Sociology Mid-Term

More than ______ people have immigrated to the U.S. between the years 1820 and 2017. - 4 million - 14 million. - 40 million - 84 million

84 million

The term "sociology" was coined in 1838 by ________ - Karl Marx. - Herbert Spencer. - Adam Smith. - Auguste Comte.

Auguste Comte

The pioneering sociologist who studied patterns of suicide in Europe was ________ - Robert K. Merton. - Auguste Comte. - Emile Durkheim. - Karl Marx.

Emile Durkheim

The language most widely spoken in the world as a second language is ________ - Spanish. - Chinese. - English. - Hindi.

English

The claim that U.S. culture is wrongly dominated by a European, and especially English, way of life characterizes our culture as - ethnocentric. - Afrocentric. - Eurocentric. - culturally relative.

Eurocentric

Who helped launch the discipline of sociology by studying the evils of slavery and also by translating the writings of Auguste Comte? - Harriet Martineau - Jane Addams - Elizabeth Cady Stanton - Dorothea Dix

Harriet Martineau

Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in Freud's concept of the _______ - superego. - ego. - id. - generalized other.

ID

Which type of human society has existed only since about the year 1750? - Industrial societies - Agrarian societies - Horticultural and pastoral societies - Hunting and gathering societies

Industrial societies

_______ had an important influence on the development of the social-conflict approach. Correct! - Karl Marx - Talcott Parsons - Emile Durkheim - Herbert Spencer

Karl Marx

In Freud's model of personality, what represents the presence of culture within the individual? - Id - Ego - Superego - Thanatos

Superego

Which theoretical approach gives an evolutionary explanation of why the sexual "double standard" is found around the world? - The structural-functional approach - The social-conflict approach - The symbolic-interaction approach - The sociobiology approach

The sociobiology approach

Based on what you have read in this chapter, how would sociologists explain the fact that many young people in the United States experience adolescence as a time of confusion? - There are cultural inconsistencies in the definition of this stage of life as partly childlike and partly adultlike. - Hormones greatly affect young people as they mature. - Growth always involves change and change is confusing. - Parents are no longer providing proper guidance to young people.

There are cultural inconsistencies in the definition of this stage of life as partly childlike and partly adultlike.

______ refers to measuring exactly what one intends to measure. - Congruence - Validity - Repeatability - Reliability

Validity

Which early sociologist received the first doctorate ever awarded by Harvard University to a person of color? - Jane Addams - Harriet Martineau - W. E. B. Du Bois - Herbert Spencer

W. E. B. Du Bois

The dominant values of U.S. culture include ________ - a deep respect for the traditions of the past. - a belief in equality of condition for all. - a belief in individuality. - a belief in personal intuition over science.

a belief in individuality

Telling jokes is an example of ________ - a cultural universal. - material culture. - cultural relativism. - cultural lag.

a cultural universal.

A role set refers to ________ - all the roles found in a society. - a number of roles attached to a single status. - all the roles that are similar in function. - a number of roles within any particular organization.

a number of roles attached to a single status.

Multiculturalism is defined as ________ - efforts to encourage immigration to the United States. - efforts to establish English as the official language of the United States. - a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equality of all cultural traditions. - the idea that the United States should have a single, dominant culture.

a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equality of all cultural traditions.

An apparent, although false, association between two variables that is caused by a third variable is called - a spurious correlation. - an unproven correlation. - an unreliable correlation. - an invalid correlation.

a spurious correlation.

A simplified description unfairly applied to every person in the same category is called ________ - a sociological insight. - a sociological generalization. - a stereotype. - an act of discrimination.

a stereotype

When people model themselves after the members of peer groups they would like to join, they are engaging in a process that sociologists call _______ - group conformity. - future directedness. - anticipatory socialization. - group rejection.

anticipatory socialization

Looking at humor from a structural-functional viewpoint, jokes ________ - tend to bring people together. - can be a way of making one category of people feel good at the expense of another. - are a good way of reducing conflict in society. - are often used to relieve tension-"lightening" a situation.

are often used to relieve tension-"lightening" a situation.

Key values of U.S. culture ________ - always fit together easily. - change quickly, even from year to year. - are shared by absolutely everyone in a society. - are sometimes in conflict with one another.

are sometimes in conflict with one another.

Culture is a source of human freedom because ________ - culture does not guide behavior. - all culture changes very quickly. - as cultural creatures, humans make and remake the world for themselves. - culture is habitual.

as cultural creatures, humans make and remake the world for themselves.

What concept refers to a social position that is received at birth or involuntarily assumed later in life? - Passive role - Master status - Ascribed status - Achieved status

ascribed status

An important element of nonverbal communication is ________ - tone of voice. - the back region. - body language. - idealization.

body language

Goffman's idea of the resocialization process includes ________ - breaking down an old identity, then building up a new identity. - rewarding inmates for being creative. - helping integrate inmates into the larger society. - finding ways to make inmates contribute to the larger society.

breaking down an old identity, then building up a new identity.

From a social-conflict point of view, jokes ________ - tend to bring people together. - can be a way of making one category of people feel good at the expense of another. - are a good way of reducing conflict in society. - are often used to relieve tension -"lightening" a situation.

can be a way of making one category of people feel good at the expense of another.

According to Lenski, the term "sociocultural evolution" refers to ________ - changes brought about by new ways of thinking. - changes created by ideas coming from other societies. - change that results from social conflict. - changes that occur as a society acquires new technology.

changes that occur as a society acquires new technology.

In a total institution, staff members _______ - closely supervise all the daily life of inmates. - encourage the individual growth and creativity of inmates. - allow inmates to choose their own food, clothing, and activities. - institute informal rules to direct people's daily routines.

closely supervise all the daily life of inmates.

What is the term sociologists give to a category of people with a common characteristic, usually their age? - Age subculture - Generation - Age group - Cohort

cohort

A majority of people over the age of sixty-five in the United States ________ - consider their health "good" or "excellent." - report having trouble walking. - are bedridden. - are receiving intensive care in a hospital or nursing home.

consider their health "good" or "excellent."

Humor is created when people ________ - create and contrast two different realities. - say things that have no meaning at all. - speak with great clarity. - say things that offend others.

create and contrast two different realities.

Counterculture refers to ________ - people who differ in some small way. - popular culture. - high culture. - cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held.

cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held.

What is the term for the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that together make up the way of life for a group of people? - Social structure - Social system - Culture - Society

culture

The concept of _____ refers to a shared way of life, and the term ____ refers to a political entity. - culture; society - country; nation - nation; culture - culture; nation

culture; nation

The spread of cultural traits from one society to another is called ________ - immigration. - cultural transmission. - popular culture. - diffusion.

diffusion

Following the thinking of C. Wright Mills, we would expect the sociological imagination to be more widespread in a population ________ - during times of peace and prosperity. - among the very rich. - among very religious people. - during times of social crisis.

during times of social crisis.

What does the concept "presentation of self" mean? - Efforts to create impressions in the minds of others - Being very self-conscious - Interaction that is highly formal - Trying to take attention away from others

efforts to create impressions in the minds of others

Sarah is spending a summer living in another country where people have a way of life that differs from her own. A sociologist might expect that this experience would lead her to ________ - end up with a greater understanding of both a new way of life and her own way of life. - accept what people in the United States call "common sense." - assume that people's lives simply reflect the choices they make. - gradually understand less and less about her own way of life.

end up with a greater understanding of both a new way of life and her own way of life.

A person who criticizes the Amish farmer as being "backward" for tilling his fields with horses and a plow instead of using a tractor is displaying ________ - ethnocentrism. - cultural relativism. - cultural diffusion. - cultural integration.

ethnocentrism

Tact is a common response in potentially embarrassing situations because ________ - we like most people with whom we interact. - our cultural norms demand looking out for others. - everyone feels discomfort when a constructed reality breaks down. - most people are unsure how to act in most situations.

everyone feels discomfort when a constructed reality breaks down.

A good example of cultural lag is ________ - gaining the ability to modify genetic patterns in humans before understanding the possible social consequences of doing so. - a slowing in the rate of invention in the computer industry. - older people trying to make younger people respect tradition. - virtual culture replacing traditional culture.

gaining the ability to modify genetic patterns in humans before understanding the possible social consequences of doing so

Carol Gilligan extended Kohlberg's research, showing that ________ - girls and boys typically assess situations as right and wrong using different standards. - girls are more interested in right and wrong than boys are. - boys are more interested in right and wrong than girls are. - the ability to assess situations as right and wrong typically develops only as young people enter the teenage years.

girls and boys typically assess situations as right and wrong using different standards.

Today, the factor people most commonly use in considering a young woman or young man to have reached adulthood is whether or not the person _______ - has completed all schooling. - has a full-time job, with the ability to support a family. - is married. - is married and has children.

has completed all schooling.

In terms of social inequality, agrarian societies generally ________ - have much more inequality than less productive societal types. - have about the same amount of social inequality as less productive societal types. - have less social inequality than less productive societal types. - come very close to being egalitarian societies.

have much more inequality than less productive societal types.

The first type of society to generate a material surplus was ________ - hunting and gathering. - horticultural and pastoral. - agrarian. - industrial.

horticultural and pastoral

Applying Freud's thinking to a sociological analysis of personality development, you would conclude that _______ - human behavior is basically random. - humans have basic, self-centered drives that must be controlled by learning the ways of society. - societies encourage people to become self-centered. - humans can never become cultural creatures.

humans have basic, self-centered drives that must be controlled by learning the ways of society.

Smiling and making polite remarks to people we do not like is an example of ________ - making another feel embarrassment. - exercising power over another. - idealizing a personal performance. - losing face.

idealizing a personal performance.

An accurate criticism of the structural-functional approach is that it ________ - ignores inequality that can generate tension and conflict. - focuses too much on social dysfunction. - focuses too much on power divisions in society. - is a politically liberal view of society.

ignores inequality that can generate tension and conflict

In Mead's model, which sequence correctly orders stages of the developing self? - Imitation, play, game, generalized other - Imitation, generalized other, play, game - Imitation, game, play, generalized other - Imitation, generalized other, game, play

imitation, play, game, generalized other

Understanding the differences between countries encourages ________ - an increase in global poverty. - increasing gender inequality. - increasing our understanding of both of our own lives and the lives of others. - increasing global wealth.

increasing our understanding of both of our own lives and the lives of others.

Assume you have a business that provides products to older people. Looking ahead, you have reason to expect ________ - increasing sales, because your target population is increasing in size. - decreasing sales, because your target population is getting smaller. - little change in sales, because your target population will remain stable. - that your target population will increasingly be men.

increasing sales, because your target population is increasing in size.

An inmate who loses the capacity for independent living is described as _______ - unsocialized. - integrated. - institutionalized. - dissociated.

institutionalized

Ethnocentrism refers to ________ - people taking pride in their ethnicity. - claiming that another culture is better than your own. - judging another culture using the standards of your own culture. - understanding another culture using its own standards and values.

judging another culture using the standards of your own culture.

An example of a latent function of college is ________ - providing skills needed for later jobs. - keeping young people out of a tight labor force, which may not have jobs for them. - gaining the knowledge required to be an active and thoughtful citizen. - giving young people experience living on their own.

keeping young people out of a tight labor force, which may not have jobs for them.

In the period of life called "middle adulthood," people typically experience _______ - life circumstances becoming more or less set. - a lack of awareness of health issues. - the birth of their children - juggling conflicting priorities.

life circumstances becoming more or less set.

Based on the Harlows' research with rhesus monkeys and the case of Anna, the isolated child, one might reasonably conclude that _______ - the two species react differently to social isolation. - both monkeys and humans "bounce back" from long-term isolation. - even a few days of social isolation permanently damages both monkeys and humans. - long-term social isolation leads to permanent developmental damage in both monkeys and humans.

long-term social isolation leads to permanent developmental damage in both monkeys and humans.

Which phrase was used by Erving Goffman to refer to being embarrassed in a social situation? - "Breaking" a role - "Idealizing" a performance - "Exiting" a role - "Losing face"

losing face

The English language often treats whatever has greater value, power, or importance as ________ - gender-free. - feminine. - masculine. - humorous.

masculine

Which concept refers to a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life? - Social status - Master status - Ascribed status - Achieved status

master status

Cars, computers, and iPhones are all examples of which of the following? - High culture - Material culture - Norms - Nonmaterial culture

material culture

Robert Merton explained that what is functional for people in one category of a society's population ________ - is always functional for everyone. - may not be functional for people in another category. - is unlikely to change over time. - can never be functional in the future.

may not be functional for people in another category.

The Harlow experiments to discover the effects of social isolation on rhesus monkeys showed that _______ - monkeys isolated for six months were highly fearful when they were returned to others of their kind. - isolated monkeys able to cuddle artificial mothers developed normally. - even several days of social isolation permanently damaged infant monkeys. - prolonged isolation had little effect on infant monkeys.

monkeys isolated for six months were highly fearful when they were returned to others of their kind.

The careful observer can notice clues indicating that someone is telling a lie. People give off these clues because ________ - our culture defines specific gestures to convey dishonesty. - nonverbal communication is hard for most people to control. - few people ever intend to lie. - research shows that most criminals really want to be caught.

nonverbal communication is hard for most people to control.

Thinking about how patterns of child-rearing vary by class, lower-class parents generally stress _____, while well-to-do parents typically stress _____. - independence; protecting children - independence; dependence - obedience; creativity - creativity; obedience

obedience; creativity

Looking at the operation of U.S. schools guided by the social-conflict approach might lead a sociologist to conclude that ________ - the function of schools is to teach needed skills. - the meaning of schooling varies from child to child. - schools have been a major path to social advancement. - our society provides some students with far better schooling than others.

our society provdes some students with far better schooling than others.

Cultural transmission refers to the process of ________ - cultural patterns moving from one society to another. - using the oral tradition. - passing cultural patterns from one generation to another. - using writing to enshrine cultural patterns.

passing cultural patterns from one generation to another

The power relationship between physicians and patients is immediately evident when the patient enters the doctor's office because ________ - it is up to patients to decide when they will see the doctor. - the physician is already there to greet the patient. - patients must wait until a "gatekeeper" admits them to see the doctor in the office's "back region." - patients generally address physicians by their first names.

patients must wait until a "gatekeeper" admits them to see the doctor in the office's "back region."

According to Erving Goffman, we engage in a _____ when we use costumes, props, tone of voice, and gestures to convey information to others. role performance status self

performance

In the United States, people stand farther away from one another when they are talking than two people would in a Middle Eastern nation. This pattern reveals differences in meaning attached to ________ - personal hygiene. - personal space. - facial gestures. - the rights of women compared to men.

personal space

A manifest function of sports is ________ - providing recreation and physical conditioning. - fostering social relationships. - generating jobs. - teaching a society's way of life.

providing recreation and physical conditioning.

The fact that some married men and married women are sexually unfaithful to their spouses is an example of _____ culture, while the fact that most adults say they support the idea of sexual fidelity is an example of _____ culture. - high; low - low; high - ideal; real - real; ideal

real; ideal

Looking at childhood in global perspective, we find that _______ - childhood is a time of play and learning everywhere. - rich societies extend childhood much longer than do poor societies. - poor societies extend childhood much longer than do rich societies. - biological immaturity is the main factor that defines childhood.

rich societies extend childhood much longer than do poor societies.

Sociologists use which concept to refer to behavior that people expect from someone who holds a particular status? - Role - Master status - Status set - Role set

role

What is the concept that refers to the conflict among roles corresponding to two or more statuses? - Role conflict - Role strain - Role set - Role exit

role conflict

Which concept is involved when a plant supervisor wants to be a good friend and confidant to the workers, but must remain distant in order to rate the workers' performances? - Role conflict - Role strain - Role ambiguity - Role exit

role strain

A criticism of the symbolic-interaction approach is that it ________ - calls attention to major social institutions. - says little about the influence of structural factors such as culture, class, gender, and race. - paints a very positive picture of society. - says little about how individuals actually experience society.

says little about the influence of structural factors such as culture, class, gender, and race.

According to Piaget, in which stage of human development do individuals experience the world only through sensory contact? - Sensorimotor stage - Preoperational stage - Concrete operational stage - Formal operational stage

sensorimotor stage

The Thomas theorem states that ________ - a role is as a role does. - people rise to their level of incompetence. - situations defined as real are real in their consequences. - people know the world only through their language.

situations defined as real are real in their consequences

Mead claimed that the origin of the self is found in _______ - biological drives. - genetics. - social experience. - the functioning of the brain.

social experience

Which concept is used to describe relatively stable patterns of social behavior? - Social structure - Manifest functions - Social functions - Social dysfunctions

social structure

The "framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change" is the ________ - structural-functional approach. - social-conflict approach. - symbolic-interaction approach. - tradition-based approach.

social-conflict approach

The theoretical approach that highlights the link between culture and social inequality is the ________ - structural-functional approach. - social-conflict approach. - symbolic-interaction approach. - sociobiology approach.

social-conflict approach.

Based on what you have read in this chapter, you would correctly conclude that _______ - society shapes how we think, feel, and act. - human beings lack spontaneity and creativity,. - human beings are locked in the prison of society. - human beings are unwilling to change society.

society shapes how we think, feel, and act.

The theoretical approach in sociology that assumes society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the ________ - structural-functional approach. - social-conflict approach. - symbolic-interaction approach. - tradition-based approach.

structural-functional approach.

Garfinkel's research, an approach called ethnomethodology, involves ________ - studying the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings. - tracking people's roles over the life course. - the study of interaction in terms of theatrical performance. - studying unfamiliar cultural systems.

studying the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings.

Sociology is considered a science because - sociologists teach at respected universities. - systematic, objective research methods are used. - the field receives government funding for research projects. - sociology is not considered a science.

systematic, objective research methods are used.

In terms of dramaturgical analysis, another term for helping a person to "save face," or avoid embarrassment, is ________ - role exit. - tact. - idealization. - creating personal space.

tact

The concept of "gerontocracy" refers to a society in which ________ - there is a pronounced "youth culture." - the richest people have most of the power and prestige. - religious leaders have the most power. - the oldest people have the most wealth, power, and prestige.

the oldest people have the most wealth, power, and prestige.

Agrarian technology developed based on the use of ________ - the plow, animal power, and the development of metals. - the ability to travel, the rise of industry, and elevated living standards. - cultural diffusion, the use of hand tools to grow crops, and social diversity. - computers, the Information Revolution, and a global culture.

the plow, animal power, and the development of metals.

Racial discrimination in professional sports is evident today in ________ - the positions typically played by white and black players. - the exclusion of African American players from professional sports. - the fact that most managers and team owners are African American. - the fact that women's sports attract less attention than men's sports.

the positions typically played by white and black players.

The basic idea of the symbolic-interaction approach is that society is ________ - an arena of conflict between categories of people. - the product of people interacting in countless everyday situations. - a system that operates to benefit people. - a system that generates social inequality.

the product of people interacting in countless everyday situations.

"Personal space" is a concept that refers to ________ - owned property, such as a house or land. - unowned space in a public place. - the surrounding area over which an individual makes some claim to privacy. - a feeling of needing isolation from others.

the surrounding area over which an individual makes some claim to privacy.

A statement that explains how and why specific facts are related is called a(n) ________ - approach. - precept. - concept. - theory.

theory

The major goal of sociology's pioneers, including Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim, was ________ - to serve the powerful. - to help build an "ideal society." - to discover how society actually operates. - to prevent disruptive social change.

to discover how society actually operates.

Arlie Hochschild explains that companies typically ________ - try to regulate the emotions of workers. - focus on behavior rather than emotions. - encourage the free expression of emotions. - ignore the emotions of workers.

try to regulate the emotions of workers.

The idea of "getting" a joke, according to the text, depends on ________ - knowing the joke teller well. - having a different social background than the joke teller. - understanding the two realities involved and appreciating their difference. - understanding exactly why someone is telling a joke.

understanding the two realities involved and appreciating their difference.

Based on the text's survey of the life course, you might conclude that _______ - life-course stages are shaped by society and have nothing to do with biology. - life-course stages are similar throughout the world. - while we link life-course stages to biology, they are largely a social construction. - life-course stages have changed little over recent centuries.

while we link life-course stages to biology, they are largely a social construction.

The tragic case of Anna, the isolated girl who was studied by Kingsley Davis, shows that _______ - humans have most of the same instincts found in other animal species. - without social experience, a child is incapable of thought or meaningful action. - personality is present in humans at birth. - many human instincts disappear after the first few years of life.

without social experience, a child is incapable of thought or meaningful action.