Sociology Exam 2 (Chapters 3 & 4)

the percentage of american muslims who endorse the idea that most people can get ahead if they are willing to work hard is --- among the u.s. public at large

a higher percentage than

according to the 2013 index of economic freedom, the peoples republic of china...

all land is state owned; intellectual property rights are not protected effectively; the communist party's ultimate authority throughout the economic system undermines the rule of law and respect for contracts; cronyism is widespread and pervasive

in countries without a functioning property system...

the great majority of citizens are cut off from engaging in modern economic activity and become entrapped in poverty; capitalism becomes capitalism for the elite only--it is only the elite who has legal property rights

other than in wartime, countries did not require passports

before 1914

the root of the English word for "credit" is credo, the Latin word for...

"I believe"

a recent nationwide survey estimates that muslims are this percent of the u.s. population

.9%

in the united states, an entrepreneur setting up a new business faces a one-time regulatory cost that amounts to --- of the u.s. per capita income

1.7%

about this percent of americans belongs to four or more voluntary associations

25%

of american muslims, this percent are foreign-born

63%

over the past 20 years, the united states has enjoyed an average annual rate of growth rate of 2.5% and this rate of economic growth is...

67% higher than the rate of economic growth that the german and french economies mustered

about this percent of people in the united states claim membership in at least one voluntary

70%

about this percent of american muslims endorse the idea that most people can get ahead if they are willing to work hard

74%

percent of american muslims that rate their communities as excellent or very good places to live

79%

peruvian economist hernando de sota estimates that in developing countries that roughly---of homes and land are not registered in the names of their present owners

80%

peruvian economist hernando de soto estimates that between---of citizens in developing countries work outside the protection of the law...

80%

of american muslims in the united states, this percentage are u.s. citizens

81%

percent of american muslims that are satisfied with the way things are going in their lives

82%

with regard to experiences with intolerance in the united states, this percent of muslim americans say they have experienced one of the following within the past 12 months because they are muslim-- have been called offensive names, have been singled out by law enforcement, or have been physically assaulted

85%

in european countries, muslims are --- than is the case in the united states

none

it is --- to found a new company in the united states --- it is in continental europe

far less burdensome; than

percentage of Muslim Americans that are satisfied with the way things are going in the united states percent compared with the general u.s. public

a higher

according to this person, the following are this: marriage, the family, a gendered division of labor, humor, and incest taboos

George Murdock; cultural universals

this person won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1997 for his/her contribution to helping to build an international coalition to bring about a treaty banning landmines...

Jody Williams

this person created the concept of creative destruction in his classic work, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy

Joseph A. Schumpter

property and political institutions of british america were heavily influenced by the ideas of --- while the property and political institutions of the spanish colonies of south america were heavily influenced by the ideas of...

John Locke; Thomas Hobbes

this person perceives that a clandestine culture is a universal characteristic of bureaucracy

Karl Marx

the institutional underpinnings of British globalization as identified by Niall Ferguson include...

Scottish and English banking; protestantism; the limited state; the idea of liberty

in russia, by the beginning of the 21st century this percent of some ten million farmers had anything resembling title to their land

fewer than 3%

among native-born Muslims in the united states...

more than half are african american (59%) a sizeable majority (69%) are converts to Islam

More than 400 million Chinese were lifted above the international poverty line between 1981 and 2001...

true

conformity refers to this...

a change in attitudes, belief, or behavior as a result of real or imagined group pressure

what is the importance of Potosi...

a death hole for those compelled to work there, Potosi was where Spain struck it rich; the mines of Potosi filled the coffers of the Spanish treasury for over two hundred years; the mines of Potosi and other places where conquistadors found plentiful silver appeared to have broken the centuries-old constraint

de-individuation refers to this

a loss of evaluation apprehension and self-consciousness

Thomas L. Friedman characterizes the roughly 75-year period between the start of the first world war and the fall of the berlin wall as...

a lull or time-out between one era of globalization and another

as an ideal type, bureaucracy is...

a system of administration that is particularly useful when the activities of a large number of people need to be coordinated in order to achieve specific goals; an organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority; characterized by impersonality in personnel matters

according to alexis de tocqueville...

americans are leery of, and opposed to, a strong centralized state; there is a very anti-bureaucratic and anti-state culture in the united states; voluntary associations are schools or training fields for democracy

rational-legal authority is based on this

an organizational structure characterized by clearly defined rules and procedures; a hierarchy of authority; impersonality

unemployment rates are---in many european countries

are lower and have been lower in the united states than

these leaders impose policies and procedures on the group

authoritarian

the --- heuristic refers to the tendency for people to judge the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory

availability

about two-thirds of american muslims say that the quality of life for muslims in the united states is what in must muslim countries

better than

dense networks of social support have been shown to have positive effects on...

blood pressure; mental health; pregnancy; other physical conditions that involve stress

this refers to the tendency of large organizations to continue with their policies even when external conditions, including their clients' needs, change

bureaucratic inertia

this authority is legitimized on the basis of the exceptional qualities that are attributed to a leader by her or his followers

charismatic

this authority is the most unstable form of authority

charismatic

globalization refers to the free flow of this around the world

commodities, manufactures; transportation; capital; labor

In Andrew Silke's analysis of 500 instances of communal violence in Northern Ireland, ...

compared to undisguised attackers, disguised attackers inflicted more serious injuries, attacked more people, and committed more vandalism

these theorists tend to look at the meanings that people develop use, and implement with regard to the globalization experience

conflict

these types of theorists are consistently and highly critical of the process of globalization

conflict

according to the 2013 index of economic freedom, in russia...

corruption is endemic throughout the economy; corruption shows no sign of abating; corruption is a major impediment for investors and businesses

during the second era of globalization...

cultural change flowed across borders as never before; in a short period of time, a mode of dressing that was distinctly western swept the rest of the world

William F. Ogburn coined this term to refer to a situation wherein one or more parts of a culture "change at a faster rate than other, related parts, with a resulting disruption of the integration and equilibrium" of the culture

cultural lag

this refers to a situation wherein one or more part(s) of a culture change at a faster rate than other part(s), with a resulting disruption of the integration and equilibrium of the culture

cultural lag

is a perspective and an approach to social relations that affirms that cultural heterogeneity is a goal that should be pursued and attained by society

cultural pluralism

between the mid 1800s and the late 1920s, globalization was characterized by british...

culture; power; culture; technology

the earliest known coins...

date back as long as 600 BC; were found by archaeologists in the Temple of Artemis in what is now modern-day Turkey

According to Niall Ferguson, hostility to those who engage in finance has which of the following causes?...

debtors tend to outnumber creditors; debtors tend not to feel very well disposed to their creditors; financial crises and scandals have occurred with sufficient frequency to make finance appear too be a cause of both poverty and instability; for centuries those who engage in financial services in countries all over the world have tended to derive disproportionately from religious or ethnic minority groups

these leaders both welcome and solicit input from group members and they reach decisions through consensus

democratic

the Hawthorne studies...

documented the importance of informal structure in a bureaucracy; discovered that the informal structure is an important determinant of worker morale and productivity; were conducted from 1924 to 1932 at the western electric company's hawthorne works in Chicago, Illinois

u.s. companies tend to --- any ranking of the world's best performing technology companies

dominate

a measure of competitiveness is provided by the "fortune global 500", an annual ranking of the top 500 corporations worldwide, as measured by revenue. where is the united states situated in this ranking? the united states --- this ranking

dominates

world or global culture was given a boost after the end of the second world war when the united nations and other bodies established agendas of concern for world society that included a focus on...

economic development; individual rights; egalitarian

for over a century, social scientists have conceptualized the world as a unitary social system, increasingly bound together by overlapping social circles of...

economic exchange; competition; cooperation

according to weber, the concept of rationalization in bureaucracy embraces these following ideas

efficiency and rational-legal authority

this refers to the departure of individuals or groups from their home country to take up residence in another country

emigration

the empirical data support the position that u.s. manufacturing is...

expanding and prospering

according to max weber, bureaucracy is characterized by this

explicit procedural rules; career ladders and qualifications-based recruitment/employment/promotion; fixed salary

this leadership provides emotional support for the group members

expressive

ocean freight costs --- from 1870 to 1910

fell by more than a third

why do so many people in the united states worry that manufacturing is collapsing, or has collapsed, in the united states

fewer americans work in factories; manufacturing employment in the united states fell by 22% from 2001 through 2011; the availability heuristic feeds the perception of a decline in american manufacturing

in the united states these people say they have been the target of bigotry based on their religion within the past 12 months

half of all muslims who are african american; 28% of white muslims; 23% of asian muslims

in the 2013 world's most admire companies ranking, of the top fifty companies in this ranking...

fully 42 (or 84%) are u.s. companies; none are from china; the only country other than the united states with more than one company that made the top 50 in this ranking is germany, with two

these theorists tend to look for, and find, ways that globalization helps societies to exist across time

functionalist

the viewpoint that the manufacturing sector of the economy of the united states is in permanent decline or disappearing

gained popularity in the 1980s; even made its way into popular culture in the united states

according to alexis de tocqueville, membership in voluntary associations in the united states has these following effects...

gives rise to, and perpetuates, local democracy; fulfills individual needs; fulfills community needs; fulfills societal needs

sociologists Andres Villarrreal and Wei-hsin Yu find that globalization has these effect(s) on Mexican women...

globalization creates new, and to some extent, better job opportunities for females; the foreign-owned, export-oriented firms pay higher wages than do other firms; the foreign-owned, export-oriented firms discriminate against women less in terms of wages

Between the mid 1800s and late 1920s, the world experienced an era of globalization with ______ as the dominant global power

great britain

"the risky shift" is another term for this

group polarization

the youth unemployment rate in europe tends to be --- youth unemployment rate in the united states

higher than

youth employment rates tend to be --- the overall unemployment rate

higher than

this refers to the entrance into a individuals or groups who have left their native country to establish a new place of permanent residence...

immigration

Land socialism ____ the development of a modern credit system

impedes

which of the following statements is/are accurate regarding the united states and manufacturing?

in 2009, the united states manufactured more goods than the Japanese, Germans, British, and the Italians, combined; the amount of manufacturing output hits a new high almost every year; the combined sales revenue of the top 500 u.s.-based manufacturing firms in 1012 was $6.01 trillion, which represents a 17.2% increase over 2011 sales

which of the following statements is/are accurate regarding the BRICs

in the current era of globalization, the emerging economies are sometimes referred to as BRICs; in the current era of globalization, BRICs tend to have rates of economic development that are higher than those of the core

a(n) --- share of people employed in europe do not have full-time jobs

increasing

most of the European migrants to British america over the entire colonial period were...

indentured servants

bureaucracy's other face refers to this...

informal organization

Russia's ranking on the index of economic freedom ...

is below the world and regional averages

in the united states, the percentage of foreign-born muslims who are u.s. citizens --- the broader immigrant population in the united states, where less than half (47%) of all foreign-born are u.s. citizens

is far higher among the...

Pat is taking an introduction to anthropology course at a large public university in Minnesota. You observe that on a regular basis Pat coughs in class without covering his mouth, wipes his nose with his T-shirt, picks at blemishes on his arm and shoulder, and yawns in class without covering his mouth. On the basis of these and similar observations, a sociologist might say that Pat ______________.

is in low cultural capital

the extent to which muslims are integrated into the economic mainstream of america--- the position of muslims living in several major western european societies, such as great britain, france, germany, and spain

is in stark contrast to...

the percent of income earned by the poorest 10% of the population...

is much higher in countries with higher economic freedom

globalization refers to the free flow of this around the world...

knowledge; culture; institutions

Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto, in his book The Mystery of Capitalism, documents that in many Third World countries, poor people...

lack clear title to their physical assets, they lack property rights to the physical assets

these leaders are only minimally involved in the group's decision-making process

laissez-faire

dense networks of social support have been shown to lead to this among workers who have lost their jobs

lower incidence of cancer; lower incidence of cholesterol

according to this person, a clandestine culture is a universal feature of bureaucracy

max weber

another name for Cerro Rico is...

money mountain

Today's system of globalization has its defining power structure, which Thomas L. Friedman conceives as consisting of which of the following "balances"?...

nation states; global markets; super-empowered individuals (organizations)

the laying of the first undersea telegraph cable between france and england in 1851 changed by a factor of --- the speed of travel of information

nearly 100

globalization has its own demographic patterns, which include which of the following? a rapid acceleration...

of the movement of people across national borders; of the movement of people from rural areas and agricultural lifestyles to urban areas with urban lifestyles

when one experiences culture shock, these things happen

one no longer knows the the repertoire of cultural gestures and symbolic cues that make meaningful & accurate communication possible; one no longer knows what to expect or how to make one's needs and wants known to others; one does not understand the gestures, & even perhaps the language, that other people use

the opening of the --- in 1869 reduced the length of the journey from london to bombay by more than 40% and that from london to shanghai by 32%

panama canal

the opening of the --- in 1914 cut the cost of shipping goods from the east to the west coast of the united states by 1/3

panama canal

according to the 2013 index of economic freedom---ranks as the 136th freest economy out of the 177 countries of the world that were ranked in that year, and the category of countries into which it falls is "mostly unfree"

peoples republic of china

The level of an individual's or a group's cultural capital influences its life experiences in important ways.

true

according to max weber, an ethnic group is a group that entertains a subjective belief in its common decent because of similarities of...

physical type; customs; memories of colonization and migration

network ties...

provide comfort in times of personal loss; provide minor services; provide information

in social network analysis, the term strong ties refers to...

relationships characterized by intimacy, emotional intensity, and sharing

in social network analysis, the term weak ties refers to...

relationships characterized by low intensity and low intimacy

according to the 2013 index of economic freedom--- ranks as the 139th freest economy out of the 177 countries of the world that were ranked in that year, and the category of countries into which it falls is "mostly unfree"

russia

which of the following is/are accurate statements about russia, according to the 2013 index of economic freedom...

russia's legal framework has not been fully modernized; the rule of law is not maintained uniformly across the country; protection of property rights is weak; contracts are not always secure

in transparency international's 2012 corruption perceptions index, where are peoples republic of china and russia situated

situated deeply in the corrupt part of the measurement scale

the study of with whom social actors associate and the effects of those choices on social structure and individuals is known as this

social network analysis

in transparency international's 2012 corruption perceptions index, three countries are tied for last place as the most corrupt countries on the planet. which country is among them?

somalia

according to the 2013 index of economic freedom, countries with more trade freedom have...

stronger economies; less hunger; better treatment of the environment

this is a segment of culture that includes tools and knowledge and that embraces all forms of productive technique used by humans and by some non-human primates to manipulate the physical environment in order to attain a practical result

technology

the institutional underpinnings of British globalization as identified by Niall Ferguson include...

the English language; English forms of land tenure (private property); representative assemblies

this refers to workers improving or modifying an aspect of their behavior that is being experimentally measured simply in response to the fact that they know they are being studied

the Hawthorne effect

according to the 2013 index of economic freedom--- ranks as the 10th freest economy in the world and the category of countries into which it falls is "mostly free"

the United States

the stages of globalization include...

the age of discovery; mid 1800s to the late 1920s; 1989 to the present

it is with the rise of this that the archaeological record first presents us with artifacts which we could term money

the city as a form of human habitation

in the sartorial revolution that swept the world during the second era of globalization...

the crucial new garments were, for men, the frock coat, the stiff-collared white shirt, the felt hat, and the leather boot; the crucial new garments were, for women, the corset, the petticoat, and the ankle-length dress

the concept of resource curse refers to...

the difficulties faced by resource-rich countries, including dependence on one or a few commodities, whose prices fluctuate; the difficulties faced by resource-rich countries that depend on one or a few few commodities because frequently they neglect to invest in and to develop other industries which then wither

in the spanish colonies of south america, land was allocated by the spanish crown via...

the encomienda system

where is the united states situated in transparency international's 2012 corruption perceptions index?

the united states is among the least corrupt countries in the world

the root of the English word conquistador is conquiere, which is Latin for...

to search for and subdue

this authority is legitimized on the basis of custom

traditional

Average compensation per employee in U.S. manufacturing in 2011 was $35.53 per hour, which is a 41 percent increase since 2001.

true

By 800 A.D. there was a chronic shortage of silver in Western Europe...

true

Cerro Rico had the effect for Spain of strengthening autocratic elites at the expense of representative forms of governance

true

In Russia today, land is generally considered government property and is only leased or lent to the farmers.

true

a 2012 survey finds that 55% of americans think that --- has the strongest economy in the world

true

a 2012 survey finds that 82% of americans think that "we don't manufacture anything here in america anymore"

true

almost every country with a population of at least one million that has emerged from the colonial era without succumbing to dictatorship is a former British colony...

true

as discussed in our textbook, in 1890, 14.8% of the population of the united states was foreign born, a record that has yet to be surpassed

true

creative destruction refers to the view that the essence of capitalism is the perennial cycle of destroying the old and less efficient product or service and replacing it with new more efficient ones

true

cultural universals are cultural elements that are found in virtually every society

true

five hundred years ago, the most sophisticated society society in south america, the Inca empire, was moneyless

true

if instances of something readily come to mind, we tend to perceive that thing as being far more prevalent than it actually is

true

in 1999, french labor laws were changed, requiring every employer to implement a four-hour reduction in the legal workweek, from 39 to 35 hours, with no cut in pay; the date the law went into effect varied according to the number of employees a business had

true

in 2012, if the top 500 manufacturing firms were a separate country, they would have been the third largest economy in the world, behind no. 1 (the united states) and no. 2 (china) but ahead of no. 4, Japan's entire GDP of $5.98 trillion

true

in the united states, african americans (20%) are more than twice as likely as muslim americans (9%) or hispanics (9%) to say they have been singles out by the police within the past 12 months

true

in the united states, the reduced demand for labor in manufacturing is directly related to dramatic increases in labor productivity

true

in transparency international's 2012 corruption perceptions index, the most economically free countries are the least corrupt

true

many of the principles or elements of global culture are contested and generate conflict

true

muslim americans are highly assimilated into american society

true

the Spanish "pieces of eight" (also known as the Spanish dollar) became the world's first truly global currency

true

the sales revenue from the top ten manufacturing industries in the united states in 2012 totaled $4.83 trillion, which was more than germany's entire gross domestic product of $3.36 trillion

true

the second largest manufacturing industry in the united states is computers and other electronic products. in 2012, the annual sales of that single u.s. industry was $814 billion, which was more than the entire gross domestic product of saudi arabia

true

the single largest manufacturing industry in the united states is petroleum and coal products. the annual sales of that single u.s. industry in 2012 was $1.6 trillion, which was larger than the gross domestic product of australia

true

throughout the history of western civilization there has been a recurrent hostility to finance and to those who engage in it

true

u.s. muslims are about as likely as other americans to report household incomes of $100,000 or more

true

with regard to globalization, the various sociological paradigms in sociology take differing stances

true

The central relationship that borrowing and lending embodies is ...

trust

this refers to the conflict between two or more simultaneously held values

value inconsistency

the encomienda...

was a legal system whereby the spanish crown owned the land but granted a person the labor of a specified number of Indians who lived on a vast tract of land; were not granted in perpetuity to a man and his heirs-- only slowly did they evolve into hereditary haciendas

in hunting and gathering societies, there --- money

was no

according to the work of political sociologists like Seymour Martin Lipset and other social scientists, countries that were former British colonies---to have achieved enduring democritization after independence---those ruled by other countries

were far more likely; than

the muslim american population is...

youthful and racially diverse; generally well-educated; financially about as well off as the rest of the u.s. public