Tech In Society Final

List three examples of military projects that were funded by the "black budget".

Stealth Bomber, Military Strategic Tactical and Relay System (MILSTAR), Advanced Cruise Missile

Define counter-force targeting.

Strategy which weapons are aimed at the military forces of opponent at strategic or nuclear forces.

List three dual-use chemicals and their dual purposes.

Thiodiglycol-Plastics, Phosphorus Oxychloride-Insecticides, Sodium Cyanide-Dyes and pigments

Give two specific occurrences of mid-intensity conflicts.

Operation Desert Storm & Afghanistan

What is the name of the U.S.'s new version of the ABM, "Patriot Missile System" ?

PAC-3

What is another name for swaggering?

Posturing

What is the problem with using an animal to determine the toxicity of a chemical to humans?

(1) Laboratory animals are commonly exposed to high concentrations of chemicals to ensure that is there are any toxic effects, they will be evident at statistically significant levels. (2) The initial use of high doses of toxic substances may actually interrupt the recipient's internal metabolic reaction toward the initiation of carcinogenesis. (3) Animals and humans metabolize substances differently.

Identify the three phases of cause & effect relationship that the book explains.

(1) Risk assessors must be able to determine how potential threats are released into and move through the ever changing environment. (2) They have to figure out how much of the substance people might eat, breathe, or swallow and the estimate how much of it they could ultimately absorb. (3) Phase thee entails a determination of how much of a hazard the absorbed substance poses (whether it will cause symptoms such as acute nausea or chromic loss of hearing).

According to 2000 census data, nuclear families make up what percentage of households in the U.S.?

25%

What is MRP II?

A dominant application software structure being used by manufacturing managers

Define what a living will is.

A formal written declaration by a competent adult stating a wish or expectation that if he or she becomes mentally or physically ill that there is no prospect of recovery, and procedures designated to prolong life should be withheld.

Define Amniocentesis.

A long, thin needle attached to a syringe is inserted through the lower wall of the pregnant woman's abdomen. The amniotic fluid, which contains some live body cells shed by the fetus, is withdrawn.

Define JIT.

A manufacturing philosophy attempting to eliminate waste throughout the system, including inventory at both ends of production and all machinery and man-power not adding value directly to the product.

Define "risk assessment".

A method of studying the risk of a new technology, material, or device so they may be better avoided, reduced, or otherwise managed.

Define biological weapon.

A weapon using a living organism, usually a pathogenic microorganism, for hostile purposes. Biological agents can be bacterial, fungal, viral, rickettsial, or protozoan.

Define chemical weapon.

A weapon using poisonous, asphyxiating, or other gases affecting humans when they are either inhales or absorbed through the skin.

Explain the details of cryo-preservation.

A young couple has eggs fertilized and cooled to -321 degrees Fahrenheit, by doing this they are preserving the fertilized eggs to be used at another time.

Define terrorism.

Ability and determination to use available technologies as tools of mass destruction.

_______________________________ is how most of us would like to respond to change, with agreement and harmony.

Accord

Define counter-value targeting.

Aim weapons at "softer" targets like urban population centers, industrial facilities and economic enterprises

Describe "data mining".

Also called knowledge discovery in databases (KDD), is based on elaborate pattern recognition algorithms. Exciting applications are projected in many fields, including automobile maintenance, astronomy, geology, medicine, quality assurance, and military intelligence.

Based on an average from the 2000's do Americans work more or less than their Western European counterparts?

Americans work more than Western European counterparts.

Define information overload.

An individual's inability to think clearly due to an excessive amount of cognitive stimulation.

What ancient society was one of the first to use self-diagnosis?

Ancient Egypt

______________________________is where people don't want to be bothered with the boring or gory details.

Apathy

The Vatican document "Instruction on Respect for Human life in its Origin and on the Dignity of Procreation - Replies to Certain Questions of the Day" instructed governments around the world to ban what certain things?

Artificial procreation including sperm banks, embryo banks, postmortem insemination, and surrogate motherhood

Define a risk-benefit analysis.

Attempts to and must ultimately answer the question, How safe is safe enough? Experts use historical accident and fatality records to reveal patterns of acceptable risk-benefit ratios. Generally, an acceptable risk for a new technology equates to the level of safety associated with ongoing activities providing similar benefits to society.

______________________________ is an example where people will go to extremes to avoid change.

Avoidance

List six agents that have been identified by the CDC as posing a risk to our nation's security.

Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium botulinum, Versinia pestis, Variola major, Francisella tularensis, and Viral hemorrhagic fevers

List five general examples of low-intensity conflicts.

Border skirmishes, internal battles, police work, civil uprisings, and regional conflicts

What is the actual name of "mad cow disease"?

Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis (BSE)

What is the name of a concept suggesting it is almost a status symbol in our society to be constantly busy?

Busyness Syndrome

What acronym is given to the computerized drawing of parts?

CAD

What is another name for a numerically controlled machine?

CAM

How is concurrent engineering different from the traditional linear approach?

CE contrasts with the traditional linear approach, in which marketing experts conceptualize the product, design engineers design the prototype, and the manufacturing and purchasing departments make all the decisions regarding the production process and parts suppliers.

What umbrella acronym is used to name a host of automation technologies used in manufacturing?

CIM

Which system, CIM or CAM, allows for computers all over a manufacturing plane to communicate with each other?

CIM

What type of manufacturing groups machines together rather than placing them on and assembly line?

Cellular manufacturing

How does supply chain management work?

Companies today, in their quests to be lean and agile, are specializing as never before. As specialization increases there is more dependence on external supplies or the outsourcing of an increased percent of manufactured components. Since other companies are now supplying critical components, a manufacturer becomes dependent on these external suppliers for the overall quality of the product. Part of supply chain management includes the certification of suppliers who then are considered part of the product team.

List three new diagnostic systems for studying the interior features of the body.

Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT), Use of endoscopic Instruments, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

What technology can be used to improve the performance of duffers, hackers, & tournament players alike?

Computers, high-speed video cameras, and heart monitors

What type of military activity does the U.S. spend a higher percentage of its total research money on?

Defense Related Research

What type of study uses a group of experts and an intermediary to make long-range forecasts of technological and societal developments?

Delphi Study.

Discuss compellance.

Deployment of military power in order to get another nation to change its behavior to make it more satisfactory to aggressor.

Which of the three types of research is most likely to utilize findings of previous research and is directed toward the full-scale production of useful materials, devices, systems, or methods?

Development.

Which medical care option is a payment scheme in which the hospital receives a fixed fee reflecting an average cost of curing a patient's condition?

Diagnosis-Related Group

Define cyberterrorism.

Disruption of military information, as well as to the disruption of information in our homeland.

When a child learns the meaning of "in a few minutes" as opposed to "in a day or two" he/she has reached the ability to determine a length of time Toffler calls what?

Durational expectancies

List seven words that are less offensive referring to the process of change.

Education, training, modification, orientation, guidance, indoctrination, and therapy

How is embryo transfer different from surrogate motherhood?

Embryo transfer is another reproduction-assisting technology that has become available to couples who are unable to conceive a child on their own. This technology may be employed for women who cannot produce eggs, but can carry a fetus to term. The couple pays a fee to a fertile woman who agrees to be inseminated with the man's sperm. It is critical for this egg donor to be matched with the woman, in terms of their ovulation cycles.

What types of equipment (technology) are used in minimally invasive surgery?

Employing endoscopic devices, laser beams, shock waves, or robotics

What name is given to a computer program that reduces a large amount of information into a form of question-and-answer routines that would lead a learner through a logical progression to the correct response?

Expert system

What is the name of the machining centers, that "soft" custom manufacturing uses that can produce a variety of parts by a simple change of software?

FMS

What is different between a "family" and a "household"?

Family is two or more people living together who are related by blood, marriage, or adoption. Household is one or more people who occupy a house, apartment, or other residential unit that is not group quarters.

List four examples of "social institutions".

Family, colleges, churches, health clubs

What type of medical care was standard practice when health insurance was introduced in the middle of the twentieth century?

Fee-for-service

Define Fetoscopy.

Fiber-optic technology enabling the doctor to study the fetus inside the uterus.

List an example of how a "labor-saving" device can actually make tasks more difficult rather than easier.

Food processors; since all of the individual components must be cleaned separately, its laborsaving profile is best observed when large quantities of ingredients must be prepared.

What are NBC munitions?

Nuclear, Biological, Chemical

What layout technology is used to achieve cellular manufacturing?

GT

What care plan is in actuality a merger of an insurer and a provider of health care?

Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO'S)

List six technological breakthroughs in medicine that have been made over the past few decades.

Heart-Lung machines, artificial joint replacements, artificial heart valves, brain pacemakers, robotic surgical assistants, and cardiac pacemakers.

_______________________ is an aspect of "blind faith" where an individual verbalizes implicit faith in the experts.

Immediate acquiescence

What is the name of the procedure in which an egg from a woman's ovary is fertilized outside of her body by the father's sperm in a laboratory dish and then is implanted in the woman's uterus?

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

What is meant by "industrial recreation"?

Industrial recreation services can cement employee loyalty to the company, reduce tensions, lower absenteeism, and promote employee camaraderie and morale. Many companies offer some type of recreation activities as a component of their employee benefits package. Some of the industrial activities are basketball, racquetball tennis, weight lifting equipment, stationary bicycles, and fitness classes etc.

List four examples of engineering ethics.

Integrity, Honesty, Candor, Civic-mindedness.

What is a lithotripter used for?

It fragments kidney stones inside the body.

What does ISO 9000 certification indicate about a company?

It indicates that a company meets international quality standards.

Define "biometrices".

It involves technologies allowing us to be identified by specific biological traits. It's used for face recognition, iris recognition, fingerprint recognition, voice recognition, and dynamic signature recognition.

Define what a future wheel projection technique is.

It is a small-group brainstorming session in which the participants examine the consequences of a particular social trend or a technological event.

Describe what is meant by a "global technology community".

It is characterized by a concept labeled universalism. The world is an open system heavily reliant on international network of technology transfer.

What is the purpose of balloon angioplasty?

It is one of three standard medical inventions for coronary artery disease; can sometimes replace coronary bypass surgery to open clogged arteries.

Explain what is meant by "family dinner" and indicate if you have or do experience them.

It is the gathering of children and parents to eat an evening family meal and is one of the primary ways in which growing children learn about conventional behaviors they need to be in touch with as adults." As a growing child I have had many unforgettable family diners, however in recent years family diners have been reduced to almost none because of the busy life that we all live.

Why is it important to be a "lifelong learner"?

It's important because technology, job market, political environment, etc are changing and constantly evolving.

What country was lean manufacturing developed?

Japan

Who is often referred to as the father of robotics?

Joseph Engleberger

What is NATO's main purpose?

Keep peace

List the five elements of Technological Literacy.

Knowledge, Awareness, Confidence and skill, Control, Insight

Social lag is usually brought on by a lack of what?

Lack of readiness

What is the difference between lean manufacturing and agile manufacturing?

Lean manufacturers see themselves in partnerships with their suppliers, and they generally cultivate long-term relationships with suppliers to ensure quality. Agile manufacturers focus on the customer and meeting the customer's needs.

Define SIOP.

List of targets that U.S. long range nuclear forces would attack and assign weapons to target based on established damage, criteria, routing, and timing.

List one tangible benefit that has been reported among CIM users.

Lower energy bills, Reduction in the duplication of data entry, Fewer discrepancies in the data collected, Less scrap and rework problems

Between what time periods were the "baby boomers" born?

Mid 1940s and Mid 1960s

What is bar coding used for in manufacturing?

Most widely accepted automatic identification technology used to control and drive complex conveyor systems

According to Figure 11-11, which activity or technology was rated as the most risky by experts?

Motor Vehicles

What is it called when both sides of a conflict has the capability to absorb a first strike and deliver a retaliatory second strike which will inflict an unacceptable level of damage?

Mutual Assured Destruction

Define pharmacogenomics.

New science in the field of medicine combining knowledge of a person's genome with what is being done in the pharmaceutical industry, the notion that one drug is fits all people is being supplemented by theories suggesting we can manufacture drugs more accurately suited to a person's genetic makeup.

What is the main concept of a First Strike?

Nuclear attack so powerful to leave one's country with forces inadequate to inflict damage on the attacker.

What is the name of an organization that includes hospitals and physicians offering their services at a fixed price in exchange for a guaranteed supply of patients?

Preferred Provider Organization (PPO)

What is the primary goal of the Cooperative Threat Reduction Program?

Prevent the widespread acquisition of NBC weapons.

Define Ultrasound.

Procedure using sound waves directed into the abdomen of the pregnant woman. "Pulse Echo" sonography gives the image.

What is the main purpose of DFMA?

Product simplification

Define the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI).

Program to explore the possibilities of strategic defense military.

What is the name of a technique that has recently been developed and is a systematic way for a manufacturing firm to identify customer requirements and convert them into design and manufacturing needs?

QFD

_____________________________is when people are willing to openly protest the technologies that they oppose.

Reactionist rejection

Science vs. Religion, What do religious leaders say according to the book?

Religious leaders are convinced science pursued from an agnostic or atheistic base will continue to feed the ever-growing materialism in society and contribute to the violence of the modern age.

_________________________is when people go along with changes for fear of what might happen to them if they resist.

Reluctant acceptance

List 6 examples of doctors attempting to produce bionic bodies.

Replacing the human heart, pancreas, kidneys, limbs, blood vessels, and hip joints.

Define what a content analysis is used for.

Reviewers keep track of events as they occur, in order to make an accurate projection of major trends one to two years down the road.

Define "heuristics".

Rules of thumb based on a compilation of personal experiences over time. They are used to help guide problem solving exercises. In the field of artificial intelligence, they are built into computer programs to enable machines to make educated guesses. unlike algorithms (mathematical computation), they do not guarantee a solution.

What type of quality assurance is based on prevention-oriented rather than inspection-driven?

SPC

What is the name of the treaty that was signed in the early 1990's by President George Bush Sr. and President Boris Yeltsin which made provisions to further reduce intercontinental missiles?

START II

Why do schools exist?

Schools exist to educate and socialize the residents of a community, state, nation, or continent.

Science vs. Religion, What do scientists say according to the book?

Scientists believe religion skews objective reasoning, fuels repressive movements, and stifles freedom of thought

What can a TV network do to counteract what is done in question 15?

Some companies have taken to embedding advertisements directly in network programs to counteract these consumer tendencies.

What is the name of a concept referring to humankinds dependence on any technological system or device the either is not understood or cannot be controlled?

Technology trap

List 2 do-it-yourself home health-testing devices that could be purchased at the local convenience store.

Test for high cholesterol levels, Home-pregnancy test

Define instant gratification.

The conscious expenditure of effort to make the time interval between wanting something and getting it as short as possible - the ability to "have it all" in a fast pace, high-tech society.

What is a simple explanation for "Quality of Life"?

The degree to which you enjoy life and the possibilities it holds for you.

What was the first legislation to recognize the living will and when was it passed?

The natural death act in California in the mid-1970s.

Why do people resist change?

The word change produces emotional reaction, since it is not a neutral word. To many people, change is threatening. Without any sort of modifier the word change promises no respect for present cultural values. Change may even disrupt the values.

What is the name of the DuPont fiber that has the feel of cotton with a wicking ability that pulls moisture away from the body?

Thermax

Describe what a cluster bomb unit consists of

They contain thousands of bomblets called bomb live units.

Define "technology accordance".

This social behavior or attitude refers to the extent to which a social group is able to recognize and take advantage of the patented benefits of a technological breakthrough and simultaneously control any of its negative side effects or risks.

What is the purpose of a technology assessment?

To make projections about the future state specific technologies, so we can assess and plan for their impacts on society.

What is the name of the most commonly used bar coding symbology?

UPC

List three medical areas where hysteroscopic laser is commonly used.

Urology, Pulmonary medicine, and gastroenterology

What is the purpose of MRP?

Used for planning future purchase orders and manufacturing lots according to what is required to complete a master production schedule

What is the purpose of a kanban card or ticket?

Used in place of job orders and routing sheets and emphasizes small lot sizes

Describe the two variations of surrogate motherhood.

When an infertile woman and man enter into a contractual agreement with another woman. The surrogate agrees to artificially inseminate with the father sperm. After carrying the resulting fetus to term, the surrogate mother is expected to return the child to the original couple. In this case the baby has the genetic characteristics of the father and the surrogate mother. Another variation of surrogate motherhood arises when the female partner is not infertile, but incapable of carrying a fetus to term. In this case, an egg from the woman is fertilized with a man sperm in vitro, and the resulting embryo is implanted in the surrogate mother uterus.

Do a majority of U.S. citizens feel that both science & technology have made their lives healthier & easier, YES or NO?

YES

What two terms, coined in the 1980's, refer to using the remote control of a television to keep from watching commercials, and are you guilty of doing this?

Zapping and Zipping

According to the book, has childhood become more or less complicated?

more complicated

What is the name of a recently FDA approved robotic surgical system?

da Vinci

List three directed energy weapons.

hydrogen- flouride chemical laser, space- based free- electron laser, and the NPB

List 5 commercially available rapid prototyping systems.

laser modeling systems, 2) solid ground curing, 3) fused deposition modeling, 4) fast casting, 5) laminated object manufacturing

What does TQM stand for?

total quality management

Essayists typically take opposite stances on the effects of the growth in technology, one side says that technology will cause our destruction while others say that technology_____________.

will cure all of society's illnesses