Test 3 Biology

What prompted Darwin to publish his book decades after he began writing it? A) A colleague (Alfred Wallace) was about to publish a similar manuscript. B) He had completed the last of his experiments. C) After years of searching, he finally found a publisher willing to accept it. D) He had returned from his voyage around the world.

A) A colleague (Alfred Wallace) was about to publish a similar manuscript.

Halophiles are a type of ________. A) Plants B) Archaea C) Eukarya D) Bacteria

B) Archaea

Which plants do not have roots? A) Gymnosperms B) Bryophytes C) Angiosperms D) Ferns

B) Bryophytes

Natural selection acts on ________, and ________ evolve. A) individuals; individuals B) populations; populations C) individuals; populations D) populations; individuals

C) individuals; populations

The tall ferns that we typically see in the tropics and temperate woodlands are the ________. A) spores B) gametes C) sporophytes D) gametophytes

C) sporophytes

The pollen tube grows from the ________ to the ________, where it eventually fertilizes the egg. A) petal; ovary B) anther; style C) stigma; ovule D) sepal; filament

C) stigma; ovule

How did mitochondria and chloroplasts arise in eukaryotic cells? A) Via the endomembrane system that enfolded in such a way as to create mitochondria and chloroplasts B) Via the endomembrane system that engulfed mitochondria and chloroplasts C) Via binary fission, where bacteria divided to create mitochondria and chloroplasts D) Via endosymbiosis, where mitochondria and chloroplasts were independent prokaryotic organisms that were engulfed by a larger cell

.

Which method of bacterial DNA transfer involves a physical connection between the two bacterial cells? A) Transduction B) Transformation C) Binary fission D) Conjugation

.

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2 gas) into ammonium (NH4). Why is this conversion important for life on Earth? A) Ammonium is a very important plant nutrient. B) Nitrogen gas leads to global warming. C) Ammonium is an important cleaning agent. D) Nitrogen gas is toxic.

A) Ammonium is a very important plant nutrient.

What are the two types of symbiotic relationships in plants? A) Bacteria in root nodules, fungi in mycorrhizae B) Bacteria in root nodules, fungi in root hairs C) Bacteria in mycorrhizae, fungi in root nodules D) Bacteria in root hairs, fungi in root nodules

A) Bacteria in root nodules, fungi in mycorrhizae

Why must mosses live in moist environments? A) Because they depend on water to reproduce B) Because they are pollinated by fish and aquatic insects C) Because they lack a waxy outer layer D) Because they grow as a mat

A) Because they depend on water to reproduce

What does a gametophyte produce? A) Diploid spores B) Haploid gametes C) Diploid gametes D) Haploid spores

A) Diploid spores

Assuming it doesn't die unexpectedly, how often would you need to replant an annual plant? Assuming it doesn't die unexpectedly, how often would you need to replant an annual plant? A) Every year B) Never C) Every two years D) Every season

A) Every year

By what means do amoebas move? A) Flagella B) Pseudopodia C) Cilia D) Amoebas do not move; they are anchored to the substrate.

A) Flagella

Which is not a characteristic of the gymnosperms? A) Flowers B) Pollen C) Cones D) Seeds

A) Flowers

Which is the most recent plant adaptation to have evolved? A) Flowers B) Cones C) Seeds D) Vascular system

A) Flowers

What is the leading scientific hypothesis explaining how the endomembrane system of eukaryotic cells originated? A) From the inward folding of the plasma membrane B) From engulfing eukaryotic cells C) From engulfing prokaryotic cells D) From the spontaneous coalescence of phospholipids

A) From the inward folding of the plasma membrane

Where do you expect to find thermophiles? A) In hot environments B) In anoxic environments C) In dry environments D) In salty environments

A) In hot environments

Where do plants typically store their starches and sugars for later use? A) In the roots B) In the stems C) In the leaves D) In the flowers

A) In the roots

What might be the advantage to a cell if it assimilated a photosynthetic bacterium rather than digesting it? A) It could now use sunlight to make its food. B) It could now live in an oxygen-free environment. C) It could now use glucose as an energy source. D) It could now utilize hydrogen sulfide as an energy source.

A) It could now use sunlight to make its food.

Why do pine trees have two different types of cones? A) One type produces ovules, the other type produces pollen. B) One type produces the gametophyte, the other type produces the sporophyte. C) One type is produced in the fall, the other type is produced in the spring. D) One type produces seeds, the other type produces fruit.

A) One type produces ovules, the other type produces pollen.

Which two observations led Darwin to conclude that there is competition for survival? A) Overproduction and limited resources B) Natural selection and descent with modification C) Fossils and mutations D) Gene and allele differences in organisms

A) Overproduction and limited resources

What are plasmids? A) Small, circular DNA molecules that contain just a few genes and that can be passed on to other bacteria B) Small, circular RNA molecules that contain many genes but that cannot be passed on to other bacteria C) Small, circular DNA molecules that contain just a few genes but that cannot be passed on to other bacteria D) Small, circular RNA molecules that contain just a few genes and that can be passed on to other bacteria

A) Small, circular DNA molecules that contain just a few genes and that can be passed on to other bacteria

If the phloem in a tree trunk were to become blocked, how would this affect the plant? If the phloem in a tree trunk were to become blocked, how would this affect the plant? A) Sugars could not be transported from leaves to roots. B) The leaves would dry out. C) Sugars could not be made. D) Water could not be sent to the roots.

A) Sugars could not be transported from leaves to roots.

Before the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species, what was the prevailing public consensus regarding species evolution? A) That species were permanent and unchanging B) That species were modified over time but did not change into new species C) That species evolved by means of natural selection D) That species evolved through physical changes that led to success

A) That species were permanent and unchanging

The xylem is made from ________. A) dead, hollow cells B) intercellular spaces between cells C) tubular living cells D) elongated living cells

A) dead, hollow cells

Fungi are made of bundles of threadlike ________. A) hyphae B) lichens C) mycelia D) chitins

A) hyphae

A weed that exhibits resistance to an herbicide ________. A) inherited the gene that made it resistant to the herbicide B) is less likely to pass on the gene to the next generation C) mutated when exposed to the herbicide D) developed the resistance in response to the herbicide

A) inherited the gene that made it resistant to the herbicide

The oldest fossils typically are found in the ________ sediments. A) lower B) coarser C) finer D) upper

A) lower

The male part of the flower is the ________. A) stamen B) carpel C) sepal D) petal

A) stamen

If a fungicide was applied near a plant, how might it kill the plant? A) By killing the insects that pollinate the plants B) By killing the fungus associated with the plant's roots C) By breaking down the chitin in the plant's cell walls D) Fungicides kill fungi, not plants, so the plant would be fine.

B) By killing the fungus associated with the plant's roots

Bacteria reproduce asexually via binary fission. This process generates ________. A) Genetically different bacteria B) Genetically identical bacteria

B) Genetically identical bacteria

Fungi spores are haploid; what distinguishes haploid spores? A) Like diploid organisms, haploid spores have a single set of chromosomes. B) Haploid spores have a single set of chromosomes, half the number of chromosomes of diploid organisms. C) Haploid spores have a double set of chromosomes, half the number of chromosomes of diploid organisms. D) Like diploid organisms, haploid spores have a double set of chromosomes.

B) Haploid spores have a single set of chromosomes, half the number of chromosomes of diploid organisms.

Although most biologists do not consider viruses to be alive, viruses do share some characteristics with living things. Which of the following is the requirement for life that viruses lack? A) The ability to reproduce on their own B) Having highly ordered structure C) The ability to move D) Having genetic material

B) Having highly ordered structure

What contribution did Charles Lyell make? A) He found some bird specimens on the Galapagos Islands. B) He suggested that life evolves through physical changes within the life span of an organism. C) He provided the first evidence that the Earth is much older than was previously thought. D) He found some fossils of extinct species

B) He suggested that life evolves through physical changes within the life span of an organism

Which statement regarding fungal reproduction is true? A) Fungi alternate between sexual and asexual reproductive generations. B) Many fungi can reproduce either sexually or asexually. C) Fungi do not produce spores. D) Fungi can only reproduce sexually.

B) Many fungi can reproduce either sexually or asexually.

Which type of angiosperm typically has parallel leaf veins and a fibrous root system? A) Legume B) Monocot C) Dicot D) Conifer

B) Monocot

Before Darwin published his work, Lamarck and others had suggested mechanisms for evolution. By what means did Darwin propose species evolved over time? A) Survival of the strongest B) Natural selection C) Overproduction of young D) Passing on acquired traits

B) Natural selection

Some of the organic molecules associated with life can be created spontaneously under certain laboratory conditions. What do these conditions resemble? A) Earth's core B) Primordial Earth C) A comet D) The sun

B) Primordial Earth

Which statement related to gymnosperm reproduction is true? A) Two sperm are required to fertilize the ovule. B) Spores produce pollen grains, which contain sperm. C) Many gymnosperms rely on insects for pollination. D) Gymnosperm reproduction is so inefficient that gymnosperms do not grow very tall or live for very long.

B) Spores produce pollen grains, which contain sperm.

Why are roots essential for terrestrial plants? A) They allow plants to obtain sun energy. B) They absorb water and minerals needed for growth. C) They absorb carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis. D) None of the above; plants can function without roots.

B) They absorb water and minerals needed for growth.

Pathogen is ________. A) a name given to all archaea B) a name given only to bacteria that cause serious illnesses in humans C) a name given only to helpful bacteria D) a name given to all bacteria

B) a name given only to bacteria that cause serious illnesses in humans

The edible portion of the mushroom is the ________. A) hypha B) above-ground reproductive structure C) spore D) mycelium

B) above-ground reproductive structure

Fern sperm are ________, which is why ferns are dependent on water for reproduction. A) ciliated B) flagellated C) amoeboid D) None of these

B) flagellated

Viruses that infect bacteria are called ________. A) viroids B) phages C) vectors D) plasmids

B) phages

Individuals with variations that make them best suited to their environment are, on average, more likely to ________. A) be larger B) survive and reproduce C) change over time D) evolve

B) survive and reproduce

What is the main purpose of flowers? A) To be pleasing to the human eye B) To attract predators C) To attract pollinators D) To attract attention in the landscape

C) To attract pollinators

How do viruses make copies of themselves? A) By using the cellular machiery of the host cell they infectedn B) By digesting the host cell they infected C) By taking the nutrients of the host cell they infected D) By targeting their host cell they infected for cell death

By using the cellular machiery of the host cell they infectedn

What is a fruit? A) A plant embryo B) The protective endosperm C) A mature ovary D) A swollen plant zygote

C) A mature ovary

Which organisms are called extremophiles and flourish mostly in extreme conditions? A) Fungi B) Bacteria C) Archaea D) Protozoans

C) Archaea

Why are gymnosperms no longer restricted to moist environments, as are ferns and mosses? A) Because they have a new adaptation, vascular tissues, that allow for the transport of water B) Because they have a new adaptation, lignin, that allows better transportation of water C) Because they have a new adaptation, seeds, that allow gametes independence from water D) Because they have a new adaptation, cones, that group gametes together

C) Because they have a new adaptation, seeds, that allow gametes independence from water

How does a plant's cuticle allow it to live on land? A) By increasing structural support B) By preventing the gametes from drying out C) By preventing water loss D) By absorbing nutrients from the soil

C) By preventing water loss

What are the charophytes? A) Algae that live symbiotically with fungi B) An extinct group of protists that may have given rise to the fungi C) Closest living ancestors of the first plants D) Smallest living plants

C) Closest living ancestors of the first plants

What are the three tissue systems of plants contained in each plant organ, such as leaves? A) Ground, mesophyll, and vascular tissue systems B) Dermal, cell wall, and vascular tissue systems C) Dermal, ground, and vascular tissue systems D) Ground, germ, and vascular tissue systems

C) Dermal, ground, and vascular tissue systems

What plant group has the largest number of living species? A) Cone-bearing plants B) Seedless vascular plants C) Flowering plants D) Seedless, nonvascular plants

C) Flowering plants

What is the reproductive organ of angiosperms? A) Seeds B) Cones C) Flowers D) Fruits

C) Flowers

Where would you expect to find methanogens? A) On the surface of plants B) In the surf along the beach C) In the digestive tract of cows D) Near a volcano

C) In the digestive tract of cows

In which region of the plant are you most likely to find cells dividing by mitosis? A) Growth rings B) Sapwood C) Meristem region D) Heartwood

C) Meristem region

Can you inherit physical traits that your parents acquired during their lifetime? A) Yes B) Only if it improves reproductive success C) No D) Only if it improves survivability

C) No

Food poisoning is often caused by a bacterium called ________. A) Staph B) Bacillus anthracis C) Salmonella D) MRSA

C) Salmonella

What do gymnosperms and angiosperms have in common? A) Flowers B) Spores C) Seeds D) None of these

C) Seeds

What role does lignin play in a plant's adaptation to life on land? A) Anchors the plant in the soil to allow plants to grow tall B) Transports nutrients throughout the plant C) Strengthens the cell wall to allow plants to stand up straight and tall D) Prevents drying out

C) Strengthens the cell wall to allow plants to stand up straight and tall

Which of the following is a unique characteristic of bryophytes not seen in the other plant groups? A) They produce diploid spores. B) They produce flowers. C) The gametophyte is larger than the sporophyte. D) They exhibit alternation of generations.

C) The gametophyte is larger than the sporophyte.

Which of the following statements is true of bacteria on this planet? A) There are more harmful than helpful bacteria. B) There are about as many helpful as harmful bacteria. C) There are more helpful than harmful bacteria. D) Bacteria have neither a positive nor a negative impact on human society.

C) There are more helpful than harmful bacteria.

While mosses can cover a significant area of land, they are never more than a few centimeters tall. Why do they not grow tall? A) They don't get enough sunlight to grow tall. B) They are annuals and simply don't live long enough to get very tall. C) They have no vascular system, so they cannot transport water over long distances. D) Herbivores constantly eat them to the ground

C) They have no vascular system, so they cannot transport water over long distances.

How many domains contain prokaryotic organisms? A) One B) Two C) Three D) Four

C) Three

What is a tuber? A) A drought-resistant life stage of a plant B) A water storage structure of a plant C) A reproductive structure on a plant D) A sugar storage structure of a plant

D) A sugar storage structure of a plant

Which of the following is considered evidence for evolution? A) Cells with common features and chemically similar DNA B) Bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics over time C) Mosquitoes becoming resistant to pesticides D) All are evidence for evolution

D) All are evidence for evolution

What are some challenges land plants face compared to life in the water? A) Obtaining and retaining moisture B) Obtaining resources from air and soil instead of from water C) Staying upright against the pull of gravity D) All of the above are challenges faced by land plants.

D) All of the above are challenges faced by land plants.

Which of the following is a fungus? A) Truffles B) Yeast used to make bread C) Mushrooms D) All of the above are fungi

D) All of the above are fungi

Which organisms contain the smallest, least complex cell types? A) Animal cells B) Fungal cells C) Plant cells D) Bacteria cells

D) Bacteria cells

By what means do prokaryotes typically divide? A) Mitosis B) Regeneration C) Meiosis D) Binary fission

D) Binary fission

How do fungi reproduce sexually? A) Fungi reproduce only by asexual reproduction B) By the fusion of hyphae from two different fungi C) By the fusion of spores from two different fungi D) By the fusion of gametes from two different fungi

D) By the fusion of gametes from two different fungi

What causes the annual growth rings of trees? A) Residual bark left over when the trunk of the tree expands B) Damage caused by fungi that occurs during the wetter months C) Sugars left over from the previous summer D) Different growth rates at different times of the year

D) Different growth rates at different times of the year

Which protective structure forms to protect certain bacteria during periods of harsh conditions? A) Capsule B) Flagella C) Biofilm D) Endospore

D) Endospore

How does a plant get the carbon it needs to make glucose? A) From the water B) From the soil C) From fungus or bacteria D) From the air

D) From the air

Not all plants have seeds. What advantage do seeds provide a plant? A) Plants with seeds need not produce gametes. B) Plants with seeds need not go through an alternation of generations. C) Plants with seeds need not produce cones. D) Plants with seeds are not dependent on water for reproduction.

D) Plants with seeds are not dependent on water for reproduction.

What do scientists believe was the original genetic material able to copy itself without assistance? A) Enzymes B) Proteins C) DNA D) RNA

D) RNA

What is a major role that fungi play in ecosystems? A) Fixing carbon from the atmosphere B) Synthesizing glucose from carbon dioxide and water C) Photosynthesis D) Recycling nutrients from dead organisms back into the food chain

D) Recycling nutrients from dead organisms back into the food chain

Ferns often have small bumps called sori arranged in rows on their undersides. What are these structures? A) Nodules containing symbiotic bacteria B) Parasites C) Seed capsules D) Spore capsules

D) Spore capsules

What is radiometric dating? A) The process of determining the age of a fossil based on which layer in the rock it is found B) The process of determining the age of a fossil using radio waves C) The mineralization process by which living things are turned into fossils D) The process of determining the age of a fossil from radioactive isotopes

D) The process of determining the age of a fossil from radioactive isotopes

What characteristic do plants, algae, and some bacteria have in common that is not shared with fungi or animals? A) They have cell walls. B) They contain mycorrhizae. C) They have spores. D) They can do photosynthesis.

D) They can do photosynthesis

If you looked at unknown cells under a microscope, what could lead you to correctly conclude that they are prokaryotic cells? A) They appear to have a cell wall. B) They are oblong in shape. C) They form a colony. D) They lack a nucleus.

D) They lack a nucleus

One hypothesis about the origin of the first living organisms from non-living matter is called ________. A) cytosynthesis B) novel design C) chemo-evolution D) biogenesis

D) biogenesis

The practice of using bacteria to remove pollutants from the environment is called ________. A) bioelimination B) nitrogen fixation C) transduction D) bioremediaton

D) bioremediaton

Evolution can be best defined as ________. A) not involving humans B) the production of new species C) always taking a very long time to occur D) change in gene frequency in a population

D) change in gene frequency in a population

Bacteria that have a spherical shape are called ________. A) bacillus B) spheroid C) spirillum D) coccus

D) coccus

The xylem primarily transports ________, while the phloem primarily transports ________. A) sugars; water and minerals B) water and minerals; oxygen C) oxygen and carbon dioxide; sugars D) water and minerals; sugars

D) water and minerals; sugars

Are all fungi prokaryotes? A) No, they are all eukaryotes. B) No, they are neither prokaryotes nor eukaryotes. C) No, some are prokaryotes, some are eukaryotes. D) Yes, all fungi are prokaryotes

No, they are all eukaryotes

All plant organs (such as leaves, roots, and stems) contain tissues from all three tissue systems. T or F

True

All protists are unicellular organisms.

True

Humans are more related to fungi than to plants. T or F

True

Most of our food crops come from angiosperms. T or F

True