SSCI 316 final cook
organized racism
organized hate groups -commanding and institutionalized -unified by a philosophy that demonizes "enemies" white nationalist groups -have fed off the recent influx in Hispanic immigration -advocate violence -use the internet to recruit and communicate -believe race relations is a "zero-sum game" In 2004, hispanics were the targets in 17% of reported hate cromes; by 2012 the number had jumped to 30%
Advocates of which of the following racial ideals would be most likely to find value in experiencing other cultures and broadening their horizons? a. color-blindness b. multiculturalism and cosmopolitanism c. racial democracy d. change at the interactional level
b
An advocate of which of the following racial ideals would focus attention on the lasting racial injustices in housing? a. color-blindness b. multiculturalism and cosmopolitanism c. racial democracy d. racial justice
c
Which author wrote about a double consciousness? a. Herman Melville b. William Julius Wilson c. W.E.B. Du Bois d. Frederick Douglass
c
is identity politics tearing apart civil society?
evidence says NO surprising consensus on core political issues
Which of the following is an example of how change can be enacted on the institutional level? a. recognizing and examining your own racist beliefs b. enacting affirmative action policies c. conducting diversity training d. engaging in a respectful debate with a person who expressed racist views
b
change at the individual level
Two potential means of change FIRST, individuals can change the settings they inhabit with the deliberate aim of putting themselves in contexts more conducive to growth and enriched experience. SECOND, people can engage in deliberate reflection and "critical moments" of perplexity, which in turn lead to (self-)critical thought. -How do I know my racial assumptions are true? -How do I know the world actually works this way? -How might my upbringing and racial identity be influencing my thinking?
who has a higher drug arrest rate? blacks or whites?
blacks
What was the primary objective of Indian boarding schools at the beginning of the twentieth century? a. to provide education to Native American children that would allow them to pull their families out of poverty b. to teach Native American English so they could vote and participate in politics c. to strip Native Americans of their culture and force Native Americans to assimilate to Anglo-American culture d. to care for Native American orphans who have lost their parents to disease
c
Which of the following racial ideals do the authors advocate? a. color-blindness b. multiculturalism and cosmopolitanism c. racial democracy d. collective action
c
Which racial/ethnic groups have the highest public high school dropout rate? a. Hispanics and African Americans b. Asian Americans and Africans Americans c. Hispanics and Native Americans d. African Americans and Native Americans
c
a healthy and functioning democracy requires its citizens to
establish communal bonds - but associations can exclude just as easily as they can unite
Religious illiteracy and intolerance
intolerance against muslim americans
An advocate of which of the following racial ideals would disapprove of affirmative action policies for racial minorities? a. color-blindness b. multiculturalism and cosmopolitanism c. racial democracy d. the racist aesthetic
a
Which of the following groups is most likely to experience religious discrimination in the United States? a. Muslims b. Christians c. Jews d. Mormons
a
identity politics
political action intended to address the unique interests/hardships of groups who historically have faced oppression and will continue to be excluded from mainstream society ex:white participation in identity politics:nonaction on issues of racial equality as a form of identity politics that supports the white majority
what country has the highest incarceration rates ?
US
party voting tends to have a ---------- and --------
clear racial and gender lines
Boarding Schools' Initial Goals
-Full immersion in European culture -Elimination of native culture (languages, clothing, religion, etc.) -Teaching of marketable vocational skills -Promotion of Christianity
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
-"Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race . . . deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities? We believe that it does. . . . -"We conclude that, in the field of public education, the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." -"Separate but equal" was ruled a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. -Doll studies were cited as evidence of segregation's negative impact on kids. -In 1955, the Supreme Court ruled that school desegregation must occur "with all deliberate speed."
By the numbers
-84% of the country's museum staff are non-Hispanic white (Grigsby Bates, 2018) -From 1980-1987, the Brooklyn Museum had 106 exhibitions with 87% of artists being of European decent; -Guggenheim, 100% of artists presented were white; -MoMA, 2 of 242 single-artist exhibitions were PoC (Porter, 1992) -In 2016, 80% of artists in those same galleries and museums were still white (Neuendorf, 2017).
The Model Minority Myth
-Americans of Chinese, Indian, and Korean descent are advantaged in the educational realm. -Americans of Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Pacific Island descent are disadvantaged in the educational realm. -The stereotype of the model minority allows racial attributes to take precedence over personhood . -The model minority stereotype is marshaled to oppress and humiliate other nonwhite groups.
Color-Blindness In policy debates
-Any policy that took race into account is wrong, whether that policy was intended to reinforce racial inequality (e.g., federal housing policy in the middle of the twentieth century) or to challenge it (e.g., affirmative action). - Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, Racism without Racists =Color-blindness provides a protective cover for some whites, justifying their ascendancy in the racial order while not making them seem (to themselves or others) to be racist.
Art and the Racial Order
-Art can reflect racial domination (the white aesthetic). -Art can support racial domination (the racist aesthetic). -Art can challenge racial domination (the antiracist aesthetic).
Race and Art in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century America
-Art was associated with the white, educated, leisure class. -Nonwhites were, economically and socially, denied access to fine art.
The Lynch Mob
-Between 1880 and 1930, mobs murdered over 2,300 black men, women, and children—that we know of. -White publics argued that lynching "kept white women safe from the black male rapist." -White women's bodies were used as a pretext for lashing out at black men.
The Prison Boom
-Between 1970 and 2003, the number of prisons grew sevenfold. -By 2003, over 7 million people were under supervision of the criminal justice system. -Prison population grew from 275 per 100,000 citizens in 1983 to 686 per 100,000 in 2001. -Today, a prison population of almost 2.3 million (a rate of roughly 1 person per 135 behind bars
Women Incarcerated
-Between 1980 and 2011, the number of women behind bars increased by 587 percent. -Women of color, especially black women, are incarcerated at disproportionately high rates.
The Drug War
-Between 1981 and 2001, national drug control spending grew from $2 billion to over $18 billion. -More police officers were dispatched to poor, nonwhite communities to arrest street-level dope slingers. -Police surveillance and brutality has increased in nonwhite communities. -Driven partly by the racialization of drug use in the United States
Color-Blindness
-Color-blind thinking is central to much of American racial discourse today. -It envisions a world in which race no longer serves as the basis for social stigmatization, discrimination, inequality, or injustice. =All people are judged, in the famous words of Martin Luther King, Jr., "not by the color of their skin but by the content of their character."
Education Inequality
-Compared to whites and Asians, blacks are more likely, and Hispanics and Native Americans much more likely, to drop out of high school. -College graduation rates are up across the board, but this actually has widened educational disparities. =Between 1990 and 2013, the white-black college graduation gap increased from 13 percentage points to 20, and the white-Hispanic graduation gap increased from 18 percentage points to 25.
The Meriam Report (1929)
-Criticized Indian schools =For their quest for assimilation =For their negative environment -As a result =Spending increased =Curriculum was reformed (more multicultural) =Reservation schooling became ascendant =1966: the first Indian-controlled school
The White Aesthetic
-Detecting whiteness often means paying attention to absences, seeing the unseen, and listening to silences. -The white body and experience are presented as normal, a privilege of pretending race doesn't matter. -The white aesthetic confirms meanings to which many people have been predisposed by the structures of our society. -The white aesthetic presents itself as an unraced representation of the social world, the default category, "the universal." - Standards of beauty continue to be riveted to whiteness.
The Rise of the American Prison
-Early conceptions and practices of justice, crime, and punishment were formed under conditions of colonialism and slavery. -From its inception, American law permitted nonwhites to be brutalized, dehumanized, and killed. -It is within this contradiction—the exaltation of freedom for most but at the expense of some—that the American justice system was formed.
What Explains Educational Inequality?
-Economic inequality -Family dynamics -Cultural dynamics -School dynamics
The Role of Economics
-Economic inequality and educational inequality are wound tightly together. -Students with highly educated and wealthy parents are advantaged in the educational realm. -Because of racialized economic inequality, black and Hispanic parents have fewer resources to invest in their children's schooling
Indian Boarding Schools
-Education was used to anglicize American Indians. -American Indian children were taught that their culture was evil and uncivilized. -If they resisted, children were punished harshly; some were even killed. -During the Civil Rights Era, American Indians regained control of their children's education.
How Whiteness Informs History
-Eurocentric accounts consider the stories and experiences of Americans of European descent to be central to American history, while marginalizing the stories of non-Europeans. -They ignore how nonwhite groups contributed to the development of the United States. -They depict America as a white nation and dull the sharp edge of past injustices
Voices from the Underground
-Even under the most oppressive conditions, dominated groups create and imagine. =Ghost Dance =Spirituals =Blues and jazz =Bebop -But frequently there is cultural appropriation. =Contradiction between the inclusion of nonwhite, especially African American, culture and the simultaneous rejection and marginalization of nonwhite people
Gender and Intraracial Differences
-Greater numbers of women than men. Women graduate from college at higher rates than men. =African American women outperform African American men on all educational aspects. -Disparities are also prevalent within racial groups, not just between them. =Mexican Americans score lower on standardized tests, possess lower educational aspirations and expectations, and complete college at lower rates than do Cubans, Dominicans, or Puerto Ricans. =Southeast Asians and Pacific Islanders are behind Korean, Japanese, and Chinese peers in all measures of academic success.
homophily in associational life
-Homophily refers to associating with people like you -associational life today remains racially segregated -people are more likely to associate regularly with those outside their class, religion, or education level than with people of different racial and ethnic groups -multiculturalism prized by many in this generation -racially integrated political organizations -multicultural student organizations
Normalizing Whiteness
-How whiteness informs literature =Literary classics written by white authors =Nonwhite characters racially marked -How whiteness informs anthropology =Eroticization of nonwhite cultures =White cultures considered uninteresting, normal -How whiteness informs intellectual movements =Feminism as a movement led by white women =Overlooks how the experience of being a woman varies across racial and class lines
The Rise of the Law-and-Order Politician
-In opinion polls during the 1960s, most Americans did not list crime as among the nation's most pressing concerns. -The Republican Party, starting with Barry Goldwater's campaign in 1964, focused on crime as a central issue. -"The solution to the crime problem is not the quadrupling of funds for any governmental war on poverty but more convictions." ~ Richard Nixon
change at the institutional level
-It will take much more than a single conversation or diversity-training session to adequately address racism. -Change is needed on a institutional level. =The economy (or, at a more microscopic level, the workplace) =The state (including courts, policing, and prisons) =Institutions of cultural production (including the media and artistic institutions) =Civil society (including education, religion, and the family -Antidiscrimination laws -Affirmative action -"Hidden agenda" of targeting the most disadvantaged for state aid -Efforts to change the very ways in which racial categorization, classification, and hierarchy are inscribed in institutions (symbolic classifications)
Severe Sentencing
-Mandatory minimum sentences -Three-strikes laws -Parole limited severely or abolished -Drug arrests =Between 1965 and 2001, drug arrests increased fourfold, hitting blacks and Puerto Ricans especially hard, but between 1979 and 2000, drug use decreased among young adults 10 percent.
Who joins hate groups?
-Many members are from middle-class homes. -Many have steady jobs and good salaries. -The Internet quickly has become one of hate groups' favorite recruiting tools. -Hate groups' websites attempt to attract young women and men. -Despite their inflated Internet presence, their true numbers are relatively small.
The Reign of Minstrelsy
-Minstrel shows ruled the American stage between 1830 and 1910. -Whites controlled the dominant image of blackness. -This fulfilled the racist fantasy of blackness under complete white control. -Minstrel shows died out after the early twentieth century, but minstrelsy—white control over the representation of blackness and nonwhiteness—continued.
Multiculturalism and Cosmopolitanism
-Multiculturalism, like color-blindness, aspires to a world in which all peoples' inherent dignity as human beings is recognized. -Multiculturalism, unlike color-blindness, envisions a society in which racial diversity is fully taken into account and valued for its own sake. -America always has been multicultural, but only in recent years has cosmopolitanism been valued and pursued as a normative ideal. -Coming to understand and appreciate one another's cultural lives is an integral part of the democratic ideal. -However, democracy also is about coming to a full awareness of how people are treated unfairly. -Color-blindness and multiculturalism both fail to appreciate this crucial aspect of the democratic ideal.
Why the Prison Boom? Was it Rising Crime Rates?
-No. Overall crime rates remained the same, and even decreased, during the boom. -Only 12 percent of the rise in incarceration between 1980 and 1996 was driven by a rise in crime rates. -The remaining 88 -percent was driven by changes in sentencing policy.
What are the various reasons why whites have higher rates of civil engagement than nonwhites?
-Non whites have low rates of social trusts -They are disillusioned with civil society -Economic inequality limits participation -Immigrant experience can erect barriers to civic participation -Lack of english proficiency -More recent of immigrants tend to participates less
intolerance against muslim americans
-Only 34 percent of Americans said they would vote for a Muslim president. -Mosques have been vandalized and Muslim Americans have become the targets of discrimination and prejudice.
The Rise of Multiculturalism
-Over the course of the twentieth century, nonwhite artists began to move from the margin to the center. -However, in many cases, whites still pulled the levers of artistic production.
Racial Democracy
-Racial injustice is rampant. =Two major examples: housing and education -The meaning of racial justice =People of all racial groups draw returns on societal resources commensurate with the value they themselves have added to them. =All people are recognized in their full humanity as contributors to the social whole.
Explaining Racial Homophily in Religious Life
-Religious organizations follow the homophily principle. -Religious habits unintentionally widen divisions. -This gives rise to interracial incompetence. -Only 4 percent of white Protestants named racism as a key issue that should concern Christians, compared with 33 percent of black Protestants.
Thinking Rationally About Crime
-Resisting prepackaged assumptions, statements, and beliefs we commonly attach to issues of illegal behavior and punishment -Rethinking the very essence of crime and evaluating why, although many things inflict harm, only some are outlawed -Evaluating and denaturalizing the way we fight crime; uncovering how society's problems are embedded in the legal field
The Role of Schools
-Teachers =Teaching is one of the lowest-paid professions in the United States. =Qualified teachers have little or no real incentives to teach in poorer neighborhoods. =In predominantly poor nonwhite areas, many students are taught by unqualified teachers. =In some states, as many as one in five children are taught by uncertified teachers.
Hate Crimes
-The FBI reported an overall 17 percent increase in hate crimes. From 2016-17, this included a 37 percent increase in incidents targeting Jews and Jewish Institutions -Pittsburgh synagogue attack, 28 October 2018 -Charleston church massacre, 17 June 2017 -Somali-Muslim owned café graffitied and fire-bombed, December 2015 -Anti-Muslim hate crimes affecting Sikhs
Backlash
-The Supreme Court did not specify what "all deliberate speed" meant. -Southern whites mounted a backlash against desegregation, forming citizens councils. -The Little Rock Nine desegregated Little Rock Central High School with an armed military escort.
The Antiracist Aesthetic
-The antiracist aesthetic forces its audience to confront American racial history honestly and courageously. Kara Walker -It corrects distorted representations of nonwhites and racial domination.
The Prison Labor Camp
-Vagabond laws criminalized poverty. -State treasuries grew rich off convict labor. -Convict leasing = neoslavery -At Mississippi's Parchman Prison Farm, "not a single leased convict ever lived long enough to serve a sentence of ten years or more."
How Should We Sociologically Study Art?
-We should resist "spiritualizing" art by treating it as somehow detached from (and lifted above) social reality. -Art must be situated within the social contexts in which it was created and scrutinized as a reflection of those contexts. -Art influences the racial order, and the racial order influences art.
The Racist Aesthetic
-Where the white aesthetic seeks to normalize whiteness, the racist aesthetic seeks to depict people of color in negative ways; it infantilizes, demonizes, and exoticizes. -Where the white aesthetic ignores people of color, the racist aesthetic represents them—but never in their full humanity. - The racist aesthetic misrepresents, not only people of color, but also the very nature of racial domination. -It whitewashes history and replaces nonwhite heroes with white ones. -It pretends racial domination does not exist, that we live in a racial utopia. -It depicts racism as a purely psychological issue, reducing racial domination to interpersonal racism.
African American Education
-While American Indians were being forced to conform to white society at the beginning of the twentieth century, African Americans were being forcefully excluded from it. -Whites worked to deny blacks' education because =If blacks were granted access to learning, it would be difficult to exploit them for cheap labor. =If blacks were educated, whites would incur a symbolic cost. =Poor whites knew education was "the great equalizer."
Racial Variation in Civic Participation
-Whites participate in civil society at higher rates than nonwhites. -Nonwhites have low rates of social trust. -They are disillusioned with civil society. -Economic inequality limits participation
Racial Variation in divic participation immigrant experience
-can erect barriers to civic participation -one factor is lack of English proficiency: it is harder to participate if communication is limited -another factor is time of arrival: more recent immigrants tend to participate less -but immigrant enclaves often houses many voluntary organizations. -low income groups participate less compare to high income groups
How do we bring a change?
-change the individual level -change at the interactional level -change at the institutional level -change at the level of collective action
country of joiners
-there civic organizations in the united states -Gunnar Myrdal called associations the "salt of American politics"
A white man born after the Civil Rights Movement who later dropped out of high school has a/n ______ percent chance of doing time in jail or prison.
11%
what % did hispanics made up of all voters in 2018 midterm elections
11%
A black man born after the Civil Rights Movement who later dropped out of high school has a ______ percent chance of doing time in jail or prison.
60%
A Multicultural Learning Environment Benefits All
=White and nonwhite students alike thrive in multicultural learning environments. =Such environments improve students' academic and leadership skills, intellectual engagement, and motivation. =They prepare students to be engaged citizens and productive workers in a multicultural world.
World Incarceration Leader
America does not have higher crime rates than other industrialized countries, but the United States incarcerates more of its citizens than any other nation on earth.
What are the differences between the American ideals of assimilation, hyphenation, and multiculturalism?
Assimilation:Adoption of elements of a minority culture by a dominant culture because of the power imbalance it's different from cultural exchange Hyphenation: A smaller group within a larger society maintain their unique cultural identities and practices are accepted by the wider culture as long as it follows the larger socir laws Multiculturalism: like color blindness, envisions a society in which racial diversity is fully taken into account and valued for its own sake.
Brown's Legacy
Because Americans' neighborhoods are segregated and because where you live determines where you go to school, schools remain separate and unequal even though legalized segregation no longer exists.
Change at the Level of Collective Action
Bold reform and transformative social change are brought about (perhaps most consequentially) through public protest. -Strikes -Sustained boycotts -Public demonstrations -Civil disobedience -Racial uprisings
What does it mean to say that American curriculum is Eurocentric? What are some examples given in the text? Can you think of other examples from your own education?
Eurocentric: accounts consider the stories and experience of Americans of European descent to be central to American History while marginalizing the stories of non-Europeans Examples from text: Other examples: Mythology and Greek history
change at the interactional level
Four useful techniques can be deployed for holding people with racist beliefs accountable for their prejudices. FIRST, take their prejudices seriously. -Do not yell at them; do not call them "stupid" or "ignorant"; try not to get too angry. -Realize that they matter, that their ideas matter too, and that their beliefs most likely are tied to their personal experience. -If you want them to listen to you, then you must listen—sincerely—to them. SECOND, ask people questions. -Questions—posed authentically, not sarcastically or presumptuously—are disarming and inviting. THIRD, do your homework. -How can you hope to change someone's mind if you cannot offer that person a better interpretation than the one he or she currently holds? -Racism's arch-nemesis is a critically informed citizen. FOUR, don't turn the conversation into a debate you intend to "win." -The goal should be a rational discussion, not a debate resembling a verbal sparring match. -If you truly want to change someone's mind, then you have to be willing to be vulnerable and (if appropriate) honest about your own prejudices (after all, no one is perfect).
Lynching Spread Inequality
Lynching -Upheld white supremacy -Blacks could not find refuge in the law. -Upheld white patriarchy -Increased white women's dependency on white men
is political correctness higher or lower than the white power?
Political correctness is HIGHER
political action
address the uniques interest and hardships of groups
lifetime likelihood of imprisonment -all men -white men -black men -latino men -all women -white women -black women -latin women
all men= 1 in 9 white men= 1 in 17 black men= 1 in 13 latino men= 1 in 6 all women= 1 in 56 white women= 1 in 111 black women= 1 in 18 latino women= 1 in 45
Which of the following groups has the highest rates of civil engagement? a. black Americans b. Asian Americans c. Latinos d. white Americans
d
Social capital and civic engagement by generation increases or decreases?
decreases
The goals of the racial democracy ideal are in opposition to the goals of color-blindness and multiculturalism. true false
true
did the state and federal prison population went up or down ?
up
