Sports Management - Exam 1
Discuss patterns of leadership in sport and media coverage patterns based on gender and race
- "Sport as a vehicle for social transformation" - Sport leads to upward mobility, especially if you are of a minority background - Women can succeed in professional sport
Sport as a Field of Study
- 1966 - Ohio University Center for Sports Administration - O'Malley wrote a letter to Mason at OU - Dr. James Mason and several of his colleagues created a master's level sport administration program at Ohio University in 1966 - Sport management has grown tremendously since that time, with more than 243 undergraduate, 173 master's, and 41 doctoral programs throughout the world
Sport Management Competencies
- Communication skills (e-mail, use of internet: google analytics, new media platforms: twitter, facebook live, ex: pokemon Go) - Operate globally (Communicating in a global and multicultural society, understad cultures other than own in order to effectively communicate. ex: Harbin Beer = brewery in China - owned by Anheiser Busch - sponsor of NBA helps to promote NBA in China) - Critical Thinking (ask questions, be open to new ideas, say i dont know, recognize assumptions, understand opposing perspective, draw your own conclusions) - Navigating Ethical Issues (Recognize an issue, get the facts, evaluate alternative actions, make a decision and test it, act and reflect on the outcome)
Think Like a Sport Manager
- Developing strong critical thinking skills can help sport management students flourish in their personal and professional lives. - Equipment, brands, coaches, clubs, gyms, advertising, sociological impacts, oversight of contractors, reputation management, crisis communication, and transparency
Explain the differing critical views of the role that interscholastic athletics plays in society
- Distracts students from academics - Distort educational values - Injuries - Athletics deprive schools of funding - Student-athletes are privileged
Identify the historical and governance foundations of interscholastic athletics
- Early 1900s - Broad and sport-specific standards, rules and policies - District, school, youth league - Headquartered in Kansas City, MO - Serves as the national coordinator for high school sports - Responsible for 50 U.S. States, D.C., U.S. Virgin Islands, and 10 Canadian provinces - NFSHSA represents: 10 million students, 17,000 high schools, and associated coaches, officials, administrators
Discuss the similarities and differences between event and facility management
- Event management similarities: Has a specific year and month on a specific date and at a specific place. - Facility management similarities: Try to keep people happy just like those of an event manager. But the differences Event management has responsibilities like running events from a 5k run to the world series.
Apply critical thinking skills to a problem in sport management
- Ex: Restrictions of athletes' social media - Talk about an issue with people
Explain the unique and similar issues that face athletic directors at private schools and public schools
- Experienced and certified athletic administrators - Budgetary constraints - Coach Turnover and exiting (retaining coaches) - Recruitment and retention of quality officials - Participation - Fair play - Transfers - Parents - Media
Become a Student of Sport
- Fans: Attending a game - Student of Sport: Participating in business and professional associations, a commitment to lifelong learning - Sport policy implications, referees, discipline - Sports Ethics, quaterbacks, equipment managers, officials - Marketing, sponsorships
Explain the three components of an undergraduate sport management curriculum
- General education - Major courses - Field experience
Discuss how homophobia affects athletes and sport practitioners
- Homophobia is a problem in women's sports - ex. if you're a woman and you play basketball or softball... you're assumed to be a lesbian - If you're a gay male in sport, you are also incredibly looked down upon
Identify ways sport industry stakeholders can effectively use social media
- Interaction - Branding - Promotion - Marketing
Describe how students can secure and optimize their involvement in field experiences
- Internships - Preparation
2017 Salary and Hiring Preview
- Nature of the work - Work setting and conditions - Educational and personal qualifications required - Earnings - Employment outlook and competition - Gather extensive information about the occupations you wish to consider - Make decisions that are compatible with your values, interests, skills, personality, and desired future lifestyle
Sport as a Business - Who came up with the "need" for Sports Management?
- One of sport's top visionaries and businessmen - Walter O'Malley anticipated the future growth of organized sport and predicted the need for professionally prepared sport administrators. - O'Malley wrote a letter to Mason at OU: enable a graduate to read architectural and engineering plans - Brooklyn Dodgers
Identify careers available in interscholastic sports at the national, state, district, and local levels
- Positions within professional associations - Executive director - Chief financial officer - Director of media relations and marketing - Director of membership services - Positions at the local school level - Athletics director - Associate or assistant AD - Athletics business manager - Coach - Athletic trainer - Officials
Identify positive and negative social effects of sport
- Positive: Socialization, "sport as a unifier" - Negative: Sexism, racism, homophobia, assumptions, stereotypes
Recognize the key steps that are necessary to effectively manage a facility
- Pre-Event Tasks - Scheduling - Negotiating - Coordinating - Staging (parking, seating, customer service, alcohol policies, crowd management) - Settling with the promoter - Post-Event Tasks - Cleaning Up - Evaluating
Discuss ways in which your personal appearance, work transition and adjustment, business etiquette, and social media habits can enhance your employability and advancement
- Professional attitude - Image
Recognize the importance of professional preparation, professional attitude, and career planning and management
- Professional preparation: Courses and experiences that you can expect in your undergraduate curriculum and beyond - Professional attitude: Present a professional image follow the fundamentals of business etiquette - Management: Purposeful steps you can take and helpful resources available to you as you contemplate entering the world of work
Explain ways of organizing the sport industry
3 Models of sport industry - Product type model - Economic impact model - Sport activity model
Gantt Chart
A bar chart that displays the various tasks and the timeline in which they must be completed
Command Center
A designated area where the command group (security team) controls the security functions by monitoring activities inside and outside the facility
Run Sheet
A detailed schedule of the timing and sequence of the event elements
Stacking
A disproportionate allocation of athletes to central (e.g., "thinking positions") and noncentral positions as a function of their race or ethnicity
Work Order
A document that details all the requirements of an event
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
A document that divides event tasks into smaller, manageable tasks
Boilerplate Contract
A generic document that uses standard language and a fill-in-the-blank format to outline expectations between parties
Field Experience
A hands-on learning opportunity in which students gain professional experience in an organization, often while receiving class credit
Athletic Director (AD)
A high school senior administrator in charge of providing leadership and management of the school's interscholastic athletic programs
Entrepreneur
A person who identifies, organizes, and develops new business ventures
Athletic Administrator
A person who provides administrative support to the school's various athletic programs
Mock Interview
A practice interview in which you can rehearse your responses to questions that interviewers are likely to ask you
Gender Roles
A set of perceived behavioral norms associated particularly with males or females in a given social group or system
Work Ethic
A set of values based on desirable workplace characteristics that include accountability, dependability, initiative, and accomplishment
Role Learning
A social process by which children learn various roles, such as neighbor, friend, student, sibling, daughter, or son, and the characteristics associated with them
Etiquette
A system of rules and conventions that regulate social and professional behavior
Cost Analysis
A systematic process used to provide an estimation of the revenue and expenses of an event
Extreme Sports
Action sports that involve adrenaline-inducing exploits and often feature a combination of speed, height, danger, and spectacular stunts
Race Logic
An attributional pattern of athletic success in which Black athletes' successes are attributed to natural athletic abilities and genetic advantage and White athletes' achievements are attributed to discipline, intelligence, and hard work
Heterosexism
An ideology and a behavior that promote privilege for dominant groups (e.g., heterosexuals are the norm and are therefore perceived to be better than homosexuals)
Floor Diagram
An illustration of how event attendees will move through a venue
Floor Plan
An illustration of where equipment or items are placed in the event venue
Social Activism
An intentional action with the goal of bringing about social change
Homophobia
An irrational fear, a contempt, or an antipathy toward homosexuals and homosexuality
Centralized Organizational Structure
An operational model whereby all decisions are controlled by a central administration unit and carried down through the chain of command within an organization
Decentralized Organizational Structure
An operational model whereby respective units of an organization are given autonomy to control and carry out decisions, but each unit is expected to operate within the organization's guiding principles
Interscholastic Athletics
Sport offerings whereby boys and girls can participate in athletics at the high school level
Sport Sociology
The scientific investigation of relationships, social interactions, and culture that are created, maintained, changed, and contested in and through sport
Job Content Skills
The specialized knowledge or abilities needed to fulfill specific job duties
National Federation of State High School (NFHS) Associations
This national governing body provides leadership for the administration of education-based interscholastic sport and nonsport activities
National Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Association (NIAAA)
This organization is a national governing body that serves as a liaison between individual state high school athletic associations and state athletic administrator associations
Describe strategies for positioning yourself to be successful in the competitive field of sport management after graduation
Experience
Title IX
Federal legislation passed in 1972 that amended the 1964 Civil Rights Act and prohibited sex discrimination in educational settings
Exercises
Focused practice activities that place staff members in simulated incident scenarios and require them to function in the capacity expected of them in a real-world event
Explicit Norms
Formally communicated rules that govern behavior of group members
Functional Skills
General abilities that transfer to many jobs or situations
Interscholastic Sport Governance
High school athletic competition that is governed by state athletic or activity associations
Discover several resources that are useful in planning a career in sport management
Identifying skills, writing resumes, and cover letters, preparing for interviews, developing a professional portfolio and conducting the job search
Values
Indicators of what you consider most important or desirable
Discretionary Funds
Money left over after necessary expenditures (e.g., rent, food, car payment, insurance) have been made
Privatization
Moving the management of facilities from the public sector to private companies or organizations
Use critical thinking skills to describe several major problems currently facing facility and event managers
One would be the handling of a tough situation like having a confederate flag flying. Some people would find it offensive and you need to protect other people around those that find it offensive.
Co-Curricular Activities
Opportunities that are typically outside the academic classroom that complement what students are learning in school
Tax-Exempt Bonds
Owners of professional sport franchises receive subsidies from local, state, and federal taxpayers when the stadium is financed with government bonds. These bonds are issued at below-market interest rates and are paid for by the exemption of the bonds' interest income.
Workforce Diversity
People of different ages, genders, religions, physical abilities, social classes, sexual orientations, races, ethnicities, and cultures working together in an organization
Underrepresented Groups
People who traditionally have not been hired in sport management positions (e.g., women, people of color, people with disabilities, Aboriginal people)
Adaptive Skills
Personal attributes or traits that enable a person to approach changing workplace situations with flexibility
Settlement
Reconciling the expenses and revenue of an event and dividing the profits according to a contracted arrangement
Booking
Securing and contracting one specific sport or entertainment event
Implicit Norms
Unstated or informal rules understood and practiced by members of an organization
Documentation
Detailed records that describe an event
Principled Decision Making
Basing decisions on the six pillars of character: trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring, and good citizenship (responsible participation in society)
Recognize the importance of crowd management and identify critical elements for a proper crowd management plan
- You need to have a crowd management plan in place to keep the event safe and enjoyable. - Staff training, Emergency planning, Ensuring accessibility for spectators with disabilities, procedures for ejecting disruptive people, an efficient communication system, and effective signage.
Empirical
Based on experimental method and observation versus theory or supposition
Identify three sectors of organizations that operate in the sport industry
- Public (Includes government-based units, agencies, and departments. These organizations are called public because they are created by the people and for the people) - Nonprofit (Includes voluntary organizations whose main purpose is not to make a profit but rather to address a social cause, a special interest, and the needs of members. In many cases, organizations that focus on education, cultural, religious, professional, or public service operate as nonprofit organizations) - Commercial (Composed of organizations whose ultimate objective is generating profit. Many sport organizations and their supporters operate in this sector. Commercial organizations in sport include professional sport franchises, leagues, and other sport entities, sport providers, sporting goods manufacturers and retailers, sport media and corporations that support sport with sponsorship and endorsements. Commercial organizations are central to the operations of the entire sport industry and serve an important function to provide sport products and services to the population)
Identify the differences between public assembly facilities and those managed by private companies
- Public facilities: Would be staples center in Los Angeles - Private facilities: Us professional team facilities and spread to intercollefiate facilities minor professional leagues and sport and entertainment facilities in other countries.
Discuss the operational differences between public and private schools
- Public: Schools that operate on moneys received largely through local property taxes - Private: Schools that operate on moneys received through various forms of funding and giving (personal, religious, corporate)
Beyond Looks
- Reading trade journals, reading academic journals, and keeping up with current events are essential to a student's academic preparation in sport management. - Develop your written communication skills (Use electronic communication appropriately, thank others, refine your teamwork skills, learn to manage conflict, embrace diversity and performance appraisals)
Understand the stages involved in career planning
- Self awareness - Occupational exploration - Career decision making - Career implementation
Discuss significant research findings in sport sociology pertaining to sexism, racism, and homophobia
- Sexism: Title IX federal legislation passed in 1972 prohibited sex discrimination in educational settings. - Racism: Jackie Robinson broke the modern color barrier in MLB in the 1940s. - Homophobia: The Gay, Lesbian, and Straight Education Network Sports Project defined homophobia as a universal fear or intolerance toward gay and bisexual people.
Distinguish between the various types of venues that hold sport and entertainment events
- Single purpose: softball complex, large stadium (eg Lambeau Field) - Single purpose, specialized: Ice arena - Multipurpose: Large stadium (eg staples center) - Nontraditional: Skateboard park, convertible indoor-outdoor facility
Identify settings in which sport activities occur
- Single sports (professional leagues, teams, organizations, stakeholders) - Multisports (athletic foundations, Olympic sport organizations, sports commissions and conventions and visitors' bureaus, sports halls of fame and museums, state game organizations, high school and youth sports) - College Sports (college associations, athletic conferences, sport management degree programs) - Media (newspapers and magazines; sports business directories; sports radio networks and programs; sports radio stations and satellite radio; sports television, cable, and broadcast networks and programs; sports payper-view television; sports television stations and satellite television; sports on the Internet)
Defining Sport
- Sport does not have to be competitive, nor does it always require specialized equipment or rules. - Sport includes activities such as working out, swimming, running, boating, and dancing.
Discuss the social and cultural significance of sport in our society
- Sport has an incredible amount of signifigance - Sport can be a vehicle for positive youth development and social change
Discuss unique aspects of sport management and the types of positions available in the field
- Sport marketing (Unpredictable, sport is consumed as quickly as it is produced, perishable, no guarantee of consumer satisfaction, your team could get blown out, weather, etc) - Sport enterprise financial structures (More than ticket sales, tv rights, concessions, student fees, etc) - Sport industry career paths (Underrepresented groups) - Sport as a social institution (multiple tv channels, music red zone, sunday tickets, subscriptions, etc)
Define sport sociology and its importance for sport managers
- Sport sociology: The scientific investigation of relationships, social interactions, and culture that are created, maintained changed, and contested in and through sport - Study of sports as a "social phenomenon"
Identify where entry-level opportunities exist and outline how to gain experience
- Starting off small - Working your way up
First Impressions
- Studies have shown that 55 percent of a first impression is based on what the other person sees. - Grooming, attire and accessories, posture, social media (Facebook and other social media outlets, personal Web sites and blogs, etc) - Professional Image (work image/personal image are no longer separate in this day and age)
Discuss opportunities and challenges facing sport managers of the future
- Technology - Ethics and social responsibility - Globalization of sport
Discuss examples of traditional and nontraditional sport activities
- Traditional Sports: Rugby, basketball, swimming, volleyball and tennis - Nontraditional Sports: Drone racing and esports league, bubble bump football, quidditch, underwater hockey, pickleball, and paintball
Explain competencies required for success as a sport manager
- Traditional: Personal management and planning - Today: Communication skills, technological aptitude, ability to interact in a global and multicultural society
Nature and Scope of Sport Industry
- Types of sports - Diverse sporting opportunities avaliable to consumers - Must have a good understanding of both traditional and nontraditional sports - Consumers of sport = People that play sport, watch sport, buy sport equipment and apparel, watch advertisements that related to sport, coach sport
Descriptive
Concerns about the way the world is, was, or will be
Vulnerability
Any exploitable facility security deficiency
Prescriptive
Concerns about the way the world should or ought to be
Socialization
The process by which people learn and develop through social interactions and come to know the environment around them
Organizational Culture
Workplace values, norms, and behaviors that produce patterns of behavior unique to an organization
Demonstrate an understanding of the procedures, principles, ethical practices, and current trends in planning and managing an event or facility
You have executive director who oversees the overall administration. Operations division manager is responsible for all personnel procedures and activities.
