SOCL 311- Chapter 1

ghost/spirit marriage

custom of a marriage where one or both spouses are deceased (#WHAT!!)

conjugal relationships

family relationships created through marriage

Obergefell v. Hodges

The Supreme Court case that legalized same-sex marriage

household

consists of all the people who occupy a housing unit

What characteristics of gender roles are biologically determined?

-Man's ability to impregnate -Woman's abilities to give birth and produce milk

Commonalities that arise in all marriages:

-Marriage typically establishes rights and obligations connected to gender, sexuality, relationships with kin and in-laws, and legitimacy of children -Marriage establishes specific roles within the wider community and society. It specifies the rights and duties of husbands and wives, as well as of their respective families, to each other and makes such duties and responsibilities enforceable by the wider society -Marriage allows the orderly transfer of wealth and property from one generation to the next -Marriage assigns the responsibility of caring for and socializing children to the spouses or their relatives

family households

those in which at least two members are related by birth, marriage, or adoption

True or False: Researchers do not agree about the impact of divorce on children

False

True or False: There is not widespread agreement about the nature and causes of change in family patterns in the United States

False

True or False: Most families in the United States are not traditional nuclear families.

False Most families in the United States consist of a mother, father, and child(ren)

True or False: Families are not easy to define and count.

False The U.S. Census Bureau defines a family as "a group of two people or more related by birth, marriage, or adoption and residing together; all such people are considered as members of one family"

True or False: Although monogamy is the only recognized form of marriage in all cultures, it is not always the preferred form

False Monogamy is the only form of marriage recognized in ALL cultures; however, it is not always the preferred form of marraige

reflection hypothesis

media content reflects the values and ideals of the audience

transgender

people whose gender identities develop and are expressed in ways that differ from what their biological sex would otherwise predict, as well as greater understanding intersects with other social statuses

skeptics

relatively tolerant view of the accepters toward familial change, but do express concern about the potential impact of the trends -in the middle

accepters

see the trends of family change as making no difference to society or as good for society -Most tolerant

marriage

socially and legally recognized union between two people, in which they are united sexually, cooperate economically, and may give birth to, adopt, or rear children

gender

the attitudes and behavior expected of individuals because of the sex category into which they have been assigned, socialized, and/or with which they identify

nuclear family

the basic family building block, consisting of a mother, father, and at least one child; in popular usage, used interchangeably with "traditional family." Some anthropologists argue that the basic nuclear family is the mother and child dyad

Family of orientation

the family in which we grow up, the family that orients us to the world

family of procreation

the family we form through marriage and childbearing

Outside of legal issues, why are plural marriages in the minority

Simple economic reasons: -They are a sign of status that relatively few people can afford -they require wealth that few men possess

Polygamy

the practice of having more than one husband or wife at the same time; plural marriage the most popular form of the polygyny

Polygyny

the practice of having more than one wife at the same time

monogamy

the practice of having only one spouse at one time

polyandry

the practice of having two or more husbands very rare and occurs mostly in poverty

socialization

the shaping of individual behavior to conform to social or cultural norms

kinship system

the social organization of the family based on reciprocal rights and obligations of the different family members

"Modern Family effect"

the successful sitcom's portrayal of the relationship of a gay couple may have helped to influence acceptance of gay marriage in the U.S.

family of cohabitation

to refer to the family we form through living or cohabiting with another person, whether we are married or unmarried

Advantages of living in families:

-Families offer continuity as a result of emotional attachments, rights, and obligations. -Families offer close proximity. -Families offer intimate awareness of others. -Families provide many economic benefits.

modified extended family

extended families in which members share contact, care, and support even though they don't share a residence

consanguineous relationships

family relationships created through biological ties- specifically birth.

Fictive consanguineous relationships

family relationships not created through blood or marriage, but have the same types of ties and obligations (think adoption)

affiliated/fictive kin

unrelated individuals who feel are are treated as if they were relatives

rejecters

tend to see familial changes as bad for society -most intolerant

conservative perspective of families

-believe cultural values have shifted from individual self-sacrifice toward personal self-fulfillment -see today's families as weaker and less effective, especially when it comes to raising and meeting the needs of children -recommend policies to reverse or reduce the extent of these changes

liberal perspective of families

-believe that the changes in family patterns are just changes and should not be viewed as signs of familial decline -see changing familial patterns as products of and adaptations to wider social and economic changes rather than a shift in cultural values -see these changes to lead to a wider range of contemporary household and family types and require greater tolerance of such diversity -family policies are often tied to the economic well-being of families

Major themes of the text

-families are dynamic -families are diverse -outside influences on family experience -interdependence of families and the wider society

Four function as ways families contribute to social stability as well as to societal and individual well-being

-provide a source of intimate relationships -act as units of economic cooperation and consumption -may produce and socialize children -assign social statuses and roles to individuals Not all families do these or do these well

Centrist perspective of families

-share aspects of both conservative and liberal perspectives -believe that some familial changes have had negative consequences, but see wider social changes as a major determinants of the changes in family life -place a greater emphasis on cultural values than liberals -believe that people are too absorbed in their careers or too quick to surrender in the face of marriage difficulties

Rights provided by marriage

-the right to enter a premarital agreement -income tax deductions, credits, rates, exemptions, and estimates -legal status with one's partner's children -partner medical decisions -right to inherit property -the right to divorce -award of child custody in divorce proceedings -payment of worker's compensation benefits after death of spouse -right to support from spouse -recognition from society of legitimacy of relationship

Where does patterned variation come from in families?

Mostly: -social class -race and ethnicity -gender and sexuality -lifestyle choice

How are family relationships generally created?

Through marriage Through birth

True or False: African Americans tend to express more conservative views on such family issues as premarital sex, divorce, and gay marriage

True

True or False: The number of multigenerational households in the United States is increasing

True

True or False: All cultures traditionally divide at least some work into male and female tasks

True These tasks vary greatly by culture, but only matters of reproduction are determined by biology

True or False: Now, same-gender couples may legally marry anywhere in the United States

True Same-gender marriage was legalized in the U.S. in 2015 in the court case Obergefell vs. Hodges

clan

a group of related families found in Native American tribes

family (as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau)

a group of two people or more related by birth, marriage, or adoption and residing together; all such people (including related subfamily members) are considered members of one family"

extended family

consists not only of cohabiting or married couple and their children but also of other relatives, especially in-laws, grandparents, aunts and uncles, and cousins

binuclear families

a postdivorce family with children, consisting of the original nuclear family divided into two families, one headed by the mother, the other by the father; the two "new" families may be either single-parent or stepfamilies

serial monogamy/modified polygamy

a practice in which one person may have several spouses over his or her lifetime despite being wed to no more than one at any given time

Examples of affiliated kin

best friend boyfriend girlfriend godchild lover minister neighbor pet priest rabbi teacher

social class

categories of individuals and families that share similar economic positions in the wider society

A more contemporary definition of family:

two or more persons related by birth, marriage, adoption, or choice. Families are further defined by socioeconomical ties and enduring responsibilities, particularly in terms of one or more members' dependence on others for support and nurturance