The Art of Public Speaking - Chapter 11, The Art of Public Speaking Chapter 8, The Art of Public Speaking - Chapter 12, PUBLIC SPEAKING CHAPTER 7, The Art of Public Speaking - Chapter 9 & 10 GTCC

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What are 6 tips for using statistics in your speeches?

1. Use stats to quantify your ideas 2. Use stats sparingly 3. Identify the sources of your stats 4. Explain your stats 5. Round off complicated stats 6. Use visual aids to clarify stats trends

4 types of Narratives

1. Your own story 2. Others Stories 3. Institutional Stories 4. Cultural Stories

problem-solving order

A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

topical order

A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics

causal order

A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship

Extended Example

A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point.

connective

A word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them

Which of the following forms of symbolization is not part of the most common system of outlining?

A. Main point

Hypothetical Examples

An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation.

Metaphor

An implicit comparison, not introduced with the word like or as between two thinkings that are essentially different yet have something in common

A type of comparison that describes something by comparing it to something else that is resembles

Analogy

Which of the following are guidelines to follow for a title if you use one for your speech?

Attract the attention of your audience, be brief, and encapsulate the thrust of your speech.

Why is it easy to lie with stats?

Because one can manipulate numbers in anyway they want.

Thesaurus

Book of synonyms

A unique meaning associated with a word based on a persons own experiences; appeal to emotion

Connotative Meaning

Best represents mythos in the way they transmit basic values and accepted behaviors often told in the form of a fable or myth. What kind of story is this

Cultural Stories

A statement that describes the essence, precise meaning, or scope of a word or phrase

Definition

Which of the following are true statements about the most common system of outlining?

Each level of subdivision is indented, subpoints are identified by capital letters, main points are identified by roman numerals

An authors credibility, or ______ influences the degree to which audience members think information is accurate

Ethos

This type of example provides little detail , the speaker expects audience members to be familiar with the situation, person, object, or event cited.

General Examples

This type of example stems from conjecture or supposition. Speakers tend to ask the audience to imagine something

Hypothetical Examples

For example, in a speech on keeping costs low for college students, the speaker might interview a few students to find out their strategies for saving money. What kind of Testimony is this?

Lay Testimony

Individuals who have experience with a topic but aren't experts or well known

Lay Testimony

A figure of speech that makes an IMPLICIT comparison between two things. Ex: Something IS something else

Metaphor

What are sometimes grouped with analogies

Metaphors and Similes

Appeals to cultural beliefs and values

Mythos

Appeals to emotion

Pathos

Repetition

Reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning to end of successive clauses or sentences

This type of example gives listeners much more detail

Specific Examples

Which of the following are guidelines for the preparation outline?

State main points as full sentences and state subpoints as main sentences

An individuals opinions or experiences about a particular topic

Testimony

Using _______ to support your points works only if listeners believe in the sources credibility and feel a personal connection the source or topic

Testimony

Peer Testimony

Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic.

Expert Testimony

Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields.

Direct Quotation

Testimony that is presented word for word.

Mean

The average value of a group of numbers

Antithesis

The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structures

Denotative meaning

The literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase

Imagery

The use of vivid language to create mental images or objects, actions, or ideas

Which of the following is a true statement about transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews?

They should be labeled (or put in parentheses) in both the preparation and speaking outline

Simile, concrete words, metaphor

Three examples of imagery are?

Paraphrase

To restate or summarize a source's ideas in one's own words.

Generic "he"

Using he to refer to both he and she

Which of the following are true statements about effective outlining?

You should indent the subpoints of the speech, you should use numerals and letters to label the points of the speech, and you should use a consistent pattern

crescendo ending

a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity

dissolve ending

a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement

spatial order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern

chronological order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern

rhetorical question

a question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud

internal preview

a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next

internal summary

a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points

preview statement

a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body

signpost

a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas

If you use any sources of information in your speech, you should attach a(n) __________ to your outline.

bibliography

Which of the following is the list of sources used in preparing a speech?

bibliography

A speaking outline should include

delivery cues

Which of the following are the directions included in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how to give key parts of the speech?

delivery cues

avoid Generic he, avoid gender, social roles, avoid stereotyping jobs and groups of people

examples of Inclusive language

The primary reason for keeping the speaking outline free of detail is to be able to maintain __________ contact with the audience.

eye

Parallelism, repetition, alliteration, antithesis

four examples of rhythm are?

One guideline for the preparation outline is to __________ the central idea.

identify

Occasion, audience, topic, speaker

language should be appropriate to who?

One guideline for the speaking outline is that it be immediately __________ when you deliver your speech.

legible

In order to be able to use the speaking outline effectively as a guide while talking, it should use the same system of indentation that was used in the __________ outline.

preparation

strategic organization

putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience

Which of the following is the term for the notes used in extemporaneous speeches to jog a spealker's memory during the presentation of the speech?

speaking outline

The preparation outline should include the __________ purpose as a way to help you evaluate how successfully the speech has been put together.

specific

credibility

the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic

goodwill

the audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind

What is the difference between expert testimony and peer testimony?

the expert establishes credibility

Which of the following are parts of the preparation outline?

the specific purpose statement, the introduction, and connectives

use familiar words, chose concrete words, eliminate clutter

what are the ways to Use language clearly?

Imagery, and rhythm

what are the ways to use language vividly?

What three questions should you ask to judge the reliability of stats?

1. Are the statistics representative? 2. Are statistical measures used correctly? 3. Are the statistics from a reliable source?

What three examples used for support?

1. Brief examples 2. Extended Examples 3. Hypothetical examples

What are the 3 types of Testimony's

1. Expert Testimony 2. Celebrity Testimony 3. Lay Testimony

What are the 3 types of examples?

1. General 2. Specific 3. Hypothetical

5 Basic Types of Supporting Materials

1. Narratives dramatize a topic and help your audience identify with it 2. Examples make ideas less abstract and personalize a topic 3. Definitions establish a common meaning between the speaker and the audience 4. Experts, Celebs, and laypeople may provide testimony or their experience about a topic 5. Facts and statistics clearly appeal to an audience's logical thinking processes

What are 4 tips when using testimony in the speeches.

1. Quote or paraphrase accurately 2. Use testimony from qualified sources 3. Use testimony from unbiased sources 4. Identify the people you quote or paraphrase

What four items do you normally need to provide when making oral source citations in a speech?

1. The book, mag, newspaper, or web document your citing. 2. The author or sponsoring organization of the document. 3. The author's qualifications with regard to topic. 4. The date on which the document was published, posted, or updated.

What are 5 tips for using examples in your speeches?

1. Use examples to clarify your ideas 2. Use examples to reinforce your ideas 3. Use examples to personalize your ideas 4. Make your examples vivid and richly textured 5. Practice delivery to enhance your extended examples

Parallelism

A similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words or sentences

Brief Example

A specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point.

Example

A specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like.

Cliche

A trite or overuse expression

transition

A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another

Simile

An explicit comparison, introduced with the word like or as between things that are essentially different yet have something in common

Speakers often use _________ to help listeners understand something new to them, that is they use an ______ referring to something familiar to define something unfamiliar

Analogy

A brief narrative

Anecdote

When speakers define something by its function, they explain what it does or how it works

Definition by function

An agreed upon definition of a word found in a dictionary, appeals to logic

Denotative Meaning

Clutter

Discourse that takes many more words that are necessary to express an idea

Illustrations or cases that represent a larger group, family, or class of things

Examples

Rests on the audience's belief that the source truly is an expert on the topic

Expert Testimony

An observation based on actual experience

Facts

Your senses serve as the basis for ______

Facts

Which of the following are guidelines for preparing the preparation outline?

Identify the central idea, state the specific purpose of your speech, and lable the introduction, body, and conclusion

Centers on specific organizations, such as a university, corporation, church, or social club. This type of narrative tells us how individuals should act in the organization and the values it emphasizes. Ex: Eagle flying around Jordan Hare

Institutional Stories

Which of the following are accurate descriptions of the speaking outline?

It is brief, it is used during the presentation of the speech, and it is typically used in extemporaneous speeches.

Inclusive language

Language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basics of gender, age, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors

Appeals to logic

Logos

A description of events in a dramatic fashion, also called a story

Narrative

Statistics

Numerical data

Testimony

Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point.

Quoting out of context

Quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it.

Alliteration

Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words

A figure of speech that makes an EXPLICIT comparison between two things; using the words like or as. Ex: Something is LIKE something else

Simile

Numerical Data or information

Statistics

Evidence used to demonstrate the worth of an idea (illustrate, clarify, and provide evidence)

Supporting Materials

Why do we use supporting material in speeches?

Supporting material often makes the difference between a poor speech and a good one.

main points

The major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speeches contain from two to five main points

Supporting Materials

The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are , examples, statistics, and testimony.

supporting materials

The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony.

Connotative meaning

The meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

Median

The middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest.

Mode

The number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers.

Rhythm

The pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words

Which of the following are true statements about outlines?

They serve as a blueprint for the speech, they allow you to judge the flow of the speech, and they are essential to an effective speech

What has both denotative and connotative meanings?

Words

Abstract words

Words that refer to ideas or concepts

Concrete words

Words that refer to tangible objects

Which of the follow are parts that should be labeled in a preparation outline?

body, introduction and conclusion


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