Test 1 Cognition and Learning QUIZZES

__________ procedures cause behaviors to decrease in probability or become less likely.

Punishment

If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of processing.

top-down

When Ira goes to restaurants and orders appetizers, he sometimes receives them within five minutes, sometimes within ten minutes, and sometimes within fifteen minutes. This describes a _____ schedule of reinforcement. d

variable interval

According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT

practice.

When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of attention.

selective

You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of

similarity.

Strayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" vs. "handheld" cell phones found that

talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent.

With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when

the color and the name differed.

Which of the following methods, often associated with structuralism, was used in the psychology laboratory established by Wilhelm Wundt?

Analytic introspection

Scene scheme is

knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.

Behaviorists believe that the presentation of increases the frequency of behavior.

positive reinforcers

The founder of the first laboratory of scientific psychology was

Wilhelm Wundt.

Using behavior to infer mental processes is the basic principle of

cognitive psychology

The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind is called

cognitive psychology.

Who proposed that children's language development was caused by imitation and behavioral reinforcement?

B.F. Skinner

The "Little Albert" experiment involving the rat and the loud noise is an example of which of the following types of experiments?

Classical conditioning

In the text's use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles?

Law of Pragnanz (simplicity or good figure)

The first formal laboratory of psychology, where the approach of structuralism was created, was founded in which city?

Leipzig, Germany

Stevie Allison enjoys playing football for his high school team. Stevie was not allowed to play football for three games when he got in a fight with a soccer player after school. Taking away the privilege of football to decrease fighting is an example of

Negative punishment

Bob McKettlefish fastens his seatbelt in order to stop the annoying buzzer that sounds when he starts his car. What mechanism is being used to increase Bob's seat belt wearing?

Negative reinforcement

According to Treisman's "attenuation model," which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people?

The word "platypus"

Which of the following stimuli were used in Ebbinghaus's "memory" experiment?

Three-letter nonsence

Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples?

When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception

Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by

an inborn biological program.

The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of processing.

bottom-up

Attention, perception, memory, and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of

cognition

Russell has learned that every time he sees a green flag flying atop the life guard's stand at the beach the conditions are perfect for swimming and that he can go into the water. This describes a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

continuous

What in operant conditioning, is the delivery of a reinforcer for very single response.

continuous reinforcement

According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is not one of those skills as noted by the chapter?

experiencing neuromodulation

What is a operant conditioning procedure that involves reinforcing the first response after a specific time interval?

fixed interval

You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of

good continuation.

The Stroop effect demonstrates

how automatic processing can interfere with intended processing.

Negative reinforcement __________ responding; punishment __________responding.

increases; decreases

If you are folding towels that have just come out of the laundry while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the process of folding the towels. This sort of familiar task that does not require much of your attention would be an example of a(n) task.

low-load

The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the of words.

meaning

The main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn't occur until the information is analyzed for

meaning.

People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the

oblique effect.

According to the behaviorists, only the study of should be the emphasis of the science of psychology.

observable behavior

John Watson believed that psychology should focus on the study of

observable behavior.

The investigation of how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers (e.g., food) or withdrawal of negative reinforcers (e.g., shock) is best known as

operant conditioning

Speech segmentation is defined as

organizing the sounds of speech into individual words.

Experience resulting from stimulation of the senses and information from the senses that can help guide our actions is called

perception.