sociology == race and ethnicity

the scattering of people with African ancestry all over the world but predominantly in North and South America

African diaspora

What is the process called by which a minority group and a majority group combine to form a new group? Assimilation Pluralism Segregation Amalgamation

Amalgamation

the process of a minority and majority group combining to form a new group, creating the classic "melting pot" analogy

Amalgamation

According to Samhan (2001), relations between Arab Americans and the dominant majority have been marked by mistrust, misinformation, and deeply entrenched beliefs. The ________ contributed significantly to cultural and political anti-Arab sentiment in the United States.. restrictive immigration policies from the 1920s until 1965 events of the Inquisition "Muslim ban" enacted by Donald Trump Arab-Israeli conflicts in the 1970s

Arab-Israeli conflicts in the 1970s

Which subordinate group is often referred to as the "model minority?" Native Americans African Americans Asian Americans White ethnic Americans

Asian Americans

Which of these terms describes the process by which a minority individual or group abandons its own identity to take on the characteristics of the dominant culture, perhaps by absorbing immigrants from different lands? Pluralism Segregation Amalgamation Assimilation

Assimilation

the process by which a minority individual or group gives up its own identity by taking on characteristics of the dominant culture

Assimilation

The first Asian immigrants to come to the United States in the mid-nineteenth century were ________. Japanese Korean Vietnamese Chinese

Chinese

The first Asian immigrants to the United States were ______ and generally with the intention to work, coming to the American West during the Gold Rush

Chinese

________ immigration came to an abrupt end with the Exclusion Act of 1882. This act was a result of anti-immigrant sentiment due to a depressed economy and loss of jobs. White workers blamed these migrants for taking their jobs. Because these men did not have the funds to return to their homeland, or to bring their families to the United States, they remained physically and culturally segregated in areas of large cities. Japanese Korean Vietnamese Chinese

Chinese

sometimes referred to as "colorblind racism", is an avoidance of racial language by European-Americans that the racism is no longer an issue, which is generally professed as, "I don't see race-I see everyone as equal."

Color-Avoidance Racism

__________ racism is generally expressed as "I don't see race" but fails to recognize the social reality of minority groups

Color-blind racism

a form of racism, in which someone believes one type of skin tone is superior or inferior to another within a racial group. For example, if an employer believes a Black employee with a darker skin tone is less capable than a Black employee with lighter skin tone

Colorism

when someone believes one type of skin tone is superior or inferior to another within a racial group

Colorism

Conflict/Symbolic theories are often applied to inequalities of gender, social class, education, race, and ethnicity

Conflict

also called intergroup contact theory in the 1950s, posits that if two groups with equal status and common goals come together, they can reduce stereotypes, prejudices, and discrimination

Contact hypothesis (Gordon Allport)

when the assumption of inferiority of one or more races is built into the culture of a society. For example, the European culture is considered supposedly more mature, evolved and rational than other cultures

Cultural Racism

_______ consists of actions against a group of people and can be based on age, religion, health, or other indicators

Discrimination

who said discrimination is a social fact

Durkheim

Why did most white ethnic Americans come to the United States? Because it would be an easy transition Because they were forced out of their own countries To work For a better life and to escape oppression

For a better life and to escape oppression

Which of the following theories would suggest that racial and ethnic inequalities must have served an important purpose in order to exist as long as they have? Social conflict Interactionist Racism Functionalism

Functionalism

Which intergroup relation displays the least tolerance? Assimilation Expulsion Genocide Segregation

Genocide

the deliberate annihilation of a targeted group

Genocide

economic inequality or social disparity caused by past racism. For example, African-Americans have had their opportunities in wealth, education and employment adversely affected due to the mistreatment of their ancestors during the slavery and post-slavery period

Historical Racism

Historical examples of genocide include

Holocaust • Treatment of aboriginal Australians (1824-1908) • European colonization of North America (Trail of Tears)

The Fourth wave Asian immigration included individuals from

India, Korea, Vietnam, and the Philippines

prejudice and discrimination executed by individuals consciously and unconsciously that occurs between individuals. Examples include telling a racist joke and believing in the superiority of White people

Individual or Interpersonal Racism

_________ refers to the way that racism is embedded into society

Institutional racism

_________ are an example of de jure segregation

Jim Crow laws

What is the one defining feature of a minority group? Lack of power Numerical minority Self-definition Strong cultural identity

Lack of power

groups of people who are singled out from others based on their physical or cultural characteristics

Minority groups

Which group is the only non-immigrant ethnic group in the United States? Irish Americans Russian Americans African Americans Native Americans

Native Americans

What intergroup relationship is represented by the "salad bowl" metaphor? Assimilation Pluralism Amalgamation Segregation

Pluralism

__________ is represented by the idea of the salad bowl with a great mixture of different cultures with each culture retaining its own identity and adds flavor to the whole

Pluralism

beliefs, thoughts, feelings, and attitudes held about a group

Prejudice

__________ refers to the beliefs, thoughts, feelings, and attitudes someone holds about a group, while __________ refers to actions against a group of people a. Colorism; white privilege b. Racial steering; colorism c. White privilege; stereotypes d. Prejudice; discrimination

Prejudice; discrimination

the physical differences that a society considers significant

Race

a type of systemic racism that involves the singling out of racial minorities for differential treatment, usually harsher treatment

Racial Profiling

________ is a stronger type of prejudice and discrimination used to justify inequalities against individuals by maintaining that one racial category is somehow superior or inferior to others; it is a set of practices used by a racial dominant group to maximize advantages for itself by disadvantaging racial minority groups

Racism

a type of prejudice used to justify a belief that one racial category is somehow superior or inferior to others and includes a set of practices used to disadvantage a racial minority

Racism

the practice of routinely refusing mortgages in predominantly minority communities

Redlining

The dominant group will displace its unfocused aggression onto a subordinate group (i.e.: Hitler)

Scapegoat theory(Dollard)

the intergenerational impact of racism limiting the abilities of black people to accumulate wealth

Sedimentation

the physical separation of two group in residence, workplace, and social functions

Segregation

What doctrine justified legal segregation in the South? Jim Crow De jure Plessey v. Ferguson Separate but equal

Separate but equal

_________ theory says that people examine their own identity as based on group membership, so we divide the world into "them" and "us"

Social identity theory (1979, Henri Tajfel)

__________ can be based on almost any characteristic including race, ethnicity, age, gender, and sexual orientation, are often negative and generalize, and tend to be recycled from subordinate groups

Stereotypes

________ group can be used interchangeably with term minority

Subordinate group

also called structural racism or institutional racism, is systems and structures that have procedures or processes that disadvantages racial minority groups For example, a school system where students of color are distributed into underfunded schools and out of the higher-resourced schools.

Systemic Racism

Which federal act or program was designed to protect Hispanic American worker immigration, not block it? Operation Wetback The Bracero Program Immigration Reform and Control Act SB 1070

The Bracero Program

What makes Native Americans unique as a subordinate group in the United States? They are the only group that was enslaved. They are the only group that experienced expulsion. They are the only group that did not come here as immigrants. They are the only group that was segregated

They are the only group that did not come here as immigrants.

________ promotes the status of white people simply for being part of the dominant group

White privilege

the belief that Whites are superior to all races has made itself visible throughout history with groups like the Ku Klux Klan and Aryan Brotherhood

White supremacy

The racial term "African American" does not refer to: people whose ancestors came to the United States through the slave trade a person who came from Africa and immigrated to Europe a black person living in the United States a white person who originated in Africa and now lives in the United States

a person who came from Africa and immigrated to Europe

The difference between the terms "Arab" and "Muslim" is that Arab refers to ________ and Muslim refers to ________. a religion; a culture an ethnicity; a language an ethnicity; a culture an ethnicity; a religion

an ethnicity; a religion

A societal privilege that benefits people who are white in a way that goes beyond what is commonly experienced by non-white individuals under the same societal, political, or economic circumstances is known as __________. a. The belief that one skin tone is superior to another skin tone within a racial group b. White privilege c. The act of real estate agents steering potential homeowners to certain neighborhoods based on their race d. A set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that are used to justify the belief that one racial category is either superior to inferior to another

b. White privilege

A minority group is made up of people who a. have shared culture, ancestry, nationality, and even religion b. are disadvantaged in some way by the dominant group c. have dissimilar physical characteristics d. believe the same things

b. are disadvantaged in some way by the dominant group

Because people often experience multiple layers or disadvantage as they experience race, __________ suggests that we must also understand that prejudice can be layered prejudice, often encompassing more than just one prejudice or stereotype at a time. a. interaction theory b. intersection theory c. functionalist theory d. symbolic-interactionism

b. intersection theory

The belief that one skin tone is superior to another skin tone within a racial group is known as white privilege. racial steering racism colorism

colorism

___________ group is often substituted for the group in the majority

dominant group

Scapegoat theory shows that subordinate groups blame dominant groups for their problems. dominant groups blame subordinate groups for their problems. some people are predisposed to prejudice. race is not biologically definable.

dominant groups blame subordinate groups for their problems.

Whereas many Asian immigrants came to the United States to seek better _________, Vietnamese immigrants came as ________, seeking asylum from repressive conditions in their homeland

economic opportunities political refugees

Which of the following involves the deliberate, targeted annihilation of a subordinate group? pluralism segregation expulsion genocide

genocide

Devin grows up with incredibly strict parents who punish him severely for even minor infractions. When he grows up, he finds himself drawn to other authority figures and emulates the ways some of his heroes act toward others. According to psychologist Theodor Adorno, Devin may be prone to decreased prejudicism. identify more with left-wing philosophies. promote interconnectedness between classes and races. Correct! increased prejudicism.

increased prejudicism.

interactionists/conflict theorists propose that the symbols of race (not race itself) are what lead to racism and racial prejudice is formed through interactions between members of the dominant group

interactionists

Interactionists suggest that racial prejudices are formed by: interactions between members of groups. social identity. double consciousness. inherent, naturally occuring prejudices.

interactions between members of groups.

The theory that we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes is known as: social identity theory. double consciousness. intersection theory. contact hypothesis.

intersection theory.

Social scientists today maintain that when it comes to "race", it a. is not biologically identifiable and racial categories have been arbitrarily assigned b. can be scientifically categorized by skin color c. is more important as a scientific category than class d. can be scientifically categorized by facial features and bone structure

is not biologically identifiable and racial categories have been arbitrarily assigned

de jure segregation is enforced by ______ while de facto segregation occurs because of other factors

law

Amalgamation is represented by the ________ metaphor. separate but equal salad bowl melting pot Statue of Liberty

melting pot

According to the functionalism view, race and ethnic inequality: are detrimental to groups forming in-group bonds. serve no purpose in society. must have served an important function in order to have existed for so long. there are few examples of how racism plays out today.

must have served an important function in order to have existed for so long.

Ethnicity does not include shared: language beliefs physicality religion

physicality

Which of these terms represents the ideal of the United States as a "salad bowl" where a mixture of different cultures is accepted and tolerated with each culture retaining its own identity and being valued equally with mutual respect on the part of all cultures, both dominant and subordinate? genocide expulsion assimilation pluralism

pluralism

Stereotypes are not based on: prejudice race ethnicity gender

prejudice

_______ is when stopping and detaining people by the law enforcement is based on race alone

racial profiling

Assimilation benchmarks include

socioeconomic status, spatial concentration, language assimilation, and intermarriage

Overt discrimination has long been part of U.S. history, such as

southern Jim Crow laws

A term that can be used interchangeably with the term "minority" is racial group. ethnic group. numerically small. subordinate group.

subordinate group.

The first Arab immigrants came to this country in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. They were predominantly __________ who were fleeing persecution and hoping to make a better life

syrian, Lebanese, and Jordanian Christians

asian immigrants have primarily come to the United Sates in the _______ wave (1880-1914) and _____ wave (1965-present)

third fourth

One of the benefits that some people receive simply by being part of the dominant group in the U.S. is called racial steering. racism. stereotyping white privilege.

white privilege.

The fact that Brad, as a Caucasian in the United States, can be reasonably sure that he will deal with authority figures of the same race as him is a result of: white privilege. conflict theory. scapegoating theory. intersection theory

white privilege.

characteristics of minority groups/a minority group is distinguished by five characteristics

• Unequal treatment and less power • Distinguishing physical or cultural traits • Involuntary group membership• Awareness of subordination • High rate of in-group marriage (Wagley and Harris, 1958)

What is discrimination? Biased thoughts against an individual or group Biased actions against an individual or group Belief that a race different from yours is inferior Another word for stereotyping

Biased actions against an individual or group

Which of the following is an example of a numerical majority being treated as a subordinate group? Black people under apartheid in South Africa Jewish people in Germany White people in Brazil Creoles in New Orleans

Black people under apartheid in South Africa

________ refers to the theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture and we are surrounded by images of stereotypes and casual expressions of racism and prejudice

Culture of prejudice

the feeling that one's identity is divided because of race and how it influences the sense of self

Double consciousness (W.E.B. DuBois)

shared culture, including the practices, values, and beliefs, of a group

Ethnicity

a subordinate group being forced to leave a certain area or country by a dominant group

Expulsion

_______ theory suggests we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes and must examine how our experience with race is shaped by many factors

Intersection

Which theory suggests we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes when we examine the advantages and disadvantages of race? Interaction theory Functionalist theory symbolic-interactionism Intersection theory

Intersection theory

Many Arab Americans face ________, especially after 9/11. racism prejudice segregation Islamophobia

Islamophobia

Which of the following is the best explanation of racism as a social fact? It is like a magic pill. It needs to be controlled by policy. It needs to be eradicated by laws. It does not need the actions of individuals to continue.

It does not need the actions of individuals to continue.

The first Arab immigrants came to this country in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were predominantly ________, and they came to escape persecution and to make a better life. These early immigrants and their descendants, who were more likely to think of themselves as Syrian or Lebanese than Arab, represent almost half of the Arab American population today (Myers 2007). Jordanian, Palestinian, and Saudi Arabian Muslims Syrian, Egyptian, and Lebanese Muslims Iranian, Pakistani, and Egyptian Syrian, Lebanese, and Jordanian Christians

Syrian, Lebanese, and Jordanian Christians

Stereotypes are usually new and inventive social categories. consist of actions against a group of people. are mostly true., particularly at an individual level. are recycled from subordinate groups that have assimilated into society.

are recycled from subordinate groups that have assimilated into society.

intermarriage between races or to the mixed-race offspring of such unions

miscegenation

Asian Americans certainly have been subject to their share of racial prejudice, despite the seemingly positive stereotype knowns as the________ because they appear to achieve significant educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without challenging the existing establishment. the minor minority the major minority the quiet minority the model minority

the model minority

Filipinos migrated to the United States after the U.S. annexed the Philippines in 1899 true/false

true

Race is an example of a social construct true/false

true

An example of __________ would be the establishment of internment camps for anyone with as little as one-eighth Japanese ancestry, forced to leave their homes for up to four years during WWII, despite the fact that there was never any evidence of collusion or espionage among the group. a. expulsion b. assimilation c. genocide d. pluralism

a. expulsion

stereotype that is typically applied to Asian groups as reaching significant educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without protest against the majority establishment

model minority