The Art of Public Speaking - Chapter 11, The Art of Public Speaking Chapter 8, The Art of Public Speaking - Chapter 12, PUBLIC SPEAKING CHAPTER 7, The Art of Public Speaking - Chapter 9 & 10 GTCC
What are 6 tips for using statistics in your speeches?
1. Use stats to quantify your ideas 2. Use stats sparingly 3. Identify the sources of your stats 4. Explain your stats 5. Round off complicated stats 6. Use visual aids to clarify stats trends
4 types of Narratives
1. Your own story 2. Others Stories 3. Institutional Stories 4. Cultural Stories
problem-solving order
A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem
topical order
A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics
causal order
A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship
Extended Example
A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point.
connective
A word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them
Which of the following forms of symbolization is not part of the most common system of outlining?
A. Main point
Hypothetical Examples
An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation.
Metaphor
An implicit comparison, not introduced with the word like or as between two thinkings that are essentially different yet have something in common
A type of comparison that describes something by comparing it to something else that is resembles
Analogy
Which of the following are guidelines to follow for a title if you use one for your speech?
Attract the attention of your audience, be brief, and encapsulate the thrust of your speech.
Why is it easy to lie with stats?
Because one can manipulate numbers in anyway they want.
Thesaurus
Book of synonyms
A unique meaning associated with a word based on a persons own experiences; appeal to emotion
Connotative Meaning
Best represents mythos in the way they transmit basic values and accepted behaviors often told in the form of a fable or myth. What kind of story is this
Cultural Stories
A statement that describes the essence, precise meaning, or scope of a word or phrase
Definition
Which of the following are true statements about the most common system of outlining?
Each level of subdivision is indented, subpoints are identified by capital letters, main points are identified by roman numerals
An authors credibility, or ______ influences the degree to which audience members think information is accurate
Ethos
This type of example provides little detail , the speaker expects audience members to be familiar with the situation, person, object, or event cited.
General Examples
This type of example stems from conjecture or supposition. Speakers tend to ask the audience to imagine something
Hypothetical Examples
For example, in a speech on keeping costs low for college students, the speaker might interview a few students to find out their strategies for saving money. What kind of Testimony is this?
Lay Testimony
Individuals who have experience with a topic but aren't experts or well known
Lay Testimony
A figure of speech that makes an IMPLICIT comparison between two things. Ex: Something IS something else
Metaphor
What are sometimes grouped with analogies
Metaphors and Similes
Appeals to cultural beliefs and values
Mythos
Appeals to emotion
Pathos
Repetition
Reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning to end of successive clauses or sentences
This type of example gives listeners much more detail
Specific Examples
Which of the following are guidelines for the preparation outline?
State main points as full sentences and state subpoints as main sentences
An individuals opinions or experiences about a particular topic
Testimony
Using _______ to support your points works only if listeners believe in the sources credibility and feel a personal connection the source or topic
Testimony
Peer Testimony
Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic.
Expert Testimony
Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields.
Direct Quotation
Testimony that is presented word for word.
Mean
The average value of a group of numbers
Antithesis
The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structures
Denotative meaning
The literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase
Imagery
The use of vivid language to create mental images or objects, actions, or ideas
Which of the following is a true statement about transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews?
They should be labeled (or put in parentheses) in both the preparation and speaking outline
Simile, concrete words, metaphor
Three examples of imagery are?
Paraphrase
To restate or summarize a source's ideas in one's own words.
Generic "he"
Using he to refer to both he and she
Which of the following are true statements about effective outlining?
You should indent the subpoints of the speech, you should use numerals and letters to label the points of the speech, and you should use a consistent pattern
crescendo ending
a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity
dissolve ending
a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement
spatial order
a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern
chronological order
a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern
rhetorical question
a question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud
internal preview
a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next
internal summary
a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points
preview statement
a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body
signpost
a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas
If you use any sources of information in your speech, you should attach a(n) __________ to your outline.
bibliography
Which of the following is the list of sources used in preparing a speech?
bibliography
A speaking outline should include
delivery cues
Which of the following are the directions included in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how to give key parts of the speech?
delivery cues
avoid Generic he, avoid gender, social roles, avoid stereotyping jobs and groups of people
examples of Inclusive language
The primary reason for keeping the speaking outline free of detail is to be able to maintain __________ contact with the audience.
eye
Parallelism, repetition, alliteration, antithesis
four examples of rhythm are?
One guideline for the preparation outline is to __________ the central idea.
identify
Occasion, audience, topic, speaker
language should be appropriate to who?
One guideline for the speaking outline is that it be immediately __________ when you deliver your speech.
legible
In order to be able to use the speaking outline effectively as a guide while talking, it should use the same system of indentation that was used in the __________ outline.
preparation
strategic organization
putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience
Which of the following is the term for the notes used in extemporaneous speeches to jog a spealker's memory during the presentation of the speech?
speaking outline
The preparation outline should include the __________ purpose as a way to help you evaluate how successfully the speech has been put together.
specific
credibility
the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic
goodwill
the audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind
What is the difference between expert testimony and peer testimony?
the expert establishes credibility
Which of the following are parts of the preparation outline?
the specific purpose statement, the introduction, and connectives
use familiar words, chose concrete words, eliminate clutter
what are the ways to Use language clearly?
Imagery, and rhythm
what are the ways to use language vividly?
What three questions should you ask to judge the reliability of stats?
1. Are the statistics representative? 2. Are statistical measures used correctly? 3. Are the statistics from a reliable source?
What three examples used for support?
1. Brief examples 2. Extended Examples 3. Hypothetical examples
What are the 3 types of Testimony's
1. Expert Testimony 2. Celebrity Testimony 3. Lay Testimony
What are the 3 types of examples?
1. General 2. Specific 3. Hypothetical
5 Basic Types of Supporting Materials
1. Narratives dramatize a topic and help your audience identify with it 2. Examples make ideas less abstract and personalize a topic 3. Definitions establish a common meaning between the speaker and the audience 4. Experts, Celebs, and laypeople may provide testimony or their experience about a topic 5. Facts and statistics clearly appeal to an audience's logical thinking processes
What are 4 tips when using testimony in the speeches.
1. Quote or paraphrase accurately 2. Use testimony from qualified sources 3. Use testimony from unbiased sources 4. Identify the people you quote or paraphrase
What four items do you normally need to provide when making oral source citations in a speech?
1. The book, mag, newspaper, or web document your citing. 2. The author or sponsoring organization of the document. 3. The author's qualifications with regard to topic. 4. The date on which the document was published, posted, or updated.
What are 5 tips for using examples in your speeches?
1. Use examples to clarify your ideas 2. Use examples to reinforce your ideas 3. Use examples to personalize your ideas 4. Make your examples vivid and richly textured 5. Practice delivery to enhance your extended examples
Parallelism
A similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words or sentences
Brief Example
A specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point.
Example
A specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like.
Cliche
A trite or overuse expression
transition
A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another
Simile
An explicit comparison, introduced with the word like or as between things that are essentially different yet have something in common
Speakers often use _________ to help listeners understand something new to them, that is they use an ______ referring to something familiar to define something unfamiliar
Analogy
A brief narrative
Anecdote
When speakers define something by its function, they explain what it does or how it works
Definition by function
An agreed upon definition of a word found in a dictionary, appeals to logic
Denotative Meaning
Clutter
Discourse that takes many more words that are necessary to express an idea
Illustrations or cases that represent a larger group, family, or class of things
Examples
Rests on the audience's belief that the source truly is an expert on the topic
Expert Testimony
An observation based on actual experience
Facts
Your senses serve as the basis for ______
Facts
Which of the following are guidelines for preparing the preparation outline?
Identify the central idea, state the specific purpose of your speech, and lable the introduction, body, and conclusion
Centers on specific organizations, such as a university, corporation, church, or social club. This type of narrative tells us how individuals should act in the organization and the values it emphasizes. Ex: Eagle flying around Jordan Hare
Institutional Stories
Which of the following are accurate descriptions of the speaking outline?
It is brief, it is used during the presentation of the speech, and it is typically used in extemporaneous speeches.
Inclusive language
Language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basics of gender, age, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors
Appeals to logic
Logos
A description of events in a dramatic fashion, also called a story
Narrative
Statistics
Numerical data
Testimony
Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point.
Quoting out of context
Quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it.
Alliteration
Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words
A figure of speech that makes an EXPLICIT comparison between two things; using the words like or as. Ex: Something is LIKE something else
Simile
Numerical Data or information
Statistics
Evidence used to demonstrate the worth of an idea (illustrate, clarify, and provide evidence)
Supporting Materials
Why do we use supporting material in speeches?
Supporting material often makes the difference between a poor speech and a good one.
main points
The major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speeches contain from two to five main points
Supporting Materials
The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are , examples, statistics, and testimony.
supporting materials
The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony.
Connotative meaning
The meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase
Median
The middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest.
Mode
The number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers.
Rhythm
The pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words
Which of the following are true statements about outlines?
They serve as a blueprint for the speech, they allow you to judge the flow of the speech, and they are essential to an effective speech
What has both denotative and connotative meanings?
Words
Abstract words
Words that refer to ideas or concepts
Concrete words
Words that refer to tangible objects
Which of the follow are parts that should be labeled in a preparation outline?
body, introduction and conclusion