test part 3
extinction
(Classical conditioning) The weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent is called ____.
generalization
(classical conditioning) The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response is called _________.
generalization
(operant conditioning) ______ is Performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.
_____ in classical conditioning is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.
Generalization
classical conditioning
Learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.
observational learning
Learning that occurs through observing and imitating another's behavior.
_____ in operant conditioning occurs when the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of something undesirable.
Negative reinforcement
contiguity
The conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are presented very close together in time-- even a mere fraction of a second is called ______. It is an important part of classical conditioning in which the occurrence of one stimulus can be predicted from the absence of of another one.
law of effect
Thordike's law stating that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened an that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened is called the ___ _____ ____.
learned helplessness
Through experience with unavoidable aversive stimuli, an organism learns that it has no control over negative outcomes in what is called ______ _________.
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies negative reinforcement in operant conditioning?
Tom wakes up just before the alarm clock goes off every morning so that he can avoid having to hear the alarm go off.
positive
____ reinforcement: The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior.
counter
____-conditioning is a classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response.
instinctive drift
_____ _____: The tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning.
reflexes
_____ are automatic stimulus response connections.
respondant
_____ behavior is behavior that occurs in automatic response to a stimulus such as a nausea producing drug, and later to a conditioned stimulus such as sweet water that was paired with the drug.
operant
_____ conditioning is a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurence.
aversive
_____ conditioning is a form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.
discrimination
______ (operant conditioning): Responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will not be reinforced.
contingency
______ is when the conditioned stimulus must not only precede the unconditioned stimulus closely in time, it must also serve as a reliable indicator that the unconditioned stimulus is on its way.
observational
______ learning, also called imitation or modeling, is learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates behavior.
insight
______ learning: A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem's solution.
positive
______ punishment: The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior.
behaviorism
______, is a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping.
extinction
_______ (operant conditioning): Decreases in the frequency of behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced.
applied behavior analysis
_______ ______ _______ (behavior modification) is the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.
punishment
_______ is a consequence that decreases the liklihood that a behavior will occur.
avoidance
_______ learning: An organism's learning that it can altogether avoid a negative stimulus by making a particular response.
fixed
_______ mindset: An individual believes their qualities are carved in stone and cannot change.
growth
_______ mindset: An individual believes their qualities can change and improve through their effort.
negative
_________ reinforcement: The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior.
Classical conditioning is a form of _____
associative learning
Psychologists who examine learning from a behavioral perspective define learning as _____.
the relatively stable, observable changes in a person's actions
Extinction in classical conditioning is:
the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.
_____, in classical conditioning, is the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.
Extinction
unconditioned
A _______ response is an unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditional stimulus.
schedules
____ of reinforcement are specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced.
In operant conditioning, _____ occurs when a behavior is no longer reinforced and decreases in frequency.
extinction
While observing rats in a maze, Patrick realizes that the rats are able to find their way to the end of the maze even though they are not rewarded at any point during the experiment. This type of learning can best be defined as _____.
latent learning
Rose is in an abusive relationship with Dan, who is physically violent with her and has injured her seriously more than once. Despite this, Rose has never been able to stop him or leave him. Rose was also abused by her step-father as a child. Rose's inability to put up a fight with Dan is most likely the result of _____ in operant conditioning.
learned helplessness
conditioned
A ______ response is the learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after conditioned stimulus--unconditioned stimulus pairing.
variable
A _____ ratio schedule is set on a timetable in which behaviors are rewarded an average number of times but on an unpredictable basis.
conditioned stimulus
A ______ _____ is a previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
variable interval
A ______ ______ schedule is a timetable in which a behavior is reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed.
fixed
A ______ ratio schedule reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors.
immunosuppression
A decrease in the production of antibodies, which can lower a person's ability to fight disease is called ______.
interval
A fixed ______ schedule reinforces the first behvior after a fixed amount of time has passed.
secondary
A reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organism's experience; a _____ reinforcer is a learned or conditioned reinforcer.
unconditioned stimulus
A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning is an ________ __________.
learning
A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience is called ______.
interval
An ______ reinforcement schedule is determined by time elapsed since the last behavior was rewarded.
connected
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are forms of associative learning, which involves learning that two events are _____.
_____ is the process of learning the associations between two events.
Conditioning
habituaton
Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations is called _______.
____ in classical conditioning is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.
Discrimination
_____ in classical conditioning is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.
Discrimination
The psychologist who used puzzle boxes in his experiments to establish the power of consequences in determining voluntary behavior was _____.
E.L. Thorndike
Which of the following is true of elaboration in memory?
Elaboration can occur at any level of processing.
Boris uses classical conditioning to teach his goldfish to swim to the surface of its tank to eat whenever Boris turns on the aquarium light. He drops food into the tank and then turns on the light. After several such trials, the fish shows no more inclination to swim to the surface when the light is turned on than it did on the first trial. In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following should Boris do to improve his training technique?
He should turn on the light before he drops the food into the tank.
operant
In ____ conditioning, organisms learn the associations between a behavior and a consequence such as a reward.
Which of the following statements best describes classical conditioning?
It is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.
Which of the following is true of generalization in classical conditioning?
It is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.
Which of the following is true of observational learning?
It often takes less time than operant conditioning.
Which of the following is true of partial reinforcement?
Partial reinforcement is particularly resistant to extinction.
Melvin is an elementary-school teacher who rewards his students with extra playing time whenever they do well on a class assignment. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is Melvin using to motivate his students to work harder?
Positive reinforcement
shaping
Rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior.
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates divided attention?
Riley is trying to pay attention to her teacher while talking to her friend in class.
_____ is the system of memory that holds information for time frames of a fraction of a second to several seconds.
Sensory memory
retention
The 2nd process required for observational learning to occur, encoding information to keep it in memory.
aural
The ___ learner learns by listening.
kinesthetic
The ____ learner is someone who learns through hands on experience.
visual
The _____ learner learns by seeing.
primary
The _______ reinforcer is a reinforcer that is innately satisfying; one that does not take any learning on the organism's part to make it pleasurable.
Which of the following is true of Ivan Pavlov's experiment on classical conditioning?
The bell was a neutral stimulus before it was paired with the meat powder.
negative
____ punishment: The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior.
acquisition
The initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired is called _______.
reinforcement
The process by which a stimulus or an event following a particular behaviors increases the probability that the behaviors will happen again is called ________.
spontaneous recovery
The process in classical conditioning by with a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning is called ______ ______.
conditioning
The process of learning associations between 2 events as a part of associative learning.
goal directed
The purposiveness of behavior is the idea that much of behavior is _______ ________.
preparedness
The species specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others.
applied behavioral analysis
The statement, "We can understand all human behavior as being influenced by rewards and punishments. If we can figure out what rewards and punishers are controlling a person's behavior, we can change them---and eventually change the behavior itself," comes from what mode of thought? a________ b_________ a __________
motor reproduction
____ ____, a 3rd element of observational learning is the process of imitating a model's actions.
latent
____ learning (implicit learning): Unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior.
associative
____ learning, is learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection, or an association, between two events.
Rodney suffers severe food poisoning after eating lunch at his school cafeteria. As a result of the experience, every time Rodney walks past the cafeteria and smells the food, he feels nauseated. In the context of classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is the _____.
bad food
In John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner's demonstration of the role of classical conditioning in the development of fears, little Albert learned to fear a white rat. In this study, the white rat was the _____.
conditioned stimulus
Carol is training her dog to sit on command. Each time he sits in response to her command, she gives him a treat. In the context of operant conditioning, Carol is using a _____ to train her dog.
continuous reinforcement schedule
Operant conditioning is a form of learning that _____.
focuses on the association between behaviors and the stimuli that follow them
Classical conditioning _____.
focuses on the association between two stimuli
A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on ________.
operant conditioning
Janet scolds her daughter, Kelley, each time Kelley pinches her little brother. After two weeks, Janet notices that Kelley has stopped pinching her little brother. In this scenario, scolding Kelley is an example of _____ in operant conditioning.
positive punishment
In the context of operant conditioning, a reinforcer that is innately satisfying and does not require any learning on the organism's part to make it pleasurable is referred to as a _____ reinforcer.
primary
Tina's eyes water every time she chops onions. Her response is an example of a:
reflex.
A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is ________ and, thus ________ the probability of a response.
removed; increases
A ________ reinforcer, such as money or praise, gets its value through an association with a ________ reinforcer.
secondary; primary
Marcia and John were married for eleven years before John passed away. Following his death, Marcia left her home and city because everything reminded her of John. Many years later, Marcia happened to meet a man, her new colleague, who smelled of the cologne that John always wore. Even after so many years, Marcia was drawn to this man because he reminded her of John. In this scenario, Marcia's reawakened feelings are an example of _____ in classical conditioning.
spontaneous recovery
In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, prior to associating the sound of the bell with the food, the dog's salivation in response to the food was the _____.
unconditioned response
An unconditioned response is a(n):
unlearned reaction.