Sociology Inquizitive 2

Identify the examples of how the United States is a knowledge society.

-Schools integrate multiple types of technology in their classrooms, thus teaching students to be technologically literate. -Many young people build fashion identities by identifying looks online through blogs and social media, purchasing them through a range of vendors, and displaying their looks on social media platforms.

According to functionalist theory, identify the normative social expectations of the sick role.

-Sick people are not held responsible for being sick. -If you are ill, you have certain rights and privileges. -When you get sick, you should try to get better.

Identify the main claims made by protesters of the World Trade Organization (WTO).

-The WTO operates in secret. -The WTO is undemocratic. -The WTO protects some countries' agricultural producers while limiting those of other countries.

Identify the true statements about post-Arab Spring events.

-The civil war in Syria has led to 4.6 million Syrians fleeing the country, with more than a million entering Europe in 2015. -The Internet has led to the organization of a number of large-scale protests in the United States in recent years. -The civil war in Syria has led to the United States and Russia supporting opposite sides of the fight.

According to the text, identify the consequences of the spread of information technology, which has exposed national events (e.g., the government crackdown at Tiananmen Square, Arab Spring protests) to audiences worldwide.

-The sources of individual identity and membership have become more diverse. -There is a growing sense of obligation to intervene in crises in other countries.

Identify the factors that contribute to the increasing consumption of fast food at home.

-fast food is much cheaper -oversized portions in restaurants -working parents -absence of good food sources

Identify the names that are associated with the "new social order" that we are living in today.

-information society -knowledge society -service society

Homophobia is still widespread in U.S. culture, but it is starting to erode. Identify the factors that have contributed to this changing attitude.

-"coming out" by major celebrities and athletes -the Stonewall Inn riots -Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) (This Supreme Court case legalized gay marriage)

Identify the claims of postmodern theory.

-A sense of progress toward an unknown but inevitable future has been lost. -History and historical knowledge is subjective, and thus, pluralistic.

For young adults today, political protests have been reinvented by digital media technologies. Identify the true and false statements about online activism.

-Because the local media did not adequately cover protests in Turkey in 2013, without Twitter many Turks would have had little knowledge of what was happening. -The Black Lives Matter movement played a role in the 2015 presidential primaries.

Identify the true statements about the effect of globalization on work patterns.

-Careers have become more diverse and unstable. -Labor market demand has shifted away from certain industries. -The domestic division of labor has shifted with women's entry into jobs.

Hyperglobalizers

-Countries are answerable to transnational organizations. -National governments and politicians have lost power in recent decades.

Identify the examples of how globalization has altered political power in the modern world.

-Countries are more interdependent, and as a consequence, may cede some decision-making to multi-nation-state organizations. -Countries may face punishment for violating international treaties or agreements.

Transformationalists

-Globalization occurs not only on an economic level, but also spurs cultural and social shifts around the world. -Nation-states must reorganize in response to globalizing forces, but remain important entities in their own right.

skeptics

-Governments are responsible for making trade deals and setting economic policy. -The global south is becoming increasingly marginalized.

Identify the true statements about obesity and weight.

-Over one-third of all whites, blacks, and Hispanics are obese in America. -Between 2000 and 2014, the percentage of adults classified as obese in the United States increased by nearly 23 percent. -2015: thirty-nine states had obesity rate of 25 percent of higher

What was the first major protest against the WTO that sparked many later protests against the same organization?

1999 Seattle protest

Nearly what percent of the world's population was using the Internet in 2016?

50%

What is the approximate population of the world today?

7-8 billion people

What is one major hurdle faced by efforts to address environmental degradation caused by consumption?

Addressing environmental degradation would require people living in wealthy countries to consume fewer goods and services

How do Edward Laumann's 1994 findings about sexual activity differ from those of Alfred Kinsey's research in the 1950s?

Americans have become more sexually conservative in some ways but more promiscuous in others. (Laumann and his research team found that only 10 percent of women and less than 25 percent of men reported ever having an extramarital affair, but premarital sexual contact had increased.)

Identify the statement that accurately describes both the meaning and emergence of demography.

As nations were beginning to keep official population statistics, demography emerged as an approach to studying population

What is one of the main reasons why African Americans suffer a significantly higher rate of HIV/AIDS infections than all other groups in the United States?

Blacks are less likely to have access to available antiretroviral treatments

Global warming occurs when - is released into the atmosphere, acting like a - by allowing the - in, but not releasing them back out.

Carbon Dioxide greenhouse sun's rays

Which of the following are characteristics of global cities?

Characteristics: -They have introduced a new dynamic of inequality where wealthy business centers are surrounded by poorer outlying areas. -They are places where financial and specialized services are produced. -They are command centers for the global economy. Uncharacteristics: -They are places where material goods are manufactured. -They are places of consumption rather than production or innovation.

According to the hyperglobalizers, what is the consequence of national governments' inability to address global financial market instability and environmental problems?

Citizens lose faith in existing system of government

Many cities today are gigantic, and growing. This is happening at equal rates in the global north and global south. At the beginning of the twentieth century, fewer than one out of a hundred people on the planet lived in cities. By 2008, there were more urban dwellers than rural dwellers. By 2050, as much as two-thirds of the human population may be urban.

Click on: -more urban dwellers than rural dwellers -two-thirds of the human population may be urban

Which government programs helped facilitate the rapid rate of suburbanization in the 1950s and 1960s?

Correct: - FHA - Federal Aid Highway Act Incorrect: - Federal Community Revitalization Act - Federal Reserve

In what kinds of areas are rural poverty rates particularly high?

Correct: - more remote areas - heavily minority areas Incorrect: - areas where the population is older - areas in the Southwest

Which of the following trends are associated with what some demographers call the "second demographic transition"?

Correct: -delayed marriage -high rates of divorce Incorrect: -early childbirth -falling rates of cohabitation

Why are rates of urban growth higher in less industrialized nations compared to more industrialized nations?

Correct: -differences in fertility rates -differences in migration rates Incorrect: -differences in mortality rates -differences in governmental programs

What is the difference between a "crude" and a "specific" rate (e.g., birthrate, death rate, etc.)?

Crude rates do not take account of the population distribution in any way, while specific rates do.

What factors contributed to Mohandas Gandhi's success in campaigning to free India from British rule?

Events such as WWII had unsettled colonial institutions in India.

Which of the following examples demonstrate the interdependence of city neighborhoods, according to the urban ecological perspective?

Examples: -The urban core houses large corporations and banks, which provide financial services for those living in outer neighborhoods. -Immigrant enclaves situated near manufacturing plants provide inexpensive labor for businesses in the city. -The process of gentrification pushes poor and minority citizens away from, or sometimes into, cities. Not Examples: -Residents within urban neighborhoods participate in political and social life close to home.

What is the primary outcome of the "second demographic transition"?

Falling fertility rates

According to population projections, the rate of urbanization in the global south is expected to increase over time.

False

The human exceptionalism paradigm (HEP) is embraced by sociologists today because it emphasizes the importance of human action in solving environmental problems.

False

Urbanization produces growth in both the formal and informal economic sectors. Identify the following scenarios as either part of the formal economy or informal economy.

Formal: -A man migrates from his rural village to Delhi, and works as a cook's helper in a food factory. -A woman burns her hand while working a low-wage job at a poorly regulated factory in China. Informal: -A woman in Mexico City works in a field for a day and is paid cash, without promise of work the next day. -A man in Bangkok grows sweet potatoes in his yard and trades them with neighbors for meat and clothing.

Why might protesters refer to using genetically modified foods as "science experiments"?

Genetically modified foods have been around for more than a decade, but very little is known about the effects of eating these foods.

Identify each phrase as associated with the human exceptionalism paradigm (HEP) or the new ecological paradigm.

HEP: -Humans are in a position of dominance over other species. -Human destiny is shaped more by social factors than by the physical environment. New Ecological: -Humans are part of the web of nature, along with other species. -The physical environment is limited, and humans should constrain their consumption accordingly.

Transformationalists depict globalization as a tension between international and transnational social forces. Which is the most accurate description of what these social forces are?

International forces refer to the way that nations may interact with and influence one another, such as through trade agreements, while transnational forces refer to ways that cultures and social thought diffuse across the world, such as the spread of social movements across regions within a short period of time.

Electronic waste is routinely "recycled" to landfills in China, India, and other poor countries. As a result, what is the biggest hazard for the people of these areas?

It heightens the risk of illnesses, such as cancer

According to William Julius Wilson, what effect does the economic concentration of poverty have on poor, primarily black, families?

Marriage has become less attractive to poor women due to high rates of unemployment among men, leading to more female-headed households

Match each statement to the type of suburban community it describes.

Outer Suburbs: -These are newer communities that are often located about 40 miles away from large cities. -These areas are increasingly racially diverse, middle-class areas. Exurbs: -These areas have greater expanses of land available for large homes and yards. -These areas are mostly white and middle- or upper-middle class. Inner Suburbs: -The communities are more economically diverse than other suburban communities. -These areas are more densely populated than other suburbs and face structural difficulties because of their age.

According to the text, why has globalization prompted a rise in individualism?

People have greater access to information and events outside their communities.

Which of the following problems are endemic to urban areas in the global south, according to the textbook?

Problems: - pollution - insufficient infrastructure - overcrowding Not Problems: - low fertility

What does the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recommend governments do to mitigate the effects of global warming?

Recommendations: -encourage water, land, and energy conservation -develop alternative energy sources Not Recommendations: -remedy diminishing biodiversity with targeted breeding programs -encourage contraceptive use to lower fertility

Which of the following explains the shift in society's views toward sex in the nineteenth century (e.g., the idea that masturbation could lead to blindness or that oral sex could cause cancer)?

Religious presumptions replaced by medical ones

What is the defining feature of a ghetto, according to sociologists?

Residents are forced to live in a ghetto

How did the collapse of Rwanda exemplify one part of Jared Diamond's theory about the collapse of society?

Rwanda's population was growing past the capacity of the land to provide food and resources for everyone in the country.

Why has suburbanization led to financial crises within some cities?

Taxes are required to fund city programs, and the wealthy, who contribute more taxes, are now more likely to live in suburbs

Select the area of the map that looks most clearly like a megalopolis.

The area near New York (The northeastern corridor of the United States, ranging from Boston to Washington, D.C., was the first area to be referred to as a megalopolis in modern times.)

According to Claude Fischer, how do cities create opportunities for close, rewarding friendships and social ties?

The large number and diversity of urban dwellers allows subcultures to flourish

Why do critics of free trade claim that these policies are not the solution to poverty and global inequality?

They argue that free trade largely benefits wealthy countries and exacerbates poverty in global south.

What contribution to the urban ecology perspective did Drake and Cayton make with their 1945 work Black Metropolis?

They demonstrated how unnatural social forces pushed black residents into poor and disordered neighborhoods

What does it mean that migrants are "positively selected" into urban areas in the global south?

Those who migrate to urban areas are better prepared to find jobs and thrive in urban areas

Select the image that accurately represents the demographic transition process.

Top Left picture

Which of the following statements about the rate of population growth are true?

True: -It is exponential in form. -It is calculated by subtracting the mortality rate from the birth rate. False: -It takes infant mortality rates into consideration. -It is higher in Europe than in the United States.

Place each country on the trend line that represents its energy consumption.

United States: blue line China: green line India: red line

Identify each statement as most associated with either Robert Park's "urban ecology" theory or Louis Wirth's "urbanism as a way of life" theory.

Urban Ecology Theory: -Cities do not develop randomly, but rather, in response to advantageous features of the environment (railroads, for example). -Areas of cities are differentiated, so they can function interdependently. Urbanism: -City dwellers develop modes of public interaction that accommodate the presence of many strangers. -Urban social life is very different than rural social life.

Match the arguments to either David Harvey's theory of urban restructuring or Manuel Castells's theory of collective consumption.

Urban Restructuring: -Business influences urban environments by constantly seeking new lost-cost areas in which to build infrastructure. -Individual decisions about where to live are primarily influenced by business interests. Collective Consumption: -Government decisions regarding transportation, tax breaks, and amenities like public parks play an important role in where individuals decide to live -Social movements shape urban environments, often through advocating for cleaner or safer neighborhoods.

According to Jane Jacobs, what circumstance would be most "safe" for city dwellers?

a busy street with many shoppers, workers, and sightseers walking around

What explains the phenomenon of "aging in place" in rural areas?

a decline in the population of rural areas, particularly among the young

Some critics of the sick role theory suggest that this approach fails to understand how sickness is ______, or that the concept does not apply in all _____. These critics also point out that sick roles are less applicable in cases of _____.

a lived experience/cultures/chronic illness

Identify the most important reason why the current geological period may be classified as the Anthropocene ("human epoch").

because human activities have become the main agent of change in our planetary ecosystem

The ______ model of health advocates a _____ approach to the treatment of disease, which some argue overlooks the ______ dimension of illness and treatment.

biomedical/scientific/spiritual

Place the following groups of people in order from lowest to highest life expectancy.

black males-> white males-> black females-> Hispanic males-> white females-> Hispanic females

Studies of identical twins ______ isolate the biological and social factors that determine _____. Twins share the same - and may have a common or shared _____.

cannot/sexual orientation/genes/social experience

What type of illness is difficult for society to understand in relation to the sick role?

chronic

In the United States, life expectancy has risen from 40 years (in 1900) to 79 years (today). Identify the variable that has the strongest influence on reducing life expectancy, and the reason why.

declining rates of infant mortality because infant deaths bring down the average age life expectancy

What do the differences in methodology between Kinsey and Laumann reveal about social science research in sexual behavior?

difficulties in gathering detailed information on sexual behavior

Why do the skeptics in the globalization debate argue that the world is less globalized today than it has been in the past?

economic interdependence was greater in the late nineteenth century than it is today.

Religion and religious movements tend to slow social change by advocating an appreciation for or a return to simpler times and more traditional ways of living.

false

- is a process where - people move into an older neighborhood and begin to refurbish homes, which often results in driving away - residents.

gentrification affluent poor

_____ appear to reflect larger systems of social stratification. One of the goals of _____ is to define the links between disease and social factors with the objective of prevention or cure.

health inequalities/epidemiology

What group has the largest number of persons infected with HIV today?

heterosexuals

According to ______, international organizations, such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), serve the interests of global ______ by compelling countries to adhere to the principles of ______.

hyperglobalizers/business/free trade

What production system has done the most to spur industrial, technological, and scientific innovation?

industrial capitalism

The ______ society of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, based largely on _____, is being displaced by a ______ society, where production is based on ______.

industrial/manufacturing/postindustrial/information

According to the textbook, solutions to - in food - must be - rather than biological or technological.

inequality consumption social

What is the main driving force behind globalization?

information and communication technologies

international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs)

is an organization that works internationally but is established by individuals or private organizations

Match each term to the correct definition.

megalopolis - a very large network of cities and densely populated areas spread over a large geographical region urbanization - the movement of people into cities and towns megacity - a large urban area that serves as a center of political, social, and economic life conurbation - a term for a cluster of cities and towns that are networked together

Colonialism led to major unforeseen changes in the relation between populations and their environments. Identify the following as associated with either positive or negative health effects.

negative: tobacco; cash crop production; sugar positive: bananas, grapefruits, and pineapples

The landmark Black Report revealed that social inequalities in both health and mortality in the United Kingdom had not declined since the implementation of the National Health Service but had instead increased. This prompted some sociologists to study how ______ as well as _______ led to inequalities in health and illness even when medical care was fairly _____.

occupation status/education/evenly distributed

When we consider sexual or romantic attraction as a matter of the complex interplay of social and biological forces, we are describing sexual ______. The term sexual ______ is incorrect and should be avoided because it implies that one's sexual or romantic attraction is entirely a matter of _______.

orientation/preference/ personal choice

The statistical fact that women in the United States generally live longer than men—a relatively recent phenomenon—challenges what long existing social pattern?

persistent gender-based inequalities

Jared Diamond's theory

presence of hostile neighbors, the absence (or collapse of) trading partners for essential goods, climate change, environmental problems, and an inadequate response to environmental problems

What concept do skeptics in the globalization debate use to describe the emergence of geographically clustered regions that trade together frequently?

regionalization

The Hispanic health paradox is often attributed to a combination of cultural factors like _______ and ______.

social cohesion/methodology

A number of important events that continue to reshape the global landscape have occurred in recent years. Place the following events in chronological order.

terror attacks in Paris-> terror attacks in Brussels-> the Brexit vote in Britain-> the Women's march on Washington

Match each definition or statement to the correct term or terms.

the average number of births per 1,000 women of childbearing age - fertility This rate varies over time. - neither fertility nor fecundity This rate varies by region and individual characteristics. - both fertility and fecundity the number of births a woman is biologically capable of having over her lifetime - fecundity

Type the name for companies that produce goods or market services in more than one country.

transnational corporations

A decrease in infant mortality is related to an increase in the average age of death in the developed world.

true

According to the textbook, premodern cities were small, walled-in urban centers in which the wealthiest institutions and people were clustered at the center and poverty increased as the distance from the center grew.

true

Sociologist Bill Freudenberg's "disproportionality thesis" argues that the most environmental harm is being done by a small number of countries.

true

The ecological approach is used to study what facet of social life?

urban areas

According to Louis Wirth, - is characterized by strategies used to manage living in close -to one another, and the resulting - that city dwellers experience.

urbanism proximity anonymity

The ______ of sexual behavior across different cultures supports the idea that sexual responses are _____ and not a matter of _____.

variety/learned/biology

How has the increase in flexible work arrangements affected workers?

workers face greater uncertainty and risk in the labor market