Stokstad AP Art History Chapters 15 & 16

Rayonnant style

"radiant" style of Gothic architecture; associated with the French Royal Court of Louis IX

Cathedral Complex - Pisa

...

Ghiselbertus

...

Priory Church of St. Pierre - Moissac

...

Romanesque Column Capitals

...

Scallop Shells

...

St. Jacques de Compostelle

...

St. Mark's - Venice

...

The Rich Hours of the Duc of Berry

...

Saint-Denis

1140-1144, Early Gothic, near Paris. first church with gothic features. was begun during Carolingian period but renovated with early gothic features. Abbot Suger--interested in the gothic features. inspired by Hagia Sophia (Byzantine). eastern end=gothic. has stone ceiling, buttresses, round arches in windows and doorways, geometric.

Notre Dame de Paris

1163 AD Paris, France. Dedicated to "Our Lady" the Virgin Mary. Early Gothic cathedral once at the heart of Paris. There are Roman ruins underneath the courtyard. Pointed arches, rose window, two heavy bell towers, flying buttresses (all make it French Gothic).The north bell tower is wider than the south. The entrances usually faced west. The stones were imported so this took time to build. The sculptures on the outside were once painted. The kings and queens sculpted on the outside were destroyed by the lower class during the French Revolution.

Amiens

1220 France, HIGH GOTHIC, four-part rip vaults, extremely high, large expanse of windows, more sculpture on facade, narrowing of nave enhances verticality

Salisbury Cathedral

1220-1258. Salisbury, England. Different from French gothic: built horizontally, has a single huge crossing bell tower. The facade projects out from the edge of the building. Has 2 transepts and a squared off apse- typically British.

Sainte-Chapelle

1243-1248. Paris. leads to king's apartments. Chapel of the Palace. late gothic: much smaller, not a focus on height anymore. no flying buttresses because not as tall--butresses allowed for more height. tall, not wide. emphasis on the vertical. still projections, recessions, transparency of walls. 90 percent glass on interior walls. blue and gold paint=french monarchy. bible stories and Louis' exploits. focus on decorative splendidness. also reliquary.

Gothic

12th-13th century, used a combination of ribbed vaults and pointed arches to replace barrel vault of Romanesque churches. the use of the arches and vaults created an impression of upward movement, like going to heaven. also used a flying buttress to make the ceiling lighter and have more room for windows

Cluniac Order

900 Abbot Berno opened new monastery in Cluny, France that strictly adhered to Rule of Saint Benedict. Even went beyond rule and said that all monks should spend their days in silence. Produced hundreds of daughter houses, ensuing spread of idea that seclusion from secular world was a more holy lifestyle.

Romanesque

: of or relating to a style of architecture that prevailed in Europe c. 900-1200, although sometimes dated back to the end of the Roman Empire (5th century). Romanesque architecture is characterized by round arches and massive vaulting, and by heavy piers, columns, and walls with small windows.

Scholasticism

A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.

Bayeux Tapestry

A tapestry that recounts the battle of hastings, A piece of linen about 1 Ft.8 in. Wide by 213 ft.long covered with embroidery representing the incidents of Willam the conqueror's expedition to England.

Abbot Suger

Abbot of Saint-Denis. Set the stage for the heavy decoration of costly stained-glass windows and sculptures in the cathedrals of the Gothic age. Mark the beginning of Gothic architecture.

Flying Buttresses

Beams that pushed inward on the walls of Gothic cathedrals to keep the weight of the tall roof from destroying the walls.

Chartres

Began in 1134 and Rebuilt in 1194. Chartres, France. Contains the Mantel of the Virgin Mary- worn by Mary when she gave birth. One tower is from the original church and the other was rebuilt after a devastating fire.

Christ in Majesty

Combines Byzantine style with Mozarabic. Christ's powerful presence recalls the Byzantine depiction of Christ Pantokrator, rule and judge of the world. Contains traditional iconography. c. 1123

Book of Kells

Contains the four Gospels and explanations about them, Finest surviving decorated manuscript produced in Medieval Europe. Written by Monks around 800 A.D

Tympanum

Gothic. semicircular over the doorway for a church enclosed by an arch. decorated.

Gargoyles

Grotesque flying statues at the roof of a church or cathedral, used as rain spouts.

Illuminated Manuscripts

Handwritten book decorated with gold or silver, brilliant colours, elaborate designs, or miniature paintings. "Illumination" originally denoted embellishment of text with gold or silver, which gave the impression that the page had been literally illuminated.

Jambs

In architecture, the side posts of a doorway.

Trumeau

In church architecture, the pillar or center post supporting the lintel in the middle of the doorway.

Rose Windows

Large, round stained-glass windows with a radial design that were particularly popular during the construction of Gothic Cathedrals in France and England.

Pilgrimages

Long trips for religious purposes.

Cistercian Order

The Cistercian order was founded in 1098 by a group of monks who were unhappy with the lack of discipline of their own Benedictine monastery. It was strict

Norman Invasion

The Norman conquest of England began in 1066 with the invasion of the Kingdom of England by the troops of William, Duke of Normandy, and his victory at the Battle of Hastings. This resulted in Norman control of England, which was firmly established during the next few years.

Voussoirs

Voussoirs are wedge-shaped stones that create the curved shape of a round arch. They are held in place by a central keystone at the top of the arch.

Historiated capital

a sculpted block that tops a column displaying a figural composition of a narrative scene

Ribbed Vaults

constructed by intersecting pointed arches rather than rounded arches, and open up more space in the church interior for larger windows and creates the effect of space soaring vertically, and transfers weight from roof to the piers; beautifully stained glass filled the windows that filtered sunlight and provided multi-colored display of light; often used during Gothic period

Durham Cathedral

first use of rib vaults, English tradition of a long nave, abstract patterns on piers, alternating rhythm of piers, slightly pointed arches, 1093

Beauvais

incomplete cathedral; collapsed nave; fall of central tower

Lancets

tall, narrow windows ending in pointed arches

Stained Glass

term used for windows or other display pieces composed of small pieces of dyed and painted glass joined with pieces of lead and mounted in metal framework.

Cult of The Virgin

the "obsession" with the Virgin Mary in Romanesque and Gothic art, church were dedicated to her. ex: Notre Dame Cathedrals.

Archivolts

the continuous molding framing an arch. In Romanesque or Gothic architecture, one of the series of concentric bands framing the tympanum

Vezelay church

transition from Romanesque to Gothic

Characteristics of French Romanesque

voluntary, shared routines, reciprocal, and dependable source of support.