sociology test chp. 6
75. Sociologist Walter Reckless suggests that many people do not resort to deviance because of __________ containments such as self-control, a sense of responsibility, and resistance to diversions. a. inner b. formal c. outer d. informal
a
72. __________ argues that deviant behavior is learned in personal interaction with friends and family. a. Differential association b. Strain theory c. Control theory d. Labeling theory
a
73. Differential association explains________________________________. a. how one may be socialized into deviance b. why deviance is less likely to occur when one has long-term intense relationships with those who violate the law c. the role of loosely connected groups in learning deviance d. why some people who are heavily exposed to others who break the law still adhere to conventional behavior
a
103. The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) was developed by __________. a. the Bureau of Justice Statistics b. the Federal Bureau of Investigation c. the National Security Council d. the American Sociological Association
a
105. Of all factors associated with crime, the age of the offender is one of the most significant. Arrest rates for violent crime and property crime are highest for people between the ages of __________. a. 13 and 25 b. 26 and 35 c. 36 and 45 d. 46 and 55
a
109. __________ refers to the use of personal judgment by police officers, prosecutors, judges, and other criminal justice system officials regarding whether and how to proceed in a given situation. a. Discretion b. Optional processing c. Reasonable suspicion d. Probable cause
a
110. __________ is punishment that a person receives for infringing on the rights of others. It imposes a penalty on the offender and is based on the premise that the punishment should fit the crime. a. Retribution b. Incapacitation c. Rehabilitation d. Deterrence
a
24. __________ is the term for any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs. a. Deviance b. Crime c. Stigma d. Violence
a
28. __________ refers to a violation of law or the commission of a status offense (such as cutting school or running away from home) by young people. a. Juvenile delinquency b. Truancy c. Youthful misconduct d. Crime
a
33. In contemporary societies, the primary mechanism of external social control is __________. a. the criminal justice system b. parents c. the schools d. the church
a
37. Durkheim used the term __________ for the condition in which social norms are weak, conflicting, or absent. a. anomie b. verstehen c. mechanical solidarity d. gemeinschaft
a
40. A group of protestors appeals their arrest on the grounds that police officers overstepped their authority. The case goes to court. This scenario best illustrates which of these functions of deviance? a. Deviance clarifies rules. b. Deviance unites a group. c. Deviance promotes social change. d. Deviance prevents social chaos.
a
43. Merton described how people adapt to cultural goals and the approved ways of achieving them through ___________. a. innovation b. resignation c. competition d. deviation
a
47. A socioeconomically disadvantaged teenager decides that she must resort to crime in order to buy some clothes she wants. This teenager's behavior is an example of __________. a. innovation b. retreatism c. rebellion d. ritualism
a
57. According to Cloward and Ohlin, __________ gangs emerge in communities that do not provide either legitimate or illegitimate opportunities. a. conflict b. retreatist c. criminal d. rebellist
a
59. Drug use and addiction is prevalent within gangs that are unable to gain success through legitimate means and are unwilling to do so through illegal ones. a. retreatist b. conflict c. rebellist d. criminal
a
63. A branch of the conflict perspective, Marxist/critical theory views deviance and crime as a result of __________. a. the capitalist economic system b. the strain between the goals of society and the means of achieving those goals c. labeling d. socialization by people who have criminal backgrounds
a
64. During the mid-1970s, advocates of __________ theory predicted that women's crime rates would increase significantly as a result of the women's liberation movement. a. emancipation b. functionalist c. critical d. symbolic interaction
a
65. Although there is no single feminist perspective on deviance and crime, three schools of thought have emerged, including the___________________________. a. liberal feminist approach b. ultrafeminist approach c. conservative feminist approach d. Durkheimian feminist approach
a
67. The __________ argues that women's crime originates in patriarchy (male domination over females). This approach focuses on social forces that shape women's lives and experiences and shows how exploitation may trigger deviant behavior and criminal activities. a. radical feminist approach b. conservative feminist approach c. liberal feminist approach d. Marxist (socialist) feminist approach
a
78. Hirschi's social bonding theory emphasizes__________________________. a. attachment to other people b. a lack of commitment to conformity c. involvement in unconventional activities d. willingness to rebel against authority
a
82. A person may shoplift an item of clothing from a department store but not be apprehended or labeled as a deviant. The person may subsequently decide to forgo such behavior in the future. This example illustrates what stage of deviance? a. primary b. career c. secondary d. tertiary
a
85. Chambliss's study of the "Saints" and the "Roughnecks," names he gave to two groups of boys in high school, is a now-classic example used to illustrate __________. a. labeling theory b. differential association c. strain theory d. control theory
a
95. More than 60 years ago, Sutherland coined the term __________ for what is now called occupational crime. a. white-collar crime b. political crime c. organizational crime d. blue-collar crime
a
99. __________ crime is a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit. a. Organized b. Political c. Corporate d. Occupational (white-collar)
a
58. Members of __________ seek to acquire a "rep" (reputation) by fighting over "turf" (territory) and adopting a value system of toughness, courage, and similar qualities. a. rebellist gangs b. criminal gangs c. conflict gangs d. retreatist gangs
c
102. The term __________ refers to illegal or unethical acts involving the use of power by government officials, or illegal/unethical acts perpetrated against the government in efforts to usurp power. a. occupational crime b. political crime c. index crime d. corporate crime
b
104. __________ is defined as "the calculated, unlawful use of physical force or threats of violence against persons or property in order to intimidate or coerce a government, organization, or individual for the purpose of gaining some political, religious, economic, or social objective." a. Socialism b. Terrorism c. Totalitarianism d. Imperialism
b
112. __________ is based on the assumption that offenders who are detained in prison or are executed will be unable to commit additional crimes. a. Retribution b. Incapacitation c. Rehabilitation d. Deterrence
b
116. In 1972, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled (in Furman v. Georgia) that the death penalty __________. a. is unconstitutional b. is legal if imposed fairly and equally c. is cruel and unusual punishment d. may applied without limitations according to the laws of each state
b
117. The text argues that __________ are better able to address the problem of juvenile offenders than are military-style boot camps. a. punitive measures b. structural solutions c. correctional alternatives d. restorative principles
b
27. From a sociological perspective, definitions of deviance originate_______________. a. in the specific behavior or condition b. with the people who witness or judge the behavior c. in legal and civil statutes or regulations d. with the identity of the person whose behavior is in question
b
31. __________ refers to the use of negative sanctions that proscribe certain behaviors and set forth the punishments for rule breakers and nonconformists. a. Socialization b. External social control c. Internal social control d. Stigmatization
b
36. Which of these is not a function of deviance described by contemporary functionalists? a. Deviance clarifies rules. b. Deviance prevents anomie. c. Deviance promotes social change. d. Deviance unites a group.
b
46. According to Merton's strain theory, __________ occurs when people accept society's goals but adopt disapproved means for achieving them. a. conformity b. innovation c. rebellion d. ritualism
b
49. According to Merton's strain theory, __________ occurs when people abandon both the approved goals and the approved means of achieving them. a. rebellion b. retreatism c. ritualism d. conformity
b
42. According to Merton's __________ theory, people feel tension when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals. a. opportunity b. conflict c. developmental d. strain
d
53. Sociologists __________ suggested that, for deviance to occur, people must have access to illegitimate opportunity structures—circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot achieve through legitimate channels. a. Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales b. Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin c. Carl Taylor and Anne Campbell d. Herbert Spencer and Auguste Comte
b
56. Cloward and Ohlin identified three basic gang types based on the type of illegitimate opportunity structure available in a specific area. The __________ is devoted to theft, extortion, and other illegal means of securing an income. a. retreatist gang b. criminal gang c. conflict gang d. rebellist gang
b
60. __________ argue that the lifestyles considered deviant by political and economic elites are most likely to be defined as illegal. a. Symbolic interactionists b. Conflict theorists c. Functionalists d. Postmodern theorists
b
66. The __________ feminist approach explains women's deviance and crime as a rational response to the gender discrimination that women experience in families and the workplace. a. radical b. liberal c. Marxist (socialist) d. conservative
b
69. __________ focus on social processes, such as how people develop a self-concept and learn conforming behavior through socialization. According to this approach, deviance is learned in the same way as conformity—through engagement with others. a. Conflict theorists b. Symbolic interactionists c. Functionalists d. Postmodern theorists
b
70. The symbolic interactionist approach to deviance includes the ___________ theory. a. illegitimate opportunity b. status frustration c. control d. labeling
b
77. Hirschi's control theory is based on the importance of __________ in determining the likelihood of deviant behavior. a. formal containments b. social bonding c. fear of reprisal d. social class
b
79. Based on the symbolic interactionist theory of sociologists Charles H. Cooley and George H. Mead, the __________ theory states that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants, and they, in turn, come to accept the marker placed upon them and begin to act accordingly. a. strain b. labeling c. differential association d. social control
b
80. Becker coined the term __________ to refer to those who use their own perspectives on "right" and "wrong" to create the rules about what constitutes deviant or conventional behavior. a. significant others b. moral entrepreneurs c. reference groups d. power elite
b
83. A person may shoplift an item of clothing from a department store and be apprehended and labeled as a "thief," subsequently accept that label, and then go on to shoplift more in the future. This future behavior is an example of __________. a. tertiary deviance b. secondary deviance c. career deviance d. primary deviance
b
86. __________ are most likely to emphasize that the study of deviance reveals how the powerful exert authority over the powerless by taking away their free will to think and act as they might choose. a. Functionalists b. Postmodern theorists c. Symbolic interactionists d. Conflict theorists
b
88. A __________ is a serious crime for which punishment typically ranges from more than a year's imprisonment to death. a. sanction b. felony c. criminal tort d. misdemeanor
b
90. A __________ is a minor crime that is typically punishable by less than one year in jail. a. felony b. misdemeanor c. civil infraction d. tort
b
94. __________ crimes are often referred to as "victimless crimes" because they involve a willing exchange of illegal goods or services among adults. a. Property b. Public order c. Violent d. Organized
b
97. __________ crime refers to illegal acts that are a result of deliberate decisions made by personnel of an organization to enhance resources or profits at the expense of competitors, consumers, and the general public. a. Occupational b. Corporate c. Politica d. Organizational
b
98. __________ consists of FBI-related scams, identity theft and advance fee fraud among other things. a. Organized b. Internet crime c. Political d. Corporate
b
62. In the early twentieth century drug laws were actively enforced in an effort to control immigrant workers, especially the Chinese, who were being exploited by the railroads and other industries. This example supports the perspective of __________. a. differential association theory b. illegitimate opportunity theory c. Marxist critical theory d. Merton's strain theory
c
101. Organized crime thrives primarily because________________________. a. people are essentially dishonest, even on the job b. there is a high level of political corruption in the United States c. there is a great demand for illegal goods and services d. people without other job skills need to make a living
c
106. People in which of these racial/ethnic groups have been the most overrepresented in official crime statistics? a. Asian/Pacific Islanders b. Native Americans c. African Americans d. white European Americans
c
107. According to the National Crime Victims Survey, which of these groups had the lowest rates of violent and property crime victimization? a. Asian/Pacific Islanders b. Native Americans c. African Americans d. white European Americans
c
108. Juveniles account for approximately __________ of arrests for violent crime? a. 1 percent b. 7 percent c. 12 percent d. 26 percent
c
113. __________ seeks to return offenders to the community as law-abiding citizens by providing therapy or vocational or educational training. Offenders are treated, not punished, so that they will not continue their criminal activity. a. Retribution b. Incapacitation c. Rehabilitation d. Deterrence
c
115. Criminologists use the term __________ to refer to the greater number of programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management of people accused or convicted of criminal offenses. a. punishment b. incarceration c. corrections d. penal systems
c
118. The text uses the term __________ for the trafficking across nations' borders in drugs, weapons, and nuclear weapons. a. international b. corporate c. transnational d. cross-cultural
c
23. The final police report for the shootings at Sandy Hook Elementary in Newtown, Connecticut concluded that __________. a. Adam Lanza's mother raised him poorly b. bullying caused Adam Lanza to act violently c. there was no single, definitive cause d. better gun control laws would have stopped the shootings
c
25. When a label of deviance is based on a person's intentional or inadvertent actions it is considered __________. a. conditional b. cultural c. behavioral d. conformist
c
29. The sociological term for the systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance is __________. a. policing b. justice c. social control d. conformity
c
32. A __________ is a behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and/or other negative sanctions. a. stigma b. deviant act c. crime d. stigma
c
34. __________ is the systematic study of crime and the criminal justice system, including the police, courts, and prisons. a. Sociology b. Ecology c. Criminology d. Ethnomethodology
c
39. Which function of deviance is illustrated by the recent Occupy Wall Street protesters? a. Deviance clarifies rules. b. Deviance unites a group. c. Deviance promotes social change. d. Deviance prevents social chaos.
c
41. According to functionalists, acts of civil disobedience (including lunch counter sit-ins and bus boycotts) exemplify which function of deviance? a. Deviance clarifies rules. b. Deviance unites a group. c. Deviance promotes social change. d. Deviance prevents social chaos.
c
45. A young woman graduates from high school with honors and attends a prestigious university, where she completes her degree; she gets a good job; she marries and starts planning for the future. This woman's behavior is an example of __________. a. rebellion b. innovation c. conformity d. rejection
c
48. Sometimes people give up on societal goals but still adhere to the socially approved means for achieving them; Merton termed this __________. a. innovation b. retreatism c. ritualism d. conformity
c
50. Applying Merton's strain theory, skid-row alcoholics and drug addicts illustrate the concept of __________. a. rebellion b. ritualism c. retreatism d. innovation
c
52. A minister who is opposed to war conducts a nonviolent protest at a local military installation, thus committing a trespassing violation. Applying Merton's typology from strain theory, this behavior is an example of __________. a. retreatism b. ritualism c. rebellion d. innovation
c
55. Gangs provide members with a means of attaining higher status and material rewards that may otherwise seem unavailable to them. Cloward and Ohlin have coined the concept of __________ to refer to this. a. strain theory b. criminal careers c. illegitimate opportunity structures d. differential opportunity theory
c
30. __________ social control takes place through the socialization process. a. External b. Interior c. Exterior d. Internal
d
68. The __________ feminist approach is based on the assumption that women are exploited by both capitalism and patriarchy. From this approach, women's criminal behavior is linked to gender conflict created by the economic and social struggle that often takes place in postindustrial societies. a. liberal b. radical c. Marxist (socialist) d. conservative
c
74. Criminologist Ronald Akers created the __________ theory, which combines differential association theory with elements of psychological learning theory, suggesting that both deviant behavior and conventional behavior are learned through the same social processes. a. strain b. illegitimate opportunity c. differential reinforcement d. social bonding
c
81. According to sociologist Edwin Lemert, several stages may occur in the labeling process. __________ deviance refers to the initial act of rule breaking. a. Career b. Secondary c. Primary d. Tertiary
c
84. According to Lemert, some people engage in __________ deviance, which occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by relabeling it as nondeviant. a. career b. primary c. tertiary d. secondary
c
91. The __________ is compiled by the FBI and is the major source of information on crimes reported in the United States. a. Law Enforcement Administration Analysis b. American Criminological Society Bulletin c. Uniform Crime Report d. U.S. Census Bureau Annual Report
c
92. __________ crime refers primarily to actions such as murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault, and involves force or the threat of force against others. a. Organized b. Public order c. Violent d. Property
c
35. Sociologist __________ believed that deviance is rooted in societal factors such as rapid social change and lack of social integration among people. As social integration (bonding and community involvement) decreased, deviance and crime increased. a. Robert Merton b. Edwin Sutherland c. Walter Reckless d. Emile Durkheim
d
38. Which of these statements is not part of Durkheim's perspective on deviance? a. Deviance is rooted in social factors like rapid social change. b. As social integration decreases, deviance increases. c. Deviance is functional for society. d. Deviance is only common in contemporary societies.
d
100. Organized crime is generally not associated with __________. a. drug trafficking b. prostitution c. money laundering d. insider trading
d
111. __________ seeks to reduce criminal activity by instilling a fear of punishment in the general public. a. Retribution b. Incapacitation c. Rehabilitation d. Deterrence
d
114. The United States has 5 percent of the world's population and accounts for __________ of the world's prison population. a. 2 percent b. 5 percent c. 15 percent d. 25 percent
d
26. The sociological term for a spoiled or devalued social identity is __________. a. clique b. deviance c. crime d. stigma
d
51. According to Merton's strain theory, __________ occurs when people challenge both the approved goals and the approved means for achieving them yet advocate an alternative set of goals or means. a. retreatism b. ritualism c. innovation d. rebellion
d
54. Based on their research, sociologists Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin identified three basic gang types on the basis of the type of illegitimate opportunity structure available in a specific area. Which of these is not one of the types they identified? a. criminal gang b. retreatist gang c. conflict gang d. rebellist gang
d
61. Research shows that __________ are more likely to be perceived as members of the dangerous classes and receive stricter sentences in criminal courts. a. young, single, rural males b. young, married, urban males c. young, married, rural males d. young, single, urban males
d
71. Sutherland's __________ theory states that people have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently interact with individuals who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity. a. illegitimate opportunity b. strain c. status frustration d. differential association
d
76. Reckless suggested that many people do not resort to deviance because of __________, which may include supportive family and friends, reasonable social expectations, and supervision by others. a. formal containments b. inner containments c. informal containments d. outer containments
d
87. In the postmodern theory of Michel Foucault, the Panoptican refers to__________. a. a prison b. the court proceedings c. a device for physical punishment, even torture d. a structure that permits continuous observation of all prisoners
d
89. Which of the following crimes is not legally considered a felony? a. rape b. homicide c. aggravated assault d. driving under the influence
d
93. __________ crimes include robbery, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and arson. In most of these crimes, the primary motive is to obtain money or some other desired valuable. a. Public order b. Organized c. Violent d. Property
d
96. Which of these would not be considered corporate crime? a. price fixing b. tax evasion c. copyright infringement d. loan sharking
d
6. Functionalists and conflict theorists are in agreement that social norms and criminal law are directed primarily at protecting the interests of the powerful in a society. a. True b. False
false: Functionalists argue that there is broader consensus about what is desirable in society and what behavior should be punished. They point to the fact that the poor and less powerful are frequently the victims of the crimes that laws are meant to prevent.
19. Arrest statistics are an accurate reflection of the crimes committed in the United States. a. True b. False
false: Arrest statistics reflect the UCR focus on property and violent crimes, particularly crimes by low-income people. Statistics may not account for the greater amount of attention that law enforcement pays to some types of crimes and to different neighborhoods characterized as "high crime."
2. Sociologists believe that there is a set of behaviors within every society that is considered inherently deviant. a. True b. False
false: From a sociological perspective, deviance is relative—that is, an act becomes deviant when it is socially defined as such. No behavior is inherently deviant. Definitions of deviance vary widely from place to place, from time to time, and from group to group.
5. From a functionalist perspective, deviance is always functional. a. True b. False
false: Functionalists acknowledge that deviance may be dysfunctional for society.
22. Juveniles are subject to the same legal process and types of punishment as adults, only in a different system. a. True b. False
false: Juveniles are less likely to have an attorney, and their cases are taken before a judge in a private hearing, not a courtroom or jury. The juvenile's age and physical, emotional, and social condition are given greater consideration than the offense. Juveniles are "remanded to custody" rather than "punished."
9. Labeling theory provides a comprehensive explanation of deviance and social control. a. True b. False
false: Labeling theory calls attention to the relationship between identity and social control. However, it does not explain why some accept the label of deviant whereas others do not. Nor does it explain the cause of the original acts of deviance.
1. People who are labeled deviant are generally regarded as deviant by all those around them. a. True b. False
false: People who are considered deviant by one group of people may be seen as conforming to the norms and values of another group.
18. The Uniform Crime Report is an accurate count of the types and numbers of crimes committed in the United States. a. True b. False
false: The Uniform Crime Report (UCR), compiled by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, is the major source of information on index crimes reported in the United States. However, not all crime is reported to authorities. The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) was developed by the Bureau of Justice Statistics as a means of collecting statistics about crime that has not necessarily been reported. The NCVS estimates that 51 percent of violent crime and 60 percent of property crimes are not reported to the police.
17. Higher-income households are more likely than lower-income households to be the victims of property crimes and burglary. a. True b. False
false: The opposite is true. In fact, in the lowest-income households there is the overall highest rate of property victimization.
12. Two or three major groups control the majority of organized crime in the United States. a. True b. False
false: There are many groups, operating at all levels of society, who are responsible for organized crime in the United States.
10. Violent crime accounts for less than 5 percent of arrests in the United States. a. True b. False
true
11. Corporate crimes are often more costly in terms of money and lives lost than violent crimes. a. True b. False
true
13. People are more likely to report crime when they believe that something can be done about it (for example, apprehension of the perpetrator or retrieval of their property). a. True b. False
true
14. The primary difference between organized crime and terrorism is motivation. a. True b. False
true
15. The three most common arrest categories for both men and women are driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs (DUI), larceny, and minor or criminal mischief types of offenses. a. True b. False
true
16. Violent crime in the United States increased from 2011 to 2012. a. True b. False
true
20. Metropolitan areas have the highest percentage of minority and women police officers. a. True b. False
true
21. The vast majority of criminal cases are never tried in court. a. True b. False
true
3. The primary interest of sociologists and criminologists is how societies create and sustain social control. a. True b. False
true
4. From the functionalist perspective, a certain amount of deviance is necessary for the smooth functioning of society. a. True b. False
true
7. Sociologists find that there are similarities between gangs and high school cliques. a. True b. False
true
8. Critics and supporters of Hirschi's control theory agree that there is a correlation between weak social bonds and engaging in deviant behavior. a. True b. False
true
