Sociology Slides Flashcards for Final (Ch. 13, 14, 15)

Anarchy

absence of gov.

Universal access

equal ability of people to participate in an education system

Resource mobilization theory

explains social movements' success in terms of their ability to acquire resources and mobilize individuals

Totalitarian dictatorship

extremely oppressive form of dictatorship where most aspects of citizens' lives are controlled by the leader

Cultural Transmission

the way people come to learn values, beliefs, and social norms of their culture

Resistance movements

those who seek to prevent/undo change to social structure

Public

unorganized, relatively diffuse group of people who share ideas

Social placement

use of education to improve one's social standing

_____ _____ _____ (_____) are prepaid health plans with designated providers, meaning that patients must visit a physician employed by the it or included in its approved list of physicians. Typically these do not charge the patients copays or deductibles. The doctors get a fixed salary rather than charging for each service.

Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs)

The USA's system of health care for low income Americans is _____.

Medicaid

The system of medical care for Americans over the age of 65 who have paid tax contribution is called _____.

Medicare

Social movement organization

a single social movement group

Power

ability to exercise one's will over others

gesellschaft

according to the sociologist Tonnies, this is the type of impersonal relationship in modern cities where people are connected by buying/selling

gemeinschaft

according to the sociologist Tonnies, this is the type of intimate personal community that exists in pre-industrial villages

No Child Left Behind Act

act that requires states to test students in prescribed grades, w/ the results of those tests determining eligibility to receive federal funding

New social movement theory

attempts to explain proliferation of post-industrial and post-modern movements that are difficult to understand using traditional social movement theories

Patrimonialism

authority where military/administrative factions enforce the power of the master

Social change

change in society created through social movements/external factors like environmental shifts/technological innovations

Sorting

classifying students based on academic merit/potential

Social movement industry

collection of the social movement organizations that are striving toward similar goals

Acting crowds

crowds of people focused on a specific action/goal

Expressive crowds

crowds who share opportunities to express emotions

Cultural Capital

cultural knowledge that helps a person to navigate a culture

One person, one vote

each person's vote should be counted equally

Informal Education

educations that involves learning about cultural values, norms, and expected behaviors through PARTICIPATION in a society

Credentialism

emphasis on certificates/degrees to show a person has a certain skill, attained a certain level of education, or has met the job qualifications

Crowd

fairly large # of people who share close proximity

Head Start Program

federal program that provides academically focused preschool to students of low socioeconomic status

The United States uses a _____-_____-_____ model in which many physicians are paid for every procedure they do rather than the set salary that some other nations feature.

fee-for-service

Tracking

formalized sorting system that places students on "tracks" (advanced, low achievers) that perpetuate inequalities

Value-added theory

functionalist perspective theory; several preconditions must be in place for collective behavior to occur

Monarchy

gov. in which a single person (a monarch) rules until they die or abdicates the throne

Democracy

gov. that provides al citizens w/ an equal voice/vote in determining state policy

Absolute Monarchy

gov. where a monarch has absolute/unmitigated power

Dictatorship

gov. where a single person (or very small group) wields complete/absolute authority over a gov./populace after the dictator rises to power, usually through economic/military might

Representative democracy

gov. where citizens elect officials to rep. their interests

Oligarchy

gov. where power is held by small, elite group

Flash mob

large group of people who gather in a spontaneous activity that lasts a limited amount of time

Formal Education

learning of academic facts and concepts

Religious/redemptive movements

movements that promote inner change/spiritual growth in individuals

Reform movements

movements that seek to change something specific about the social structure

Revolutionary movements

movements that seek to completely change every aspect of society

Social movement sector

multiple social movement industries in a society (even if they have widely varying constituents/goals)

Constitutional monarchies

national gov. that recognize monarchs, but require them to abide by the laws of a greater constitution

NGO

non-governmental organizations working globally for numerous humanitarian/environmental causes

Hidden Curriculum

nonacademic knowledge that people learn through informal learning and cultural transmission

Collective behavior

noninstitutionalized activity where several people voluntarily engage

School Voucher System

parents given certificate to pay for an independent school as an alternative to a public school

Conventional crowds

people who come together for a regularly scheduled event

Casual crowds

people who share close proximity w/o really interacting

Emergent norm theory

perspective that emphasizes the importance of social norms in crowd behavior

Charismatic authority

power legitimized on the basis of a leader's exceptional personal qualities

Traditional authority

power legitimized on the basis of long-standing customs

Rational-legal authority

power that is legitimized by rules, regulations, and laws

Authority

power that people accept because it comes from a legitimate source

Crowdsourcing

process of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people

Modernization

process that increases amount of specialization and differentiation of structure in societies

Social movement

purposeful, organized group hoping to work toward a common social goal

Mass

relatively large group w/ a common interest, even if they may not be in close proximity

Charter School

school free to the public, but management is independent of the local school board

Patients must perform the "_____ _____" in order to be perceived as legitimately ill and to be exempt from their normal obligations. The physician-patient relationship is hierarchal: The physician provides instructions, and the patient needs to follow them.

sick role

Power elite

small group of powerful people who control much of a society

_____ _____ refers to the study of how health and illness vary by sociodemographic characteristics.

social epidemiology

Education

social institution where children are taught basic academic knowledge, learning skills, and cultural norms

Prognostic framing

social movements that state a clear solution and a means of implementation

Organic solidarity

solidarity Emile Durkheim says exists in industrial societies where people are dependent on each other

Mechanical solidarity

solidarity that Emile Durkheim describes in villages (BEFORE industrialization)

Politics

studying a nation's underlying social norms/values as evidenced through its political structure and practices

Grade Inflation

the idea that the achievement level associated with an A today is notably lower than the achievement level associated with A-level work a few decades ago

Diagnostic framing

the social problem that is stated in a clear, easily understood manner