Speech Final

Fallacies

1. Hasty generalization - 2. False cause 3. Invalid reasoning 4. Bandwagon 5. Red herring 6. Ad hominem 7. Either-or 8. Slippery slope 9. Appeal to tradition 10. Appeal to novelty

Invalid analogy

2 causes being compared that are nor essentially alike

Appeal to tradition

assuming that something old is automatically better than something new

Types and purposes of informative speeches

About object About process About event About concept

Does a persuasion speech require audience to take action?

Action is the end goal

Slippery slope

Assuming first step will lead to later steps that can't be prevented

Ad hominem

Attacking the person rather than the argument

Steps to motivated sequence (know them in order)

Attention- gain the audience's attention Need- make them feel the need for a change Satisfaction- provide a solution Visualization- make them see the benefits in the future Action- saw exactly what you want the audience to do and how to do it

What are the causes of poor listening and know how to become a better listener.

Causes - Not concentrating - Being distracted - Listening too hard - Jumping to conclusions - Focusing on delivery / appearance How to be a better listener - Take listening seriously - Be an active listener - Resist distractions - Don't be diverted by appearance/delivery - Suspend judgement - Develop note taking skills - Focus your listening

Purpose of a conclusion and introduction.

Intro: get attention and preview the body of the speech Conclusion: signal end of speech and reinforce central idea

Either-or

Forcing choice between two alternatives when more than two exist

Know the kinds of general purposes (be sure to know the difference between "to persuade" and "to actuate."

General purposes: - Entertain - Inform - Persuade - Actuate To actuate: to call the audience to some sort of action To persuade: you want to change the attitude of the audience, to get them to believe something or do something as a result of your speech

What are the parts to the satisfaction step in Monroe's motivation sequence?

Initial summary - preview points Detailed information - supporting material for points Closing summary - summarizes points, concluding statement

Define the types of special occasion speeches. Know the purpose and reason for giving them and how long they should be

Introductory - to introduce yourself (1-3 mins) Informative - to teach people about something (4-6 mins) Persuasive - to change people's thoughts, beliefs, or actions (5-7 mins)

Red herring

Irrelevant issues diverting attention from actual subject

Hasty generalization

Jumping to conclusions based on insufficient evidence

How important is it to make use of credible sources in a speech? Why do we use credible sources? Are our opinions enough in a speech without the use of credible sources?

Listeners find evidence from credible sources more persuasive. If you only use opinions, it would make listeners suspicious of the evidence. You have to back up your information so listeners do not doubt you.

Know how to recognize an appropriate topic for demonstration, informative and persuasion speeches. Name some ways to control your stage fright

Make sure you can talk about the topic in the time allowed, make sure it is age appropriate, not discriminatory, inclusive Reducing speech anxiety - acquire experience - prepare, prepare, prepare - think positively - use power of visualization - know most nervousness is not visible

Be able to identify the different methods of delivery

Manuscript - have it written out and you say it word for word Memory - you write it out hen memorize it Impromptu - a speech that is given with no preparation, stand up and talk about it Extemporaneous - prepared and rehearsed speech

False cause

Mistakenly assuming that because one event follows another, the first event caused the second event

Also, know how to recognize a need, proposal and practicality statement for a speech of policy.

Need - is there a problem that requires change from the current policy Plan - what is the speaker's plan to solve the problem with the current policy Practicality - will the plan solve the problem or will the plan create new problems

If I were to persuade a hostile audience, should I start out aggressively with my proposal?

No ease into it

Are all five steps used in an informative speech? Does the action step have to be a radical change

No, you do not use the action step. No, it could be to keep doing something.

Be able to recognize different organizational patterns for a question of policy speech

Problem-solution order- a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem Problem-cause-solution order- a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem

Know what topics for speeches would fall under a question (or proposition) of fact, value, and policy; which seeks passive agreement or immediate action from audience

Question of fact - deals with truth or falsity of assertion - answers are either right or wrong Question of value - a question about worth, righteousness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action - statement about your personal taste Question of policy - a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken - trying to get people to do something - Passive agreement - Immediate action

Name the ways to get the audience's attention and create an interest in your speech during the introduction.

Relate to the audience, show the importance of the topic, make a startling statement, arouse curiosity or suspense, pose a question, tell a dramatic story, or use visual aids

Passive agreement

Speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy

Immediate action

Speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy

Types of reasoning

Specific instances - moving from particular facts to general conclusion Principle - moving from principle to specific conclusion Causal - establishing relationship between causes and effects Analogical - compares 2 similar cases, what is true for the first case is true for the second case, cases must be essentially alike

Define: specific purpose, general purpose, central idea.

Specific purpose- a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech General purpose- the broad goal of a speech Central idea- a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech

Explain the importance of frames of reference and finding common ground with the audience.

The importance is that it is the sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, a\values, and attitudes

What is the main objective of an introduction?

To gain attention and interest of your audience, reveal the topic of your speech, establish good credibility and goodwill, preview in the body of the speech

What makes an audience interested in a topic?

To whom am I speaking? What do I want them to know, believe, or do? What is the most effective way of accomplishing that?

Know the different types of connectives and define them.

Transition - a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another one Internal Preview - statement in the body indicating what speaker will discuss next Internal Summary - a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding purpose or points Signposts - a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on ket ideas

Good transitions help the audience link thoughts together. True or False

True

You can persuade an audience by convincing them that that the proposition is of immediate interest to them or someone close to them. True or False

True

How do you generate emotional appeal in a persuasive speech? How important are they in a persuasive speech, more so than proof?

Use emotional language Develop vivid examples Speak with sincerity, conclusion They are very important, but not more important than the proof used

Name and define when a visualization and action step are used.

Use visual aids to highlight your main points that you want the audience to focus on You use it at the end to give the audience a task after your speech, this gives them something to take away from your speech

How important is delivery in a speech? Is it more important in one type of speech than another?

Very important, it is more important in persuasive because you are trying to change people's thoughts, beliefs, and actions towards something

Vocal aspects of delivery

Volume Pitch Rate Pauses, um and Vocal variety Pronunciation Articulation Dialect Vocal Variety- Changes in rate, pitch, volume - Gives voice expressiveness Pronunciation- accepted standard around, rhythm in given language Articulation- Physical production of speech sounds Dialect- variety of language distinguished by accent, grammar, vocabulary

Appeal to novelty

assumes that something new is automatically better than something old

What is audience analysis? When should it take place? How does it benefit a speaker?

audience analysis is figuring out the demographic aspects of your audience and the situation your audience is in. EX: age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, racial, ethical, and cultural. And knowing the size of audience, physical setting of speech, and the disposition of the audience towards speaker, topic, and occasion. Audience foremost in mind during speech preparation and presentation This benefits the speaker by allowing them to pick a topic that will lead to feedback. They will know how to deliver the speech and what type of words to use. It will also help not offending the audience.

How should a speaker choose a speech topic?

brainstorming Is it something that interests you? Can I get the audience interested? Do I have the time for it? What is your assignment/purpose/occasion?

What needs to be included in a persuasive speech?

logical and emotional proofs, personal credibility. Also, know which of those three is most likely not to be used in an informative speech.

Organizational patterns for speech; what works best with what speech

persuasive speech: problem-solution, causal Informative: chronological order, topical, spatial

Define credibility

the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility or competence and character

Purpose of a persuasion speech

to get the audience to believe something or do something as a result of your speech