Systemic Worksheet 5,6 & 7 Questions

A transverse fracture is produced by twisting stresses and spreads along the length of the bone. T or F

False

Which of the following is/are properties of a lever? It is a flexible structure. It is the effort produced by the muscle contraction. It moves on a fulcrum. It is the weight that opposes the applied force. all of the above

It moves on a fulcrum.

The sarcoplasmic reticulum is (the) ________. plasmalemma of skeletal muscle fibers cytoplasm of skeletal muscle fibers a membrane complex similar to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle fibers extension of the skeletal muscle plasmalemma into the cell a membrane complex similar to the rough endoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle fibers

a membrane complex similar to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle fibers

An example of angular motion away from the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane is ________. flexion abduction extension rotation adduction

abduction

Nebulin is which of the following types of molecules? functional hormone secretory protein regulatory protein enzyme accessory protein

accessory protein

The primary curvatures of the spine functions mainly in ________. accommodation of the thoracic and abdominopelvic viscera aligning the weight of the head over the legs shifting the weight of the trunk to the hips and lower extremities increasing the ability to extend the limbs taking weight off the hips

accommodation of the thoracic and abdominopelvic viscera

An individual with otherwise normal features, but having very short limbs, may have a condition known as ________, in which epiphyseal cartilages grow unusually slowly. gigantism achondroplasia Marfan's syndrome osteomalacia rickets

achondroplasia

The deposit of calcium salts within a tissue is called ________. calcification ossification osteogenesis hardening osteolysis

calcification

The epimysium, which separates the muscle from surrounding tissues and organs, is connected to the ________. superficial fascia subserous fascia deep fascia aponeuroses none of the above

deep fascia

The age of a skeleton can be determined from the ________. number of carpals and tarsals number of ribs present degree of ossification of cranial sutures presence of irregular bones none of the above

degree of ossification of cranial sutures

Typically, the insertion of a muscle is ________ to its origin. distal proximal medial lateral deep

distal

The ________ is a dense irregular connective tissue layer that surrounds the entire skeletal muscle. perimysium sarcolemma epimysium sarcoplasmic reticulum endomysium

epimysium

The number of cells per motor unit in the leg muscles can reach up to ________. one hundred less than dozen millions hundreds many thousands

many thousands

The connective tissue surrounding a bundle of muscle fibers is called ________. endomysium epimysium perimysium a tendon an aponeurosis

perimysium

A joint that allows only rotational movements is called a ________. circumductive joint pivot joint gliding joint pronation joint ball and socket

pivot joint

Which of the following is important as a stimulus that maintains normal bone structure, especially in growing children, postmenopausal women, and elderly men? regular exercise hormone supplements cosmetic surgery diet none of the above

regular exercise

Treating a compound fracture differs from other fractures most significantly due to ________. risk of infection nerve damage compound fractures' severity potential nerve damage none of the above

risk of infection

Which is a major function of the skeletal system? support of the body storage of glucose production of ATP maintenance of interstitial fluid composition none of the above

support of the body

A cartilaginous joint that permits slight movement is (a) ________. symphysis synovial joint synostosis synchondrosis gomphosis

symphysis

Which of the following is a classification of a joint in which the bones are separated by fibrous cartilage? ball and socket gliding pivot symphysis hinge

symphysis

The portion of a sarcomere that contains the thick filaments and the zone of overlap is the ________. I band M line A band H band Z line

A band

Which of the following is the first step in the sliding mechanism of muscle contraction? The myosin heads of the thick filaments bind to active sites on the thin filaments. Myosin heads pivot toward the M line when cross-bridge binding occurs. Thin filaments are pulled toward the center of the sarcomere. The cross-bridges detach and return to their original positions. A carbohydrate molecule is broken down to produce energy.

The myosin heads of the thick filaments bind to active sites on the thin filaments.

Which event occurs first as an individual grows and ages? The frontal suture closes. The ossification centers of the occipital bone fuse. The styloid process fuses to the temporal bone. The adult dentition appears. The hyoid bone finishes ossifying and fusing

The ossification centers of the occipital bone fuse.

Which of the following describes how bones are innervated? Bones are not innervated. Only the periosteum is innervated. The periosteum and endosteum are innervated by motor nerves. Only the endosteum, marrow cavity, and epiphyses are innervated. The periosteum, endosteum, medullary cavity, and epiphyses are innervated by sensory nerves.

The periosteum, endosteum, medullary cavity, and epiphyses are innervated by sensory nerves.

How do hormones regulate the pattern of bone growth? They don't; hormones are not involved in bone growth processes. They change the rates of osteoblast and osteoclast activity. They control the rate of movement of the epiphyseal line. They regulate the deposition of calcium and phosphate salts in the bone matrix. none of the above

They change the rates of osteoblast and osteoclast activity.

What is the fate of the chondrocytes that are present where bone is forming? They move to a different region where bone has not yet formed. They die and disintegrate, leaving cavities within the cartilage. They remain within the bone matrix. They line the central canals of the growing bone. none of the above

They die and disintegrate, leaving cavities within the cartilage.

Which of the following is true of myosin molecules? They have a core of nebulin. They make up the thin filaments. They interact with the thick filaments. They form the globular heads called cross-bridges. All of the answers are correct.

They form the globular heads called cross-bridges.

________ are struts or plates within spongy bone which assist in withstanding stresses in a specific direction. Lamellae Lacunae Perforating canals Central canals Trabeculae

Trabeculae

During endochondral bone formation, ________. the matrix of the cartilage model becomes calcified cells of the perichondrium differentiate into osteoblasts capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into the heart of the cartilage osteoclasts erode the center of the new bone to form a marrow cavity all of the above

all of the above

In addition to osseous tissue, a typical bone contains ________. other connective tissues smooth muscle tissues (in blood vessel walls) neural tissues all of the above none of the above

all of the above

Paranasal sinuses ________. humidify and warm incoming air as it flows across the carpet of mucus lining the air-filled chambers act as extensions of and open into the nasal cavities resonate during sound production lighten skull bones all of the above

all of the above

The endosteum is best described as ________. a tissue that is active during the growth or repair of bone the lining of the central canals and perforating canals a layer that covers the trabeculae of spongy bone an incomplete layer that sometimes leaves matrix exposed all of the above

all of the above

The structure of each myosin molecule includes ________. a double myosin strand an attached elongated tail a free globular head all of the above none of the above

all of the above

When contraction occurs, the ________. A band remains constant H band gets smaller I band begins to disappear Z lines move closer together all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following describes a central canal? contains an artery contains a vein runs parallel to osteons also called Haversian canal all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is a function of skeletal muscle? produce movement maintain posture support soft tissues maintain body temperature all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following pieces of information about an individual can be discerned from the skeleton? age sex race body size all of the above

all of the above

When acetylcholine binds to receptors on the motor end plate, ________ occurs immediately. vesicular enzymatic activity cross-bridge formation ATP-myosin binding an action potential myosin head pivoting

an action potential

A bone cell that secretes the organic components of bone matrix is ________. stimulated by activity of the thyroid gland an osteoclast an osteoblast an osteocyte located in a lacuna

an osteoblast

Which diagnostic procedure detects abnormalities in synovial fluid? DEXA arthrocentesis MRI arthroscopy X-ray

arthrocentesis

Arthritis always involves damage to (the) ________. bony tissue bursae ligaments articular cartilages tendon sheaths

articular cartilages

While wearing a cast due to breaking a bone, muscles shrink due to the process of ________. recruitment cell division hypertrophy atrophy chronic inflammation, or swelling

atrophy

Bones within the temporal bone that provide the sense of hearing are called ________. acoustic bones external acoustic meatus internal acoustic meatus auditory ossicles foramen lacerum

auditory ossicles

Troponin assists in controlling the interaction between myosin heads and thin filaments by ________. forming a long chain that covers the active sites of thin filaments. storing calcium ions in the troponin-tropomyosin complex. binding to myosin heads, which allows tropomyosin to pivot, thereby exposing the active sites. assisting in the formation of the myofilaments. binding calcium ions to produce a change in the orientation of the troponin-tropomyosin complex.

binding calcium ions to produce a change in the orientation of the troponin-tropomyosin complex.

Which of the following is produced within red bone marrow? blood cells adipose tissue calcium protein all of the above

blood cells

The simultaneous process of adding new bone and removing previously formed bone is called ________. internal callus formation endochondral ossification osteomalacia bone remodeling intramembranous ossification

bone remodeling

Small, synovial fluid-filled pockets in connective tissue are called ________. tendons intrinsic ligaments fat pads bursae extrinsic ligaments

bursae

Which of the following ions is the trigger for a muscle contraction? sodium chloride calcium ATP acetylcholine

calcium

The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores ________. oxygen glucose ATP calcium ions glycogen

calcium ions

Because they are strong and relatively inflexible, ________ enable bone to withstand the stress of compression. collagen fibers calcium phosphate crystals reticular fibers osteocytes osteoclasts

calcium phosphate crystals

Slow muscle fibers ________. are about two-thirds the diameter of fast fibers take twice as long to contract after stimulation as do fast fibers can continue to contract long after fast fibers have fatigued have less oxygen than do fast fibers none of the above

can continue to contract long after fast fibers have fatigued

Slow fibers primarily use which of the following substrates for energy? glycogen lipids and carbohydrates through the anaerobic pathway carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids through the aerobic pathway anaerobic metabolism protein

carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids through the aerobic pathway

Which of the following is the type of muscle that pushes blood through the arteries and veins of the circulatory system? _______________ muscle skeletal cardiac smooth appendicular none of the above

cardiac

The muscles surrounding the entrances of the digestive and urinary tracts are classified as ________. convergent bipennate paralllel multipennate circular

circular

Layers of bone that occur at the external and internal surfaces of the bone are referred to as ________ lamellae. concentric interstistial circumferential radial longitudinal

circumferential

Which of the following features is NOT characteristic of muscle tissues? excitability cognitive ability contractility extensibility elasticity

cognitive ability

Because they resist stretch, the ________ fibers provide the tensile strength of bone. calcium phosphate hydroxyapatite sodium phosphate collagen calcium hydroxide

collagen

Calcium phosphate interacts with ________ to form hydroxyapatite. collagen blood vessels calcium hydroxide nerve fibers potassium carbonate

collagen

Organic components of the matrix of bone include ________. calcium phosphate collagen fibers calcium coarbonate all of the above none of the above

collagen fibers

The walls of bones are composed of ________ bone. spongy spicules trabecular cancellous compact

compact

A ________ is a smooth rounded articular process. spine sulcus ramus condyle meatus

condyle

Osseous tissue is classified as which of the following? ________________ tissue neural muscle connective epithelial none of the above

connective

In a ________ muscle, the muscle fibers are based over a broad area, but all the fibers come together at a common attachment site. convergent spiral circular multipennate parallel

convergent

The periosteum ________________. covers the outside of the bones covers articular cartilage consists of an inner fibrous layer of dense fibrous connective tissue lines the medullary cavity is vital in blood cell formation

covers the outside of the bones

A prominent ridge on a bone is called a(n) ________. condyle facet meatus crest trochlea

crest

Which of the following associations is most accurate? synarthroses—slightly movable amphiarthroses—freely movable diarthroses—immovable diarthroses—synovial gomphoses—slightly movable

diarthroses—synovial

A joint that permits free movement is called a(n) ________. synarthrosis synostosis diarthrosis synchondrosis amphiarthrosis

diarthrosis

Which of the following type of fracture produces new and abnormal bone arrangements? ________________ fracture transverse compression spiral comminuted displaced

displaced

The function of an osteoclast in osseous tissue is to ________. produce new bone matrix dissolve old bone matrix and release amino acids and the stored calcium and phosphate secrete the organic components of the matrix produce new osteoblasts none of the above

dissolve old bone matrix and release amino acids and the stored calcium and phosphate

The attachment of a muscle to a bone is called ________. a bursa an aponeurosis a ligament a capsule either a tendon or an aponeurosis

either a tendon or an aponeurosis

The connective tissue that surrounds each skeletal muscle fiber and binds each muscle fiber to its neighbor is the ________. endosteum endomysium epimysium periosteum perimysium

endomysium

The layers of connective tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle from the inside to the outside in correct order are ________. endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium epimysium, endomysium, and perimysium epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium endomysium, epimysium, and perimysium perimysium, epimysium, and endomysium

endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium

Blood vessels that supply the ends of long bones are called ________ vessels. endochondral metaphyseal periosteal epiphyseal endosteal

epiphyseal

A long bone increases in length until ________. appositional growth starts the body runs out of calcium epiphyseal closure occurs expansion of the secondary ossification centers ends death; bones grow as long as we are alive

epiphyseal closure occurs

What characteristic of muscle tissue allows it to respond to a stimulation by the nervous system? excitability elasticity extensibility contractility none of the above

excitability

Which of the following is an example of angular motion? depression protraction extension eversion opposition

extension

A small, flat articular surface is a ________. trochlea spine line sulcus facet

facet

Regarding the effect of sarcomere length on tension production, a very highly stretched muscle (increased sarcomere length above normal 3.1 µm) will produce a contraction (% maximum tension) that is ________. optimal (100%) much greater than average (80-90%) fairly weak (20-40%) slightly stronger than resting position (~10%) none of the above

fairly weak (20-40%)

A bundle of muscle fibers within a skeletal muscle belly is called a ________. fascicle perimysium muscle sheath myofiber myofilament

fascicle

A skeletal muscle is divided into a series of internal compartments, each of which contains a bundle of muscle fibers called a ________. myofibril sarcomere triad cross-bridge fascicle

fascicle

The largest muscle fiber type, which contains densely packed myofibrils, large glycogen reserves, and relatively few mitochondria, is called ________. fast fibers slow fibers intermediate fibers cardiac fibers smooth fibers

fast fibers

Accessory structures found around the joint periphery, which provide packing material and fill spaces created when the joint cavity changes shape, are called ________. fat pads menisci bursae tendons ligaments

fat pads

Aging skeletal muscles develop increasing amounts of ________. glycogen reserves ATP fibrous connective tissue myoglobin myofibrils

fibrous connective tissue

An elongated cleft is a(n) ________. foramen fissure meatus canal antrum

fissure

Diploë is spongy bone found in ________ bones. short flat pneumatized sesamoid irregular

flat

Movement in the anterior-posterior plane that reduces the angle between the articulating elements is ________. abduction adduction extension rotation flexion

flexion

Which of the following is most likely to have a nerve pass through it? fossa process foramen condyle ramus

foramen

A shallow depression on the surface of a bone is called a ________. tuberosity traochanter fossa foramen tubercle

fossa

A break in a bone is called a(n) ________. rupture defect fracture osteon none of the above

fracture

The expanded articular end of an epiphysis, separated from the shaft by a narrower neck, is a(n) ________. neck head tubercle fossa fissure

head

The function of T tubules is to ________. bind muscle fibers together at the neuromuscular synapse separate the terminal from the motor end plate of the skeletal muscle fiber help distribute the electrical impulse, which triggers the release of calcium ions by the sarcoplasmic reticulum bind actin and myosin molecules together release acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft

help distribute the electrical impulse, which triggers the release of calcium ions by the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Endochondral ossification begins with ________ cartilage. hyaline elastic fibro- articular none of the above

hyaline

In muscles that have been repeatedly stimulated to produce near-maximal tension, the net effect is ________. hypertrophy recruitment atrophy reduced tone none of the above

hypertrophy

After a fracture occurs, a(n) ________ forms as a network of spongy bone unites the inner edges. external callus blood clot spicule internal callus fracture ematoma

internal callus

The structure that surrounds a diarthrotic joint is called (a) ________. meniscus joint capsule synovial membrane bursa fat pad

joint capsule

A dislocation, in which the articulating surfaces of a joint are forced entirely out of position, is called (a) ________. luxation subluxation congenital abnormality symphysis fracture

luxation

The skeletal system participates in ________. maintaining blood calcium levels absorbing the shock of unexpected rapid body movements facilitating transmission of nerve impulses cushioning abdominal organs such as the kidneys all of the above

maintaining blood calcium levels

The point of attachment for muscles that extend and rotate the head is the ________. styloid process mastoid process posterior clinoid process articular tubercle external occipital protuberance

mastoid process

An accessory structure of a joint that may subdivide a synovial cavity, channel the flow of synovial fluid, or allow for variations in the shapes of the articular surfaces is a ________. ligament bursa meniscus fat pad tendon

meniscus

The vessels supplying blood to the inner (diaphyseal) surface of each epiphyseal plate, where bone is replacing cartilage, are called ________ vessels. periosteal epiphyseal metaphyseal endochondral endosteal

metaphyseal

The epiphyseal cartilage connects to the diaphysis by a narrow zone called the ________. medulla lacuna metaphysis periosteum endosteum

metaphysis

An intermediate fiber contracts fast, and it has more ________ and greater resistance to fatigue in comparison to a fast fiber. calcium ions myoglobin ribosomes oxygen-binding pigments mitochondria

mitochondria

A very good sprinter is likely to have ________. more slow twitch fibers than average more intermediate fibers than average more fast twitch fibers than average average muscles; performance is based solely on training none of the above

more fast twitch fibers than average

The motor neuron releases its neurotransmitter, which then binds to receptors sites on a special region of the sarcolemma called a/the ________. You Answered T tubule motor unit fascicle motor end plate sarcoplasmic reticulum

motor end plate

Each skeletal muscle fiber is controlled by a single ________. synaptic cleft motor end plate triad of transverse tubule and terminal cisternae motor neuron whose cell body is located inside the central nervous system neurotransmitter

motor neuron whose cell body is located inside the central nervous system

When one motor neuron fires a single action potential the result affects one ________. upper motor neurons synaptic cleft lower motor neuron motor unit sensory unit

motor unit

If a muscle has a tendon that branches within the muscle tissue, it is (a) ________. sphincter muscle parallel muscle circular muscle multipennate muscle none of the above

multipennate muscle

What does the term longissimus in a muscle name primarily indicate about that muscle? The __________________ muscle location in the body muscle length manner in which the fibers of the muscle are oriented insertion of the muscle fibers is oriented with respect to the long axis of the body action of the muscle

muscle length

When a resting muscle contracts only enough to produce tension without movement, this is an example of ________. activation muscle tone hypertrophy atrophy twitch

muscle tone

Skeletal muscle fibers arise from embryonic cells called ________. myotomes myoblasts myomeres myofilaments myofibrils

myoblasts

Which of these orders of functional muscle structures progresses from the smallest to largest in diameter? muscle, fascicle, muscle fiber, myofibril fascicle, myofibril, muscle fiber, filament fascicle, muscle fiber, myofibril, muscle muscle, muscle fiber, myofibril, fascicle myofibril, muscle fiber, fascicle, muscle

myofibril, muscle fiber, fascicle, muscle

The structures within the muscle fiber that shorten to cause skeletal muscle fiber contraction are (the) ________. myoneural junctions myofibrils myosatellite cells neuromuscular synapses myoblasts

myofibrils

Slow muscle fibers contain large amounts of the oxygen-binding protein ________. myoglobin calmodulin titin nebulin troponin

myoglobin

Slow twitch fibers appear red due to the intracellular storage of ________. nebulin titin hemoglobin glycogen myoglobin

myoglobin

Between the endomysium and the muscle fibers lie a number of scattered cells that aid in the repair of damaged muscle tissues. These cells are the ________ cells. myoblast myofibril isotropic myosatellite myosin

myosatellite

The degenerative effects of osteoporosis are most likely to affect ________. older women older men young, active women young, active men

older women

The complex known as the triad consists of ________. actin, myosin, and myofilaments one A band, one H zone, and one I band one transverse tubule and two terminal cisternae myofilaments, myofibrils, and sarcomeres one sarcomere, one sarcoplasmic reticulum, and one sarcoplasm

one transverse tubule and two terminal cisternae

In osseous tissue, which of the following is always removing matrix and releasing minerals? nerves capillaries osteons osteocytes osteoclasts

osteoclasts

Mature bone cells that maintain and monitor the protein and mineral content of the surrounding matrix are called ________. osteocytes chondrocytes osteoblasts osteoclasts osteoplasts

osteocytes

The physical process of bone formation is called ________. disintegration osteogenesis embryogenesis fertilization articulation

osteogenesis

Which type of cell divides to produce daughter cells that can differentiate readily after a bone is cracked or broken? osteocyte osteoprogenitor cell red marrow cell osteoclast osteoblast

osteoprogenitor cell

Which of the following acts on the intestine, requiring calcitriol production by the kidneys? growth hormone parathyroid hormone calcitonin calcitriol thyroid hormone

parathyroid hormone

When all of the motor units of a muscle contract at the maximal rate of stimulation, it leads to the production of ________. the longest contraction the fastest contraction multiple motor unit summation peak tension fast, long contractions

peak tension

Muscle fibers can have various arrangements. The most powerful arrangement, in which more tension is generated during contraction, is called ________. circular parallel pennate convergent none of the above

pennate

As a long bone develops, the point where osteoblasts first replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone becomes the ________, from which further development proceeds. primary ossification center metaphysis periosteum secondary ossification center epiphyseal line

primary ossification center

Regarding long bone formation, bone development proceeds from the ________ in the shaft. trabecula spicule Haversian system primary ossification center secondary ossification center

primary ossification center

The facial bones ________. enclose the cranial cavity consist of the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, nasal, lacrimal, and zygomatic bones protect and support the entrances to the digestive and respiratory tracts form a specialized joint that stabilizes the positions of the cranium and vertebral column while permitting a considerable range of head movements comprise the "braincase" that surrounds and protects the brain

protect and support the entrances to the digestive and respiratory tracts

An extension of a bone that is set at an angle to the rest of the bone is usually called a ________. sulcus fossa ramus condyle meatus

ramus

The smallest functional units of the muscle fibers are the ________. fascicles sarcomeres myofilaments cisternae neuromuscular synapses

sarcomeres

A lever in which the load is between the fulcrum and the applied force is a ________. first-class lever third-class lever second-class lever simple lever complex lever

second-class lever

Which of the following is a classification of bone shape? sesamoid round square triangular indefinite

sesamoid

Differences in body size and proportions between males and females result from the different effects of ________, which affect(s) the growth of the bones. calcitriol vitamins A & C vitamin D sex hormones calcium and phosphate salts

sex hormones

A chamber within a bone, normally filled with air, is a(n) ________. condyle ramus sulcus fissure sinus

sinus

A fracture of a bone that is the result of a twisting stress that spreads along the length of the bone is called a(n) ________ fracture. Pott comminuted greenstick spiral compression

spiral

The two types of osseous tissue are ________. Haversian and lamellar bones spongy and compact bones trabecular and osteoclastic bones spicular and trabecular bones none of the above

spongy and compact bones

When a single motor neuron controls a greater number of muscle fibers in a motor unit, ________. the greater the number of stimuli will be required to produce a contraction each contraction will last longer the muscle contraction will be slower the less precise the control will be none of the above

the less precise the control will be

The sliding mechanism of myofilaments works when ________. the thick filaments detach from the muscle tendon the myosin heads of the thick filaments bind to active sites on the actin molecules of the thin filaments the myosin heads pivot away from the M line toward the Z lines You Answered the troponin-tropomyosin complex interacts with the actin molecules calcium ions bind to active sites on the actin molecules of the thin filaments

the myosin heads of the thick filaments bind to active sites on the actin molecules of the thin filaments

Why are skeletal muscles called voluntary? These muscles maintain a constant rhythm of contraction. Their contractions can be consciously controlled. Only these muscles are stimulated to contract by the central nervous system. Contraction of specific muscles occurs to maintain body posture and body position. all of the above

their contractions can be consciously controlled.

Which of the following is a special characteristic of spongy bone? lacuna medullary cavity trabecula central canal canaliculus

trabecula

Spongy bone is made up of a network of bony spicules arranged into parallel struts or thick, branching plates called ________. trabeculae osteons lamellae canaliculi perforating canals

trabeculae

Perforating canals ________. are arranged parallel to the surface of the bone are always associated with osteons in spongy bone transmit blood vessels to osteons deep inside the bone occur in growing juvenile bone, but are obliterated in adult bone all of the above

transmit blood vessels to osteons deep inside the bone

Processes that form where tendons or ligaments attach to a bone include ________. condyles and trochleae fossae, sulci, and foramina rami trochanters, tuberosities, and tubercles canals and fissures

trochanters, tuberosities, and tubercles

A smooth, grooved articular process, shaped like a pulley, is a(n) ________. trochlea spine line crest trochanter

trochlea

Bones have a vascular supply that is ________. very extensive, including many arteries and veins branching throughout the bone very poor; bones are not living, so blood is not needed supplied simply by one artery poor, therefore healing is very limited none of the above

very extensive, including many arteries and veins branching throughout the bone

Which of the following is the active form of calcitriol? calcium vitamin A vitamin C vitamin D sodium

vitamin D

Each year, approximately ________ of the adult skeleton is demolished and then rebuilt or replaced. 1/2 (50%) 1/4 (25%) 1/3 (33.33%) 100% 1/5 (20%)

1/5 (20%)

Closure of the fontanels is typically complete around the age of ________. 6 months 1 year 2 years 10 years puberty

2 years

Movement of joints may occur along how many possible axes of motion? 3 2 1 5 4

3

Fusion of the epiphyseal cartilages begins at about age ________. 6 months 3 years 10 years 18 years 35 years

3 years

Bone mass reduction occurs initially between the ages of ________. 10-20 20-30 50-60 30-40 40-50

30-40

How many muscles are there in the muscular system? 50 206 thousands 700+ 116

700+

Which of the following events occurs in a muscle that is relaxing? The muscle fiber shortens. AChE is present in the synaptic cleft. Released calcium ions are present. Myosin heads bind to active sites on the thin filaments. Hydrolysis of ATP occurs.

AChE is present in the synaptic cleft.

Why does a skeletal muscle fiber have more than one nucleus? During development, groups of embryonic cells fuse together to form a single muscle fiber. During development, the nucleus of each myoblast replicates several times. During development, the plasmalemmae of newly formed muscle fibers disintegrate, making many muscle cells into one. During muscular activity, parts of each muscle fiber break down, and the remaining parts, including their nuclei, fuse into new combination fibers. all of the above

During development, groups of embryonic cells fuse together to form a single muscle fiber.

A displaced fracture retains the normal alignment of the bone elements or fragments. T or F

False

A muscle that opposes the action of a prime mover is a synergist. T or F

False

A space that separates the expanded tip of the axon at the neuromuscular synapse from the motor end plate is the synaptic vesicle. T or F

False

Flat bones have a diaphysis, two metaphyses, two epiphyses, and a medullary cavity. T or F

False

Periosteum lines the medullary cavity. T or F

False

The M line is located at the end of a sarcomere. T or F

False

The Z line is comprised of thick filaments attached to interconnecting proteins, delineating the ends of the sarcomere. T or F

False

The central canals connect the lacunae to one another. T or F

False

The diaphysis is the region at each end of a long bone. T or F

False

The endosteum is usually many layers thick. T or F

False

The lacuna contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts. T or F

False

The metaphysis is the tubular shaft of a long bone. T or F

False

The sarcoplasmic reticulum conducts action potentials that spread across the sarcolemma into the cell. T or F

False

The area of a myofibril where there are no actin filaments is the ________. A band Z line I band M line H band

H band

Differences between a young child's skeleton and that of a small adult include which of the following? The child's skeleton has full dentition. In the child's skeleton, a frontal suture is present until age 2-8. There is a large mastoid process in the child's skeleton. The external auditory meatus is larger in the child. all of the above

In the child's skeleton, a frontal suture is present until age 2-8.

Which of the following statements is/are true of the growth of the skeleton? It begins to ossify at six weeks of gestational age. All bone formation ceases immediately after the end of adolescence. Calcification of bones does not occur until an infant begins to learn to walk. All of the above None of the above

It begins to ossify at six weeks of gestational age.

What is the significance of the change in permeability (transmembrane potential) of the sarcolemma in muscle contraction? It has no role, because this phenomenon does not occur. It triggers the release of calcium ions. This change is caused by a neurotransmitter. This change is caused by the displacement of actin and myosin molecules. none of the above

It triggers the release of calcium ions.

Which of the following is true of the bony matrix of the skeleton as people age? Its composition remains constant throughout life. Its mineral content diminishes as a normal part of aging. It gains calcium carbonate while losing calcium phosphate. The proportion of collagen fibers in the matrix increases with age. Fusion of the trabeculae of spongy bone occurs.

Its mineral content diminishes as a normal part of aging.

How does a muscle named lateralis differ from one named latissimus? There is no difference; the two terms are synonymous. Lateralis refers to the side of the organism, whereas latissimus refers to the width of the structure. Latissimus means the structure is larger than one that is merely lateralis. Two muscles so named would always have completely different functions. Latissimus structure is always deep to a lateralis structure.

Lateralis refers to the side of the organism, whereas latissimus refers to the width of the structure.

Which of the following occurs during endochondral ossification? Osteoblasts differentiate within a mesenchymal or fibrous connective tissue. Osteoblasts secrete the organic component of the matrix. Blood vessels enter the spaces between bone spicules to supply the growing tissues. The bone grows in length and in diameter. none of the above

The bone grows in length and in diameter.

Regarding a typical muscle insertion, which of the following is TRUE? The insertion moves more than does the origin. The insertion is proximal to the origin. If a muscle extends between a broad aponeurosis and a narrow tendon, the aponeurosis is the insertion. If there are several tendons at one end of a muscle and just one at the other, there are multiple insertions. all of the above

The insertion moves more than does the origin.

A comminuted fracture shatters the area into a multitude of bony fragments. T or F

True

At the zone of overlap, each thin filament sits in a triangle formed by three thick filaments, and each thick filament is surrounded by six thin filaments. T or F

True

Light staining areas of a muscle fiber viewed under polarized light are called I bands. T or F

True

Periosteum covers the outer surface of a bone. T or F

True

The central canal of an osteon usually runs parallel to the surface of a bone. T or F

True

The expanded portion of the axonal branch that faces a region of the sarcolemma is called a synaptic terminal. T or F

True

The fulcrum lies between the applied force and the resistance in a first-class lever. T or F

True

The perforating canals of osteons extend roughly perpendicular to the surface of a bone. T or F

True

When viewed under polarized light, the dark staining bands are the A bands. T or F

True

Actinin molecules form an open meshwork at the ________. Z line M line H band I band A band

Z line

The neurotransmitter involved in the process of contraction in skeletal muscles is ________. ATP acetylcholine troponin globulin serotonin

acetylcholine

The enzyme that is partly responsible for shutting down a muscle contraction is ________. actinin actinase acetylcholinesterase titin glycolytic enzyme

acetylcholinesterase

Skeletal muscle fiber contractions are caused by the interaction between the ________ and the ________ filaments of the sarcomeres. actin; nebulin titin; actin myosin; nebulin actin; myosin titin; myosin

actin; myosin

The yellow marrow that fills the medullary cavities of many bones is dominated by ________. adipocytes immature red blood cells stem cells mature red blood cells osteocytes

adipocytes

A muscle whose contraction is mostly responsible for a movement is said to be the ________ for that movement. synergist agonist and fixator antagonist fixator agonist and prime mover

agonist and prime mover