Stretches For The Upper Extremity

What is the normal range of flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, internal rotation, external rotation, horizontal ad duction, horizontal abduction?

-flexion equals 180 -extension equals 60°, -adduction equals 45°, -abduction equals 180°, -internal rotation equals 90°, -external rotation equals 50°, -horizontal adduction equals 130° -horizontal abduction equals 30°

What is the structure and function of the biceps brachii muscle? What joints does it cross?

1. Biceps brachii is a two headed, two joint muscle. 2. Crosses both the shoulder and the elbow and affects both. 3. Primarily, biceps brachii assist: -flexion of the shoulder, -flexion of the elbow, -supination of the forearm.

What can mimic the pain of lateral epicondylitis-tennis elbow? What can the supinators be injured as a result of? What type of activities can cause this?

1. Forearm supinator dysfunctions. 2. You could be injured as a result of excessive eccentric stress placed upon it. 3. Especially during activities when the elbow is held straight, as in performing the backhand in tennis, caring a heavy suitcase, or even holding the leash while walking the dog.

What is the structure and function of the pectoralis major muscle? What is it divided into?

1. It is a broad, powerful muscle that gives shape to the chest and is a strong mover of the arm. 2. It is divided into the clavicular head and the sternal head. 3. Acting together, these help adduct, horizontally adduct, and medially rotates the humerus. 4. The clavicular head, active alone assist flexion of the humerus. 5. The sternal head, acting alone, extends the humerus from a flexed position.

What is pronator teres syndrome caused by? What is the end result? What occurs when both pronators are hypertonic?

1. It is caused by compression of the median nerve and is characterized by -numbness in the median nerve distribution, -aching deep in the forearm, -hand weakness. 2. When both pronators are hypertonic, the forearms at rest tends to be pronated.

What can good range of motion at the wrist help reduce the risk of?

1. Overuse Tendonitis 2. Repetitive Stress 3. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

What is normal range of flexion and extension at the elbow? What may elbow flexion be limited by?

1. ROM of the elbow includes: -Flexion equals 150°, -Extension equals 0° 2. Elbow flexion may limited by the muscle mass of the anterior arm or by a hypertonic triceps. 3. The stretcher should be able to touch the front of her shoulder.

What is the structure and function of the triceps muscle? What joints does it cross?

1. The triceps is a three headed, two joint muscle. 2. It crosses both the shoulder and the elbow and acts on both. 3. It's primary action is extension of the elbow. 4. The Long head assists in extension of the humerus.

What are the primary muscles that extend the wrist? What is their origin site? What occurs here?

1. This includes: -Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus -Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis -Extensor Carpi Ulnaris 2. The common origin on the lateral epicondyles is the primary site of tennis elbow, and overuse tendinitis common and racquet sports.

What are the three primary muscles that act to flex the wrist? What is their origin? Are is this a common site for?

1. This includes: -flexor carpi radialis, -flexor carpi ulnaris, -palmaris longus 2. Their common origin on the medial epicondyle is the site of golfer's elbow, an overuse injury.

What is the result of the rhomboids being commonly overstretched rather than hypertonic? What does this cause in relation to the rhomboids and the pectoralis muscles? How can an individual restore muscle balance?

1. This overstretched, condition is likely in people with rounded shoulders. 2. Pectoralis muscles draws the shoulders forward 3. Stretching the pectorals and strengthening the rhomboids would be indicated.

What may limit the range of motion at the wrist?

Limited range of motion of the wrist is uncommon unless the wrist has been immobilized for some reason.

What type of dysfunction can mimic the pain of medial epicondylitis? What may they diagnose?

Pronator Terry's dysfunction can mimic the pain of medial epicondylitis-golfers elbow and triggerpoints in this muscle referred to the radio side of the wrist, prompting people to diagnose carpal tunnel syndrome.

What may limit or restrict active movement of the shoulder complex( humerus, clavicle, scapula) for freedom of movement?

Restrictions in range may be caused by hypertrophy or hypertonicity of the muscles or by pain.

What are the four muscles of the rotator cuff?

This includes: -subscapularis, -infraspinatus, - teres minor, -supraspinatus.

What type of individuals have hypertonic wrist and forearm muscles?

This includes: -baseball players, -racquetball players, -musicians, -grocery clerks, -typist

What is the normal range of flexion, extension, ulnar deviation-adduction-radial deviation-abduction-pronation, supination?

This includes: -flexion equals 80°, -extension equal 70°, -ulnar adduction equals 30°, -radial abduction equals 20°, -pronation equals 90°, -supination equals 90°.

What muscles stabilize influence the motion of the shoulder blade?

This includes: -serratus anterior, -rhomboids, -middle trapezius, -pectoralis minor