SUSTAINABILITY

The industrial ecology metaphor

"I think of ecology as being the network of all industrial processes as they may interact with each other and live off each other."

Drivers of urban sprawl

- Land ownership and the growth machine - Marketing or consumer choice, affordability issues related to the labor market (tolerate a longer commute for a cheaper house w/ bigger lawn/backyard) - Low school and other public service quality in the central cities - Heavily subsidized road network - Free parking - Telecommunication (allows people to work while living farther) - Single Use Zoning - Financing or insurance standards (discourages buying houses)

Characteristics of urban sprawl

- Low density and "leapfrog" development - Development on the urban fringe-> Edge Cities - Cul-de-sac (vs. grid style) street patterns - Single land use development - Commercial strips - Lack of public space - Poor accessibility/ automobile dominance

Types of cities

- Megacities (10 million inhabitants or more) - World cities: is a city generally considered to be an important node in the global economic system. - Extended metropolitan regions (smaller cities become region with large pop. (LA + SD)

Riskscape concept (environmental exposure, social vulnerability, and biological susceptibility)

- Merging spatial data on disparities in exposure (hazardous occupations), social vulnerability (food security, race/racism, no healthcare), and biological susceptibility (age, sex, underlying disease) - Create one map to guide policymakers on where to work to reduce cumulative exposure e.g.) Cal Enviro Screen

Current state of climate change governance (policy) - Cap and trade systems, like California's AB32

- Minimally effective global agreements to mitigate climate change (latest is Paris 2015) - Some regions globally have emissions trading systems, e.g., California's AB32 and its implementation plan at the Air Resources Board (ARB) -These area good start as policy models but there is the risk of "leakage": the more efficient cities get the more pollution and strain they put elsewhere -There are important bilateral agreements (commitment to another country) most notably last year U.S. and China. - There are voluntary commitments from some cities.

Limits to growth

- Natural Resources - World Oil Production - Population Growth - Life Expectancy - Food - Industrial Output - Pollution

Professional geographic information (PGI) and Volunteered geographic information (VGI)

- PGI: fieldwork (census data building footprint), embedded/mobile sensor (traffic air quality), remotely sensed (vegetation elevation) VGI: crowdsourced ("citizens as sensors"), ambient AGI (tracking protests socials capital), soft GIS

The growth machine vs. the local government bargaining position matrix

-The Growth Machine: Cities compete with one another to attract capital investment - Leads to collusion of elected officials with elite capital interests pursuing growth - Local government bargaining position matrix: some cities have more power to shape development than others because they have a stronger bargaining position (fixed infrastructure or pool of service)

Smart growth versus smart growth machine

Because of its heavy-branding, smart growth is adopted by developers in a piecemeal fashion to justify projects that may not return all 3 E's of sustainability... - Smart growth (more about 3e's) - tendency of walkability, sustainable transportation etc. to become integrated in smart growth machine and become no longer balanced in 3e's - Once citizens (public) are in this conversation and decision-making, then growth machine disappears (b/c growth machine is about the coalition between stakeholders and government) - Smart growth machine: looses 3 E's; collusion between developers and city officials - public's voice should be in project, and the public should get what they want back Ex 1) Ahmanson Ranch (was able to maintain the 3e's) Ex 2) Ballona Wetlands/Playa Vista (lost ecology of the 3e's)

The lawn as a problem of consumption in the urban landscape

-major force of ecological change - 23% of private urban space is devoted to the lawn (phenomena of urbanization) - part of physical urban footprint - lawn chemical industry (high rate of application per hectare) - consumption of water,fuel, and air pollution resulting from lawn care

ESEM key propositions

Braden Allenby's "authentic" ethics: - Humans must accept responsibility for action in deep intervention in the carbon cycle and climate regulation one way or another - We must recognize the human role in designing global scale systems

Circular economy idea (type I, type II, and type III industrial ecosystems)

Type I: Unlimited resources, unlimited waste (doesn't exist) Type II: Only type II exists; limited dnergy and resources with limited waste Type III: We don't have type III; energy in with nearly zero waste out; industrial ecosystem has zero waste

Urban resilience

Urban Resilience: - Economic capital: diversity of industries - Social capital: citizen participation - Environmental capital: ecosystem services - Adaptive Governance: feedback; transparent and collaborative government ___________________________________ - ability to maintain functions and structure in the face of internal or external shocks - dual technologies: mitigate and allow response to problems - bouncing forward: city resets itself to a more sustainable state than before shock (take advantage of opportunity)

What tool can use to find UTC?

Urban Tree Canopy can be calculated with i-Tree

Is it possible to control urban population growth (why/why not)?

Yes and no. - U.S. constitution says you can't dictate where people settle or control pop. growth - Direct: immigration enforcement - Indirect: Restrictive zoning, lack of affordable housing, police harassment, economic development

What is a TIGER/Line file (Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing)?

a file that defines the spatial relationships of streets, railroads, rivers, and other topological features covered by the US Census.

What is a choropleth map?

a map that represents classed values with colors or shades to show raw population numbers. -Manhattan, NY: growing at the same rate throughout but different densities

Tabulate Intersection

tool in ArcMap that allows one to find the intersection of two feature classes and cross-tabulates the totals in count, area, or length.

Modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP)

"Often the aggregation units used are arbitrary with respect to the phenomena under investigation, yet the aggregation (separation into equal parts) units used will affect measurement of relationships. If the spatial units in a particular study were specified differently, we might observe very different patterns and relationships." The resulting summary values are influenced by the choice of district boundaries. For example, census data may be aggregated into census enumeration districts, or postcode areas, or police precincts, or any other spatial partition (thus, the "areal units" are "modifiable"). Difficulties: What if the boundaries of the spatial container for data doesn't''t match the boundaries of the hazardous area - Scale effect: spatial data analysis at different scales may produce different results - Zonal effect: regrouping zones at a given scale may produce different results

Brundtland Report definition of sustainability

"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs." - intergenerational equity: present generation shouldn't take for future - intragenerational equity: social equity, more equity globally = more sustainable development

Urban metabolism definition

"The sum total of the technical and socio-economic processes occurring in cities related to inputs of materials, water, and energy; production of energy, and elimination of waste" - stocks and flows in and out of the spatial boundary of the city

Dasymetric mapping

"The use of data layers that describe land use to approximate (estimate) more precise distributions of populations within a census boundary." -Method of mapping which uses symbols to spatially classify volumetric data

The Biophilic City, and the concept of "biophilia"

- "Putting nature, animals, plants and entire ecosystems on strong (some would say equal) footing with all other design considerations for cities" -the suggestion that there is an instinctive bond between human beings and other living systems - people have an innate need for nature (fundamental part of our being)

Tragedy of the commons (a.k.a. "common pool resource problems")

- "Tragedy of the Commons": individuals will maximize their own returns rather than work towards collective outcomes. - Everyone is pursuing their best interests - Freedom for all brings ruin to all - Common pool resources: Everyone that utilizes a common pool resources is inherently dependent on everyone else that has access to that common pool resource. (the air we breathe is a common pool resource). - Difficulty of exclusion - Subtractability: the more you take, less there is for everyone else

The "anthroprocene era"

- 2.6 million years ago to the present > but rapid acceleration after the industrial revolution - characterized as the time in which the collective activities of human beings (Homo sapiens) began to substantially alter Earth's surface, atmosphere, oceans, and systems of nutrient cycling.

Fold Bifurcation

- A shift in the state of the Earth - Events that change geological make up of the Earth like the last glacial-interglacial transitions (11,000 to 14,300 years ago) and the big five extinctions (65-443 million years ago)

The rebound effect

- As products or urban systems become more efficient (in use of energy, materials, or water for example), they save money for the consumer. This money can then be used to buy more stuff so that absolute material throughput just keeps going up -More efficient cars -More roads (induced traffic demand)

Background consumption, overconsumption, and misconsumption

- Background consumption: Consumption needed by an organism in order to survive and reproduce - Overconsumption: That level or quality of consumption that undermines a species own life support system and for which individuals and collectivities have choices - Misconsumption: Consumption that undermines an individualʼs own well-being even if there are no aggregate effects on the population or species

Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) causes/sources: Key sources in urban areas and means of reducing

- CO2 77% - Methane 15% - Nitrous Oxide 7% - Leading Sources: Transportation & Buildings/Electricity - Smaller/Direct: Solid Waste Handling & Water Treatment - Smaller/Indirect: Industry & Urban Forests - electricity and heat (24.9%) - industry (14.7%) - transportation (14.3%) - agriculture (13.8%) - land use change (12.2%) - other fuel combustion (8.6%) - industrial processes (4.3%) - fugitive emissions (4%) - waste (3.2%)

Key features of urban metabolism

- Centrality of energy - Time lags in material digestion - "Lock-in" in urban form - Resources across all cities are also in a cycle which is a system of interconnected reservoirs (city boundaries) that transfer and conserve a specific resource - This way of thinking takes a materials balance perspective, which means that (by definition) if inputs do not equal outputs the pool size must change. - Sources= inputs to the reservoir - Sinks=outputs from the reservoir - Flux=rates of inputs and outputs - Pool size= the amount in held in stock

Ecosystem services in cities

- Urban forests(shade,air pollution) - Urban wetlands (groundwater recharge, safe beaches, flood control) - Parks (recreation,exercise)

The concept of cordon sanitaire in colonial cities

- Colonial legacy of the third world city - Use of cordons sanitaires to create exclusive areas for authorities - Designed as centers of control rather than production - Segregation of various ethnic/racial groups

Dominant paradigm versus thin and thick versions of sustainability

- Dominant paradigm: humans are viewed as outside of nature and dominating it. - all of nature is for human use - Economic accumulation in the present can compensate any parts of nature that that are destroyed in the process of economic growth (assuming technology will act as a substitute to all of the things lost) - Thin: a lot of companies practice this -SOME of nature is intrinsically valued and left outside the market. -Some natural capital cannot be substituted - Win-win relationship - Pop. growth must be accompanied by per capita offsets -Cautious skepticism - Social equity: Takes connections into account - Collaborative stakeholder processes - Thick: political, deep ecology -MANY intrinsic values recognized in nature - No declines in natural capital - Must slow and reverse growth - must slow growth and achieve declining populations -Deep skepticism (technology) - Attention to redistribution - Grassroots democracy

The three "E's" of sustainability, a.k.a., the sustainability triangle

- Economy (managing resources) - Environment (natural/ built) - Equity (social justice/ fairness)

What usually happens to fertility rates in urbanization (why)?

- Fertility rates decline with urbanization - economic opportunity for women

Krugman's spatial turn

- First the core is reinforced by falling transportation costs. Later, further declines in transportation costs and other disruptive technologies push development outward from the core into the periphery - Central Place Theory: is the provision of goods and services for the surrounding market area. Such towns are centrally located and may be called central places. - specialization is cheaper. Central places are distributed over a uniform plane of constant population density and purchasing power. Movement across the plane is uniformly easy in any direction, transportation costs vary linearly, and consumers act rationally to minimize transportation costs by visiting the nearest location offering the desired good or service. - Cumulative Causation theory: more development where development is long standing (why coasts are so dense)

Uneven development (i.e., global "North" versus global "South")

- History of colonialism, late start for much of the world on development - Rapid migration due to changes in the global economy - Global north (core) relies more on investments in infrastructure while global south (semi- periphery and periphery) relies more on labor

The reasons climate change often has been blocked from the decision-making agenda

- In the U.S., the checks & balances system + veto powers → many ways to block things from making progress - To get past blocking action, we need 1) politics 2) problem definition 3) workable solutions (innovative technologies that prove to get a carbon tax)

Definition of industrial ecology

- It is a systems view in which seeks to optimize the total materials cycle from virgin (optimizing resources, energy, and capital) - Technology roles: Old: industrial system independent of natural systems, New: Technology within the natural system - Focus on Technology in the IPAT equation

Environmental goods and theory of accessibility

- Physical accessibility to facilities= contributes to healthy lifestyle and helps with health outcomes (parks, healthy food, primary health care)

*Procedural vs. distributive environmental justice

- Procedural EJ: process by which people get goods and bads (zoning that designated industry near multifamily housing); regulators don't come from affected neighborhoods so they don't take the problem seriously - Judgement of the fairness of the process of decision-making, whose interests count? Who can participate? How is power distributed. - Distributive EJ: who gets goods and bads (people live near bads so get more exposure) - The distribution of beneficial and adverse consequences of a choice-> Focus on spatial distribution of environmental bads

Three levels of agendas (public, formal, and decision-making)

- Public agenda: media (newspapers, TV), activists, what's being talked about most - Formal agenda: litigation, draft legislation, proposals/plans - Decision-making: in court - where gov may actually take action

Race versus racism versus institutional racism

- Racism (policies identify race directly) - Institutional Racism (policies made that negatively effect a racial group inadvertently or intentionally) - motivated by animus (hostility) >> in the past we've seen more institutional racism (deeper effects) - Segregation in US-> Long history of social control and housing discrimination - "Island of poverty and despair" - Evidence of Environmental Justice Issues -> Difference in life expectancies- African-Americans have the lowest life expectancy, however, not all due to environmental exposures

The concepts of radiative forcing/global warming potential (GWP)

- Radiative Forcing (RF) is the measurement of the capacity of a gas or other forcing agents to affect that energy balance, thereby contributing to climate change. Put more simply, RF expresses the change in energy in the atmosphere due to emissions. - Global warming potential (GWP) is a relative measure of how much heat a greenhouse gas traps in the atmosphere. It compares the amount of heat trapped by a certain mass of the gas in question to the amount of heat trapped by a similar mass of carbon dioxide.

The 4 R's of sustainable urban watersheds

- Restore: water and habitat quality so that it simulates original conditions whenever possible - Recharge: groundwater by capturing storm water runoff and other useable water - Reconnect: waterways to make key links in habitats - Renew: people's connection to water and place

Environmental issues from high vehicle miles travelled (VMT's)

- Smog forming pollutants (comes from tail pipes of our cars, etc) - Particulate matter (transportation, it's measured in various sizes—the smaller the microns the more dangerous they are → associated w/ heart attack deaths) - High energy use= High GHG Emissions - Consumption of Land (parking lots, gas stations, freeways, driveways) - Noise Pollution

General character of urban sustainability problems and solutions

- The challenge of restoring equilibrium between human, urban demands for environmental services and the capability of the environment to provide them. - Managing greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs caused by burning of fossil fuels to create electricity, to power factories and to fuel transportation) and the clearing of land. - Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most significant greenhouse gas created by the production of consumer goods.

Embodied versus embedded energy

- The energy per unit mass used to make a material (or product) from its ores and feedstocks. - Only a portion of embodied energy can be recovered from the material. This is it's embedded energy. (The difference is what is lost in various steps of conversion.) - The conversion efficiency of most material production processes is low, 5-35% - Embodied: All energy used (Sunlight, Transportation, Factory energy) - Embedded: Already exists

Watershed concept & changes to the water cycle in urbanized watersheds

- The land area that feeds into a given river/stream or groups of rivers and streams - Surface watershed does not match groundwater "basins" - Cities' impervious surfaces (asphalt, concrete, buildings) increase run-off and decrease filtration of the land - Leads to big flood risks and less groundwater recharge

Social issues from high vehicle miles travelled (VMT's)

- Time lost to traffic congestion - Less exercise linked to obesity - Isolates poor, young, and elderly → can't get education/job → affects economy - Fewer social interactions - High auto costs (isolates lower classes)

Three types and scales of measuring urban ecological appropriation:

- Urban footprint: local, footprint on land, the city itself disrupts ecosystem services (need for sanitary city) - Urban ecological footprint: larger scale, ecosystem services required to support consumption (regional hinterland rather than global) - Life cycle assessment: larger scale, impacts of consumption from cradle to grave (including some social impacts)

Smart Growth + EPA's (Environmental Protection Agency) 10 guidelines for smart growth

- Well planned development that protects open space and farmland, revitalizes communities, keeps housing affordable, provides transportation choices - Mixed Land uses, compact building design, infill development - Creates walkability/ bike-able neighbourhoods - Provides variety of transportation choices - Encourages community participation in development decisions 1. Mixed Land Use 2. Take advantage of compact building designs 3. Creates housing for all family size/income 4. Creates walkable/Bike-able neighbourhoods 5. Fosters distinctive attractive communities with a strong sense of space 6. Preserves open space and farmland, natural beauty 7. Strengthen communities and achieves more balance development 8. Provides more transportation choices 9. Make development decisions predictable, fair, cost effective and transparent to the public 10. Encourage public involvement in development decisions

Remnant land as an opportunity for restoration of nature in cities

- best conservation strategy: acquiring remenent land in rural areas instead of restoring managed and abandoned land (ruderal land) to restore habitats and connect more patches - species richness would increase

Forms of consumption in the urban landscape

- billboards

Critique of consumption as a black box (efficiency versus sufficiency)

- consumption is not fixed and inviolable> consumption is socially driven - sufficient consumption vs. efficient production - efficiency: getting more for less effort/money/time can lead to more consumption - sufficiency: how to organize to reduce the absolute size of inputs from and outputs to the biosphere

Descriptive norm activation model of green consumer choice (individualized approach to reducing consumption)

- descriptive norm: people's perception about how others actually behave - consumption is social not individual - conformity is a strong influence on consumption patterns - descriptive norms can change consumption behavior even without financial incentives; changing attitudes don't automatically change behaviors -"green" consumers continue the cycle of consumption and feel that if they just recycle and keep using green products they are helping

Difficulty in choosing one best term to describe uneven development

- developing: who and what is being developed? suggests everyone is headed toward the same place; masks distinctions that show countries that are industrialized and developing (China) - industrializing: need for core countries that are poor to leapfrog, shouldn't industrialize the way we have - third world: outdated, older concept (Cold war)

Classification of animals in the city: avoiders, adapters, and exploiters

- every animal has a different reaction to the city, some dangerous to humans and themselves - avoiders: not good to be around people (cougar, bison, ground nesting birds) - adapters: do well in cities because of various food sources (raccoons, coyotes, foxes, some birds) - exploiters: depend on humans and have lived with us for a long time (rats, pigeons, cockroaches, pets)

IPATE

- fair share of consumption - pop. growth isn't the problem consumption is the problem - look at consumption not pop. growth - pop. growth is high= rural poor areas= not much consumption - move to cities = lower pop. growth with more consumption

The sanitary city

- first major movement to clean up cities in 1840-1890 - sanitary engineering established to flush waste away - overcrowding leads to poor public health - this is the goal for many cities in the periphery

Princen's: cosnumption

- fixed amount -critique: shouldn't model consumption that way social forces model consumption

The hinterland

- hinterland several hundred miles from city determines what occurs in city - Chicago transformed hinterland (praries to ag. for meat packing, taken forests to - area surrounding city - where many resources are found - commercialization of nature into commodities (lumber, grain, meat)

Critiques of the IPAT formula (see also in readings and lecture in later weeks of the course, e.g., IPATE (week 2) and IWAC (week 6))

- impact of pop. depends on consumption of pop. (rural areas have high pop. growth and low consumption) - technology is beneficial in some cases - IWAC: Reducing Impact= quality of WORK x meaningful consumption ALTERNATIVES x political CREATIVITY

Urban heat island (UHI) effect and key strategies to mitigate UHI.

- is a city or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities. - extended high temps. in summer (high low temps. cause health issues) - Urban forests - Alternative energy systems - Impermeable land to permeable - Cool rooftops (painting them white) - Pursue co-benefits: good for humans and environment

Major problems of cities in the periphery

- lack of sewers, sewage treatment, and clean water - poor garbage collection - burning of biomass fuels - coal fired power - small-scale manufacturing - motorcycles with 2 stroke engines - increasing use of cars

Distancing of waste and solution of extended producer responsibility

- making producers responsible for the end of the life of products will help reduce consumption - force take back of products or packaging - charge fees to producers or consumers relative to aspects of the products or packaging

Climate change mitigation versus adaptation, and the idea of co-benefits

- mitigation: Reducing emissions in any of the emissions categories (e.g., transport, buildings/electricity, land use, and solid waste) - example: Cleaner vehicles (hybrids, electric, and natural gas) and less carbon intensive fuels (aviation, biodiesel) - adaptation: Efforts to prepare cities to manage the effects of climate change (e.g., rising sea levels, floods, heat emergencies, and drought) - example: flood systems, water storage for drought, or defensive infrastructure against storms and sea level rise (doors on subway to keep water out if flood occurs) - co benefits: suggest that some interventions to mitigate carbon emissions in the transport sector can also have substantial short-term benefits for population health. Policies that encourage active modes of transportation such as cycling may, for example, increase population physical activity and decrease air pollution, thus reducing the burden of conditions such as some cancers, diabetes, heart disease and dementia.

The vortex city

- modern cities have impacts that reach beyond their physical boundaries - The idea that cities impact both the environment within their boundaries and places in the hinterland and distant elsewhere, where they get their products from and dispose of them as well

The concept of the urban landscape (created landscapes vs. ways of seeing landscapes, like the Lynch's the Image of the City)

- observers take in information of the city, and use it to make mental maps. Lynch's conclusion was that people formed mental maps of their surroundings consisting of five basic elements - paths, edges, districts, nodes, landmarks

Major historical phases of colonial cities

- pre-colonialism: - mercantile colonialism: promoted governmental regulation of a nation's economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers - industrial colonialism: - late colonialism: - early independence:

Problems with the idea of "wilderness" for nature in cities

- reinforces an artificial separation of humans from nature - the city (human domination) and nature (god) have been placed up against one another for hundreds of years (dualism) - overcoming dualism: urban wild lands

Critique of individualized approaches to reducing consumption

- responsibility of environmental problems falls on individual there is no blame in institutions, political power, - very hard to enforce - can lead to dumping

Buyer-driven global commodity chains

- small, flexible, semi-legal enterprise - many links in an input-output structure (smaller firms feed into larger firms and compete to offer cheaper products and keep business with larger firm) - spatially dispersed across cities and countries -loose, informal governance structure

World systems theory (cities in the "core" versus in the "periphery")

- suggests there is a world economic system in which some countries benefit while others are exploited. CONTROL OF CAPITAL (Core) VS. ONLY LABOR POWER TO SELL (Periphery) - Freiburg-Riesefeld, Germany: example of sustainable city in the core: - Curitiba, Brazil: example of sustainable city in the periphery: Leapfrog technology - Innovations in land use planning, transportation, housing, slum renovation, industrial planning, and parks. - Set aside industrial district with development of worker housing - Recycling program to encourage slum renovation - Parks doubling as flood control

The species/area relationship and the importance of patch size and corridors

- the more area there is the more species can live there and a more complex/ healthier ecosystem will form - wildlife overpasses and reconnecting habitats

Growth versus development (where development=the non-purchase choice)

-"Satisfying needs outside of the market through relatively non-commercial or non-material means" -Substitute person or community labor for market exchange: -Home or community gardens vs. buying food -Local trading groups and/or local currencies - Sharing economy (e.g., Zip Car) - Aiming for a global middle of consumption

The need for parks and ways to measure and provide access to park space

-Los Angeles as park poor 1. Fewer Acres per capita, concentrated areas not near people of colour, history of racial segregation 2. City aims to have parks within 1/2mile of entire population -Measures: Permanent lands Use of Alleys -Advantage- Lots of linear mile, connectivity, water infiltration -Disadvantage-Crime, upkeep, competing Baltimore - Blacks and poor best 1/4 mile access to parks, however, has the highest park congestion, must consider scale

The Malthusian concept of population growth

-said that population growth would exceed resource growth, leading to catastrophic events - This would occur because population grew exponentially while food supply grew arithmetically. - Without population control, the population would be reduced by naturally occuring catastrophes such as famine, disease, or war - As a solution, Malthus urged moral restraint: people must practice abstinence, sterilization, and have criminal punishments for those who have more children than they can support. - These Malthusian catastrophes have not taken place on a global scale due to progress in agricultural technology. However, many argue that future pressures on food production, combined with threats such as global warming, make overpopulation a still more serious threat in the future

Smart growth tools

Direct growth: - Urban service areas: sewer, electricity, etc. direct growth closer into central urban area instead of sprawl - Urban growth boundaries: Portland set a boundary that doesnt allow any development - Brownfield clean up initiatives: central cities invested public $ to clean up - Conservation easements on ex-urban land: set minimum preservation level even if land is sold Walking & biking: - bike activism, bike plans, bike sharing - Neighborhood walkability indexes vs. network analysis Improve Urban core (to pull people to live in city center): - Historical districts: for shopping, housing, and working out of ghettoed area e.g.) DTLA (more historical buildings -> more residence) e.g.) SF (city dwell -> drive out for work) - Community gardens and parks - Emphasize urban amenities - Improve Public Schools Mass transit: - Bus Rapid Transit (slow uptake in the U.S.) less infrastructure cost than rail; spatially more effective; more frequent/faster=greater capacity car sharing, carpool infrastructure light and commuter rail

Equity

Fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, colour, national origin or income with respect to the development, implementation and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations and policies Fair treatment means that no group of people, including racial, ethnic or socioeconomic groups should bear a disproportionate share of the negative environmental consequences resulting from industrial, municipal and commercial operations of the execution of federal state and local and tribal policies Evidence of importance: Study of 85 metropolitan regions in US -Compares spatial equity with region's economic performance - Health, education and welfare in poor neighbourhoods raises overall economic performances - Large disparities drag down regional economic performance - Faster growth does not benefit inner city more than suburban cities

Citizen science

Fundamental to environmental justice: talking to community helps you access the right questions (thus right data); community shapes research questions → ask people what they notice → data problems ex) 5-6 trucks trucks idle here every night: particulate pollution within house, dust piles: which dust? (need to build trust) Concern: credibility of data - Old idea= "Bucketbrigades" (people go out and sample water/ air and bring back to scientists and use to blame responsible companies) - New idea= VGI (volunteered geographic information)

Earth Systems Engineering and Management (ESEM) major levers to control climate change

Geological or ocean sequestration, or other large scale technological efforts to regulate earth's climate Examples: - Massive decrease in emission of GHG's (mitigation) - Surface sequestration (e.g., massive global reforestation) - Sub-surface sequestration (deep geological) - Marine organism/Deep ocean sequestration (iron seeding is the intentional introduction of iron to the upper ocean to stimulate a phytoplankton bloom. This is intended to enhance biological productivity, which can help carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere) - Addition of sulfate aerosols in stratosphere (The injection of sulfur gases or sulfate aerosols into the stratosphere to reflect sunlight and cool a greenhouse gaswarmed planet) - Solar mirrors in space

IPAT Formula

Impact= Population (size and rate of growth) x Affluence x Technology - pop. growth= strain on environment more people use more resources - affluence= wealthier = higher rates of consumption -tech.= how much pollution is created or resources consumed by use of that technology

Strategies to control fertility rates

Improve status of women by... - family planning - education - healthcare - increased economic security

Key differences between natural ecosystems and the contemporary industrial system

Natural ecosystems: - uses few elements (mainly C, N, O, and H) - is cyclic (materials circulate and transform continuously) - has subsystems that use waste as a resource - closed loop (no waste; each system provides substance for others) - indicator of wellbeing (equilibrium) Contemporary industrial system: - uses most of the periodic table - is linear (transforms materials into products and waste) - lack of subsystems/ use of waste as a resource - open loop (waste destructive of sources on which it depends) - indicator of wellbeing (growth)

Pop. growth vs. fertility rate

Number of babies per women vs. immigration and out migration

True Mobility (Accessibility) versus Auto- Mobility

Policy: - Transportation Infrastructure - Market Incentives - Land Use - Transportation Modes Auto-Mobility: - Freeways, Induced Demand - Car Subsidies, Free Parking - Low Density, Single Use, Land Devoted to Automobile - All trips start and end with car True Mobility: - Multi-Modal (Many modes of transportation- Metro, walk, bike) - Density Bonuses (Lower VMT, Promote non-vehicle transport) - Higher Density, Mixed Use, Transit Oriented Development - Walking, Biking, Bus rapid transit, Rail, Jitney

Drivers of migration (push versus pull factors)

Push factors: - Displacement from agricultural work - Excess rural populations - Natural hazards - War and conflict Pull factors: - Higher incomes - Urban facilities - Security - Family Ties

What is Natural Breaks (Jenks) classification n method?

means the software divides the classes based on natural breaks in the data values, the divisions between classes are not equal.

What does a "geocoded dataset"?

data matched to a geographic coordinate system)

Geodatabase (.gdb)

data structure for ArcGIS and is the primary data format used for editing and data management. While ArcGIS works with geographic information in numerous geographic information system (GIS) file formats, it is designed to work with and leverage the capabilities of the geodatabase.

What is a shape file?

format for storing vector data that includes location, shape, and other attributes of geographic features

What doing clipping mean?

isolating only the features from the roads files that fell within the boundary of the neighborhood councils feature class

What does remote sensing do?

provides information about objects without physically contacting the objects. Aircrafts and satellites play very important roles in terms of remotely sensed data acquisition.

Life cycle thinking/life cycle approach

the tracking of environmental impacts of products or services fro cradle to grave wherever in the world these activities occur

What is projected data?

when a coordinate system is used to display geographic data

What does it mean to join data?

when the fields of one data table are added to another table, usually an Attribute Table, through a common field or attribute