Test 1

You suspect that an 18-year-old Quarter Horse mare has recurrent airway obstruction (RAO, also known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) based on clinical signs of increased respiratory rate and effort, expiratory wheezes on auscultation, and the age of the horse. What cytologic finding of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid would be supportive of RAO?

Neutrophilic inflammation

What is the appropriate medication for the treatment of Psittacosis (Chlamydophila psittaci)?

Doxycycline

This 2 year old mare in the picture presents for an intermittent left thoracic limb lameness which resolves after working the horse. On physical exam, a palmar metacarpal bulge and inflammation could be palpated. What is your diagnosis?

Tendonitis

You are working at a small animal clinic performing a cystotomy on a 7 year old male Dalmatian. You glance at your anesthetic monitoring equipment and notice that the oxygen saturation on your pulse oximeter is 90%. Assuming that your equipment is working normally, what does this mean about your patient's oxygenation status?

Arterial oxygen pressure is 60 mm Hg, and oxygen saturation may drop precipitously if it decreases further

Nearly all of the turkeys in a small flock have acutely developed marked depression, anorexia, and diarrhea. Young turkeys are dying and older ones are failing to gain weight. You note that several turkeys have cyanosis and darkening of the head. You suspect that the turkeys have "bluecomb" and want to confirm your diagnosis. Which of following tests would be most useful in confirming this diagnosis?

Direct fluorescent antibody for viral antigens in intestines

You refer a cat with hairloss to the dermatologist and the cat is diagnosed with Demodex gatoi. Which is true regarding Demodex gatoi?

It is contagious to other cats

What is the surgical treatment of choice for cats with chronic obstipation and megacolon that is refractory to medical therapies?

Subtotal colectomy

An 8-month old iguana presents for further evaluation of a lack of thriving. On physical exam, a pliable mandible and maxilla are palpated. What is your diagnosis?

Metabolic bone disease

Which of these is an appropriate treatment for a dog that has ingested diluted bleach within the past 10 minutes?

Administer milk to dilute the stomach contents

What is the most common supraventricular arrhythmia in cattle?

Atrial fibrillation

Swine dysentery is caused by which of the following?

Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

Which of these inhalant anesthetics has the fastest onset of action in the dog?

Desflurane

Fusion of fetal membranes between a male and female set of beef cow twins will cause a ___________.

Freemartin

What antibiotic is contraindicated for use in guinea pigs?

Streptomycin

A 6 year old male neutered pit bull presents for multiple lumps that appeared over a course of a week. Fine needle aspirates of several of the lumps showed what is in the picture below. Which of the following medications should be prescribed to this dog?

H2 blocker

An adult horse presents to you for crusting lesions along the ventral midline. The lesions are relatively not pruritic and are very round and focal. What is the most likely cause of these lesions?

Haematobia

Which is not a possible cause of low PaO2 in an anesthetized cat?

Hyperventilation

How is cryptosporidiosis treated in reptiles?

There is no effective treatment

What is the toxic principle behind moldy sweet potatoes causing atypical interstitial pneumonia in sheep and goats?

4-Ipomeanol

Calculate the extracellular volume of a 450kg horse.

90 L

You suspect disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in a 16-year old Arab mare presented for colic and epistaxis (see image). Which of the following parameters is NOT associated with a diagnosis of DIC?

Abbreviated (shortened) activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)

A 2-year old male castrated Beagle presents for vomiting and diarrhea. The blood smear for a CBC shows microfilariae in the peripheral blood. Which of the following parasites must be ruled out?

Acanthocheilonema reconditum

A 10-year old male castrated domestic short hair presents for lethargy. A blood smear shows Heinz bodies in the erythrocytes, and the blood is grossly brown in color. Which of the following is responsible for causing these changes in the blood of this cat?

Acetaminophen administration

What is the strongest indication for a blood transfusion in a cat?

Acute blood loss with PCV of 15

A 7-year old cockatoo presents to you for evaluation of the skin. The owner reports the skin lesions seem to have started shortly after an incident when the bird was "mouthed" by the family dog but did not appear to be significantly injured at the time. On your examination, you note the skin lesions shown in the photo. You perform a biopsy and culture of the region which confirms Staphylococcal dermatitis. Which of the following antibiotics is useful against Staphylococcus when administered orally (including in water or food) in birds?

Amoxicillin

Which of the following is not a feature of Tetralogy of Fallot?

Aortic valve stenosis

A 12 year-old female spayed mixed breed dog presents for further evaluation of intermittent vomiting of 2 weeks duration. A general physical exam was performed and found to be unremarkable. Blood work was performed and the following abnormalities were observed: CK 1019 IU/L (52-368 IU/L), AST 106 U/L (13-15 IU/L), ALK Phos 864 U/L (1-114 IU/L), ALT 340 U/L (10-109 IU/L). An abdominal ultrasound was performed and revealed a massive, multilobular, heterogenous mass associated with the right medial liver lobe. The remaining liver lobes appeared to be unaffected. Based on the history, blood work, and findings what is the likely long-term survival of this patient if surgery is pursued and a hepatocellular carcinoma is diagnosed?

Approximately 1400 days

A 7 year-old male neutered Doberman has recently been diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy. On your physical exam, you auscult a "tennis shoes in a dryer" sound. What heart rhythm are you describing?

Atrial fibrillation

A pony owner has had several ponies develop acute and severe cases of laminitis this season. You evaluate the environment and attempt to determine the cause. Which of the following changes could you recommend to decrease the incidence of this problem?

Prevent free access to lush grass pastures

Equine herpesvirus-3 (coital exanthema) is a cause of which of the following?

Balanoposthitis

A 7-year old female spayed Doberman Pinscher presents for lethargy and anorexia. Your physical exam reveals a 3/6 left systolic heart murmur and a rectal temperature of 103.5F (39.7 C). Echocardiography shows a vegetative lesion on a mitral valve leaflet. If conventional blood cultures are negative, which of the following organisms should be considered?

Bartonella sp

A dairyman brings his prize 6-month old bull calf to your clinic because he is not eating all his feed today and has diarrhea. He has just purchased this registered bull calf from a neighboring state, and it was shipped a week ago during some very cold weather. You examine the bull calf and find T=104 F (40 C), HR=90, and RR=35, with poor rumen motility. There are several ulcers on the dental pad, and the diarrhea is foul-smelling and contains flecks of blood. The calf is hemorrhaging from small scleral blood vessels (see photo). You quickly take a blood sample and have your assistant run it to the state diagnostic lab, which calls you less than an hour later to say that the thrombocyte count is 5000 (normal is 100,000-800,000/ul). You tell the owner that the calf appears to have bovine virus diarrhea infection with thrombocytopenia. What should your first line of therapy be if you are to save this calf?

Blood transfusion with fresh whole blood

Propagative epidemics are seen in infectious diseases that spread from animal to animal; other options manifest as point source epidemics (food or feed- borne). Which of the following diseases can manifest as, and have the appearance of, a propagative epidemic?

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDv) infection in a feedlot

A chocolate lab presents for routine wellness examination and vaccinations. Your only abnormal finding on physical examination is seen here (see image). What treatment would you NOT recommend?

Burn off

A practice you recently interviewed with told you they will offer you a number of ancillary benefits if you work full time. This may include:

Professional membership dues

A 9-year FS Domestic Long Hair presents for lethargy, weakness, and 2 seizures. The owner states that yesterday she gave the cat an enema she picked up from the drug store. The owner thought she had been constipated because she hadn't defecated in several days and appeared uncomfortable.She said it was a Fleet enema and that she had no problem administering it, but the cat vomited a few times afterward. Sassy is 5% dehydrated and obtunded on examination. She is having slight tremors. Your in-house laboratory won't have bloodwork available for 2 hours. Which of the following treatments will most likely be indicated?

Calcium gluconate, IV fluid therapy, phosphorus binders

You are developing a template for the drug labels at your new hospital. Every prescription drug label should legally include the following statement:

Caution: Federal law restricts this drug to use by the order of a licensed veterinarian

A 7-year old, male, castrated shepherd mix presents for polyuria and polydipsia. The physical exam reveals a body condition score of 4/9 and 5% dehydration. The urine specific gravity is 1.006. The urinalysis, chemistry panel, and CBC are otherwise unremarkable. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Central diabetes insipidus

A client presents a lilac crowned Amazon parrot to your clinic on emergency with complaints of lethargy, respiratory symptoms and inappetance. During initial examination, the client informs you that, coincidentally, she has had a fever, chest tightness and sore throat for the past two days. You recommend that the client immediately go see a physician because you are worried that they may have contracted a disease from this bird. What zoonotic disease do you suspect may be the cause of the clinical signs in your client?

Chlamydophila psittaci

You are examining the eyes of a 4-year old German Shepherd. You see corneal melanosis and vascularization along the lateral aspect of the limbus. Both eyes show similar lesions. A Schirmer tear test is normal, and fluorescein dye is negative for stain uptake. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Chronic superficial keratitis

You are treating a 5-year-old male neutered cat that has diabetes mellitus. He is eating well at home and is no longer polyuric and polydipsic. You are treating him with 2U PZI insulin twice daily. His body weight is stable compared to his last visit. He ate a normal amount of food this morning and received his insulin before coming to see you. His blood glucose on presentation, 1 hour after receiving insulin, was 301 mg/dL (normal is 60-125mg/dL). You evaluate a blood glucose curve with readings every 2 hours after the initial reading, and your results are: 274 mg/dL, 233 mg/dL, 130 mg/dL, 101 mg/dL, 248 mg/dL. What would you recommend to this cat's owner?

Continue 2U PZI BID and recheck BG curve in 2 months

A client brings in her dog that recently ingested rodenticide. You check the box and see that the active ingredient is cholecalciferol. The dog appears clinically normal right now. What would you be concerned might happen if you do nothing at this time?

Development of organ mineralization

Which of these chemotherapeutic drugs causes irreversible tissue sloughing if the drug is perivascularized or given any route other than IV to a dog?

Doxorubicin

You visit a farm with outdoor facilities and find a group of 200 lb pigs that are constantly rubbing their necks against fence posts. You are suspicious of mange and decide to do a skin scraping. On what area of the pig should you do your scraping to increase your chances of finding the mites?

Ear canal

You are examining a 4-year-old racing Thoroughbred gelding for a 1-day history of reluctance to move. The gelding is bright and responsive with the only abnormalities noted on physical examination being tachycardia (56 beats/min), reluctance to move, and pain upon palpation of the muscles of the back and hindquarters (i.e. epaxial, gluteal, semimembranosus). The trainer states that this horse has shown these clinical signs a few times in the past. Based on initial examination, what initial clinicopathologic tests would be helpful in determining the most likely cause of the exam findings?

Evaluation of creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to rule-out myopathy

What is the significance of xanthochromia on a CSF tap?

Evidence of prior hemorrhage

A 12-year old intact male Boston terrier presents with a history of straining to defecate over the past 2 months. On physical examination, a bulge is immediately noted in the right perineal region (see image). A rectal exam is also consistent with a perineal hernia. When discussing complications associated with repair of a perineal hernia which of the following is NOT a concern?

Femoral nerve paralysis

A 7-year-old German Shepherd presents for a second opinion of bilateral distal forelimb wounds. The owners note that they are not excessively pruritic but the patient will lick at the region. A biopsy had previously been performed with a microscopic description of chronic focal nodular pyogranulomatous dermatitis and destructive furunculosis without evidence of neoplasia or underlying etiology. In light of these findings, acral lick dermatitis is suspected. You start a tapering course of prednisone along with antibiotics. Which of the following could also be included in his treatment plan?

Fluoxetine

Koilin, a thick, yellow protein layer, is produced by, covers and protects the epithelium that lines which one of the following avian organs?

Gizzard

You are doing relief work at a local emergency clinic and are presented with an 8-year-old female spayed Schnauzer mix who was attacked by a coyote this morning. You have stabilized her on IV fluids and pain medication. Due to the puncture wounds to the abdomen, you recommend an abdominal exploratory, and the owner consents to the procedure. The hospital uses alfaxalone for induction of anesthesia. You have not used this drug before but remember that this drug:

Has minimal dose-dependent effects on cardiopulmonary function

A 6-year old domestic short hair cat presents for anorexia and lethargy. On physical examination, she has a BCS of 8/9 and has icteric mucous membranes. Bloodwork shows an elevated ALT 320 (25-97 U/L), ALP 170 (0-45 U/L), and normal GGT 3 (0-6 U/L). What is the most likely diagnosis?

Hepatic lipidosis

What would you expect to find on the bloodwork of a dog that is vomiting due to a gastric outflow obstruction?

Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis

A 10-day old commercial dairy calf has diarrhea that is white in color (see photo). The calf is dehydrated, hypovolemic, weak and unable to stand. T=100F (37.8 C), HR=100, and RR=20. No other abnormalities are found on physical examination. Based on these findings, what is the treatment of choice?

IV fluids with added sodium bicarbonate

A 6-week old mixed breed dog acquired from a shelter presents for diarrhea, increased respiratory effort, and seizures. You suspect the puppy has distemper. What is the definitive diagnostic test for canine distemper?

Immunofluorescent assay on affected epithelium

A 3-year old open beef cow presents as a result of lameness in her right hind limb. Upon physical examination, you notice an ulcerated necrotic lesion in the interdigital space. Which of the following is NOT a differential diagnosis?

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

What is the most common bacterial cause of infectious pneumonia in sheep and goats?

Mannheimia hemolytica

Eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions in epithelial syncytial cells are typical histological lesions of which respiratory virus of chickens?

Infectious laryngotracheitis

Which of the following is important about the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium?

Ingestion by humans can cause cysticercosis

The preferred site for PRACTICAL artificial insemination in the mare and cow is __________.

Intrauterine

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, as seen in the image, comes from an abnormality in which of these structures? (Image Courtesy of Brad Holmberg, DVM MS PhD DACVO)

Lacrimal gland and gland of the 3rd eyelid

This is an intra-operative image of the jejunum of a 2 year-old female spayed domestic short hair cat. What is the likely cause for this finding?

Linear foreign body

What is NOT a feature of feline herpes viral infection?

Lingual ulceration

Your neighbor and friend recently acquired several llamas for his farm. He, of course, would like for you to provide veterinary care and advice. He would like to breed one of the females but knows nothing about breeding llamas. However, he has bred his mare before and does have some knowledge of equine reproduction. Which of the following do you tell him?

Llamas are induced ovulators and do not have regular estrous cycles

This radiograph is of a dog with a one month history of coughing. What is your diagnosis?

Lung mass

A 5-year old female Golden Retriever presents for lethargy, dark runny stool, and dehydration. Bloodwork from yesterday showed markedly elevated plasma endogenous ACTH levels, K+ = 6.2 (3.9-5.1 mEq/L), Na+ = 135 (142-152 mEq/L), BUN = 62 mg/dl (8-28 mg/dl). Long-term maintenance therapy for this patient should most likely include:

Mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid, and NaCl supplementation

Which type of mycobacterium is most often incriminated as a cause of tuberculosis in swine in the US?

Mycobacterium avium

The national organization that monitors commercial poultry breeder flocks for the presence of Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum is which of the following?

National Poultry Improvement Plan

You are called by a sheep rancher in the western USA who has lost 60 mature sheep in the last 2 days. He describes the signs he has observed: they act depressed, the few he has caught had a fever of between 104 (40 C) and 106F (41.1 C), they have respiratory distress and congested mucous membranes, and many developed convulsions shortly before death occurred. Some had bloody discharges coming from the nose and rectum after death. He cut open one animal and the spleen was large and looked like blackberry jam. There were hemorrhages on many of the organs. You tell him not to cut any more open and to bury the others. What do you do next?

Notify state officials

A 1-year old Pit Bull presents with smooth papules and plaques along the buccal mucosa and a larger grey pedunculated hyperkeratotic mass. The rest of the dermatological examination was unremarkable. You remove the larger mass and one of the papules with punch biopsies and submit the samples for histopathology. The diagnosis returns as papilloma. What is your next step?

Observation without treatment

Which of the following statements is true about pseudorabies in pigs?

Older pigs with the disease show respiratory clinical signs such as sneezing, nasal discharge, and coughing

You are called to a swine breeding herd that is experiencing some abortions. On arrival you find out that there are 285 sows in the herd and 5 of them aborted overnight. Two days ago 2 other sows aborted. You are suspicious of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS). The herd has not used any PRRS vaccines for the past 18 months. All aborted fetuses have been discarded by the time you arrive. What diagnostic workup should you do?

Only test the 7 aborted sows for PRRS virus via serum PCR

Preventing transmission and the effects of flukes such as Fasciola hepatica on cattle in the southern United States where it is wet and warm in spring and summer depends on several factors, such as keeping cattle out of marsh areas where snails exist. What other major intervention would best help control the number of flukes in cattle?

Optimal preventive treatment 2 to 3 months after major transmission season

An 8-year old female spayed Siamese cat shown in the picture below presents for a right-sided head tilt and a horizontal nystagmus with the fast phase to the left. On physical exam, the cat has the described head tilt and nystagmus. She is circling to the right and her mentation is normal. What is your next step?

Otic exam

Which is not a common treatment option for dogs with hyperadrenocorticism?

Pituitary surgery

A 3-year old female Persian cat presents for routine physical exam. The cat seems to be doing well at home and has no clinical signs. Abdominal palpation reveals bilaterally enlarged kidneys. Ultrasound exam shows multiple, large, fluid-filled structures in the parenchyma of the kidneys. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Polycystic kidneys

In the middle of a surgery the primary surgeon on the case requests a pack of non-absorbable suture. Which will you give the surgeon?

Prolene

A horse presents with vestibular signs. Which of the following findings allows the clinician to differentiate between central vestibular and peripheral vestibular disease?

Proprioceptive deficits

Which of these would you least expect to find in an adult horse that had ingested preformed Clostridium botulinum toxin?

Proprioceptive deficits

An 11-year old female spayed Siamese cat presents for further evaluation after developing a mass over the scapular region. The mass is approximately 2cm in diameter. An aspirate of the mass confirms your suspicion, what is your surgical plan?

Radical excision of the mass

You are vaccinating a herd of heifers for protection against brucellosis with the RB51 strain of vaccine. You inadvertently puncture your index finger with a vaccine syringe. Which of the following measures should you take?

See a physician and request a 3 week prescription of doxycycline

Which of the following anatomic locations commonly shows lesions caused by fleas in dogs?

Skin on the tail base and dorsal lumbosacral region

A 4-year old Poodle presents to you with pruritus, pustules, crusts, and alopecia multifocally distributed about the trunk. You perform cytology on a ruptured pustule; a representative field is shown below. What is the most common etiologic agent causing pyoderma in the dog?

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius

You are reviewing a myelogram of a 7-year-old male neutered Border Collie with its owner. As you show the radiographs to the owner (see below), you explain that a positive contrast agent (iohexol) was injected to help visualize lesions. More specifically, where is the contrast injected during a myelogram?

Subarachnoid space

A 12-year old mare presents for a sudden onset of ptyalism and an inability to prehend food. Where is the lesion?

Substantia nigra and globus pallidus

Which of these is not indicated as the initial treatment of a suspected Streptococcus equi ssp. equi infection, causing mandibular and retropharyngeal lymph node abscessation in a 2-year-old horse?

Systemic penicillin

You are asked to evaluate some radiographs of the carpal bones of a newborn foal that may be premature. Upon examination of the radiographs what can you conclude (see picture)?

The carpal bones are incompletely ossified, suggesting that the foal is premature

You check blood gases on a cat in the intensive care unit with renal disease. They read as: PaCO2= 28 (28-34 mmHg) pH= 7.23 (7.25-7.4) PaO2=100 (90-100 mmHg) Base excess= -8 (-5 to +2 mmol/L) HCO3 = 12 (16-20 mmol/L) What can you conclude?

The cat has primary metabolic acidosis with compensatory respiratory alkalosis

This 3 1/2 month old calf presents for weakness and failure to thrive. On physical exam you find normal temperature but rapid heart and respiratory rates. A loud holosystolic murmur is heard on both sides of the thorax with maximal intensity in the region of the tricuspid valve. It is also clearly heard on the left side with maximal intensity near the pulmonic valve (far forward). What is the most likely diagnosis?

Ventricular septal defect

What are the most common clinical signs seen with canine hypothyroidism? What is the prognosis?

Weight gain, alopecia, pyoderma, lethargy. Prognosis good, continued therapy required.

An owner is holding her 4 year old male intact Bichon while you are examining a rash on the abdomen. The dog reaches back and bites her on the arm. She had insisted on holding the dog for examination despite the sign posted (see image). This dog has been known to be aggressive in the past. Who is liable for her injury?

The veterinarian

Which of the following is false of mammary neoplasias in rats?

They act similarly to mammary tumors in mice

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the treatment of pancreatitis in cats?

They should be fed a regular commercial diet if eating

A 10 year-old FS Sheltie is presented to you for stranguria, pollakiuria and hematuria. An in-house urinalysis shows no evidence of infection, but there are some large cells on the slide that look unusual to you. You perform a flash ultrasound and notice a thickening at the trigone of the bladder. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Transitional cell carcinoma

Which of the following neoplasms seen in dogs, can be cured in 90% or more of cases or more with chemotherapy alone?

Transmissible venereal tumor

A 9-year old male castrated cat presents to you with a primary complaint of inappetance over 5 days. On physical examination, you find T-102.1F (38.9 C), HR-190, RR-30, BCS 8/9. The sclera appear icteric and there is mild cranial organomegaly detected on abdominal palpation. You perform diagnostic tests and find the following results: Complete blood count shows: Hematocrit - 28% (30-45%) White blood cell count- 13,155/ul (5,500-19,500/ul) Neutrophils- 10,100/ul (2,500-12,500/ul) Lymphocytes- 2,055/ul (1,500-7,000/ul) Monocytes- 500/ul (0-900/ul) Eosinophils- 500/ul (0-800/ul) Platelets- 370,000/ul (300,000-800,000/ul) Serum chemistry shows: Creatinine- 1.3 mg/dl (0.9-2.2 mg/dl) Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)- 22 mg/dl (19-34 mg/dl) Glucose- 96 mg/dl (60-120 mg/dl) Albumin= 2.5 g/dl (2.8-3.9 g/dl) Globulin= 4.6 g/dl (2.6-5.1 g/dl) ALP- 846 IU/L (0-45 IU/L) ALT- 731 IU/L 25-97 IU/L) GGT- 7 IU/L (0-6 IU/L) Total bilirubin- 6.4 mg/dl (0-0.1 mg/dl) You perform an abdominal ultrasound and find that the liver appears subjectively enlarged with hyperechoic hepatic parenchyma. The gall bladder is normal in appearance. No other abnormalities are seen. You perform an ultrasound guided liver aspirate which shows clusters of hepatocytes with cytoplasmic lipid droplets. Which of the following is the most important treatment for this condition?

Tube feeding

A 3-month old dog presents for acute lameness, and you diagnose a fracture based on the radiograph below. You contact a surgeon to repair the fracture and explain to him that the dog has what type of fracture?

Type I Salter-Harris fracture of the distal femur

About 1 hour after a difficult labor where the calf had to be pulled out with force, the cow goes down. She is pale and her heart rate is 100/min. What happened?

Uterine tear

Pick the ideal suture pattern for a uterus after a Caesarian section in a cow.

Utrecht pattern

In mid-autumn you attend a group of 64 housed beef cattle aged 9-12 months, purchased from numerous markets over the previous 3 weeks. Frequent coughing has been heard in the group over the past week. The farmer has selected two inappetant animals with purulent ocular and nasal discharge for veterinary examination. Clinical examination reveals pyrexia of 105.4F and 106.0F (40.8 to 41.1 C). The respiratory rate is increased and auscultation of the chest reveals referred upper respiratory tract noise. Visual inspection of the remainder of the group reveals a number of cattle with mucopurulent ocular and nasal discharge and tachypnea, as well as several cows who have a swollen vulva with erosions and ulcers. Six animals are selected and examined, all of which have a rectal temperature > 105F (40.6 C). Which of the following recommendations is best?

Vaccinate all cattle with intranasal vaccine against the virus and treat sick animals with intramuscular procaine penicillin for 3 days

A valuable bull that has been heavily grain fed for show for over 3 months is found bleeding from the nose. You examine the animal and note a fever of 104 F(40 C), rapid respiratory rate, and HR of 90 beats/min. You tell the owner that this bull may have developed rumen acidosis in the past, a resulting liver abscess and has now developed ___________.

Vena caval thrombosis and metastatic pneumonia