***Syntax***

Pronoun-Antecedent agreement Pt.2

"Each" and "Every" are singular. Ex) Each of the researchers will present their work at the conference. --> Incorrect Ex) Each of the researchers will present his or her work at the conference. --> This is correct because "each" is singular. Also, like this sentence, when it is unclear whether a singular noun refers to a male or female, the phrase "he or she" should be used.

Simple Sentence VS Compound Sentence.

"Max and I went to the beach and got a really bad sunburn." --> Although there are 2 subjects (compound subjects) and 2 predicates (compound predicate), it is still a simple sentence because "got a really bad sunburn" isn't an independent clause. A compound sentence must have 2 or more independent clauses. Ex) "Max and I went to the beach and we got a really bad sunburn." --> This is a compound sentence. A simple sentence just requires the basic subject and predicate. It can be as simple as, "she ate the cake."

compound-complex sentence

*Compound-Complex Sentence = Compound Sentence (2 Ind. Clauses) + 1 or more Dependent Clause Two or more independent clauses and at least one or more dependent clause Ex) After the storm passed, I went outside, and I picked flowers. "After the Storm passed" = Dependent "I went outside" = Independent "I picked flowers" = Independent

Simple Sentence

*Simple Sentence = One Independent clause = Complete Subject + Complete Predicate Ex) The tall girl with the frizzy red hair ate the apple. "The tall girl with the frizzy red hair" = complete subject "ate the apple" = Complete Predicate

3 Types of sentences

1. Declarative - Makes a statement (fact or opinion) 2. Interrogative - Asks a question 3. Imperative - A command

Phrase vs. Clause

A clause may be an incomplete sentence but has a subject and verb; a phrase is missing a subject or predicate because a phrase itself is either a subject or predicate. Just think of phrases as a group of words that could be a subject, predicate, adj./adverb of a clause.

Sentence

A complete thought: Subject + Predicate

Relative Clause

A dependent clause that starts with a relative pronoun. A relative clause can be either an essential or non-essential clause. Relative pronoun: who, that, which, whose, where Ex) We need to find a store *that sells ice creams*. "that sells ice creams" is the relative clause. Ex) Laura, *who wore a red hat*, came into the store today. "who wore a red hat" is the relative clause that serves as the non-essential clause of the sentence.

Clause

A group of words that contains a subject and a predicate.

Phrase

A group of words w/o both subject or predicate at the same time. Hence it will never be considered a sentence. It may be used as a noun, verb, adjective, or adverb. Ex) My best friend = noun phrase Ex) with the blue shirt = adjective/adverb/prepositional phrase "Running on the blue shirt" makes it an adverb phrase because it is modifying the verb: "Running". "The guy with the blue shirt" makes it an adjective phrase because it is modifying the subject: "The guy". Ex) under the tunnel = adjective/adverb/prepositional phrase Ex) Running away = verb phrase

complex sentence

A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. (Joined by subordinating conjunctions) Ex) When we buy his birthday cake, we have to make sure it is lemon. Ex) When we buy his birthday cake, make sure it is lemon because it's his favorite. --> "When we buy his birthday cake" = Dependent "make sure it is lemon" = Independent (Imperative sentence) "because it's his favorite" = Dependent

Purpose of Dependent clauses

Although dependent clauses can't stand alone, they help further establish a deeper context for independent clauses. Ex) The bear roared while the salmon flopped. "The bear roared" is the independent clause. "while the salmon flopped" is the dependent clause and it explains when the bear roared.

Fragment

An incomplete sentence due to the lack of the subject or predicate. Ex) "Slipping down the muddy bank and plopping into the river." --> who is slipping and plopping?

*Identifying whether a clause is independent or dependent Pt. 2*

Ex) "In 1892, Americans wanted a public structure to rival the Eiffel Tower, so an engineer named George Ferris designed the Ferris wheel." This sentence contains a *coordinating conjunction* in the middle of a sentence so there are 2 independent clauses. "In 1892, Americans wanted a public structure to rival the Eiffel Tower" is an independent clause, and "an engineer named George Ferris designed the Ferris wheel" is also an independent clause.

*Identifying whether a clause is independent or dependent Pt. 3*

Ex) But, look at "Although the Declaration of Independence was approved on July 4 of 1776, it was not actually signed until August 2." A dependent clause and independent clause are linked together through a comma. "Although the Declaration of Independence was approved on July 4 of 1776" is dependent because the *subordinating conjunction* "although" is there and "it was not actually signed until August 2" is an independent clause.

*Identifying whether a clause is independent or dependent Pt. 4*

Ex) I wrote for ten hours. I didn't, however, finish my composition. There are 2 sentences. But let's look at the 2nd one. There is the *conjunctive adverb* "however" in the middle of a sentence. However, since conjunctive adverbs don't separate two clauses within a sentence, when a conjunctive adverb is in the middle of a sentence, it is non-essential and is just linking/transitioning from the previous sentence: "I wrote for ten hours". Since conjunctive adverbs can be placed anywhere of a sentence, there is no difference between, "I wrote for ten hours. I didn't, however, finish my composition" AND "I wrote for ten hours. However, I didn't finish my composition.

*Identifying whether a clause is independent or dependent*

In order to determine whether a clause within a sentence is independent or dependent, follow these rules: 1. If clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction, they are both independent clauses. 2. If a subordinating conjunction is present, that means one clause is dependent and the other is independent. I'm sure you'll know which one is which. 3. If there is a conjunctive adverb in the middle of the sentence, it means there aren't 2 clauses in that sentence. It means that that sentence is one full independent clause and is just interrupted by a non-essential conjunctive adverb.

Pronoun-Antecedent agreement Pt.5

Pronouns "this", "that", "these", and "those" should be followed by a noun. Whenever these pronouns appear alone, they tend to be ambiguous. Therefore, if all four of the answer choices include these pronouns, the choice with the correct number, tense, and a noun after it will be correct. Ex) Pg. 158 of Grammar book.

Pronoun-Antecedent agreement

Pronouns and antecedents must agree in number and gender. Ex) *Max rode the bike to the store. When *he got there, the store was closed. "max" is the antecedent. "he" is the pronoun that agrees with "Max" because Max is a singular boy. The *monkeys were in the cage. *They seemed indifferent of the crowd.

Subject-Verb agreement

The subject and verb in a sentence must be the same in person (1st,2nd,3rd) and in number (singular or plural). If you're not sure, what verb tense to use, ask yourself: Is the subject singular or plural?

Subjects in Imperative Sentences

The subject is indivisible because it is implied that YOU are the subject. Ex) "Close the door!" --> The subject is invisible because the sentence is aimed at YOU.

Run-on Sentence

Two or more independent clauses joined without proper punctuation and conjunction.

Comma splice

Two sentences joined incorrectly by a comma instead of a conjunction, period, or semicolon

dependent clause (subordinate clause)

Used w/ the main clause to express a related idea. A dependent clause is most likely to have subordinating conjunction in front of it. Without subordinating conjunction, the sentence wouldn't be dependent anymore. Ex) The principal closed the school (main clause because so many students are sick with the flu (dependent clause). --> "because so many students are sick with the flu" is dependent because it can't stand alone.

Pronoun-Antecedent agreement Pt.4

When a pronouns refers to a noun that is missing or unclear, it is necessary to add the specific person, place, or thing in order to remove ambiguity. Ex) Pg. 158 of Grammar book.

Pronoun-Antecedent agreement Pt.3

You can't mix-and-match "one" and "you"within a sentence or paragraph. Must stay consistent to either "one" or "you. Ex) Pg. 156 of Grammar book.

Independent clause

can stand alone as a sentence. Ex) The principal closed the school

Parallel Structure

repetition of the same pattern of words or phrases within a sentence or passage to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. Ex) "The cake was baked, frosted, and I put sprinkles on it." --> This isn't grammatically incorrect at all, but it just doesn't flow well. "The cake was baked, frosted, and sprinkled," feels more natural.

Syntax

the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

Compound Sentence

two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction *Compound Sentence = Simple Sentence + Simple Sentence