Test 3 Old Testament
Martin Luther King Jr. used Amos quote
"But let justice roll down like waters, and righeousness like an ever-flowing stream" - Used correctly in sense that he used these words as a call for justice - Used incorrectly by calling for a political solution rather than a spiritual one
What famous Messianic prophecy appears in Micah?
"But you, Bethlehem Ephrathah"
Hope for the Future
- Fall of Jerusalem - Israel shepherds (kings and other leaders) are corrupt, so God will be their shepherd - Restoration (spiritual) of Israel, this is pictured in vision of a Valley of Dry bones. Israel dead as dry bones and God will breath life back into them - Oracle of 2 sticks predict the reunion of the nation, symbolize 2 nations (Judah and Israel) and symbolizes the reunification of both nations under God through Messianic king and new covenant - Gog and Magog oracles are identified by some with individual nations but most likely no specific historical individuals or nations are in mind. Gog appears in Bible only here and in Revelations, 2 apocalyptic sections of scripture. Gog is symbolic of evil opposition to God (Gog and Magog, in the Hebrew Bible, the prophesied invader of Israel and the land from which he comes, evil forces opposed to the people of God) - Vision of restored temple and land, points forward to heaven, river will flow out of temple, symbolizes river of life from Genesis - Jerusalem will have new name as result of Gods presence "The lord is there" (positive note)
Outline of Obadiah
- Imminent judgement on Edom because of its pride, vulnerable as the mountain heights they inhabited. The word Despised is same word used when Esau despised his birthright, showing tension b/w Jacob and Esau and b/w the nations of Judah (one of the sons of Jacob) and Edom (another name for Esau). 2 nations descended from twin brothers, out to get along but don't so judgement shall come - Totality of judgement - Particulars of the indictment, the reason being cruelty against brother Judah (what they did wrong, stood by and watched Jerusalem get destroyed, and helped babylonians slay escapees) - Judgement and deliverance, included word of judgement against all nations and provide message of hope for nation of Israel. Law of compensatory judgement, the Lex talionis, is "as you have done it, so will be done to you" meaning Edom will be punished in manner fit for its crimes. (no escapees, will be slain) (Don't rejoice enemies fall and don't let heart be glad)
Hoseas Marriage
- Its Morality - Hosea marries Gomer 3 children, first one was Hoseas - named Jezreel = God sows or scatters - 2nd named Lo-Ruhamah = Not my loved one - 3rd named Lo-Ammi = Not my people - Divorce formula (continually adultery = divorce formula) - Hosea ransomed Gomer and received her back (she ran away and continued to be a prostitute, became a sex slave for sale and Hosea bought her, saying she could live with him so long as she gives up prostitution)
Habakkuk - The message
- begins with dialogue b/w Habakkuk and God, asking why havent you punished Judah and God replies he will with Babylonian army - then asks about why nation more evil is punishing Judah (question of theodicy) and God says Evil will ultimately be punished and righteous will live by faith (Faith, not force) 5 woes: - Woe to those who practice oppressive greed (exploited others, others will exploit you) - Woe to you who get rich by evil methods (wood and masonry in homes condemn them) - Woe to those who use violence in war (work will come to nothing because cities will burn up) - Woe to those who inflict shame and degradation on people (will be subjected to same treatment) - Woe to you who worship idols (they cannot help you) Last chapter is Psalm (hymn), similar to book of Psalm: - 1. in opening verse, term shigionoth is probably a literary term referring to stirring of emotions - 2. word Selah probably term indicating musical interlude - 3. we have instruction for the choir director, typical of what appears in superscriptions in many psalms. Then prayer, reassurance that God will deliver Judeans like in Exodus, then prayer of renewal Then find Theophany (appearance of God), Habakkuk response of faith suggests he had questions and confusions answered first Thanksgiving Proclamation, Governor William Bradford, 1623, during time of hardship
Haggai introduction/ historical background of Haggai and Zechariah
- spoke his ministry over a 4 month period and people did exactly what he told them - don't know much about author except that his name means "the festal one" (born on festival day), author was Haggai (mentioned in Ezra 5 and 6) - prob returned to Judah with parents in return authorized by Cyrus in 538, so he had seen collapse of initial work or rebuilding the temple. Spent most of his time in Jerusalem. - Early church historian Epiphanius (315-403 BC) said Haggai came from Babylon to Jerusalem as very young man, survived the rebuilding of the temple, and he was buried in honor near burial place of the priests - starting in 605, Judah came under Babylonian domination, in 586 Temple of Jerusalem destroyed, then captivity of Babylonia. 539, Persia conquered Babylonia under Cyrus the Great (559-530), then edict in 538 that Jews could go home. Most Jews stayed in Babylonia but remnant returned to Israel with Zerubabel the governor and Joshua the high priest - Laid foundation of temple in 536 or 537, but Cambyses (530-522) became king of Persia and stopped helping the reconstruction of temple, then in 522, Darius (522-486) became Persian king and was favorable towards Jews. During his reign, prophets Haggai and Zechariah proclaim message and temple reconstruction was resumed in 520 (completed in 515)
5 Promises of Amos
1) Repair Davids tent 9:11 2) Capture Edom 9:12 - Condemned Edom, make Israel more successful) 3) Plentiful Harvest 9:13 - "days are coming" = age of Messiah; Reaping, plowing, planting, treading 4) Rebuilding 9:14 - rebuild vineyards, cities, people 5) Plant the people (a picture of arrival of Messianic Age) 9:15 - positive message, lives rebuilt, reshaped by Jesus
5 Visions of Amos
1) The Locust 7:1-3 - swarm, will eat crops 2) Devouring Fire 7:4-6 - of "Great Deep" (possibly water) 3) Lords Plumb Line 7:7-9 - not plumb/ upright 4) Rot like basket of summer fruit 8:1-3 - ripe could be word for end = end of Israel 5) Shrines will crumble 9:1-4 - Destroy Israel, striking Altar, Slating with sword
Outline of Ezekiel
1. Before the Fall of Jerusalem - Ezekiel's initial vision and call - Oracles against Judah and Jerusalem 2. Oracles against the nations 3. After the Fall of Jerusalem - Oracles of Promise - The New Jerusalem
8 interpretations of book fo Jonah
1. myth 2. allegory 3. parable (more relaxed than allegory but too long and no interpretation to the parable) 4. legend (story coming from the past) 5. modern cartoon 6. sermon on a theme 7. prophetic novel 8. History (most likely)
Micah Character Sketch
1. should put down their weapons 2. Mt. Ziahn, where Jerusalem was built. "Law" = "word" of God 3. God = plaintiff, Prosecutor = Micah, Judge = God
Evidence that Jonah is Historical book
1. we know Elijah and Elisha went to Tyre and Damascus (so prophets do travel to other countries) 2. Principle of "cuius refio, elus" religio meaning "whose the region, his the religion". Ruler of area picked the religion and it is said that Ninevah fasted 3. rule of Ashurdan (771-754), 2 severe plagues, and earthquake, a solar eclipse, and famines to convince to people that God was unhappy with them 4. rule of Adad-Nirari II (810 - 782), great religious stirrings and one known quasi-monotheistic push to trust only in Nabu
Date and setting for Amos
767-753 BC (8th century) - 2 years before earthquake (opening verse, was like exclamation mark of his message) - North = reigns of Uzziah and Jeroboam II (bring back to covenant) Samaria, capital of city, Northern kingdom had few wealthy and poor were oppressed
What do the last 16 chapters of Ezekiel describe
A brighter future for Israel
Hosea Irreducible Minimums
Adulterous Wife and Faithful Husband Adulterous Israel and Faithful Lord
Writing and Compilation of Amos
Amos wrote and compiled/organized the book Not necessarily in order
Jeremiahs Call
Appointed to prophet of the nations, actually went to other nations Like Moses, says he cant do it, and God responses in a similar way he did to Moses 2 visions conclude call to ministry: - almond tree (hebrew word shaqed) and word watching (shoqued) is a play on words, meaning God is watching over you, assures God will be with Jeremiah - boiling pot tilting away from North (tilting towards South) indicating destruction of Judah will come from the North (Babylonia invade north cause of desert)
Why is Jeremiah "the Rodney Dangerfield of the Old Testament"
Because Jeremiah agonizes about his own circumstances, prophet that "doesn't get no respect"
Nahum - The Style
Bold, picturesque, leaving audience with feeling of having runed in on the devastation is well organized The prophetic perfect - the future is envisioned with such confidence that the prophets sometimes speak of them as having already happened, even though they are still in the future - like when he said "the lord will restore the splendor of Jacob" best style of 12 minor prophets (second only to Isaiah)
Habakkuk - The Prophet
Book deals with Theodicy = the justice of God - (says to believe God is working out his plan if we don't know why something is happening, is like Isaiah - a prophet of faith) Name probably means "embraced by God" Dont know much about his life - ministry around 605-598 Bel and the Dragon - (apocryphal addition to Daniel), Habakkuk rescues Daniel after second time with the lions (date near Babylonian exile)
Obadiah Key Words
Bother's keeper
Jeremiah Irreducible Minimums
Call of Jeremiah Judgement on Judah Judgement on Gentiles Fall of Jerusalem
Overview of Jonah
Ch. 1: Jonahs Disobedience - Jonah boards a ship at Joppa and heads to Tarshish (could be Sardinia or Tarsus) (opposite direction from Nineveh) - God sends storm Ch. 2: Jonahs Prayer - concatenation of memorized Psalms verses (many similarities in the 2 books) Ch. 3: Jonah preaching to the Ninevites - Jonah is a missionary in spite of himself, but people in Nineveh repent and are spared in act of Gods grace - Total Destruction would've happened if the people did not repent Ch. 4: Jonahs complaint - Jonah is willing to accept Gods grace for himself but not to see it extended to his enemies - Cares about his own comfort more due to the shade provided by a fast-growing plant, then about the eternal salvation of people. - concluding note of Gods grace, spoken by God who was concerned about people in great city similarity in structure in chapters 1 & 2 (Jonah, the pagans, and the sea) with 3 & 4 (Jonah, the pagans, and the city) - Gods word comes to Jonah - Message to be conveyed - Response of Jonah - word of warning - response of pagans - response of pagan leader - How the pagans response was ultimately better than Jonahs then one difference at end - ch. 2: How God taught grace to Jonah through the fish - ch. 4: How God taught grace to Jonah through the plant
3 sermons of Amos
Ch. 3 - 1st was about Amos says privilege of election create greater responsibility, and Israel is being indicted for abusing their relationship with Yahweh. Punishment is capture both immanent and inescapable Ch. 4 - 2nd addresses women of Samaria who are part of oppressive machinery of that society. Luxurious excesses helps to cause injustice in land. Gods unsuccessful attempts to bring people back to their senses. Return = repent Ch. 5 - 3rd announces horror and finality of Gods punishment upon house of Israel. Day of the Lord. Day will bring ruin if the nation does not repent. argues against the privileged guarantee of safety that the Israelites believe they enjoy
Overview of Lamentation
Chapter 1: Pitiable state of Jerusalem - describes desolation and misery of Jerusalem in contrast to her past glories, describes futility of foreign alliances, city personified as abandoned woman or persecuted man Chapter 2: Yahweh's Anger - catastrophe resulted from Yahweh's anger, false prophets underlying cause of the destruction of ark Chapter 3: Judah's Lament - (sad) (only good news in the middle of book) - core of book, repeats same themes: Gods anger, need for repentance, prayer for retribution against the enemies. - Then turns to Gods mercy and trust in him. Chapter 4: Jerusalem's Ruin - like chapter 2, but last 2 verses take comfort in thought of future reversal of fortunes. Describes appalling ruin of Jerusalem and famine and suffering that followed (was even cannibalism) Chapter 5: Final Lament - Yahweh should "remember" and not forget forever. Zion's desolation remind the faithful of Yahweh's eternal reign, ends on note of hope though first 4 chapters uses acrostic form (each verse starts with a successive letter of Hebrew alphabet) which represents completeness, suggesting emotional height and depths have been fathomed from A to Z
Overview of end of Isaiah
Cyrus described as both shepherd and Messiah, and God anointing him to finish out tasks, Invitation to Messianic banquet, Epiphany text to proclaim fat that "your light has come" verses later applied to birth of Jesus work of the Father work of the Son work of the Holy Spirit
8 prophecies of Amos
Damascus to Philistia to Phoenicia to Edom to Ammon to Moab to Judah to Israel - was like drawing a noose around Israel (like spiral)
Micah Key Word
Day in Court
Zephaniah Key word
Day of the Lord
Ezekiel Key Word
Dry bones
Obadiah addresses what nation especially
Edom
Purpose of Obadiah
Encourage Israel, book is divine assurance that yahweh has not forgotten Israel plight but will intervene for the remnant of Judah, even though the nation has experienced devastation of destruction and deportation
What is Ezekiel's twofold message for Judah
Ezekiel ministered to Jews in exile and his purpose was twofold: (1) to remind them of the sins which had brought judgment and exile upon them; (2) to encourage and strengthen their faith by prophecies of future restoration and glory.
T or F: Edom was a nation that was easily attacked and easily defeated
F
T or F: Jeremiah's message was exclusively for Israel
F
T or F: Like Jeremiah, the call of Isaiah appears in the opening chapter of the book
F
T or F: The book of Jonah contains extensive sections that describe the preaching message of Jonah
F
T or F: A miracle is normally understood as something that happens that is unusual
F (Miracle: sense of an event that feeds new info into 1 or more of the law of nature)
T or F: Obadiah did his work at the same time as Isaiah
F (Obadiah around 586 while Isaiah around 8th Century)
T or F: The original ancestor of the Edomites is Abraham's son Ishmael
F (is Esau)
T or F: For most of their prophetic ministry prophets made predictions about the future
F (more about destruction/judgement)
T or F: The day of the Lord is always described in the Old testament as a bad day
F (not in Zechariah)
T or F: We can fix the problem of Sin by trying harder to obey
F (repent)
Jonah Irreducible Minimum
First Commission of Jonah Second Commission of Jonah
Micahs Messages
First messages of Law - Prediction of Judgment: he mourns the fate of his people because the disease of Samaria has infected Jerusalem. Predicts Assyrian invaders First messages of Gospel - Prediction of Restoration: saying Messianic age is coming, Jerusalem will be laid low and Bethlehem will be exalted, Messiah will come from Bethlehem and will bring peace between racial and religious conflict b/w the Jews and the Gentiles Second messages of Law - Plea for Repentance: Amos prophet of justice, Hosea prophet of love, and Isaiah prophet of humble devotion to Yahweh (servanthood) Jerusalem will be destroyed by its wickedness and will not be fruitful even if it has richess (and no fruit) Second messages of Gospel - Promise of Restoration: against ritualism, day of restoration Israel's enemies will be punished
Haggai - obstacles to building
First, people are selfish and place own needs before Gods house, to address obstacle, rebuke (place God first) to make everything better Second, people were apathetic, and again needed to rebuke Third, faced discouragement since seen destruction of last temple and couldn't compare it to Solomons temple, needed encouragement Fourth, financial difficulties, needed faith Fifth, hostility from outside, need assurance God is with them Sixth, Uncertainty about Gods will, need Word of the Lord Seventh, misunderstanding holiness, needed instruction from Gods words
Jonah Keyword
Fish
Nahum Key Word
Flood
Micah and his times
From Moresheth, near Gath, same time as Isaiah, during 8th century and might have been a pesent in Assyria, rich exploiting poor, rulers were corrupt and ritual
Amos as a Prophet
From Tekoa, was a Shepherd before he became a prophet, aka makes him a layman rather than a professional prophet - Piercer of Sycamore trees Citizen of the South that spoke to the North (outsider) Hosea and Jeremiah = Major Isaiah and Jonah = Minor Message is one of condemnation of both social and religious abuses
The Messianic King in Isaiah
Galilee (of the Gentiles) talks about coming Messiah (similar to Christmas story) and about Ideal king, rule with justice and righteousness in spiritual kingdom
The Punishment in Hosea
God will divorce his people - Israel rejected - Assyria will take Israel into exile - God Himself (using Assyria) will drive them out Restoration promised - wounds healed (raise them up on 3rd day) - 11:1 "Israel reduced to one" = talks about Exodus, Israel son of God rescued from Egypt, Brings Jesus and family out of Egypt escaping Herod - Defeat death - Picture of the Messianic age = heal Israel , abundance of nature = God Gods love for israel: - Devotion in NT, Love in OT, meaning to know love, showing intimate relationship rather than just to know intellectually, showing Gods deep love for his people 3 other anticipations of NT message of salvation - 1. Messianic passage fulfilled by Jesus - 2. Resurrection of Christ and our resurrection - 3. healing of Yahweh & blossoming of the flowers and plants in Israel, offers coming messianic age, abundant blessing and spiritual blessing will come if Israel comes back to God
What is Gods "strange work" in Isaiah
God will fight against his own people God must hurt in order to heal
Key Texts in Jeremiah
God will give son of David, Messiah "will give branch", perfect branch, will give fruit Slave = Israel, why go to Egypt? Should trust in Lord Don't trust anyone, friends and family will slander God, certain things ingrained in us, Judah cant do good if ingrained with evil Not shamed for doing wrong, Israel offered to return, to repent, should acknowledge guilt
What great promise appears in middle of the Book of Lamentations
God's faithfulness is great
Zechariah prophet and his time
Grandson of the priest Iddo - prophet and a priest (name means Lord has remembered) Contemporary of Haggai - Book was written same time as Haggai - written by same person but time of writing debated over - 4 themes in both sections: covenant restoration, divine judgement, cleansing, and blessings of God - 2-part message: First portion of message is historical (local) for immediate circumstances and Second portion is the universal (apocalyptic) message designed for later generations of readers and hearers
Hosea Key Word
Harlot
What determined who was a true prophet?
His doctorine and predictions
Hosea
Hosea did his prophetic ministry in the 8th century BC called Prophet of Love ( around 750 - 715 BC) - Greatest of the Minor Prophets and most frequently quoted - Citizen & Prophet of the Northern Kingdom
Ezekiel character sketch
In chapter 37 (dry bones) saw = vision thats really happening (reality) Breath of life = Giving life, prove he is almighty, suggest giving spirit into the slain so they can once again live (hebrew word ruach means spirit, wind, or breath) Hand of the Lord mean experiencing Gods presence only source is God, spoke to people in Babylonia Deals with future events First resurrection = connected to Jesus, when I come to life Second resurrection = when dead body comes back on last day Dry Bones = people of Israel (spiritually dry) Bones come together, then flesh, then breath to become alive, steps were shown to give us hope
Prophetic Literature of the Old Testament
In hebrew bible - Former Prophets: Joshua to 2 Kings - Latter Prophets: Isaiah to Malachi In English bible - Historical Books: Joshua to 2 Kings - Prophetic Books: Isaiah to Malachi
Ezekiel's Initial vision and call
Initial vision: - purpose is to show that God is coming to take up residence with his people in Babylonia - theophany: visible manifestation of God to humankind with windstorms, cloud, lightning and brilliant light - Ezekiel's response was "I fell facedown" in presence of God like Isaiah and Jeremiah Ezekiel's Commision - "son of man" term used a lot, emphasize the mortality of prophet, hence the translation "mortal man" for "son of man" - He is sent to nation of rebels, They wont listen - Theme of early preaching was about judgement
Jesus is predicted in Hosea as
Israel reduced to one
Why and when did God send prophets?
Israel under David (1010 - 971 BC) - David had unified nations, economic prosperity within reach, Israels enemies subdued, Spiritually Israel under Solomon (971 - 931 BC) - Economic prosperity and political grandeur (but at a cost) The Divided Kingdom (931 BC) - Both kingdoms plagued with internal strife - went to war with each other on several occasions - headed for disaster - God spoke to circumstances through prophets around 722 and 586
What are the historical circumstances surrounding Isaiahs ministry, both in Ancient Near East and among the 12 tribes (Include Assyrian siege of Jerusalem under Sennacherib)
Israel, the Northern Kingdom: - position of prominence (ahead of Judah) for more strategic position geographically, had more trade relations, and possesses more wealth and has bigger population - with fall of Samaria, focus of the prophets shifts exclusively to Judah - Assyria, under Tiglath-pileser III rises to prominence Judah, the Southern Kingdom: - in 733, Pekah, king of Israel, set siege to Jerusalem in attempt to force Akaz, king of Judah, to join alliance against Assyria (became known as Syro-Ephraimitic War). Instead of trusting in God, Akaz seeked help from Assyria - in 722, Shalmaneser V, king of Assyria, conquered Samaria and deports many people out of Northern kingdom, 720 city-states Syria and Palestine rebel against Assyria and are defeated. 713 and 711, under Sagon II, Assyria puts down a rebellion in Ashdod but Judah isn't involved this time - in 701, under Sennacherib, Assyria puts down a revolt in Palestine, destroys most of Judah, and sets siege to Jerusalem
Lamentations authorship
Jeremiah most likely wrote it around 586-530 BC "Lamentations" comes to us through Greek Septuagint Hebrew title: "How" said After Israel had gone into exile and Jerusalem had been laid to wait, that Jeremiah wept and composed this lament concerning Jerusalem - purpose is to explain suffering of Judah and Jerusalem as result of Gods judgement against sin but also to ask for God to restore his people to himself Similarities between Jeremiah and Lamentations: - both authors lived to see the destruction of Jerusalem - both had same conviction that Judah's sins had caused it - both shifted blame on prophets and priests - both spoke about city in same terminology
What is the Mountain of Micah 4
Jerusalem
In what building did Isaiah's call take place
Jerusalem Temple
What is the testimony of New Testament figures and the Dead Sea Scrolls?
Jesus accepted unity of Isaiah because he quoted both major parts of Isaiah and named Isaiah as author for both Philip quoted second part of Isaiah, citing Isaiah as author Paul cited passages from both parts attributing them to Isaiah Dead Sea Scrolls showed no break in text to indicate 2 authors
The Sign of Jonah
Jonah spent 3 day and 3 nights in the belly of the fish Jesus connected with this saying son of man will be 3 day and 3 nights in the heart of earth
Which of the following does not appear in Isaiah
Judah as the tribe of the Messiah
The problem in Jeremiah
Judgement came from Idolatry, trying in foreign alliances, not a single righteous person can be found in Israel. Sexual immorality, false prophets, child sacrifice all contributed, not even ashamed of sinning God wants Judah to to return (repent) so he can follow through with his promises
Assyrian siege of Jerusalem
King Hezekiah, initiated religious reform, participates in neither Philistine rebellion in 711 nor revolt of Babylonia, Palestine, and Syria in 705 Sennacherib new king of Assyria, 14 years of attacking Judah and Jerusalem and then later learn Assyria takes most of Judah and then lays siege to Jerusalem God gives 15 more years to Hezekiah who is ill - not arranged in chronological order, his recovery and visit of envoys actually preceded Sennacherib's siege of Jerusalem and defeats him - puts in order to be able to tell us of prediction of Babylonian captivity before the captivity in Isaiah
Zechariah Key word
Messiah
What was both the message and the method of the Prophet in Israel?
Method: - Forthtelling (speaking forth) - Foretelling (future predictions to give meaning and direction) Message: - "Return" to covenant (often meant to repent) - message of Law and Gospel (aka bad new and good news) 2 messages to show them their sin and offer hope - mostly messages about judgement against the behavior of the people - mostly messages from Gospel since spoke
Miracles of Jonahs story
Miracle: sense of an event that feeds new info into 1 or more of the law of nature most likely candidate for a miracle? The fast-growing plant 1. sending of the storm 2. stopping of the storm 3. Jonah swallowed by a fish 4. Jonah living 3 days inside fish 5. Jonah spit out on dry land 6. repentance of the Ninevites 7. the fast growing vine 8. the worm
What is the main topic of Lamentations
National suffering
About what city did Nahum speak
Nineveh in Assyria (it's the capital)
From what direction would judgement, in form of a boiling fire pot, come?
North
Isaiah and the Syro-Ephraimitic War
Northern Kingdom of Israel forms a coalition with Syria against Assyria, and wants Judah to join but Judah refuses so they turn on Judah and Judah turn to Assyria for help. Isaiah comes to King Ahaz and tells him to rely on God not foreign alliances, but doesnt listen and Isaiah gives him the sign of Immanuel "Lord will give you a sign, virgin will give birth to child and will call him Immanuel" (refers to both Immanuel in his time and Jesus later)
Authorship of Obadiah
Nothing known except name of the prophet, literally name means "servant of Yahweh"
What is the important passage in the middle of the chapter of Lamentations
Offers great promise: "Because of Lords great love we are not consumed, for His compassions never fail. They are new every morning; great is your faithfulness"
Is Isaiah the product of multiple authors or one author
Only Isaiah Takes up ministry diring year of King Uzziah dying in 740
The political scene
Outside of Israel: - Assyria on the rise - Tiglath-Pilerser III (745-727 BC) - Israel is vassal Inside Israel: - 6 kings of Israel in her last 30 years - Civil anarchy - Collapse of law and order - Hosea message: Israel does not know God -- know = 1. acknowledge certain facts, to know another person, or sexual intimacy
What does Zech. 9:9-10 predict
Palm Sunday
Why were prophets needed?
People were straying from the covenant
Oracles against the Nations
Placed here before the message of restoration begins so book can end in hope
Amos Key Word
Plumb Line (holds plumb line to see if Israel people are good with God, they're not)(behavior)
Authorship and Date fo Jonahs story
Probably Jonah had a lot to do with its writing 8th century BC (2 kings mentioned him living in reign of Jeroboam II, king of Israel)
Isaiah Irreducible Minimums
Prophecies of Condemnation Historical Parenthesis Prophecies of Comfort
Jeremiah and his time
Prophet of decline and fall of Judah (Southern Kingdom) (most likely born in Anathoth) Was young, Treated poorly by enemies, requires healing Pashur, priest, had him arrested, beaten, and put in stocks, b/c Jeremiah names Babylonia as the invader, then states that God has tricked him and made him a laughingstock. Tries to keep quiet but he cannot Later accused of treason for calling Nebuchadnezzar Gods agent, and then he curses the day he was born and would be lowered into cistern. If it weren't for Ebed-Melech, he would have died in mud of an empty well. In his time, Assyria dying, Egypt and Babylonia both on rise for dominance and Babylonia wins. Book isn't in Chronological order, rearranged for topical or rhetorical reasons
3 R's of Micah
Rich Rulers Ritual
Whom does your textbook cite as an authority on Amos and children of crisis?
Robert Coles
Jeremiah Key Word
Rotten Sash
What is the Messiah called in Isaiah 53
Servant
Isaiah Key Word
Servanthood
Why is Micah called "Isaiah in Miniature"?
Similarity b/w books of Isaiah and Micah. Both 8th century prophets, spoke to similar circumstances in Israel and Judah and Micah is almost word for word same as Isaiah
What was the classical theme of Jeremiah
Sin
Where did Ezekiel carry out his ministry & why is that significant
Spends entire ministry in Babylon, significant cause they're taken captive in 597 and lost hope so he brings them hope basically (Jeremiah's prediction was correct, Judgement was coming)
What is the best Synonym for "prophet"
Spokesman/Spokesperson
What does Micah have in common with Isaiah
Swords into plowshares
Micah highlights
Swords into plowshares: war => agricultural tools Bethlehem Ephrathah: town, David, Obed, Jesus Gods lawsuit against Judah "golden rule" of Old Testament summerizes bible ethics Picture of forgiveness
Oracles of Doom
Symbolic acts (action prophecies) (emphasize Gods messages to make people repent) 4 action prophecies to carry out this judgment: 1. city of Jerusalem is drawn on a clay tablet to show city under siege 2. Ezekiel lies on his side left side for 390 days and 40 for his right to indicate length of time Israel and Judah would be punished. 3. While on his side, he is to measure out small rations of food and water to illustrate stark conditions during the coming siege (included some cannibalism) 4. Shave head and divide his hair into 3, 1 bury, 1 cut up with sword, and 1 into the fire (death by famine and disease) Judgement and promise indicates that Judah will be driven out of land and result will be exile, but restoration and new covenant promised for those who repent. But people believed that Ezekiel is talking about distant future, and the false prophets speak lies so they do not listen to Ezekiel. Word of the Lord comes to teach about individual responsibility - not suffering from parents decisions, but suffering from own sins (repentance means a change of mind) Many sins of Jerusalem listed, including violence, idoltry, injustice, adultery, bribery, extortion, etc. Everyone corrupt, and punishment is to make aware of God
The problem: Unfaithfulness (in Hosea)
Symptoms: Corrupt priests and leaders, idolatry and civil anarchy, prostitution and trust in foreigners instead of trusting in God Root problem: 4:1 "no acknowledgement of God"
T or F: Ezekiel's Throne-Chariot Vision shows that God was coming to take up residence with His people in Babylon
T
T or F: God loved/ loves people of Nineveh
T
T or F: Habakkuk concludes his message with a psalm that invites people to praise God even in the midst of difficult circumstances
T
T or F: Neither Edgar Cayce nor Jeanne Dixon would qualify as a prophet of God
T
T or F: Prior to the preachings of Jonah, the city of Nineveh had experienced several natural disasters
T
T or F: The hymn "O little town of Bethlehem" echos Micah's words about Bethlehem
T
T or F: The prophetic message can be summarized in the one word repent
T
T or F: We know the approximate date of Jonah's life from a passage in 2 kings
T
T or F: Zephaniah seems to have been a descendant of King Hezekiah
T
Lamentations Key Word
Tears
Haggai Key word
Temple
What is the greatest promise in Jeremiah
The New Covenant
What event does Isaiah 53 especially prefigure
The crucifixion of Jesus
Haggai outline
Theme was "rebuild the temple" First message: Theme "now or never" said people were preoccupied with making a living for themselves before building the temple, saying judgement has come because they neglect to work together to build temple, this gets them working Second message: Theme "Take heart and work" said work had slowed down. Says Lord is with them which is comforting, message of hope, greater glory in temple and new covenant in peoples hearts Third message: (presented on same day as 4th) themed "Promise and Prediction" said Gods promises blessing from now on since people begun to rebuild, ending poor harvest from before but Haggai warns moral defilement can easily corrupt the land Fourth message: summarized by phrase "Zerubbabel chosen and precious", key phrase is "signet ring" which predicts preservation of the throne of Israel in midst of upheavals. Zerubbabel chosen as signet ring, symbol of Davids sovereignty, lead to Messiah
Why is Bethlehem called "Bethlehem Ephrathah"
To distinguish it from another Bethlehem
What part of his body did Isaiah say was unclean
Unclean lips
Under what circumstances did Jeremiah make the promise of Jer. 29:11
Wants Israel to find peace in new cities, will be there for 70 years (rest of your life, not actually 70 years) promise of Gods plan for their lives, is to prosper the people not to harm them, plans to give hope and a future
Habakkuk Key word
Watchtower
The Punishment in Jeremiah
Weeps when Jeremiah witnesses that Israel will completely destroyed Rotten Sash/Loincloth: bury it, tells him to retrieve it and its ruined, represents Israel Potters vessel: God has every right to reshape us Earthen Flask: God will break Judah as Jeremiah breaks the flask Jeremiah send letter to those already captive in 605 and 597 urging them to make a home where they are at
Habakkuk - The theme
Why does God punish disobedient Judah with a nation even more evil than Judah? - Faith
What appears between the two major sections of Isaiah
a historical parenthesis
What literary feature does Habakkuk use?
a psalm
Zechariah Ch. 1-8
begins with general call for repentance, then 8 visions in one night (content hard for most to understand) First Vision: "Four housemen patrol the Earth" - earth being seen as shaken in order to avenge Judah, horsemen find it peaceful - patrol symbolize Gods universal rule and judgement. God angry with nations who oppressed Israel, promises that the Temple and Jerusalem will be rebuilt and nations will experience day of the lord Second Vision "Four horns and four craftsmen" - horns symbolize strength, represent oppressing nations that scattered Jews, 4 = points on a compass suggesting jews scattered in all directions, craftsman throw away guilty nations - (paired with second vision) Third Vision "Measuring Jerusalem" - future greatness of community/ new Jerusalem - God guarantee safety so no walls needed Fourth Vision "Joshua the high priest" - heavenly courtroom, future establishment of Jerusalem as center worship "by my spirit", not by human effort. - High priest forgiveness. He also hears coming Messiah, the branch. Joshua no clean himself, no sacrifice needed. (paired with 5th vision) Fifth Vision "The lampstand and the 2 olive trees" - about 2 olive trees symbolize Joshua and Zerubbabel - Lampstand = restored community Sixth Vision "The flying scroll" - about Gods curse on sinners - Symbolic removal of evil (paired with 7th) Seventh Vision "The woman in a basket" - possibly punishment of Babylonia Eighth Vision "Four Chariots patrol the earth" - opposite of first vision (they find Israel punished) - Drawing of the Messianic age Chapters 7 & 8 transition into chapters 9-14 - Messianic promise in chapter 8
How does Jer. 31:31-34 predict the New Testement
cited in Hebrew 8 and 10, author sees holy spirit at work and these words fulfilled in the arrival of Jesus and the New Testament Age new = renewed in "new" testament, since will still give forgiveness, New conventent (testament), time coming for New covenant, will all know God
Who is the "servant" in Isaiah?
clearly refers to nation of Israel 12 times out of 31 11 times = plural, refers to Israelites as a group of people but there are other that aren't focused on the Israelite people so there are 4 major views of the identity of the servant: - Collective Interpretation: servent is whole nation of Israel - Individual Interpretation: ordinary historical personality, various candidates like Moses, Jeremiah, Isaiah, etc. - Synthetic Interpretation: progression of thought from collective figure of earlier Servant Songs to remnant of people to an individual in the fourth servant song. This means servant is an individual, remnant of the nation, and the nation as a whole (all 3 in 1 term)(Most logical conclusion) - Cultic or Mythological Interpretation: servant is mythological symbol involving symbolic death and rising again of the king, with origins in Babylonian mythology
what does the name Nahum mean
comfort (delivers opposite to Nineveh) - does summarize books message to faithfulness (judgement on Judahs enemies)
Isaiah - Fall of Israel
destruction of Samaria in 722 and end of Northern kingdom. Shortly thereafter, however, Isaiah offers another Messianic promise when predicts both Messianic King and Messianic age. punishment of Israel words of woe to Ephraim, the leading tribe of the Northern kingdom of Israel, God works to expose sins so they can then ask for forgiveness (Assyria will also be punished) Branch = Messiah from David
Nahum - Prophet and His time
don't know where he was from, but word Capernaum means "Village of Nahum" after 663 and before 612 (7th century)
When did Isaiah minister
during 8th Century through 4 kings: Uzziah (791-740, ch 1-5) Jotham (750-732, ch 6) Ahaz (744-716, ch 7-27) Hezekiah (729-687, ch 28-39)
Isaiah Early Ministry
earliest words are about judgement, say that animals seem smarter than the people of Judah b/c that actually "know" God
Date and Historical Background of Obadiah
from 889 - 312 (but most scholars think 586 which seems the best) since it includes total conquest, author was eyewitness to the disaster and we know Edomites aided in the fall of Jerusalem (they burned the temple when Judah was devastated by Chaldeans)
Prophecy of Comfort
hard service = warfare = refers to exile God using hard words of the law to build highway to reach peoples hearts
Haggai - Theology
includes Messiah since Zerubbabel was direct descendant of David Evangelism and the Second Temple, shabby facilities are poor witness and well-taken-care-of facilities are a good witness. Temple is place of divine presence and glory, all of which are attractions of christianity Obedience, need to give high priority to Gods will and work (told to repent) Power of Evil, easier for that which is holy to become defiled than defiled to become holy Authority of the Word of God, "says the Lord", Gods words guide our lives Law and Gospel, message of law or rebuke, said I am with you a lot
Nahum - The message
incomplete acrostic psalm - first 11 letters of Hebrew alphabet seem to appear in verses 2-, each letter beginning a different line in succession Sack of Nineveh - Gods character as Avenger and Savior - Gods character manifested in vengeance on Nineveh and Mercy on Judah - Gods character manifested in fall of Nineveh
Why is the keyword for Nahum flood?
it is how God will "make an end of Nineveh", causing wall to collapse and making Nineveh capturable
Zephaniah - The prophet and his time
known as "the neglected prophet" of 7th century b/c of small amount of attention he receives began ministry soon after Josiah takes the throne (640-609) Probably a resident of Jerusalem (had knowledge of layout of the city) King Amon murdered in 640 and son Josiah takes throne at age 8, Assyrian empire in its last days, in future Asshur will fall and in 612, Nineveh will also fall to the Babylonians
Zephaniah's message
message of law and gospel (sin and grace, bad and good news) Zephaniah's judgement is salvation for the remnant "Day of the Lord" = day of destruction, meaning Zephaniah's message mainly about judgement First chapter about judgement on Judah, indicating Babylonians already on their way. Then find a key word picture: that of searching the city of Jerusalem (there is no possibility of hiding from God), using lamps to find people and punish them for their complacency - phrase "wine left on its dregs" means people were being "self-satisfied and confident" Ch 2 contains gentile oracles, then follow words of judgement on Jerusalem Book ends on positive note as God makes promise to faithful remnant in Israel, goal is to purify lips of people for himself (reversal of babel, solving confusion of tongues) and prophecy of Pentecost
Form Criticism
method of analyzing and interpreting the literature of the Old testament through study of of it literary types
Isaiah Outline
mostly words about judgment, some words of promise, regarding Judah and surrounding nations early speeches around during when Sennacherib attacks Hezekiah, then oracles (speeches) against foreign nations and some history of Sennacherib's invasion of Judah and Jerusalem. Then last 27 chapters are about hope for Judah during coming of Babylonian exile
How did Dr. Heck enter Edom
on hourseback
The prophet Ezekiel
originally a priest and became prophet (rare combo) - ministry takes place at the River Kebar, a canal from Euphrates river to the city of Nippur at Tel-Abib (southeast of Babylonia) - Call to ministry begins in 593, ends in 571 - Prophecies before and after the fall of Jerusalem
Definition of a prophet
person through whom God spoke to the people (at one time was called "seer" for prophetic "vision" then later became prophet which means "to call") Moses to Aaron to Pharaoh example used courtroom language prophesied things such as: Place of birth, Time of birth, Manner of birth, Betrayal, Manner of Death, People's reaction, Garments, Burial Tests of the Prophet: - Doctrinal Standard - measured prophets loyalty to covenant - the test of fulfilled prophecy - also measured prophets loyalty to covenant, but especially paralleling the foretelling function of the prophet
Why does Lamentations books seem disjointed
seems not unified because powerful emotions stemming from destruction of Jerusalem and them temple can easily explain the lack of careful organization in the book
Jonah the Person
son of amittai, first apostle of the Gentiles (paul was second) Jonah means "dove"
Zechariah Ch. 9-14
talks about General eternal principles (Kingdom of God) Begins with judgment on Gods enemies, but some Philistines included in covenant Messianic prophecies include 9:9-10 which speak of new king who will one day enter Jerusalem "gentle and riding a donkey, on a colt, the foal of a donkey" (when jesus entered Jerusalem) and mentions betrayal of Judas on Jesus for 30 pieces of silver. Strike shepherd and sheep will flee (disciples) Ch 10-11 speak of redemption, as God judges those who have led Israel falsely 12:1-9 describes final ditch attack of heathendom upon Judah and Jerusalem and concludes with a description of the "great reversal" when God has compassion of Jerusalem. Cleanse people by spirit of God Ch. 13 further describes restoration, continuing cleansing motif in a flowing fountain. Ch. 14 extended picture of Day of the Lord pulling virtually every old testament theme on subject, human replaced with divine leadership Book ends on great climax, Holy to the Lord will be inscribed even on the bells of the horses' harnesses, that is, original unity of sacred and secular will be restored
To what sign of Jonah compared in the New Testament
the resurrection of Jesus
For what purpose was Jeremiah called by God
to be a prophet to the nations
Nahum - The Theme
two-pronged: it proclaims Lord as sovereign in judgement and salvation, meaning we have bad news and good news message (judgement and a hope message) (law and a gospel message) - Nineveh was going to fall (no repentance this time) - Kingdoms cannot be built on fraud and force -- God punishes injustice, violence, and idolatry in any nation
What city did Jonah journey too?
went to capital city of a Gentile nation = Ninevah, capital of Assyria
