Speech Final

What does it mean to be egocentric?

"Why is this important to me?" The tendency of people to be concerned aove all with thier own values, beliefs, and well-being

Know the guidelines for inclusive language

1) Avoid the generic "He" 2) Avoid the use of "man" when referring to both men and women 3)Avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender 4) Use names that groups use to identify themselves

Know the ethical guidelines for listeners

1) Be courteous and attentive 2) Avoid prejudging the speaker 3) Maintain the free and open expression of ideas

Review responsibilities of every group member

1) Commit yourself to the goals of your group 2) Fulfill individual assignments 3) Avoid interpersonal conflicts 4) Encourage full participation 5) Keep the discussion on track

Explain the 5 guidelines for online speaking

1) Control Visual environment(setting, lighting, framing, eye contact, personal appearance) 2) Adapt your nonverbal communication ( Gestures, facial expressions, eye movements) 3) Adjust your pacing 4) Dont forget your audience 5) Practice

What are the difference kinds of questions on audience questionnaires?

1) Fixed alternative questions: Offer a fixed choice between two or more responses ex: Do you know what gerrymandering is in the U.S. political system. Yes, no, or not sure 2) Open ended questions: Give maximum leeway in responding ex: What is your opinion about gerrymandering? 3) Scale questions: Resemble fixed alternative but they allow more leeway in responding

What is the main purpose of a conclusion? *Remeber everything you had to do for your speeches

1) Let your audience know you're ending 2) Reinforce central idea

Guidelines of ethical speaking

1) Make sure your goals are ethically sound 2) Be fully prepared for each speech 3) Be honest in what you say 4) Avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language 5) Put ethical principles into practice

What is a demographic audience analysis

Audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age; religion; racial; ethnic; and cultural background; gender and sexual orientation; group membership; and the like

What is a situational audience analysis?

Audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion

Why do speakers have an obligation to avoid abusive language?

Because it defames, demeans, and degrades individuals or groups. They stereotype and devalue people. It is a destructive social force.

Understand how to recognize a central idea statement and how to properly phrase one

Central Idea: A concise statement of what you expect to say sometimes called thesis statement Encapsulate the main points developed in the body of the speech

Know the strategic ways to order main points (Chronological, topical, problem-solution, etc)

Chronological: A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time patter, used in speeches explaining a process or demonstrating how to do something Spatial: A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern, top to bottom, left to right etc. ex: 1. the center of the hurricane, 2. Surrounding the eye of the hurricane, 3. rotating around the eye wall causal order: A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship Problem-Solution order: The first main point deals with the existence of a problem, the second presents a solution to the problem Topical order: the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics

What is the importance of using visual aids ( presentation aids)

Clarify ideas and give dramatic impact.

Give example of commemorative speech

Eulogies

Types of plagarism

Global: Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as ones own Patchwork: Stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as ones own Incremental: Failing to give credit for a particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people.

Explain the difference between the two types of online speeches

Recorded Online speech- delivered, recorded, then uploaded to internet Real-time- has been created specifically for an audience that will view it online as it is being delivered

Know which ones work best for different kinds of topics, know what works best for a persuasive or for informative

To inform- Chronological, spatial To persuade- Problem-solution Inform & Persuade- Causal Inform, persuade, entertain- topical

Understand the guidelines for using visual aids

To prepare: 1) prepare visual aids well in advance 2) Keep visual aids simple 3) Make sure visual aids are large enough 4) Use a limited amount of text 5) Use fonts effectively 6) Use color effectively 7) Use images strategically To Use 1) Display visual aids where listeners can see them 2) Avoid passing visual aids among the audience Display visual aids only while discussing them 3) Explain visual aids clearly and concisely 4) Talk to your audience 5) Practice with your visuals 6) check the room and equipment

Is it true that most employers rank listening as the most important communication skill?

True

How to reduce speaker nervousness

Turn it into positive nervousness by: 1) Aquire speaking experience 2) Prepare prepare prepare 3) Think positively 4) Use the power of visualization 5) know that most nervousness isnt visible 6) Dont expect perfection

Know the books tips for using statistics

Use stats to quantify your ideas, use them sparingly, identify the sources of your stats, and explain them.

Be able to recognize and define verbal pauses, articulation, and pronunciation

Verbal pauses- a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech Pronunciation- The accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language Articulation-The physical production of particular speech sounds

Message

Whatever a speaker communicates to someone

Explain the relationship between words and thoughts. Connotative and denotative definitions

Words have two kinds of meanings: Denotative is precise, literal, and objective(Dictionary definition) Connotative is more variable, figurative, and subjective(Includes all the feelings, associations, and emotions)

What are transitions?

Words or phrases that indicate when a speaker has just completed one thought and is moving on to another

What figures of speech could a speaker use to add vivid imagery to her speech

concrete words, similes and metaphors

Review the different types of group leaders

designated leader, implied leader or emergent leader.

Give examples of persuasive speaking

ex: to recycle

Review principles of Nonverbal communication

how you use your voice and body to convey the message expressed by your words.

Explain the causes of poor listening

1) Not concentrating: We process the speakers word but still have plenty of spare brain time, so we interrupt our listening by thinking about other things. 2) Listening too hard: Soaking up a speakers every word as if they were each equally important. By trying to remember everything we miss the speakers main point, and then confuse everything 3) Jumping to Conclusions 4) Focusing on Delivery and personal appearance

Be able to define the 4 methods of delivery

1) Reading from a manuscript 2) Reciting a memorized text 3) speaking impromptu 4) Speaking extemporaneousl

Steps to promote better listening

1) Take listening seriously 2) Be an active listener: Give undivideed attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker point of view 3) Resist Distractions 4) Dont be diverted by appearance or delivery 5)Suspend judgement 6) focus your listening 7) Develop note taking skills

The three general purposes or general goals of all public speaking: To inform, persuade, to entertain

1) To inform: act as teacher, convey info, enhance knowledge and understanding of your listeners 2) Persuade: Act as advocate or partisan, you want to change or structure attitudes or actions of audience 3) Entertain: Make your audience laugh

Understand the guidelines or criteria for using language effectively

1) Use familiar words 2) Choose Concrete Words 3) Eliminate Clutter

Define small group communication (How many people, what are they doing) What are the NEEDS of small groups

3-12 people who assemble for specific purpose.

Know Monroe's Motivated Sequence

A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seeks immediate action. The five steps of the sequence as attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

What is a periodical database?

A research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of magazines, journals, and newspapers.

Internal previews?

A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next.

Internal summaries?

A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speakers preceding point(s).

Signposts?

A very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas.

What is the difference between abstract and concrete language?

Abstract- words that refer to ideas or concepts Concrete- Words that refer to tangible objects

Interference

Anything that impedes the communication of a message. Interference can be external or internal to listeners. ex: clatter of radiator

Be able to recognize and define the types of listening

Appreciative Listening: Listening for pleasure of enjoyment ex: Listening to music Empathetic Listening: Listening to provide emotional support for the speaker ex: Listening to friend in distress Comprehensive: Listening to understand the message of a speaker ex: Classroom lecture Critical Listening: Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting it or rejecting it ex: Listening to sales pitch

Know each kind of supporting material (statistic, testimony, example)

Example: A specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like. Brief examples: aka specific instances, specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point Extended Example: aka narrative, illustrations or anecdotes. developed at some length to illustrate a point hypothetical examples: one that describes an imaginary scenario statistics: Use stats to quantify your ideas, use them sparingly, identify the sources of your stats, and explain them. Testimony: expert testimony: From people who are recognized experts in their fields peer testimony: ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic

What does each kind do for a speech? (why use statistics, why use examples?)

Example: have a strong impact, w/o them ideas would be vague and impersonal and lifeless. Stats: Clarify and support ideas, show magnitude or seriousness Testimony: give ideas greater strength and impact.

Know the types of persuasive speeches (Fact, value, policy)

Fact: a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion, each main point gives a reason why someone should agree w you Value: Question about the worth, rightness, morality and so forth of an idea or action, use topical Policy: Whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken you need NEED, PLAN PRACTICALITY, use problem-solution order

Know each fallacy speakers should beware of

Fallacy- error in reasoning Hasty Generalization: Speaker jumps to general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence False cause: speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the the cause of the second Invalid Analogy: Two cases being compared are not essentially alike Bandwagon: assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable Red Herring: Introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion Ad Hominem: Attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute Either-or: Forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two exist Slippery Slope: Assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented Appeal to Tradition: Assumes that something old is automatically better than something new Appeal to Novelty: Assumes that something new is automatically better than something old

What is the main purpose of an introduction?

Get the attention and interest of your audience, reveal the topic of your speech, establish credibility and goodwill, preview the body of the speech.

Define informative speaking and be able to identify an informative speech from a persuasive one

Improving your ability to convey knowledge effectively will be valuable to you throughout your life

What are the common parts of introductions and conclusions?

Intro: Attention getter 1)State the topic of your speech 2) establish credibility/goodwill 3) Preview body of speech Conclusion: 1) Signal the end 2) Reinforce central idea 3) Refer back to intro

Explain each kind of special occasion speech

Introduction- build enthusiasm for main speaker and to establish welcoming climate Presentation- when someone receives a gift or award. To acknowledge achievements of recipient. To give thanks Commemorative- Praise or celebration. Pay tribute to person, group, institution, or idea. Inspire audience.

Explain what it means to be an audience centered speaker

Keeping the audience in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation, want to get desired response from listeners.

The kinds of informative speeches (Process, event, etc)

Objects- anything visible, tangible, and stable in form Processes- Systemic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product. Explain how something is made, done, or works. Events- Anything that happens or is regarded as happening Concepts- Beliefs, theories, ideas, principles, and the like. More abstract.

what figures of speech could a speaker use to add rhythm to her speech?

Parallelism, repetition, alliteration, antithesis

Know the persuasive strategies (ethos, pathos, logos)

Pathos- emotional appeal Ethos- Credibility Logos- Evidence and reasoning

What is the communication elements model

Sender, message, channel, feedback, listener, interference, & situation

Similarities/difference between conversation and public speaking

Silimarities: 1) Organize your ideas 2) Tailor your message to the audience 3) Tell your story at maximum impact 4) Adapt to listener feedback Differences: 1) Public speaking is more highly structures 2) Public speaking requires more formal language 3) Public speaking requires a different method of delivery

Know the different kinds of reasoning (Analogy, Causal, etc)

Specific Instances: Moves from particular facts to a general conclusion Principle: reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion Causal:Seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects Analogical Reasoning:Speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second

understand how to recognize a specific purpose statement and how to properly phrase one

Specific Purpose: Single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in her speech ex: To inform my audience about..

What does ethnocentrism mean

The belief that our own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.

Explain ethics

The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs

Channel

The measn by which a message is communicated ex: phone

Feedback

The messages usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker ex: facial expression, posture

Speaker

The person who is presenting an oral message to a listener

Listener

The person who receives the speaker's message

Know what a target audience is

The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

Define and explain persuasion

The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing peoples beliefs or actions

What does Frame of Reference mean?

The sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same frame of reference.

Situation

The time and place in which speech communication occurs.