridges to use in her home printer. Liz has committed a(n):

occupational crime

why do people in modern china have to resort to contracts stating that they will take care of their elderly parents

one child per married couple law, the responsibility falls on fewer children's shoulders

People with strong feelings of self-efficacy are likely to be more

persistent and less anxious.

de jure discrimination

purposeful discrimination built into the law or is part of the explicit policies of an organization

What is a group of people with inherited physical characteristics that distinguish it from another group?

race

Gretchen is conducting a research project and is interviewing respondents about their fertility history. On the first day her respondent says that she has had three children. However, the next day, the respondent reports that she has only two children. This is an example of a problem with validity. reliability. hypotheses. variables. methods.

reliability

According to the text, in which of the following countries is it a violation of the law to fail to vote?

Australia

Maria's group formed to move for greater student rights. At this point, the interest in the group seems to be waning and Maria has been unable to raise the necessary funds to keep the group going. It appears that the group is dissolving. Which stage is the group likely in? . . A. . Preliminary . . B. . Fragmentation . . C. . Popularization . . D. . Institutionalized

Cities are relatively new to the world scene, developing on a large scale after the Industrial Revolution. (T/F)

False

Defining social class in America is an objective science because there are clear-cut, agreed-upon definitions of each class.T/F

False

Prejudice is an action; discrimination is an attitude. (T/F)

False

The "testosterone bonus" refers to men's ability to think quicker and act more decisively than women. (T/F)

False

The 1985 Vietnam veterans study clearly demonstrated that biology (in this case, testosterone) is the cause of male aggressiveness. (T/F)

False

____________________ theorists think underlying social problems cause disruptions to the system, including war, terrorism, and revolution.

Functional

Avoidance

Shunning all contact with the dominant group

Workfare and aid programs, WIC, Head Start

Ways trying to help eliminate poverty

46) Ethnomethodology and dramaturgy draw from symbolic interaction theory.

true

The Concept of Race

• Race is a group within the human species that is identified by a society as presumably having certain biologically inherited physical characteristics • Racial classifications have been based on numerous physical characteristics - One culturally convenient racial grouping divided humans in four major categories: Mongoloid, Caucasoid, Negroid, and Australoid.

Jenny failed her last chemistry test. Which of the following conclusions would be most representative of a self-serving bias on Jenny's part?

"I think the test questions were ambiguous and confusing."

Natalie is a prejudiced person who actively discriminates against other groups. According to Merton, Natalie is a/n "active bigot." "timid bigot." "fair-weather liberal." "all-weather liberal." "passive bigot."

"active bigot"

On average, women earn approximately _____ for every dollar men earn. $1.04 $0.98 $0.77 $0.66 $0.50

$0.77

Symbolic Interaction

-Individuals learn their social position through socialization -Cultural capital influences children's school and home environments -Symbols also often represent social positions Conspicuous consumption is displaying goods in a way that others will notice and that they will presumably earn the owner respect

Based on the text's discussion of the social sources of prejudice, can you think of at least two ways to reduce prejudice in America?

1) Although it is unrealistic, and may even sound communist, we could make our social statuses more equal because as the text says and as we are well aware, "unequal status breeds prejudice". If we were more equal in our social and economic status we could prevent prejudices that come with the differences in wealth and power. Of course this idea of making our social statuses equal is unrealistic, and sounds like Karl Marx's thoughts and theories of communism. 2) We also should all look at the things that we DO have in common from each other so as to blend the ingroup and outgroup. We need to look more at our similarities than our differences. It's much easier to be friends with someone who you have things in common with, so if we look at the things we we do have in common with each other we can unite as opposed to divide into the us group and the they group.

Segregation

A specific type of subjugation, the process of separating people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences

Crimes against the company are more likely to occur when: A. The company is large B. Employees are mentally stimulated by their jobs C. Employees have strong loyalty toward the company D. Employees are adequately compensated

Which of the following factors has been shown to influence either the likelihood of conviction or the severity of punishment?

A. status B. attractiveness Student Response C. similarity to the jurors

William James, self-perception theory, and research findings all suggest that

A. your gait can influence how you feel. B. your posture can influence how you feel. C. your facial expressions can influence how you feel.

Although she works 30 hours a week, Natalie is unable to earn enough money to bring her and her sons to the poverty line, according to the income requirement set by the federal government. She and her family are experiencing: A. Absolute poverty B. Vertical mobility C. Relative poverty D. Being in the underclass

Absolute poverty

When Ian Ayres and his colleagues visited Chicago area car dealers and used a uniform strategy to negotiate the lowest price on a new car, dealers charged __________________ the highest average price.

African-American females

What does it mean when sociologists say that age is "socially constructed"?

Age is based on cultural attitudes that are rooted in a society.

Which of the following statements is true about the selection of names for newborn children?

A name that is for males may for a time be given to either sex, but then is demoted to girls.

Which of the following statements is true about the selection of names for newborn children?

A name that is for males may for a time be given to either sex, but then is demoted to girls.

Why do functionalists argue that the incest taboo is a nearly universal norm? A. It prevents the transference of genetic defects. B. The incest taboo facilitates the socialization of children and avoids role confusion. C. Incest is universally regarded as a deviant act. D. It reinforces patriarchal authority.

B. The incest taboo facilitates the socialization of children and avoids role confusion.

What did Higginbotham and Weber discover about women from working-class backgrounds who now occupied professional, managerial, and administrative positions in Memphis? A. They married into social classes higher than their own. B. They were encouraged by their parents to get an education. C. They were in the top five percent of their graduating class. D. They were the eldest child in the family.

B. They were encouraged by their parents to get an education.

Great Britain was one of the first nations in which industrial capitalism developed. According to world system theory, Great Britain would be a ________ nation. A. periphery B. core C. Most Industrialized D. semiperiphery

B. core

Violations of norms and rules that are written into law are officially called ________. A. ethics B. crimes C. values D. folkways

B. crimes

B. exogamy

Which sociological perspective is aligned with the belief that religion attaches meaning to our lives, provides emotional comfort during times of sorrow, creates a sense of solidarity with others and provides guidelines with which to direct our lives? A. the feminist perspective B. functionalism C. symbolic interactionism D. the conflict perspective

B. functionalism

What is the term used to describe an attitude that exaggerates the virtues of a group, such as all Asian Americans being brilliant or all African Americans being great athletes? A. superior discrimination B. positive prejudice C. master status D. complacent superiority

B. positive prejudice

The relativity of deviance is most aligned with which sociological perspective? A. the neo-conflict perspective B. symbolic interactionism C. the conflict perspective D. structural functionalism

B. symbolic interactionism

According to Melvin Tumin, which of the following high school seniors will most likely attend college? A. the promising student in need of financial aid B. the C+ student from the upper class C. the A- student from a decaying urban slum D. the student who scored the mean on the college entrance exam

B. the C+ student from the upper class

In which of the following societies might slavery most likely exist? A. the hunting and gathering society B. the agricultural society C. the pastoral society D. the industrial society

B. the agricultural society

Carlin wants to study the civil rights movement in the United States. His hypothesis is that the movement has actually been a series of slow, small changes that have helped society run more smoothly. Carlin is most likely using a ________ perspective. . . A. . world systems . . B. . symbolic interactionist . . C. . functionalist . . D. . conflict

In the 2008 U.S. presidential election, voter turnout was: A. 51 percent B. 42 percent C. 62 percent D. 85 percent

Which one of the following statements about the U.S. education system is false? The typical curriculum covers too many topics and too superficially. Much school funding is inadequate, and teachers typically have little control over the curriculum. Many K-12 teachers are out of field. College education departments accept too many students with low GPAs. Seventeen-year-olds are performing better in reading and math than their counterparts did in the early 1970s.

College education departments accept too many students with low GPAs.

Before the civil rights laws were passed in the United States in the 1960s, a number of states had __________ laws that spelled out differential treatment for racial groups.

Jim Crow

Which United States president does Henslin cite as an example of a leader who combined charismatic and rational-legal authority?

John F. Kennedy

_____ predicted that communism would dominate because exploited workers would revolt against capitalism. Max Weber Emile Durkheim Auguste Comte Harriet Martineau Karl Marx

Karl Marx

Thomas, a revolutionary sociologist, is organizing a social movement in Kentucky. Unfortunately, his social movement lacks a clear leadership structure, division of labor, or sense of group action. Thomas's social movement is best classified as:

Mass behavior

Which of the following individuals is credited with the most often used definition of power?

Max weber

What constructive steps can be taken to increase the accuracy and objectivity of jury members?

Maybe explaining this social psychology of errors in jury members decisions and showing them common errors that are made. Also fully explaining the system of the courtroom and how information that has been objected really must be omitted when thinking about the verdict. Possibly ensuring that there are a mix of death-qualified and unqualified people are members of the jury. Keeping the jury diverse may also help increase the accuracy and objectivity of jury members.

______________ occurs when a neutral third party attempts to facilitate communication and offer suggestions for how to resolve a conflict.

Mediation

According to power elite theorists: A. It is primarily through interest groups that we influence decision-making processes B. Politics involves negotiation and compromise between competing groups C. Multiple power centers offer the best chance to maintain democratic forms of government D. It is inevitable that a small group will rule societies

According to social control theory, which of the following actions might influence a person to conform? A. Disapproving nods B. Laws C. A conscious that explains right from wrong D. All of the above

According to the text, which of the following is not a typical function of meso-level political institutions? A. To maintain social control B. To protect citizens of the groups C. To serve as an arbiter in disputes D. To socialize new citizens

According to world systems theory, what type of nation provides raw materials and cheap labor for production? . . A. . Core nations . . B. . Semi-periphery nations . . C. . Periphery nations . . D. . Both B and C

According to your text, the oldest warring parties are: A. United States and Iraq B. Columbia and the National Liberation Army C. Sudan and Darfur Rebels D. The Israelis and Palestinians

Casey could not believe that her friends were continuing on to college after high school. She found it much more important to try to overthrow the current government, and she planned to chain herself to the capital building and stage a hunger strike until her demands were met. Merton would argue that Casey was coping with strain through: A. Innovation B. Retreatism C. Ritualism D. Rebellion

Kina is a 17-year-old young woman. Her parents describe her as sweet, kind, and responsible. They say she is this way because they encouraged her to attend church, study hard, and believe that "nice girls finish first." To which theory of deviance do Kina's parents most likely subscribe? A. Labeling theory B. Differential association theory C. Conflict theory D. Social control theory

Which of the following clearly meets the definition of a stereotype?

Gretchen believes the British are reserved and unexcitable.

Ethnic Group

Group of people who share common ancestry, language, religion, customs, or combination of such characteristics

ownership of land, position one is born into, military strength

Estate systems are based on

According to Karl Marx, which of the following will inevitably lea to the destruction of the capitalist system?

Exploitation of the proletariat.

Because members of the capitalist class have the greatest opportunities for travel and to meet people from various walks of life, their children have a wide field of "eligibles" from which to choose a husband or wife. T/F

False

Demography is the study of health, disease, and medical care. (T/F)

False

Individual discrimination, rather than institutional discrimination, is the reason that minority group members are less likely to be given a mortgage. (T/F)

False

People in the capitalist class are more likely to experience mental health problems because of the excessive stress associated with managing high-powered jobs.T/F

False

Sexual harassment and rape in the military have become isolated events due, for the most part, to extensive training and severe penalties for convicted offenders.(T/F)

False

Sociologists believe that if biology were the principal factor in determining human behavior, there would be greater uniformity of behavior among all people - men and women, regardless of gender - around the world. (T/F)

False

The Minutemen are a branch of the U.S. Border Patrol assigned to conduct covert operations to stop illegal immigration.(T/F)

False

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which is binding on all moments of the United Nations, effectively put an end to all forms of slavery.

False

With the need for independence and greater opportunity, children are leaving home at an earlier age and less likely to return home after they leave. T/F

False

The Coleman Report

Findings Minority students (except Asian-Americans) scored lower on tests at each level of schooling than did white students The majority of children studied attended segregated schools with same-race teachers The socioeconomic makeup of the school, the home background, and the background of other students in the school made the biggest difference in students' school achievement levels RECOMMENDED THAT INTEGRATING SCHOOLS WOULD PROVIDE AN EQUAL CLIMATE FOR ACHIEVEMENT

In which of the following ways can a person rise to what Weber would call a higher status group?

Gain membership in an influential group

Bai-lin is studying a group of anarchists who are working to try to eliminate all government and government control as a whole from the United States, and encourage everyone to rule himself or herself instead. The group Bai-lin is studying is likely a part of a(n):

Revolutionary movement

According to Davis and Moore, what benefits come from social stratification?

Rewarding functional importance of a position promotes a society's productivity and efficiency.

With 54 million members, which denomination has the highest membership in the United States?

Roman Catholic

Which of the following statements about rumors is false?

Rumors are a form of crowd behavior.

very important to society. SF Theory, Davis and Moore

Some positions are more highly valued because people feel they are

Relative poverty

Having an income below the poverty line, and an inadequate standard of living relative to others in the same country

Which of the following is NOT an example of racial profiling?

Henry Louis Gates, Jr., a black Harvard University professor, was arrested in his own home for disorderly conduct.

__________________focuses on social processes that define homosexuality as deviant and legitimize heterosexuality as the only normal lifestyle.

Heterosexism

Manufacturing jobs have moved to developing countries. Upward mobility is taking place among those who come from small highly educated families with get ahead values.

How have opportunities for upward mobility changed significantly with globalization

Social Stratification

How individuals and groups are layered or ranked in society according to how many valued resources they possess -Ongoing sorting process -Legitimated by cultural beliefs

A system of planned organizational change in which workers in the company are involved in the decision-making process to change the internal dynamics of a company to make it more efficient is a:

Human relations approach

According to evolutionary theory, societies typically move through stages in which order?

Hunting and gathering, horticultural, agrarian, industrial

Structural Functionalism (Davis and Moore 1945)

Some positions are more highly valued because people feel they are very important to society Societies must motivate talented individuals to occupy the most important positions Differential rewards must be offered to attract the most qualified individuals into the most valued positions As a result, stratification is inevitable

According to your text, the oldest warring parties are:

The Israelis and Palestinians

Which of the following is a macro-level factor that can shape social stratification?

The economic position of a society

Which of the following is a macro-level factor that can shape social stratification? A. The community's influence on schools B. The occupational prestige of an individual C. The economic position of a society D. The amount of education of a person

The economic position of a society

Macro-level factors influencing stratification

The economic system The geographic location of nations Resources Strong educational system Well-paying jobs Productive land Ample supply of water Access to technology

Social mobility

The extent and direction of individual movement in the social stratification system

Meso-level factors: Access to resources

The family reinforces status though the socialization process Our treatment by educational, religious, political, and other institutions often depends on our status, and also reinforces it Our experiences of life are shaped by our status

Which of the following best describes the role of the federal government in defining ethnicity?

The government creates ethnic groups by naming them and providing the group with funding.

Which of the following best describes the role of the federal government in defining ethnicity?

The government creates ethnic groups by naming them and providing the group with funding.

Workplaces have a gender configuration

The ratio of men to women affects work experiences

Which of the following is a function of a ready labor force, according to structuralfunctional theorists?

The ready labor force will complete menial, unskilled jobs largely unattractive to the majority of society.

Many U.S. students are doing poorly in math and science compared to students in many other countries. Which one of the following reasons for many American students' low performance is false? The typical U.S. curriculum is too demanding and rigorous. American students have shorter school days. American students have fewer school days. Most American schools don't provide talented students with highly qualified teachers. Most American schools don't have adequate funding.

The typical U.S. curriculum is too demanding and rigorous.

In your opinion, what are the most important gender differences described in the textbook? Why?

There are a few very important gender differences described in our textbook: aggression, empathy, social dominance, and sexuality. I think it is pretty clear to all of us that men are much more aggressive than women, generally speaking. And in terms of a psychologists definition, this means that men behave with intentions of hurting someone. I feel like this trait goes hand in hand with that of women being more empathetic. This difference of men being more aggressive and women more empathetic truly shows how the genders can be polar opposite. Women seem to rarely get into fights with each other, but men rarely seem to even attempt to understand what other people are going through. I feel like men may even sometimes be aggressive because they lack that ability to empathize, but then again I'm bias because I'm a woman. Social dominance is another important gender difference because it is such a universal gender difference. When I think of political leaders all over the world most of them are men; when I think of heroes in stories from all cultures most of them are men. I think it may even be their aggression that helps them get to this dominating role that their gender seems to support. Sexuality is an important gender difference in my opinion because its almost the most obvious one, or maybe its just because I'm at that age in college. But boys seem to seek out women more, again, aggressively. They are definitely the initiators for the most part, but I feel like it may even have become a social norm for them the be the initiators, women expect it.

How are chronic shyness, loneliness, and depression related?

They are all related through the characteristic of being focused on internal affairs as opposed to thinking globally. When people are shy they think about themselves and how they look if when they talk and if they have something good to say; they are considering all of their own personal and internal issues and worries. Many people are lonely because they look at their internal issues and worry so much about themselves that they forget to worry about others and their relationships with others and those relationships then fade. People who are depressed attribute their failures and bad things that happen to them to their own internal errors and mistakes. Shyness, loneliness, and depression are all related by the idea of being so worried about internal issues rather than global ones.

Which of the following statements about social classes in the United States is true?

Wages and salaries for the upper classes have risen in the past 30 years.

Status inconsistency is common for winners of multimillion-dollar lotteries, especially when the status of their new wealth exceeds the status of their education and occupation.T/F

True

Stripping an individual of his or her identity as a group member is an example of using a degradation ceremony to brand someone as an outsider.T/F

True

The Malthus Theorem states that population grows geometrically, while the food supply increases arithmetically. (T/F)

True

The United States Census Bureau allows respondents to choose as many races as they wish in describing who they consider themselves to be. (T/F)

True

The United States Census Bureau allows respondents to choose as many races as they wish in describing who they consider themselves to be. T/F

True

The automobile can be blamed in part for the transformation of courtship, sexuality, and gender relations from a traditional interpretation to the present view that embraces equality and liberation. (T/F)

True

The fact that women are twice as likely to die after coronary bypass surgery can be traced to unintentional sexual discrimination by medical personnel. (T/F)

True

The process of compartmentalization helps people who engage in genocide to maintain a sense of being good and moral. (T/F)

True

The process of compartmentalization helps people who engage in genocide to maintain a sense of being good and moral. T/F

True

In the article "The Service Society and the Changing Experience of Work", the author argues that U.S. economy has changed from manufacturing to service industries. There are two tiers in service sector, one is core, and the other is periphery. White males tend to be in core service jobs than non-whites and females. All of the above is true.

U.S. economy has changed from manufacturing to service industries. There are two tiers in service sector, one is core, and the other is periphery. White males tend to be in core service jobs than non-whites and females.

What makes defining classes in U.S. society so difficult?

U.S. society has a relatively low level of status consistency so the boundaries between class levels are not very clear.

Which country has the lowest percentage of women in national politics?

USA

Latent Functions of Education

Unintended, unorganized, informal results of the educational process

social control

Use____________to maintain their control in society

In demand; in short suply. Evolutionary theory

Valued items are always _____

Unlike Marx, _____ focused on social organization, rather than the economy, to explain society. Addams Comte Durkheim Martineau Weber

Weber

College education is the most important factor in moving up. The value of an education increases as new jobs are created

What are your changes of mobility?

An integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events is called

a theory.

5) ___________________ is interaction using facial expressions, the head, eye contact, body posture, gestures, touch, walk, status symbols, and personal space.

a) Nonverbal communication

4) _______________ govern social contexts to let us know what is the right and proper behavior in social interaction.

a) Norms

3) Through our social networks, we are linked to:

a) Religious organizations b) Political subcultures c) The United Nations

18) Lee promised his brother Kirby that he would watch the Cincinnati Bengals's football game with him at home. However, Lee's friend Sue won tickets on a local radio station and she wants Lee to come to the game with her. Because Lee is torn between his role as Sue's friend and Kirby's brother, Lee is experiencing:

a) Role conflict

7) Nicole addresses an introductory sociology course as a guest lecturer. She is most likely to address the class while standing at a:

a) Social distance

22) Durkheim's concept of anomie refers to a:

a) State of normlessness

23) According to Durkheim's taxonomy, anomic suicide refers to:

a) Suicide caused by an individual experiencing disorder and turmoil and who lacks clear norms and guidelines for social behavior

116) Under the __________________________________ analysis of race, the social reality of race is that people are defined or define themselves as belonging to a group passed in part on

a) Symbolic Interaction, physical appearance

Research suggests that the sight of a weapon can

amplify aggression.

Despite the fact that, as Sherif noted about his famous Robber's Cave experiment, the behavior of the boys in the warring camps seemed "wicked, disturbed, and vicious," what actually triggered their evil behavior was

an evil situation.

"Sometimes I feel that I can't do anything about the direction my life is taking." This statement reflects

an external locus of control.

Symbolic Racism

an indirect form of racism that employs ode words and subtle, unspoken contrast to suggest that one race is superior to another

In a famous experiment by Albert Bandura and colleagues, children watched an adult attack a Bobo doll with a mallet. They were then shown some attractive toys they were forbidden to play with. When they were taken to another room, they

attacked a Bobo doll.

Troy encourages his daughters to work hard and rewards their work with complements and occasional gifts. Troy's parenting style is authoritarian. authoritative. permissive. uninvolved. maternal.

authoritative

14) Most of the time, we engage in _________________ behavior, the behavior safest with casual acquaintances because it is scripted.

b) front stage

9) Maria interviews Eric for an entry-level position at the firm where she works. According to Edward Hall, the two will most likely sit at a __________ from one another.

b) social distance

A justification to invade Iraq was "to bring democracy to the Iraqi people." This is an example of a(n) ________ justification for war.

ideological

Lisa strongly believes that certain groups of humans are biologically inferior to other groups of humans and that this is what explains the cultural and social differences b/w racial groups. Lisa is demonstrating ________ racism.

ideological

The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) was given the power to

impose fines on organizations in violation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Over time the impact of a message from a noncredible source may __________, a phenomenon known as the

increase; sleeper effect.

Compared to thirty-five years ago, the number of people living in poverty has increased. decreased. stayed the same. fluctuated. None of the above - poverty statistics were not collected thirty-five years ago.

increased

indirect aggression

When Mary, the owner of a large apartment complex, was deciding who to rent an open apartment to, she immediately disregarded the application of 84-year-old Millie because Mary does not rent apartments to old women. Mary's treatment of Millie is best described as:

individual discrimination

While on vacation, Jose went to a local restaurant for lunch. Before he sat down, the owner came out from behind the counter and told Jose to leave the restaurant because his "kind aren't welcome." This is an example of prejudice. individual discrimination. institutional discrimination. gendered racism. holistic discrimination.

individual discrimination

Social_____ is the result of certain groups having more power an standing in the social hierarchy.

inequality

Susie is a first-year college student. Although she wants to be popular, she has refused invitations to attend underage drinking parties. Susie has a strong respect for authority, even when it conflicts with a simple matter such as attending a college party. Susie's decision in this situation demonstrates a quality of control theory called ________.

inner control

Henry's family was unable to pay their bills last month. He wanted the best for his family, but had a low-paying job. To "earn" some extra cash, be began selling fraudulent tickets at the Civic Center. According to Merton, Henry is a/n conformist. innovator. ritualist. retreatist. rebel.

innovator

129) __________________ racism is discrimination that is hidden within the system which remains in place because of symbolic racism.

institutional

Sociologists now reject the view that minorities have

low self-esteem, a particular personality, a preference to belong to another group.

You agree to buy a new computer at a terrific price. Then the sales associate charges you for software you thought was included in the original package. You've been

low-balled.

Compared with divorce rates between 1970 and 1990, divorce rates in 2008 were much higher. higher. much lower. lower. about the same.

lower

Which of the following best describes the observed relationship between religion and social class?

lower class individuals in the United States are disproportionately represented in fundamentalist religions.

Which of the following is not one of the social classes in the model proposed by Daniel Rossides?

lower- lower class

Identify which social class the following description illustrates: Some individuals in this social class flaunt their money and spend it on lavish goods and services to enhance their prestige. upper-upper class lower-upper class upper-middle class lower-middle class working class

lower-upper class

Which of the following sociological perspectives focuses on an entire society and global issues?

macrosciological

educational systems

meso level agents of gender socialization: socialization agents of children through textbooks, classroom activities, playground games, and teachers attitudes

The formation of a subordinate-group-dominant-group relationship emerges through

migration, colonialism, & annexation.

According to social exchange theory, we use a ________________ strategy in deciding when and whether to help others.

minimax

A/n _____ is a group of people who may be subject to differential and unequal treatment because of their physical, cultural, or other characteristics. minority group majority group dominant group subordinate group principal group

minority group

What term did Louis Wirth use to define groups of people who are singled out for unequal treatment and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination?

minority group

assimilation

minority reactions to prejudice, discrimination, and racism: members attempt to pass members of the dominant group so as to avoid bigotry and discrimination

nonviolent

minority reactions to prejudice, discrimination, and racism: model for this is Ghandi's struggle for independence from Britain in the 1950s

passing

minority reactions to prejudice, discrimination, and racism: pretending to be a member of the privileged group when one is not fully apart of the community

aggression

minority reactions to prejudice, discrimination, and racism: resulting from anger and resentment over minority status and from subjugation may lead to retaliation or violence

avoidance

minority reactions to prejudice, discrimination, and racism: shunning all contact with dominant group

"Low wages alienate workers." This statement best represents the views of which sociological theory on work and the economy? functionalist conflict feminist symbolic interactionist globalization

conflict

142) ____________________________ theorists argue that a "lesser" group protests the dominant group's advantages. The privileged continue prejudice and discrimination against the minority to keep privileges and resources.

conflict

The theory of social change that assumes that change is inevitable because of inequality in society is:

conflict

Which of the following perspectives on race and ethnicity tends to emphasize group tensions between the privileged and the exploited?

conflict

________________ theorists argue that poor women in capitalistic economic systems are used as reserve labor force that can be called and dismissed as needed.

conflict

________________ theorists argue that poor women in capitalistic economic systems are used as reserve labor force that can be called and dismissed as needed. A. Conflict B. Symbolic interaction C. Structural-functionalist D. Exchange

conflict

__________________ theorists believe that state protects the privileged position of a few, allowing them to consolidate power.

conflict

young and old are opponents in a struggle that threatens to throw society into turmoil

conflict perspective

Income, status and other rewards allow some owners and managers to exploit workers. This statement exemplifies which major theoretical perspective? Functionalism conflict theory symbolic interactionism exchange theory feminist theory

conflict theory

The eagerness to show wealth by the purchase and visible ownership of goods is called ________.

conspicuous consumption

What theory is based on the idea that the two economic systems - capitalism and socialism - will eventually adopt features of one another until there is a hybrid economic system in all societies?

convergence theory

the domination of an economic system by giant corporations

corporate capitalism

Which of the following is not one of the four C's of peacemaking identified in the text?

correction

Research on social facilitation suggests that the design of new office buildings in which private offices are replaced with large, open areas may

disrupt creative thinking on complex tasks.

In sociological terms, a majority is the same as a

dominant group.

Your roommate asks you to loan her $50 to buy her boyfriend a birthday present, and you refuse. She then asks for three dollars to purchase a new notebook. You loan her the three dollars. Your roommate has successfully used the

door-in-the-face technique.

143) Prejudice, racism, and discrimination are __________________________ for society in many ways: They result in a loss of human resources; they cost society due to poverty and crime they maintain hostilities between groups; and they fuel disrespect for those in power.

dysfunctional

The _____ is a social institution that determines how a society produces, distributes, and consumes goods and services. religious system medical system criminal justice system economy work

economy

Which of the following plays the most critical role in social mobility?

education

Which of the following solutions addresses racism at the societal level?

education reform

Which of the following solutions address racism at the societal level?

education reforms

As time goes on, the average _____ helps increase the number of women in high-paying professions.

educational level of women

Research on leadership indicates that

effective supervisors tend to score high on both task and social leadership.

To determine whether changing one variable (like education) will produce changes in another (like income), we need to conduct __________________ research.

experimental.

One remedy for the belief perseverance phenomenon is to

explain why an opposite belief might be true.

Which approach explains how racism can stigmatize a group as inferior so that the exclusion of that group can be justified?

exploitation theory

Experimental studies of the catharsis hypothesis lead to the conclusion that

expressing hostility breeds more hostility.

The conclusion in the article "The Impact of Internet Communications on Social Interaction" is that there is no difference between face-to-face interaction and internet interaction. Goffman's rules on interaction apply to internet interaction. face-to-face interaction is different from internet interaction. None of the above is true.

face-to-face interaction is different from internet interaction.

102) Murder is typically a conflict crime.

false

104) A grocery store that intentionally sells expired meat is committing a crime against employees.

false

106) The Internet is easy to police because all legal authorities have clearly delineated jurisdiction over it.

false

108) Rates of incarceration in the United States are decreasing.

false

40) In the context of foreign language acquisition, nonverbal messages are the easiest part to master.

false

42) Personal distance is used for first-time business relations, such as a job interview.

false

43) Touching, embracing, and kissing are indicators of personal distance.

false

44) Social distance is the distance most public figures use for addressing others, especially in formal settings.

false

45) Because personal space is decided culturally, men and women in the same culture have similar personal-space norms.

false

Sexuality is linked to gender inequality and the control of women's sexual behavior by men. Which sociological perspective does this statement illustrate? functionalist conflict symbolic interactionist feminist exchange

feminist

What group is most associated with the phrase "biology is not destiny"?

feminists

Which wave of the women's movement focused on the problems of women in the Least Industrialzied Societies?

fourth

"Capitalism brings prosperity to a society." This statement best represents the views of which sociological theory on work and the economy? functionalist conflict feminist symbolic interactionist globalization

functionalist

Stratification is both necessary and inevitable. This statement best represents which theoretical perspective? conflict functionalist symbolic interactionist feminist exchange theory

functionalist

Which type of sociologists would consider deviance to be a natural part of society?

functionalist

_____ believe that deviance and crime are normal parts of the social structure that maintain society. Functionalists Conflict theorists Feminist theorists Symbolic interactionists Criminologists

functionalists

Symbolic interactionism

gender is socially constructed; physical, biological differences come to be regarded as symbols that differentiate rights and rewards in society

Thomas is a boy who was ridiculed for wearing a skirt to school one day. Which of the following did Thomas violate?

gender roles

Thomas is a boy who was ridiculed for wearing a skirt to school one day. Which of the following did Thomas violate?

gender roles

The majority of students graduating with a degree in elementary education are women. Research has shown that this sex-typing of majors is primarily due to ____ .

gender socialization

The process by which people learn the cultural norms, attitudes, and behaviors appropriate to their gender is:

gender socialization

The process by which people learn the cultural norms, attitudes, and behaviors appropriate to their gender is:

gender socialization

The term ____ refers to the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women.

gender stratification

The characteristics people associate with male and female define

gender.

sex

generally seen as a term referring to ascribed genetic, anatomical, and hormonal differences between males and females

Systematic attempts to destroy members of particular minority groups is called genocide. internal colonialism. segregation. assimilation. pluralism.

genocide

The massacre of Native Americans in the 1800s, the extermination of the Jews in Nazi Germany, and the slaughter of the Tutsis in Rwanda are all examples of ________.

genocide

When the Serbian army massacred Bosnian civilians while conducting "ethnic cleansing," they were participating in this type of group relation, where the dominant group makes a systematic effort to destroy a minority group:

genocide

mass killings because of race or ethnicity

genocide

Japanese are more likely than Americans to complete the sentence "I am . . ." with their

group identities.

minority group

groups in a population that differ in characteristics and are therefore subject to less power, fewer privileges, and discrimination

Ethnic Groups

groups where membership is based on shared cultural heritage and is often connected with a national or geographic identity Many racial groups are ethnic groups Some ethnic groups concentrated in ethnic enclaves The federal government plays central role in creating ethnic groups

The textbook defines family as an "intimate group in which two or more people" do all of the following except "live together in a committed relationship." "have a legal relationship." "care for one another and any children." "share close emotional ties and functions." All of the above are part of the definition.

have a legal relationship

When theories are discarded, it is usually because they

have been displaced by newer, better theories.

Compared to prisoners convicted of nonviolent crimes, people convicted of unprovoked violent crimes tend to

have higher testosterone levels.

The not-so-empty nest is a phrase that refers to when children ________.

have moved out as young adults, then return to live with their parents

In high-income societies, when people experience social mobility, they are most likely to experience _____.

horizontal mobility as they change jobs at the same social position

hospice

social stratification

how individuals and groups are layered or ranked in society according to how many valued resources they possess

Social psychology is the scientific study of

how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.

What was Max Weber's term for a composite of characteristics found in many real life examples?

ideal types

The basic idea behind differential association theory is that one's environment has little influence on deviance and crime. most deviant and criminal behavior is spontaneous. labeling is a major factor in explaining deviance. primary deviance leads to secondary deviance. most people learn deviant behavior through interaction.

most people learn deviant behavior through interaction.

A psychiatrist who interviewed 40 of Milgram's participants a year after their participation concluded that

none had been harmed.

"Actions speak louder than words." This statement represents which concept of social interaction? dramaturgical analysis ethnomethodology nonverbal communication silence facial expressions

nonverbal communication

A technique for bringing about change at the institutional and societal levels used by Mahatma Gandhi, Jesse Jackson, and Caesar Chavez was:

nonviolent resistance

An automobile manufacturer who produces advertisements associating his cars with a young, attractive family enjoying picnics is most clearly using

peripheral route persuasion.

Which of the following is not a criterion of a social group? persons who interact with one another persons who share a common identity persons who share a sense of belonging None of the above are characteristics of a social group. All of the above are criteria of a social group.

persons who interact with one another persons who share a common identity persons who share a sense of belonging None of the above are characteristics of a social group. All of the above are criteria of a social group.

Which of the following allows a minority group to express its own culture and still to participate without prejudice in the larger society?

pluralism

_________ occurs when each ethnic group or racial group in a country maintains its own culture and separate set of institutions

pluralism

The _________ model of power argues that power is shared among many power centers, each of which has their own self-interests to protect. A. evolutionary B. estate C. pluralist D. power elite

pluralist

Failing to ask questions in class because you assume everyone else understands best exemplifies

pluralistic ignorance.

Organizations that solicit money from many donors and then use the funds to influence legislation are referred to as:

political action committees (PAC)

It is the year 3130 and we have begun to colonize Mars. The native Martian population is being moved to the Moon, so that Earth can build a casino, water park, and oil drilling rig on their holy grounds. Governmental officials claim that Martians can and will live happily on the moon, with "little disruption in their day-to-day lives." The Martians are experiencing:

population transfer

Which of the following solutions addresses racism at the group level?

positive contact

What is the term used to describe an attitude that exaggerates the virtues of a group, such as all Asian Americans being brilliant or all African Americans being great athletes?

positive prejudice

Suicide bombers in Iraq are accorded high praise by those who oppose an American presence in the Middle East and are considered heroic warriors such honor and praise is an example of a ___.

positive sanction

service sector so large that most people work in it, vast surplus of goods, even more extensive trade among nations, greater variety and quality of goods available, an information explosion, and a "global village"

post-industrial

"The wealthy control politics." This statement reflects which sociological perspective of political power? pluralist power elite feminist symbolic interactionist globalist

power elite

The __________ model of power suggests that individuals with powerful positions in political, business, and military arenas interact with each other and ensure that their power is not threatened.

power elite

_____ is a positive or negative attitude toward people because of their group membership. Stereotyping Racism Prejudice Discrimination Pluralism

prejudice

120) _______________________ are attitudes that judge a group, usually negatively and not based on facts. They can refer to positive attitudes and exaggerations, but they can also refer to negative attitudes.

prejudices

Another term for "pre-elections" in which voters decide which candidates will represent their political parties is:

primary

79) Yesterday, for the first time ever, Carson smoked marijuana. According to labeling theory, Carson committed:

primary deviance

For the first time ever, Carson smoked marijuana just to experience it. People observing Carson doing this see this as a one-time behavior. According to labeling theory, Carson committed:

primary deviance

_____ groups meet our expressive (or emotional) needs; _____ groups meet our instrumental (or task-oriented) needs. In; out Out; in Secondary; primary Primary; secondary Primary; in

primary; secondary

In calling sports decisions, umpires and referees rarely change their decisions as a result of a player's objection. This may be an example of how

public commitment reduces susceptibility to social influence.

Ryan is examining children's books as part of a research project on gender images in the media. Ryan is using which of the following research approaches? quantitative research qualitative research deductive research inductive research none of the above

qualitative research

149) Although widely ruled unconstitutional, _________________ are policies that require employers to hire a certain percentage of minorities.

quota systems

117) Sociologists believe that ________________ is a meaningful category because people make it meaningful.

race

A(n) __________ is a group within the human species that is identified by a society as presumably having certain biologically inherited physical characteristics.

race

A(n) __________ is a group within the human species that is identified by a society as presumably having certain biologically inherited physical characteristics.

race

The article "The Social Organization of Toy Stores" by Christine Williams discussed about race problem in the toy store. gender problem in the toy store. neither a or b is correct. both a and b are correct.

race problem in the toy store. gender problem in the toy store.

Pluralism

racial or ethnic group share power but maintain its own identity, culture or separate set of institutions- separate but equal - Pluralism is possible through intervention - legal protection

Studies consistently document that increased formal education is associated with

racial tolerance.

126) _________________ is any attitude, belief, or institutional arrangement that favors one racial group over another.

racism

_____ is/are a set of beliefs which claim that one's own racial group is "naturally" superior to other groups. Stereotypes Racism Prejudice Discrimination Pluralism

racism

the combination of prejudice and disrimination

racism

84) Casey could not believe that her friends were continuing on to college after high school. She found it much more important to try to overthrow the current government, and planned to chain herself to the capital building and stage a hunger strike until her demands were met. Merton would argue that Casey was coping with strain through:

rebellion

According to evolutionary theory, genetic selfishness predisposes us toward helping based on

reciprocity.

Historians suggest that, in Nazi Germany, citizens who were reluctant to support the Nazi regime experienced a profound inconsistency between their private beliefs and

reciting the public greeting "Heil Hitler" as a conformist greeting.

prestige

refers to an individual's social recognition, esteem, and respect commanded from others, ranking is closely correlated with the value system or society

intragenerational mobility

refers to change in position in a single individuals life

intergenerational mobility

refers to change in status compared to their parents status

sexuality

refers to how cultures shape the meaning of sexuality and sexual acts and how we experience our bodies in relation to others; also socially constructed

vertical mobility

refers to movement up or down in the hierarchy and sometimes involves changing social classes

past in present discrimination

refers to practices from the past that may no longer be allowed but that continue to affect people today

side effect discrimination

refers to practices in one institutional area that have a negative impact because they are linked into practices in another institutional area; unintentional discrimination

gender

refers to socially constructed notions of masculinity and femininity

power

refers to the ability to control or influence others to get them to do what you want them to do

subjugation

refers to the subordination of one group to another that holds power and authority EX: slavery

feminization of poverty

refers to the trend in which single females make up a growing proportion of those in poverty

relative poverty

refers to those whose income falls below the poverty line

The first wave of the women's movement had a radical branch and a conservative branch. What was the goal of the radical branch?

reforming all institutions of society

Feminists propose a _____, by which all individuals can develop all human traits.

reintegration of humanity

Dominant group members tend to have access to more opportunities, which translates to better quality of life in many ways. Sociologists call this type of inequality

relative deprivation.

Emily works and makes a modest salary. However, Emily is unable to provide new clothes or a two-bedroom apartment for her or her children. She is experiencing:

relative poverty

Which of the following is not a function of the family? sexual regulation reproduction religious placement socialization social placement

religious placement

The owner of a car dealership refuses to hire a female applicant not because he feels women are incompetent, but because he fears that customers will be less likely to buy a car from a woman. According to Merton, the owner is being a(an)

reluctant liberal

party that the majority of men typically vote for

republican

Hospital patients trained to believe in their ability to control stress tend to

require fewer pain relievers and sedatives.

No Child Left Behind

requires schools to administer achievement tests for accountability Schools failing to meet guidelines are penalized Tests focus on math and reading 70 percent of schools are reducing instructional time in other subjects to teach more reading and math

side-effect discrimination

According to George Herbert Mead, children learn to take the role of important people in their lives, especially parents, as they model themselves after them. Mead referred to these important people as role models looking-glass models significant others the generalized other authority figures

significant others

A study of American gender roles indicates that

since 1970, increasing numbers of women have entered graduate school, medical school, and law school.

Feminization of poverty

single females, increasingly younger and with children, make up a growing proportion of those in poverty.

When Hershel Walker set out to understand the distance between individuals in society, he found that we need to go through an average of __________ individuals before accessing a previously unacquainted target.

six

Variations or alterations in the behavior patterns, culture, and structure of society are known as:

social change

Gender

social characteristics that distinguish males from females

property power and prestige

social class position is based on three factors

What are the four general system off stratification?

social classes slavery estates castes

For social scientists, race is a(n) social construct. personality trait. temporary characteristic. variable trait. myth.

social construct

What is a groups formal and informal means of enforcing norms called?

social control

Sticky Floor

social forces that keep the vast majority of the world's women stuck in low-paid jobs

_____ are webs of social ties that link individuals to one another. Social muddles Social networks Social systems Social interactions Social organisms

social networks

Affirmative Action

social policy created to change the unequal distribution of resources Strict affirmative action is a policy that involves affirmative or positive steps to make sure that unintended discrimination does not occur Quota systems are policies that require employers to hire a certain percentage of minorities Preference policies are policies based on the belief that sometime people must be treated differently in order to treat them fairly and to create equality

Having shy or anxious people observe, then rehearse, then try out more assertive behaviors in real situations is called

social skills training.

Bill is a sociologist who studies poverty. He understands that an individual's poverty status is the result of larger economic situations and unemployment rates in the local community rather than the individual's personal problem. Bill is utilizing his macrosociology. microsociology. research methodology. common sense. sociological imagination.

sociological imagination.

Social Construction of Race: Symbolic Interaction Analysis

• Social significance is the idea from Symbolic interaction theory that social consequences constitute reality - People assign group membership, in part, on physical appearance - All individuals classify objects, including humans - Classifications used to scientifically study humans - Classifications can provide individuals with an identity • Becausepeoplelookdifferent(physicalfeatures, and inherited genes), it has been presumed there are also differences in psychological and moral characteristics. This results in discrimination. Justification of discrimination in the U.S. and South Africa resulted in consequence like: - Apartheid Laws between 1948 and 1990's in South Africa - Jim Crow Laws in Southern states before Civil rights laws of 1960s

Theorists who believe that corporations use profit as their moral guide, with no concern for how opening and closing factories affects workers, are most aligned with which sociological perspective?

the conflict perspective

Which sociological perspective is most closely aligned with the explanation that Social Security benefits came about as the result of a struggle between competing interest groups?

the conflict perspective

People are more likely to bait a person to jump off a bridge when it is dark and

the crowd is large.

What is the key to determining if someone will vote in an election?

the degree to which they believe they have a stake in the political system

What is institutional discrimination?

the denial of opportunities resulting from the normal operations of society

According to Frederick Engels, what was responsible for the development of partriarchy?

the development of private property

How would Karl Marx define "profit"?

the excess value of a product that is withheld from workers

Jasmine is a single mother, making just above minimum wage at her job, trying to support her two children after having run through her Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) eligibility the year before. The fact that women such as Jasmine are at a high risk of being poor reflects the trend called ______.

the feminization of poverty

The term 'melting pot' refers to

the formation of a new cultural entity

the glass ceiling

What has been the most significant economic change in the last 100 years, one that may even rival the Industrial Revolution in its impact on people's lives?

the global integration of giant corporations

According to the text, ___________________ tends to make people overconfident about the validity of their judgments and predictions.

the hindsight bias.

Hidden curriculum

the implicit demands found in every learning institution that students have to learn and respond to in order to succeed within the educational system

While waiting to cross the street you witness a man running a red light—causing a three-car accident. Just after it happens, the man who ran the stoplight gets out of the car to talk to you. He tells you that the light was yellow. Later you tell police that you remembered the light being yellow, not red, when the man went through the intersection. This scenario illustrates

the misinformation effect.

Marcus used a deductive approach to examine the relationship between two variables. Which of the following best represents a deductive approach? theory --> hypothesis --> observation --> confirmation or rejection of hypothesis theory --> observation --> hypothesis --> confirmation or rejection of hypothesis observation --> theory --> hypothesis --> confirmation or rejection of hypothesis hypothesis --> confirmation or rejection of hypothesis --> theory --> observation hypothesis --> confirmation or rejection of hypothesis --> observation --> theory

theory --> hypothesis --> observation --> confirmation or rejection of hypothesis

islam

this religion views women as dangerous to men, although many women in this religions society today are full participants in the public and private sphere

feminist theory

this theory, regarding gender stratification, agrees with Marx and Engels that gender stratification is based on power struggles, not biology

structural functional theory

this theory, regarding gender stratification, argued that men and women carry out different roles that have developed since early human society

symbolic interaction theory

this theory, regarding gender stratification, looks at gender as socially contructed; stresses the idea of human agency, the notion that humans are not only influenced by the society in which they live, but help create it

conflict theory

this theory, regarding gender stratification, views males as haves----controlling the majority of the power positions and most wealth----and femals as have-nots.

Following the structural-functional approach, who gains the most rewards in a society?

those who perform jobs with the greatest functional importance

The best way to influence reluctant liberals towards less discriminatory behavior is

through equal-opportunity legislation

A person who harbors prejudice but will not discriminate if it costs money or reduces profits is called a(an)

timid bigot

Origins of the Concept of "Race"

• • Race relation problems are social in origin - Racist doctrines lack any scientific basis In the 1970s, the United Nations issued a "Statement on Race" that stated: - All people are born free and equal both in dignity and in rights - Racism stultifies personal development - (Racial) conflicts cost nations money and resources - Racism foments international conflict

You are one of two candidates being interviewed for a position as superintendent of the city school system. You are notified that one candidate will be interviewed tomorrow evening and the other a week later. The school board will make a decision immediately after the second candidate has been interviewed. If you want the job

you should try to be interviewed last.

What Characterizes Race and Ethnic Groups?

• Minority groups are determined by history and ideology • Dominant groups are not always a numerical majority • Ethnic and racial groups are the most common minority groups in the world

Theoretical Explanations of Dominant-Minority Group Relations: Conflict Theory

• Privileged people perpetuate prejudice and discrimination against minority group members to keep privileges and resources • Three critical factors contribute to hostility over resources - If two groups of people are identifiably different then "we" versus "they" thinking may develop - If the groups come into conflict over scarce resources that both groups want for themselves, hostilities are very likely to arise - If one group has much more power than the other, intense dislike between the two groups and misrepresentation of each group by the other is virtually inescapable

The Significance of Race versus Class

• Racial stratification was the central stratification system in the US for many years • The division of Black America - Two in five African Americans are middle-class - Majority of urban, black underclass are unemployed • Inequality between Blacks and Whites persist

The first time humans were systematically classified into different groups in scientific work was in:

1735 Carl von Linne

The year that women first voted in national elections in the United States:

1920

According to the text, which of the following models for planning organizational change combine both internal processes and the external environment? . . A. . Open systems models . . B. . Human relations models . . C. . Theory Y . . D. . Theory X

According to the text, What percentage of families makes up the entire upper class in the United States?

5 percent

If American women were free to choose, _____ would prefer to be employed rather than stay home to take care of their house and family. 10 percent 20 percent 30 percent 50 percent 80 percent

50 percent

This chapter opens with a brief description of a study in which the researchers submitted 5,000 fake résumés to potential employers. The résumés with names that sounded white received _____ callbacks for interviews than those with names that sounded African American. 10 percent more 25 percent more 50 percent more 25 percent fewer 10 percent fewer

50 percent more

Twin and adoption studies indicate that genetic influences explain approximately _________ of individual variations in personality traits.

50%

. The stage of a social movement in which the context for the movement is set is the ___________ stage. . . A. . preliminary . . B. . institutionalized . . C. . fragmentation . . D. . popularization

1. "Control is concentrated in the hands of the privileged, and the masses have little influence." This statement most closely reflects: A. Power elite theory B. Symbolic interaction theory C. Pluralist perspective D. Functionalist perspective

1. Which of the following scenarios best depicts how power operates at the micro-level? A. Husbands and wives often argue about the division of labor within the household. B. Counties pass laws that regulate how long one's grass can be before imposing a fine. C. Large organizations such as Disney have complex power hierarchies. D. Interest groups attempt to influence the political process in a variety of ways.

A system of planned organizational change in which workers in the company are involved in the decision-making process to change the internal dynamics of a company to make it more efficient is a: . A. . Human relation approach . B. . Closed system model . C. . Social exchange approach . D. . None of the above

Recidivism is: A. Returning to prison after already serving a prior term B. The conflict that occurs between the elites and minority groups C. The extortion of funds in exchange for "protection" D. A theory that attempts to explain deviance

Ulla wants to study the way that groups of individuals react to a terrorist attack in their area. She feels that their confusion following the attack will lead to the development of new definitions of acceptable behavior. Which theory is Ulla most likely using? . . A. . Emergent norm theory . . B. . Minimax strategy theory . . C. . Conflict theory . . D. . Value added theory

Which of the following scenarios best depicts how power operates at the meso-level? A. States make decisions about which corporations receive tax breaks. B. Parents often spank their children to control their behavior. C. Husbands and wives often argue about the division of labor within the household. D. Global treaties influence the autonomy of the countries involved.

Which of the following statements is true about charismatic leaders? A. They are effective during transitional periods but are often replaced by rational-legal leaders once affairs of state become stable. B. They are granted authority positions because they have proper training or have proven their merit. C. They are usually members of a royal family, whose authority is granted based on tradition. D. Their leadership structure is usually bureaucratic and rule-bound.

Which of the following types of authority is most typical of modern nation-states? A. Rational-legal authority B. Traditional authority C. Irrational authority D. Charismatic authority

Who of the following is most likely to have lost a job during the current recession? A Black man, who is a construction worker, with no college education. A Black man, who is a professional, with a college degree. A Black woman, who is in manufacturing, with no college education. A White man, who works for the government, with a college degree. A White woman, who works in retails, with no college education.

A Black man, who is a construction worker, with no college education.

Sexual harassment was not recognized as a social problem until the 1970s. A. True B. False

A True

While the notion of gender refers to sociological characteristics, the concept of sex refers to ________ characteristics. A. Biological B. Anthropological C. Philosophical D. Psychological

A. Biological

Which of the following would be an example of racism as the term is defined in the text?

A. Mr. Jones' refusal to rent his apartments to Asian-Americans 0% B. Mrs. Smith's prejudice toward Latinos C. a government regulation that prevents inner-city residents from being recruited to serve as Army officers

Which of the following could explain the correlation between religion and racial prejudice?

A. People with less education may be both more fundamentalist and more prejudiced. B. Prejudice may "cause" religion by leading people to create religious ideas that support their prejudices. C. Religion may cause prejudice by leading people to believe that everyone has free will, so minorities are to blame for their own victimization.

Which statement is most accurate regarding the meaning of race? A. Race varies, depending upon the society in which its meaning is constructed. B. It is entirely dependent upon fixed biological characteristics. C.The concept of race tends to be quite similar in all cultures. D. Race is a variable that changes, depending upon the age of people who use the term.

A. Race varies, depending upon the society in which its meaning is constructed.

Research on memory construction indicates that suggestive questioning can lead people to believe that

A. a yield sign was actually a stop sign. B. a red light was actually green. C. a robber had a mustache when he did not.

Surveys of children and adolescents indicate that heavy viewers of TV violence

A. become desensitized to violence. B. exaggerate the frequency of violence in the world. C. are more fearful of being personally assaulted.

Fear-arousing messages have proven potent in convincing people to

A. cut down on smoking. B. brush their teeth more often. C. drive carefully.

What were the three major causes of slavery prior to life in the American colonies? A. debt, crime, and war B. racism, religion, and gender C. gender, politics, and ethnicity D. gender, racism, and social class

A. debt, crime, and war

In addition to love and satisfaction, close relationships that last are rooted in

A. fear of the costs of ending the relationship. B. a sense of moral obligation to the relationship. C. inattention to possible alternative partners.

Freudian therapists who expect to find evidence of early childhood traumas are likely to uncover such experiences among clients who are

A. gay males. B. real victims of childhood sex abuse. C. healthy, successful adults.

In every society, from the hunting and gathering society to the postindustrial society, the most common basis for social stratification has been ________. A. gender B. education C. income D. race

A. gender

Which of the following is shaped by where and when we live?

A. how we define beauty B. how we define social justice C. whether we tend to be expressive or reserved

Women are more likely than men to

A. make a charitable bequest from estate money. B. buy greeting cards. C. describe themselves as empathetic

Frustration grows when

A. our motivation to achieve a goal is very strong. B. we expected gratification. C. we are completely blocked in attaining our goal.

Attitude change that has followed the central route is more likely to

A. persist. B. resist attack. C. influence behavior.

Which of the following is likely to occur under conditions of deindividuation?

A. police brutality B. screaming at a referee during a NCAA tournament game C. stealing

Suicide bombers in Iraq are accorded high praise by those who oppose an American presence in the Middle East and are considered heroic warriors. Such honor and praise is an example of a ________. A. positive sanction B. negative sanction C. degradation ceremony D. Shaming

A. positive sanction

Across cultures, men

A. prefer younger mates. B. prefer women with physical features that suggest fertility. C. are more likely to initiate sexual activity.

Which of the following is an effective way to increase helping behavior?

A. reduce the ambiguity of the situation B. model prosocial behavior C. make people feel guilty

Which of the following is true regarding social research being value free? Social researchers must be value free from topic selection through the interpretation of data. Social researchers always aim for being value free, but if they fail to meet that standard it is not such a big deal. Although the topic selection may be subjective, the research must maintain objectivity when collecting, analyzing and interpreting data. All of the above are true about social research. None of the above is true about social research.

Although the topic selection may be subjective, the research must maintain objectivity when collecting, analyzing and interpreting data.

What is the politically powerful group with 39 million members that monitors federal and state legislation and mobilizes its elderly members to act on issues affecting their welfare?

American Association of Retired Persons

When Black respondents are asked how they get along with different minority groups, which group do they say they have the least difficulty getting along with?

American Indians

Sexual harassment and rape in the military have become isolated events due, for the most part, to extensive training and severe penalties for convicted offenders. A. True B. False

B. False

Since 1900, the life expectancy of people in every industrialized country has increased. A. True B. False

B. False

The structural and cultural merging of minority and majority groups that results in minority members losing their original identity refers to:

Assimilation

Five common reactions to dealing with a minority group status

Assimilation, acceptance, avoidance, aggression, change-oriented action

_____, who coined the term "sociology," is also known as the "father of sociology." Auguste Comte Emile Durkheim Karl Marx C. Wright Mills Max Weber

Auguste Comte

"People learn to conform or deviate from the individuals they spend time with." With which theory does this statement best fit? A. Feminist B. Differential association C. Labeling D. Rational choice

"Power is distributed among various groups so that no one group rules." This statement is most likely to be made by a(n): A. Conflict theorist B. Pluralist theorist C. Elite theorist D. Feminist theorist

. Justin Bieber clothing and Jelly Bands are examples of: . . A. . Mobs . . B. . Fads . . C. . Crowd behavior . . D. . Fashions

A group seeking change can attempt to set up a situation in which desired behavior is rewarded." This statement most closely reflects: . . A. . Symbolic interaction theory . . B. . Rational choice theory . . C. . Functionalist theory . . D. . Conflict theory

An analysis of the payoffs in favor of change and the forces rewarding the status quo is known as a: . . A. . Cyclical analysis . . B. . Force-field analysis . . C. . Stress-strain analysis . . D. . Symbolic interactionist analysis

Countries such as Sweden and Great Britain that have incorporated some democratic socialist ideas into their governmental policies are sometimes called: A. Planned democracies B. Welfare states C. Nationalist states D. Liberal democracies

For the first time ever, Carson smoked marijuana just to experience it. People observing Carson doing this see this as a one-time behavior. According to labeling theory, Carson committed: A. Negative sanctions B. Primary deviance C. Secondary deviance D. Positive sanctions

Khayyam is examining the evolution of the various tribes of people in Malawi, a small country in Africa. Khayyam believes that each of the societies will have become more advanced over the last 300 years, but each will have done so in their own way. Which perspective is Khayyam likely taking? . . A. . The world systems perspective . . B. . The multilinear social evolutionary perspective . . C. . The cyclical perspective . . D. . The unilinear social evolutionary perspective

The way in which race is determined is a universal cultural constant. A. True B. False

B. False

Wealth and income are interchangeable terms, each meaning the same in reference to social class. A. True B. False

B. False

What did Ezekiel suggest as the reason why some people are attracted to racist hate groups? A. They developed group polarization at an early age. B. Hate groups provide some people with a type of meaning in their lives. C. They have too much leisure time on their hands. D. Some people are bored and are drawn to risk-taking behavior.

B. Hate groups provide some people with a type of meaning in their lives.

In the United States and many other parts of the world, the common practice is for whites to marry whites, African Americans to marry African Americans, and members of specific social classes to marry within their class. This marital practice is called ________. A. It prevents the transference of genetic defects. B. The incest taboo facilitates the socialization of children and avoids role confusion. C. Incest is universally regarded as a deviant act. D. It reinforces patriarchal authority.

B. The incest taboo facilitates the socialization of children and avoids role confusion.

Which of the following is an effective alternative to prison? A. Shock probation B. Building social capital C. Harsher sentencing D. Both A and B

Which of the following is incorrect? A. People with certain characteristics are more likely to be defined as deviant. B. Deviants always purposely and knowingly break the law. C. Deviance is socially constructed. D. Deviance is not related to "human nature."

Which of the following statements about terrorism is false? . . A. . Terrorism can create jobs. . . B. . Modern terrorist organizations are national governments (e.g., Afghanistan, Iran, North Korea). . . C. . Terrorism can create a recession. . . D. . Terrorism has been decreasing in frequency over the past 3 years.

Few of the U.S. presidents have come from a class of Americans who qualify as being members of the power elite. A. True B. False

B. False

Discuss cognitive bias in news-making. How might journalists overcome such biases?

Because we all certainly have cognitive biases journalists have the power to use that knowledge in manipulating the story so we attribute events to people and their wrong doings rather than the situational factors. Especially because we all know good news is no news and the negative stories that make the news are very likely to trigger us into thinking with a cognitive bias compared to a positive story. Honest journalists also struggle with it though because it is so natural for us to have a cognitive bias when we read hear about these negative stories. Journalists can overcome such biases like giving insight as to what is common. As an example, if there was a scandal with the President they would want to go into detail as to what is typical of him to do on an everyday basis, or to explain how he acted in similar instances in the past. This gives the observers of the news event more opportunity to see the Presidents behavior in multiple contexts. Then the audience should have enough information to decide whether the scandal can be attributed to the Presidents personality or to situational factors.

Explain Berkowitz's revised frustration-aggression theory

Berkowitz addressed the frustration- aggression theory by revising it to explain that anger stems from frustration. We usually gain that anger when someone frustrates us even though they could have chosen to act differently that wouldn't have evoked that feeling of frustration which produced anger. Once we have these frustrated feelings we are very likely to act on them aggressively if there are aggressive cues, for example the sight of a weapon.

According to the text, in which of the following countries is it a violation of the law to fail to vote? A. The United States B. Canada C. Australia D. None of the above

According to the text, which country accounts for 48 percent of world military spending? A. Great Britain B. Iran C. The United States D. North Korea

Which of the following is considered an ethnic group?

Blacks, Asians, Norwegian Americans

According to your text, which of the following types of authority is passed on through the generations? A. Rational-legal authority B. Royal authority C. Traditional authority D. Charismatic authority

Which of the following statements about elite theory is false?

Elite theorists believe that no one group dictates all policy.

The forms of deviance in which formal penalties are imposed by society are considered ________. A. stigmas B. deviant norms C. crimes D. recidivism

The self-fulfilling prophesy is associated with: A. Differential association theory B. Strain theory C. Labeling theory D. Social control theory

Which of the following facts are untrue regarding hate crimes? A. Most are directed against property, not people B. Most are due to racial bias C. Most are due to homophobia D. Both A and B

Which of the following is not a necessary element for collective behavior to occur, according to value-added theory? . . A. . Structural strain . . B. . The spread of a generalized belief . . C. . Strong social controls . . D. . Structural conduciveness

_______________ refers to the social institution that determines and exercises power relations in society. A. Congress B. Law enforcement C. Politics D. Economics

__________________ theorists believe political systems serve important purposes in society. A. Conflict B. Pluralist C. Functional D. Power-elite

____________________ theorists think underlying social problems cause disruptions to the system, including war, terrorism, and revolution. A. Pluralist B. Conflict C. Functional D. Elite

Your boss pressuring you to donate to the company charity when you have never supported the charity before is a: . . A. . Stigma . . B. . Symbolic change . . C. . Strain . . D. . Stress

Based on the accident that led to the sex change of a seven-month-old identical twin as well as the Vietnam veterans' study, which statement is most accurate regarding the effects of nature and nurture on behavior? A. Nature is the dominant force in determining human behavior. B. Nurture is the dominant force in determining human behavior. C. Human behavior is the result of nature and nurture working together. D. Neither nature nor nurture is responsible for determining human behavior.

C. Human behavior is the result of nature and nurture working together.

What does incorporating religious teachings into criminal law, such as prohibiting the sale of alcoholic beverages before noon on Sunday, illustrate about religion? A. It provides emotional comfort. B. It is a means of adaptation. C. It is a means of social control. D. It is a means of social solidarity.

C. It is a means of social control.

Why is religion classified as a universal social institution? A. All societies have churches. B. Without religion, there could be no salvation. C. It meets basic human needs. D. Religion unites all people of the world.

C. It meets basic human needs.

The sociologist who believed that social class is made up of three components - property, power, and prestige - was ________. A. Talcott Parsons B. Karl Marx C. Max Weber D. Lewis Coser Jr.

C. Max Weber

As described in the text, what are the two myths of race? A. Eventually there will only be one race; all races have the same origin B. There is only one race; intelligence is based on race C. One race is superior to another; pure races exist D. all races have the same origin; race is a status that cannot be changed

C. One race is superior to another; pure races exist.

Sociologically, what is a family? A. Any couple who have been legally married. B. A household composed of people of different sexes. C. Two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption. D. A man and a woman and their children engaged in a supportive relationship.

C. Two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption.

Matthew and Ryan are devout Christian Fundamentalists and believe that homosexuality is against God's will and that homosexuals deserve to be punished. They spend a couple evenings each week in gay bashing activities that include physical violence and verbal assaults. Based on their rationalization, which technique of neutralization is most applicable for Matthew and Ryan to maintain positive self-images? A. condemn the condemner B. denial of responsibility C. denial of a victim D. denial of injury

C. denial of a victim

C. inner control

Based on the global stratification model, nations of the former Soviet Union and its former satellites in Eastern Europe are classified as ________. A. the Third World Nations B. the Least Industrialized Nations C. the Industrializing Nations D. the Most Industrialized Nations

C. the Industrializing Nations

What sociological perspective stresses that age has no inherent meaning and that each culture shapes the way that its citizens perceive the elderly? A.the conflict perspective B. functionalism C.symbolic interactionism D.the feminist perspective

C.symbolic interactionism

Clothing, speech patterns, family name and identity, skin color,

Castes are recognized through

With respect to contemporary China, which of the following statements best reflects its policy toward the elderly?

Children are obligated by tradition,and sometimes contract, to care for aging parents.

Which theoretical perspective argues that deviance will always exist unless the current structure of society is changed dramatically?

Conflict

Power Dynamics and Coping Strategies in the Classroom

Conformists: Do the school work expected to get good grades and matriculate Innovators: Cheat of plagiarize to pass a course or win an academic contest Retreatists: Rebel against school establishments by not conforming or cooperating Ambivalence (Ritualists): Get by but do not exceed at school Rejection with replacement (rebellion): Become a discipline problem or drop out of school to pursue other activities

Lindsey needs a car to get back and forth from her home in the city to her university, which are 4 miles apart. When shopping for a car, Lindsey decides to buy a Hummer H3 because she wants a car that her peers will notice and respect. Through this purchase, Lindsey exhibits:

Conspicuous consumption

All of the following are tenets of the structural functionalist view of social stratification except: A. Differential rewards lead to unequal rewards lead to unequal distribution of resources for occupations in society B. Some positions are more highly valued in society C. Differential rewards must be offered to motivate talented individuals into difficult positions D. Customs and traditions in a society often prevail over rational criteria in determining the distribution of scarce resources

Customs and traditions in a society often prevail over rational criteria in determining the distribution of scarce resources

. Bai-lin is studying a group of anarchists who are working to try to eliminate all government and government control as a whole from the United States, and encourage everyone to rule himself or herself instead. The group Bai-lin is studying is likely a part of a(n): . . A. . Resistance movement . . B. . Social reform movement . . C. . Expressive movement . . D. . Revolutionary movement

. Which of the following is an example of a crowd behavior? . . A. . Rumors . . B. . Fashions . . C. . Fads . . D. . Panics

1. The U.S. prison system was originally designed to: A. Provide revenge and retribution against perpetrators of crimes B. Deter deviance C. Rehabilitate offenders D. All of the above

A justification to invade Iraq was "to bring democracy to the Iraqi people." This is an example of a(n) ________ justification for war. A. expansionist B. religious C. economic D. ideological

According to ___________, the U.S. flag has become a sacred icon. A. symbolic interactionists B. structural-functionalists C. rational choice theorists D. exchange theorists

White-collar crime is: A. Less visible than violent crimes B. More costly than violent crimes C. More deadly than violent crimes D. All of the above

Which of the following economic systems involve state-based planning and control of property? A. Non-Western systems B. Open systems C. Market systems D. Centralized systems

Which of the following individuals is credited with the most often used definition of power? A. Auguste Comte B. Karl Marx C. Émile Durkheim D. Max Weber

Which of the following is an example of a consensus crime? A. Chemical offenses B. Prostitution C. Political disenfranchisement D. Murder

Which of the following types of authority is held by an individual with extraordinary personal characteristics? A. Traditional authority B. Irrational authority C. Charismatic authority D. Rational-legal authority

Which of the following types of authority is held by leaders that have the expertise to carry out the duties of their positions? A. Charismatic authority B. Irrational authority C. Traditional authority D. Rational-legal authority

The three functionalists who advocated gatekeeping as a means to support people on the basis of merit and advocated social placement were ________, ________, and ________. A. Robert Merton; Talcott Parsons; Pitirim Sorokin B. Kingsley Davis; Edwin Sutherland; Herbert Spencer C. Wilbert Moore; Michael Burawoy; John B. Watson D. Talcott Parsons; Kingsley Davis; Wilbert Moore

D. Talcott Parsons; Kingsley Davis; Wilbert Moore

When employers use diplomas and degrees to determine who is eligible for jobs, even through the diploma or degree may be irrelevant to the actual work, it becomes a ________ society. A. fiduciary B. bifurcated C. bureaucratic D. credential

D. credential

From a functionalist perspective, what is the teaching of knowledge and skills which reinforces positive consequences in students? A. latent functions B. social imperative C. required prerequisites D. manifest functions

D. manifest functions

In Bongo Bongo, male members of the tribe may each legally have three wives. This is a family relationship defined as ________. A. polyandry B. serial marriage C. serial monogamy D. polygyny

D. polygyny

The trend in the United States in which most poor families are headed by women is called ________. A. the male supremacy B. the culture of poverty C. the economic genderization D. the feminization of

D. the feminization of

What are demand characteristics and how might they threaten the validity of laboratory research findings?

Demand characteristics are things that participants in experiment observe that they think are clues as to how they are supposed to act and what the purpose of the experiment is. This threatens the validity of the experiment because it changes how the participants might act in according to what they think the experimenter expects of them. This creates inaccurate results.

Discrimination: Meso-Level Analysis

Discrimination is actions taken against members of a minority group Discrimination and prejudice are often found working together and reinforce one another

Minority groups

Distinguishable Excluded or denied full participation Defined and valued differently usually less favorably Stereotyped, ridiculed, condemned, or otherwise defamed Develop collective identities

Social Status

Educational organizations treat children differently according to

Discuss the ethics of Milgram's obedience experiments.

I understand that Milgram's obedience experiments may seem unethical because at the time the subjects thought that they were causing harm, to an extreme point, to other humans. But if they felt they were causing so much damage and it was terrorizing them internally, they should've refused to still give them the shock. I think that he debriefed them well enough on the experiment to the point where maybe it was more relieving than angering to hear that no one was actually harmed in the experiment. If anything I think the fact that people felt that it was unethical because they were uncomfortable with what the experiment revealed. Maybe the idea that they had it in them to do something that potentially could have been extremely harmful scared them, rather than that they were tricked. Either way they associated that bad feeling with the experiment and therefore explained it as unethical. Milgram's obedience experiments revealed some harsh realities, however I think that with proper debriefing it is ethical. His experiments were brilliant, and that's why they are a legacy

Describe and analyze a relationship that you or someone you know has been in that fits one of the six types of love proposed by Robert Sternberg (1988) in Figure 11-

I would say that my parents have a relationship that fits Robert Sternberg's definition of fatuous love. They are very emotional with each other keep things exciting and intense, however when they disagree or are having a rough patch they fully believe in the commitment they made to each other and do not let their hardships get in the way of that because they trust that they have that passion most other days. They are always talking about growing old together and in my eyes that incorporates passion and commitment, just like fatuous love.

Various social groups have goals for the schools

Individuals want to enhance their status Community leaders expect schools to produce youths who will conform and contribute to the community Ethnic and religious groups want their values and their worldview represented in the curriculum Societal leaders expect that education train students to be contributing members of society

control as much as possible, Conflict theory

Individuals will attempt to ______

Policies to Reduce Prejudice, Racism, and Discrimination

Individual or small group Therapy solutions • Human relations workshops, group encounters and therapy is functional with small numbers of people. For example close interaction in a school will bring interracial relationships closer on the individual level. The higher the people's education levels, the more likely they are to respect and like others and to have tolerance for differences. Tolerance-education programs helps racism at an individual level but not meso- macro level problems. Group contact • Integrated housing projects, job programs to promote minority hiring, busing children to schools. Institutional and societal strategies -Lobbying, educational information dissemination, canvassing Government agencies -Civil Rights Commission, Fair Employment Practices Commission, Equal Employment -Opportunity Commission Legislation -Nonviolent Resistance Protest marches, rallies, watchdog monitoring, and boycotts

Which of the following is not a principle of democracy? Individuals are the best judges of their own interests and participate in decisions. Citizens select leaders who are responsive to the wishes of the majority of the people. Suffrage is universal, and elections are free, fair, secret, and occur frequently. The government recognizes individual rights such as freedom of speech, press, assembly, and organizing political parties whose members compete for public office. All of the above are characteristics of democracy.

Individuals are the best judges of their own interests and participate in decisions. Citizens select leaders who are responsive to the wishes of the majority of the people. Suffrage is universal, and elections are free, fair, secret, and occur frequently. The government recognizes individual rights such as freedom of speech, press, assembly, and organizing political parties whose members compete for public office.

6) Andrew meets his girlfriend in a busy airport terminal after being apart for the past three months. They will most likely communicate within:

Intimate distance

What does the spirit of capitalism refer to, as proposed by Max Weber?

It is a new approach to work and money that emphasizes investment to make profit.

What is the Implicit Association Test?

It is a visual perception test that links race to desirable and undesirable words.

Which sentence best describes the divorce rate of remarried people without children?

It is about the same as the divorce rate of first marriages.

Which of the following is NOT descriptive of institutional discrimination?

It is frequently unintended and unconscious.

Frustration-Aggression Theory

Many of the perpetrators of their and other heinous acts feel angry and frustrated because they cannot achieve their work or other goals. They blame any vulnerable minority group and members of that group become victims of their anger.

Which of the following factors helps to explain why capitalism is still thriving, despite Marx's predictions of its overthrow?

Many reforms, including greater legal protections for workers, have been established.

Which of the following power styles is the best example of totalitarianism?____

Nazi Germany and the Gestapo

Which of the following statements best exemplifies the functionalist perspective on culture? Norms and values unify a society and promote social stability. Culture creates inequality because those in power control the media, education, and the political structures of a society. Material culture, especially the media, creates inequalities specifically for women. Cultural symbols allow societies to develop identities and interact with one another. none of the above

Norms and values unify a society and promote social stability.

Gender Socialization

Process by which people learn the cultural norms, attitudes, behaviors appropriate to their gender

"Control is concentrated in the hands of the privileged, and the masses have little influence." This statement most closely reflects:

Power elite theory

Side-Effect Discrimination

Practices in one institutional area that have a negative impact because they are linked to practices in another institutional area.

Passing

Pretending to be a member of the privileged group when one is not fully a part of that community

Which of the following is an ascribed status?

Prince

2) Our social networks include:

Private institutions, small groups, global organizations

Theoretical Explanations of Dominant-Minority Group Relations: Conflict Theory

Privileged people perpetuate prejudice and discrimination against minority group members to keep privileges and resources

class consciousness

Proletariats will remain exploited as long as they do not develop a

Debate the pros and cons of deception in social psychological experimentation.

Pros: -more accurate results -more control over the experiment -can help create more valid and reliable results Cons: -possible psychological harm to the participant because of the false information they are possibly fed during the experiment -can create demand characteristics

A prosecuting attorney is uncertain whether her eyewitness will seem credible to the jury. The eyewitness's testimony could help win a conviction, but the witness might be discredited by the defense attorney. What advice should the prosecutor accept?

Put the witness on the stand, since even a discredited eyewitness is more convincing than not eyewitness at all.

Which statement is most accurate regarding the meaning of race?

Race varies, depending upon the society in which its meaning is constructed.

To study why women kill their abusive husbands, Robin plans to look at the positive and negative sanctions they weighed when deciding to do so. Which theory is Robin most likely using?

Rational choice

Which of the following types of authority is held by an individual with extraordinary personal characteristics?

Rational-legal authority

Stratification and Education: Functionalist Perspective

Schools train students to play vital roles in society Schools are structured to allow the most talented students to excel and earn access to important positions or desirable life opportunities in the future

Stratification and Education: Conflict Perspective

Schools used by powerful and affluent groups to ensure that their own self interests are met Schools do not provide equal educational opportunities for all children in a society, thereby limiting access to important positions or desirable life opportunities

Self-awareness is the opposite of deindividuation. Explain.

Self-awareness is the opposite of deindividuation in that when we are self-aware we are consciously thinking of our actions and how we could be reprimanded if something goes wrong. When we are self-aware we are only thinking about how our actions will effect us. But when deindividuation occurs we aren't as aware of our actions because we are acting as a representative of a group. If there were to be consequences to those actions we wouldn't be so worried about them because it reflect upon the group poorly and not just us as individuals. We lose our identity a bit in deindividuation, and that is what makes us less aware. When we are practicing self-awareness we are making individual, independent choices. When we are in a situation of deindividuation we are making collective choices.

Workers

Sell their labor to capitalists

Which of the following is not necessary for a social movement?

Shared social positions among members

gender roles

commonly assigned tasks or expected behaviors linked to an individual's sex determined status

Social control theory

Which of the following is not one of the key characteristics of social interaction? Social interaction is central to all human social activity. People respond to a situation differently depending on what they think is at stake for them. Social interaction is similar across time and place. People influence each other's behavior through interaction. Elements of social structure affect all interaction and can produce different personal outcomes.

Social interaction is similar across time and place.

Why was Spencer's application of Darwin's theory to the operations of society incorrect?

Society does not operate according to biological principles.

Which of the following statements best exemplifies conflict theory?

Society has continuous struggles between the "haves" and "have nots" and this inequality is the source of social change.

Conflict theory

Society has limited resources that groups compete for. Stratification is the outcome of struggles for dominance and scarce resources Individuals and groups act in their own self-interest, taking advantage of others Conflict—between those trying to hold onto existing advantages and those trying to gain new advantages—is inevitable

Which of the following statements best exemplifies functionalist theory? Society is composed of interrelated parts that work to maintain society's cohesion. Society has continuous struggles between the "haves" and "have nots" and this inequality is the source of social change. Gender inequality is the major source in inequality in society. People act on the basis of the interpreted meanings attached to interaction with others. None of the above exemplifies the functionalist theory.

Society is composed of interrelated parts that work to maintain society's cohesion.

Which of the following assumptions do sociologists make about social change?

Some change can be controlled.

Acceptance

Some minority groups have learned to live with their minority status with little overt challenge to the system

Which of the following scenarios best depicts how power operates at the meso-level?

States make decisions about which corporations receive tax breaks.

Which of the following is a key assumption of conflict theorists' view of social stratification?

Stratification is the outcome of struggles for dominance in scarce resources

Carry out their roles. SF Theory

Stratification system motivates individuals to_____________

Structural Functionalism

Stratification within societies is an inevitable part of the social world The stratification system provides each individual a position in the social world The stratification system motivates individuals to carry out their roles As a result, each individual contributes in some way to the maintenance of society

The U.S. Racial Classification

The U.S. government recognizes 5 official racial categories plus a sixth category as other - 1. American Indian or Alaskan Native - Original peoples of North and South America (including Central America) - tribal affiliation - 2. Asian - People of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent - 3. Black or African American - Origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa - 4. Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific islander - Origins in Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands - 5. White - Origins in Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa - 6. Other - For people who resist identifying with one of the five racial categories above As of 2000 the federal government allowed people to identify with more than one racial category on the census Source: Sociology A Global Perspective by Joan Ferrante

Subjugation

The act or process of bringing under control; enslavement

Which of the following is not true about social movements?

The are usually begun by individuals within the power structure

Which of the following is an ethnophaulism?

The personnel manager told the applicant that she had excellent work experience for a woman.

According to Herbet Gans, the poor perform several positive economic, political, and social functions for more affluent members of society. Which of the following are functions that Gans highlights?

The identification of the poor as deviants upholds the legitmacy of conventional social norms regarding hard work, thrift, and honesty. Because of their lack of political power, the poor often absorb the costs of social change. Within a relatively hierarchical society, the existence of poor people guarantees the higher status of the more affluent.

In what way do elements of the "caste" part of Britain's social structure remain the same today as in the past??

The queen, a traditional monarch, is the nation's head of state.

Which of the following statements about social mobility in the United States is false? A. There is a high level of occupation inheritance. B. Sons are more likely to move up than down. C. The mobility of women reflects the occupational achievements of their mothers. D. The higher the father's occupation level, the better the son's chance for occupational achievement.

The mobility of women reflects the occupational achievements of their mothers.

What historical event largely shaped conflict theorists' view of social stratification? A. The end of slavery in the United States B. The rise of communism in Russia and China C. The social inequality created in post-World War II United States D. The shift from the feudal system to urban industrialism

The shift from the feudal system to urban industrialism

How do theorists view the relationship between industrialization and the elderly in the United States?

The social value of the elderly decreased with industrialization.

Criteria societies use to rank others depends on (5):

The society's history Its geographical location Level of development The society's political philosophy The decisions of those in power

Research has demonstrated that prejudice can have positive ramifications. (T/F)

True

According to your text, which of the following types of authority is passed on through the generations?

Traditional authority

Hatred of Chinese Americans in 1942, and further discrimination against Japanese immigrants, were historical examples of spillover bigotry. (T/F)

True

In hunting and gathering as well as horticultural societies, women contributed the majority of the food supply to their groups. (T/F)

True

In the Least Industrialized Nations, the more children a woman bears, the more she is thought to have achieved the purpose for which she was born. (T/F)

True

People who are prejudiced against one racial or ethnic group tend to be prejudiced against other groups. T/F

True

Differential rewards; most qualified individuals; most valued positions. SF Theory, Davis and Moore

______ must be offered to attract the _______ into the _________

Intellectuals in society

_____________ could help the proletariat develop a class consciousness and to overthrow the bourgeoisie

According to the text, groupthink symptoms can be viewed as

a collective form of dissonance reduction.

Groupthink is choosing the path of least resistance when working with others. attempting to persuade others to agree with you. a software program that predicts group behavior. a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment that results from in-group pressures. a decision-making process where an individual weighs group decisions against his/her own before making a decision.

a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment that results from in-group pressures. f. a decision-making process where an individual weighs group decisions against his/her own before making a decision.

Kasem is a very bright young man who grew up in a poor household, but he eventually attended college, started his own business, and now serves on the city council and enjoys great social status. If his were a typical story, Kasem's society would be considered to be _____.

a meritocracy

Which of the following types of people would be unlikely to do much to change themselves?

all-weather liberal

Although Ting is greatly disadvantaged by her culture's treatment of women, she largely accepts her position as the child-care provider for her family and has little desire to change the structure of her family. Ting exhibited which of the following reactions to being a discriminated minority group?

acceptance

Francis has recently been told that he has a terminal disease and can expect to live for only a short time. He has made a will, paid all his bills, and given instructions to his children. According to Kübler-Ross, Francis is in the stage of ________.

acceptance

Members of a minority or subordinate group

acquire membership by being born into that group, have less power over their lives than do members of a majority, share physical or cultural characteristics that distinguish them from the dominant group.

At the marketplace, Blossom brings pastries that she bakes to exchange for clothing. David brings chickens to trade for Blossom's pastries. What medium of exchange does this illustrate?

barter

social class system

based on achieved status, share comparable styles of living, levels of education, culture, and patterns of social interaction

preference policies

based on the concept of equity, the belief that people must be treated differently in order to be treated fairly

Many students, when they graduate from college, will be able to earn an extra $2300 a month between the ages of 25 and 65. How does the student accomplish this "bonus"?

be born a male

Gender discrimination often goes unnoticed because beliefs about male superiority are internalized. laws prohibit such discrimination. there are more males than females. gender discrimination is poorly defined. it is uncommon.

beliefs about male superiority are internalized.

15) __________ refer to our social positions and _________ refer to the expectations associated with a social position.

d) Statuses, roles

In the 1940s, researchers Kenneth Clark and Mamie Clark gave African-American children a choice between Black dolls and White dolls. Results showed that most

chose the White dolls.

27) All of the following are problematic by-products of bureaucracies except:

d) Increased efficiency

20) Which of the following is a characteristic of a group?

d) Members engaging in structured interaction patterns

32) The iron law of oligarchy states:

d) Power becomes concentrated in the hands of a small group of leaders in organizations.

8) Renee just transferred to Harding University from her old community college. When she changed schools, she changed her major from psychology to sociology and is trying hard to make friends in her sociology class. One day, Jack, a fellow sociology major, says, "Psychology is only for people interested in studying rats." Cindy laughs, even though she disagrees with him and did not think the joke was funny. According to dramaturgists, Cindy is performing ___________ behavior.

d) front-stage

90) An act that attempts to break down an inmate's sense of self in order to re-socialize them is known as:

de-socialization

Peterson and Seligman analyzed the press quotes of baseball Hall of Famers and found that those who routinely offered pessimistic explanations for bad events, like losing big games, were more likely to

die at younger ages.

The theory of behavior in which people who associate with some groups learn an "excess of definitions" of deviance, increasing the likelihood that they will become deviant is ________.

differential association theory

Which theory posits the notion that retirement is a mutually beneficial agreement between two parts of society, the old and the young?

disengagement theory

Pedro, a legal immigrant from Mexico, and George, a white male whose family has been in America for several generations, have each applied for a car loan at the local bank. Pedro's loan was turned down while George was granted a loan. In comparing their credit history, both men had good credit, and their debts and income were comparable. This is an example of ________ against Pedro.

institutional discrimination

The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups which results from the normal operations of a society is known as

institutional discrimination

Which of the following is not a social that Karl Marx focused on in capitalist society?

intelligentsia

First-generation college graduates who become physicians reflect: A. Open mobility B. Intergenerational mobility C. Horizontal mobility D. Intragenerational mobility

intergenerational mobility

Prestige

involves the esteem and recognition one receives based on wealth, position, or accomplishment

Affirmative Action

is a social policy created to change the unequal distribution of resources - Strict affirmative action is a policy that involves affirmative or positive steps to make sure that unintended discrimination does not occur • Employer must advertise to attract a diverse applicant pool • Employer must hire the most qualified candidate that applies for the position

Individual discrimination

is action taken against minority group members which can take the form of exclusion, avoidance, or violence. Action is taken by individuals.

In comparison to the sociologist, the social psychologist

is more likely to study individuals than groups.

Domestic Colonialism

is the exploitation of minority groups within a country.

Which of the following best describes how feminists view sexual harrassment?

it is based by the structural problems imbedded in society

According to the text, health warnings on cigarette ads are ineffective because they

lack vividness.

"hands off" or "pure", government doesn't interfere in the market

laissez-faire capitalism

Which one of the following is the most likely to value familism? Latino families African American families American Indian families Asian American families Middle Eastern families

latino families

Racial beliefs serve all of the following functions for the dominant group EXCEPT

leading to feelings of responsibility among dominant group's members for subordinate group problems.

The symbolic interaction perspective suggests that people _____ deviant behavior. are born with develop study learn recognize

learn

What percentage of the population belongs to the upper class according to Daniel Rossides?

less than 2%

According to Gehard Lenski's sociocultural evolution approach, the ______ causes economic systems to change as they become more complex.

level of technology

"undocumented workers", they work for employers that either ignore their fake social security card or pay them in cash

los sin documentos

To be deviant, a person must:

not conform to one of society's norms

absolute poverty

not having resources to meet basic needs, no prestige, no power no wealth EX: Outcastes of India

Subjugation

oppression/exploitation • "slavery" • "segregation" (formal/informal separation depriving access to the dominant institutions) • "domestic colonialism"

We are less likely to commit the fundamental attribution error when explaining _______________ behavior.

our own

_____ are those people who are viewed and treated negatively because they are seen as being different. In-groups Out-groups Primary groups Secondary groups Reference groups

out-groups

In 1848, at the time of the Seneca Falls convention, women were still denied the right to _____.

own property

Petty bourgeoisie

own some means of production but control little labor of others

petty bourgeoisie

own some means of production but control little labor of others; they have modest prestige, power, and property

The tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces or their same race is called the

own-race bias.

Property

owning or controlling the means of production

The development of solidarity among ethnic subgroups is called

panethnicity

The major research method in article "Between Good and Ghetto: African American Girls and Inner-City Violence" by Nikki Jones is: survey interview field work participant observation

participant observation

Catherine lives in the United States and comes from a family that has considerable wealth and power. Based on national patterns, which ethnic category is she most likely from?

people of English ancestry

Which of the following is the appropriate order of Cooley's phases of the "looking-glass self?" perception, interpretation, response perception, response, interpretation perception, initiation, response preparatory, play, game play, game, preparatory

perception, interpretation, response

The advice to continue having romantic dinners, trips to the theater, and vacations once married would most probably be offered by

reward theory of attraction.

rites of passage

rituals and formal processes that acknowledge a change of status

Cameron was scheduled to work on Thursday from 9:00am until 3:00pm. His sociology final was scheduled for 2:00 pm. Cameron was likely experiencing role sets. role strain. role conflict. role sprain. role tension.

role conflict

Which of the following refers to a set of examples or research investigations that illustrate the power of self-persuasion—of attitudes following behavior?

role playing B. the foot-in-the-door principle C. interracial desegregation

_____ are the behaviors expected of people who have a particular status. Role sets Status sets Roles Symbols Signals

roles

Many U.S. citizens blame immigrants for social problems such as unemployment and crime. The immigrant, in this instance becomes the

scapegoat

125) _________________________ is a form of aggression motivated by frustration against minority groups because a person can't or won't vent frustration toward the real target or cause. It is usually easier than accepting personal blame or projecting institutional blame for personal problems.

scapegoating

__________ occurs when a minority group is blamed for others' failures and shortcomings.

scapegoating

__________ occurs when a minority group is blamed for others' failures and shortcomings.

scapegoating

__________ is a form of subjugation that keeps minorities powerless by formally separating them from the dominant group and depriving them of access to the dominant institutions.

segregation

123) A ___________________________ is the incorporation of stereotyped behavior into an individual's view of themselves.

self fulfilling prophesy

When minority group members internalize prejudiced views about their group and allow these beliefs to shape their behavior, it creates a(n):

self-fulfilling prohecy

A person or group is described as having particular characteristics and then begins to display the very traits that were said to exist. This is an example of the

self-fulfilling prophecy

In certain situations, we may respond to stereotypes and act on them, with the result that false definitions become accurate. This is known as the

self-fulfilling prophecy

When minority group members internalize prejudiced views about their group and allow these beliefs to shape their behavior, it creates a(n):

self-fulfilling prophecy

_____ is/are an attitude or behavior that discriminates against one sex based on the assumed superiority of the other sex. Sex identities Gender roles Sex stereotypes Sexism Racism

sexism

The plow was to the agricultural society as the ________ was to the industrial society.

steam engine

stereotyping

Erving Goffman used the term ________ to refer to characteristics that discredit people.

stigma

Conflicts theorist see___ as a major source of societal tension and conflict

stratification

Leilani is struggling to get a promotion at her law firm, spend quality time with her husband, and ensure her children get enough attention from her. She is most likely being affected by:

superwoman image

Leilani is struggling to get a promotion at her law firm, spend quality time with her husband, and ensure her children get enough attention from her. She is most likely being affected by:

superwoman image

Sara is looking at how sexism is maintained in Britain. Her data suggest that symbols of women as deferential, supplicating, sex-starved beings perpetuate the sexist structure in the isles. Sara is a ___________ theorist.

symbolic interaction

96) The frustration and anger that can result from being unable to meet common societal goals is known as strain.

true

In the article "Code of the Street" by Elijah Anderson, he argues that interpersonal violence and aggression is part of the code of the street in inner cities poor neighborhood. true false violence was not the topic. code is about language.

true

means of production is privately owned but the state regulates many economic activities for the welfare of the population

welfare or state capitalism

Imagine that Steve is driving home when a car cuts him off on the highway. Under which of the following conditions is he most likely to be enraged by this incident?

when he's on his way home from an arousing and electrifying rock concert

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