Structural
All-lightweight concrete
A LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE without NATURAL SAND is termed?
Plywood
A built up panel of laminated veneers conforming to PNS 196 of 1998.
Pilaster
A portion of the wall which PROJECTS ON ONE or BOTH SIDES and ACTS as a VERTICAL BEAM, a COLUMN or BOTH.
12db
A standard 90 deg hook consists of a bend plus an extension of..
65mm
A standard hook may consists of a 180 deg bend plus a 4 db extension (at free end of bar) but not less than?
Diaphragm Strut
Also known as TIE or COLLECTOR, it is the ELEMENT OF A DIAPHRAGM PARALLEL TO THE APPLIED LOADS which COLLECTS & TRANSFERS DIAPHRAGM SHEAR to the vertical resisting elements or DISTRIBUTES LOADS WITHIN THE DIAPHRAGM and may also take AXIAL TENSION or compression. Beams parallel to earthquake forces.
12mm
As TIE REINFORCEMENT for COMPRESSION, all nonprestressed bars shall be enclosed by LATERAL TIES, AT LEAST 10mm in size for LONGITUDINAL BARS, 32mm or smaller, and AT LEAST ___ in size for 36mm and BUNDLED LONGITUDINAL BARS.
-1/12 of the beam span -6 times the slab thickness -1/2 clear distance to the adjacent beam
Composite construction shall consists of steel beams or girders supporting a reinforced concrete slab, so interconnected that the beam and slab act together to resist bending when the slab is present on only one side of the beam, the effective projection shall be taken not more than ___?
6mm
Computations to determine the required sizes of members shall be based on the net dimensions (DRESSED SIZE)(ACTUAL SIZES) and not the nominal sizes (ROUGH, COMMERCIAL, GROSS UNDRESSED).The rough size of the lumber shall not be less than the nominal size and the reduction in face dimensions of dressed lumber shall not be more than ___ of the nominal size
150mm
Concerning the development of positive moment reinforcement, at least one third the positive moment reinforcement in simple members and one fourth the positive moment reinforcement in continous members shall extend along the same face of the member into the support. In beams such reinforcement shall EXTEND INTO THE SUPPORT at least a distance of...
Composite Concrete Flexural Member
Concrete flexural members of PRECAST and/ or CAST IN PLACE concrete elements CONSTRUCTED IN SEPARATE PLACEMENTS but so interconnected that all elements respond to loads as a UNIT.
300mm
DEPTH OF FOOTING above bottom reinforcement shall not be less than 150mm for footing on soil, nor less than ___ for FOOTING ON PILES.
Effective Depth
Distance measured from EXTREME COMPRESSION FIBER to CENTROID of TENSION REINFORCEMENT in a reinforced concrete element.
Wall
Element usually vertical, used to ENCLOSE or SEPARATE SPACES and also, at times, serve as a structural member.
- One twelfth the span length of the beam - Six times the slab thickness - One half the clear distance to the next web
For BEAMS W/ A SLAB ON ONE SIDE ONLY, the effective overhanging flange width shall not exceed ___?
10mm diameter
For CAST IN PLACE CONSTRUCTION of spirals, size of spirals shall not be less than..
750mm
For JOIST CONSTRUCTION, the CLEAR SPACING between RIBS shall NOT EXCEED ___?
15mm
For PRECAST CONCRETE (Manufactured under plant control conditions) the minimum concrete cover or protection provided for PRIMARY REINFORCEMENT FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS shall be db and need not exceed 40mm but not less than..
At the section half-way between a free edge and the corresponding face of the web
For computation of unstiffened elements under compression, the thickness of the sloping flange shall be measured___?
4700√fc'
For nominal weight of concrete, the modulus of elasticity of concrete Ec may be taken as?
150mm
For offset BENT LONGITUDINAL BARS, the horizontal support at offset bends shall be provided by lateral ties, spirals or parts of the floor construction. Horizontal support provided shall be designed to resist 1-½ times the horizontal component of the computed force in the inclined portion of on offset bar. LATERAL TIES OR SPIRALS shall be placed NOT MORE THAN ___ from POINTS OF BEND.
3-1/2
IN JOIST CONSTRUCTION, consisting of a MONOLITHIC COMBINATION OF REGULARLY SPACED RIBS and a TOP SLAB, the ribs shall not be less than 100mm in width and shall have a depth of not more than ___ times the min. width of rib.
Aggregate
INERT MATERIAL that is mixed with hydraulic cement and water to produce concrete.
One half
If the depth of a web exceeds 900mm, longitudinal skin reinforcement shall be uniformly distributed along both side faces of the member for a distance d/2 nearest the flexural tension reinforcement. The maximum spacing of the skin reinforcement shall not exceed the lesser of d/6 and 300 mm. The total area of longitudinal skin reinforcement in both faces need not exceed ___ of the required flexural tension reinforcement.
1.5db
In SPIRALLY REINFORCED or tied reinforced compression members the clear distance between longitudinal bars shall not be less than ø40mm or
- Eight times the slab thickness - One half the clear distance to the next web
In T-BEAM CONSTRUCTION, the flange and web being built integrally, the width of the slab effective as T beam flange shall NOT EXCEED___?
75mm
In a SPIRALLY REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN, the CLEAR SPACING BETWEEN SPIRALS shall not be less than 25mm but shall not exceed..
Four
In any ONE BUNDLE, groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as a unit shall be limited to a maximum of __?
600mm
In connection with SPLICES OF DEFORMED BARS, these splices shall be staggered at LEAST ___ and in such manner as to develop at every section at least twice the calculated tensile force at the section but not less than 140Mpa for total area of reinforcement provided.
Effective Length
In determining the slenderness ratio of an axially loaded compression member, r is the corresponding radius of gyration and the length shall be taken as?
Wobble Friction
In prestressed concrete, FRICTION caused by UNINTENDED DEVIATION of PRESTRESSING SHEATH or duct from its specified profile?
Jacking Force
In prestressed concrete, temporary force exerted by the device that introduces tension into prestressing tendons?
1.5db
In spirally reinforced or tied reinforcement compression members, clear distance between longitudinal (vertical ) bars shall not be less than 40mm nor __?
Unity or one
In trusses and in those frames where lateral stability is provided by adequate attachment to diagonal bracing, to shear walls, to an adjacent structure having adequate lateral stabilty, or to floor slabs or roof decks secured horizontally by walls or bracing systems parallel to the frame, the effective length factor K for the compression members shall be taken as?
450mm
In walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary flexural reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than three times the wall or slab thickness, nor __?
40db
Individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members shall terminate at different points staggered at a distance of at least.
6db
Inside Diameter of bend for stirrups and ties shall not be less than __ for 10mm to 25mm.
4db
Inside Diameter of bend for stirrups and ties shall not be less than __ for 16mm bar and smaller.
8db
Inside Diameter of bend for stirrups and ties shall not be less than __ for 28mm and 32mm.
10db
Inside Diameter of bend for stirrups and ties shall not be less than __ for 36mm.
Stress
Intensity of FORCE per UNIT AREA?
Weak Story
Is one in which the STORY STRENGHT is LESS THAN 80 percent of that of THE STORY BELOW.
Crosstie
It is a CONTINOUS BAR having a HOOK not less than 135deg. With at least a six diamater (but not less than 75mm) extension at one end and a hook not less than 90 deg with at least a six diameter extension at the other end in such a way that these HOOKS shall ENGAGE PERIPHERAL LONGITUDINAL BARS.
Diaphragm
It is a HORIZONTAL or NEARLY HORIZONTAL SYSTEM acting to TRANSMIT LATERAL FORCES to the VERTICAL RESISTING SYSTEM including the horizontal bracing system.
Particleboard
It is a MAT-FORMED PANEL consisting of PARTICLES OF WOOD or combination of wood particles and wood fibers bended together with SYNTHETIC RESINS or other suitable bonding system by a bonding process.
Collector
It is a MEMBER or an ELEMENT provided to TRANSFER LATERAL FORCES to the VERTICAL RESISTING SYSYTEM including the horizontal bracing system.
Soft Story
It is a story in which its LATERAL STIFFNESS is LESS THAN 70 percent of the story above it.
Boundary Element
It is an ELEMENT at EDGES of OPENINGS or at PEIMETERS of SHEAR WALLS or DIAPRAGHMS.
Pedestal
It is an UPRIGHT COMPRESSION MEMBER with a ratio of UNSUPPORTED HEIGHT to AVERAGE LEAST LATERAL DIMENSION of LESS THAN 3.
Column
It is an UPRIGHT COMPRESSION MEMBER with a ratio of UNSUPPORTED HEIGHT to AVERAGE LEAST LATERAL DIMENSION of MORE THAN 3.
Story Drift
It is defined as the DISPLACEMENT OF ONE LEVEL relative to the level above or below it.
Fatigue
It is defined as the damage that may result in fracture after a sufficient number of fluctuations of stress?
P Delta Effect
It is the SECONDARY EFFECT on SHEARS and MOMENTS of frame members INDUCED by the VERTICAL LOADS ACTING on the laterally displaced building frame during earthquake.
Basic Wind Speed
It is the term used for the FASTEST KILOMETER WIND SPEED associated with annual probability of 0.02 measured at a point of 10 METERS ABOVE THE GROUND for an area which is FLAT and GENERALLY OPEN.
Tie
LOOP OF REINFORCING BAR or wire enclosing LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT in COMPRESSION MEMBERS.
32mm
Lap splices shall not be used for bars larger than ___?
Development Length
Length of embedded reinforcement REQUIRED to DEVELOP the DESIGN STRENGTH of REINFORCEMENT at a critical section?
Base
Level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be imparted to the structure.
0.003
MAXIMUM USABLE STRAIN at EXTREME CONCRETE COMPRESSION FIBER shall be assumed to be equal to ___?
Pretensioning
Method of prestressing in which the tendosn are tensioned BEFORE CONCRETE IS PLACED.
Precast Concrete
Plain or reinforced concrete element CAST ELSEWHERE than its final position in the structure.
Modulus of Elasticity
Ratio of NORMAL STRESS to CORRESPONDING STRAIN for tensile or compressive stresses BELOW PROPORTIONAL LIMIT OF MATERIAL?
Stirrups
Reinforcement used to resist SHEAR and TORSION stresses in a structural member, usually applied to LATERAL REINFORCEMENT in FLEXURAL MEMBERS.
300mm
SPLICES in SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT shall be lap splices of 48db but not less than ___?
50mm
Slab thickness of joist construction shall be not less than one twelfth the clear distance between ribs nor less than ___?
Seven to 1
Solid sawn rectangular lumber beams, rafters, and joists shall be supported laterally to prevent rotation or lateral displacement. Both edges shall be held in line for their entire lenght, if the ratio of the depth to thickness (based on nominal dimensions ) is..
Six to 1
Solid sawn rectangular lumber beams, rafters, and joists shall be supported laterally to prevent rotation or lateral displacement. Full depth solid blocking or cross bracing shall be installed at intervals not exceeding 2.4m unless both edges are held in line, if the ratio of the depth to thickness (based on nominal dimensions ) is..
Two to 1
Solid sawn rectangular lumber beams, rafters, and joists shall be supported laterally to prevent rotation or lateral displacement. No LATERAL SUPPORT is required, if the ratio of the depth to thickness (based on nominal dimensions ) is..
Five to 1
Solid sawn rectangular lumber beams, rafters, and joists shall be supported laterally to prevent rotation or lateral displacement. One edge shall be held in line for its entire lenght, if the ratio of the depth to thickness (based on nominal dimensions ) is..
Three to 1 or four to1
Solid sawn rectangular lumber beams, rafters, and joists shall be supported laterally to prevent rotation or lateral displacement. The ends shall be held in position, as by full depth solid blocking, bridging, nailing or bolting to other framing members, if the ratio of the depth to thickness (based on nominal dimensions ) is..
Effective Prestress
Stress remaining in concrete due to prestressing after all calculated losses have been deducted, excluding effects of superimposed loads and weight of member.
500√Fy
Tension and compression on extreme fibers of compact hot-rolled or built-up members, the width-thickness ratio of stiffened elements of the compression flange shall not exceed..
Nominal Size
The COMMERCIAL SIZE DESIGNATION of width and depth, in standard sawn lumber and glued laminated lumber grades, somewhat larger than the standard net size of dressed lumber in accordance with PNS 194 for sawn lumber.
Pointing
The FILLING OF MORTAR in a joint after the masonry units are laid.
L/21
The MIN THICKNESS of NON-PRESTRESSED BEAMS & RIBBED ONE WAY SLAB of span L whose supports are BOTH ENDS CONTINOUS is___?
L/18.5
The MIN THICKNESS of NON-PRESTRESSED BEAMS & RIBBED ONE WAY SLAB of span L whose supports are ONE END CONTINOUS is___?
L/16
The MIN THICKNESS of NON-PRESTRESSED BEAMS & RIBBED ONE WAY SLAB of span L whose supports are SIMPLY SUPPORTED is___?
L/8
The MIN THICKNESS of NON-PRESTRESSED BEAMS & RIBBED ONE WAY SLAB of span L whose supports is CANTILEVER is___?
0.45Fy
The allowable tensile stress, Ft, for pin-connected member is?
Transverse center to center spacing (gage) of any two consecutive holes
The gross area of a member at any point shall be determined by summing the products of the thickness and the gross width of each element as measured normal to the axis of the member. In the case of a chain of holes extending across a part in any diagonal or zigzag line, the net width of the part shall be obtained by deducting from the gross width the sum of the diameters of all the holes in the chain, and adding, for each gage space in the chain, the quantity s²/4g where "g" is ?
Longitudinal center to center spacing(pitch) of any two consecutive holes
The gross area of a member at any point shall be determined by summing the products of the thickness and the gross width of each element as measured normal to the axis of the member. In the case of a chain of holes extending across a part in any diagonal or zigzag line, the net width of the part shall be obtained by deducting from the gross width the sum of the diameters of all the holes in the chain, and adding, for each gage space in the chain, the quantity s²/4g where "s" is ?
Stress Range
The magnitude of fluctuations computed as the numerical sum of maximum repeated tensile and compressive stresses or the sum of maximum shearing stresses of opposite direction at a given point, resulting from differing arrangements of live load is known as?
25mm
The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer shall be db but not less than __?
200
The slenderness ratio, Kl/r, of compression members shall not exceed the value ___?
300
The slenderness ratio, L/r, of tension members, , other than rods, preferably should not exceed ___ for lateral bracing members and other secondary members.
240
The slenderness ratio, L/r, of tension members, , other than rods, preferably should not exceed ___ for main members.
6db
The standard hook for stirrups and ties shall mean a 135 deg bend plus ___ extension at free end of bar, for 25mm bar and smaller.
6db
The standard hook for stirrups and ties shall mean a 90 deg bend plus __ extension at free end of bar, for 16mm bar and smaller.
12db
The standard hook for stirrups and ties shall mean a 90 deg bend plus ___ extension at free end of bar, for 20mm and 25mm bar.
Curvature Friction
The type of INCIDENTAL FRICTION RESULTING FROM BENDS OR CURVES in the specified prestressing tendon profile.
Web Thickness
Theeffective area in resisting shear of rolled and fabricated shapes may be taken as the overall depth times?
End Anchorage
This refers to the LENGTH OF REINFORCEMENT or MECHANICAL ANCHOR or HOOK, or combination thereof, BEYOND POINT of ZERO STRESS IN REINFORCEMENT.
25mm
Where parallel reinforcement is placed in two or more layers, bars in the upper layers shall be placed directly abaove bars in the bottom layer with clear distance between layers not less than __?
Stiffened
_____ compression elements are those having lateral support along both edges that are parallel to the direction of the compression stress.
Unstiffened
_____(projecting) compression elements are those having one free edge parallel to the direction of compression stress.
0.30Fu
At beam end connections wherethe top flange is coped, and in similar situations where failure might occur by shear along a plane through the fasteners or by combination of shear along a plane throughthe fasteners or by a combination of shear along a plane through the fasteners plus tension along a perpendicular plane, on the area effective in resisting tearing failure. The allowable shear stress is taken as:
32mm
BUNDLED BARS shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties but bars larger than ___ shall not be bundled in beams.
1/360 of the span
Beams and girders supporting floors and roofs shall be proportioned with due regards to the deflection produced by the design loads. Beams and girders supporting plastered ceilings shall be so proportioned that the maximum live load deflection does not exceed ___?
50mm
Beams totally encased 50mm or more on thier sides and soffit in concrete cast integrally with the slab may be assumed to be interconnected to the concrete by natural bond, without additional anchorage, provided the top of the beam is at least 38mm below the top and ___ above the bottom of the slab.
22,750/ Fy
Circular tubular elements subject to axial compression shall be considered as fully effective when the ratio of the outside diameter to the wall thickness shall not be greater than___?
