The Human Body in Health and Illness, 7th ed., Chapter 2
What is "heavy hydrogen"?
A form of hydrogen with one proton and one neutron in its nucleus, with atomic number of 1, but its atomic mass is actually 2. It is an isotope.
What is the difference between the atomic number and the atomic mass?
Atomic number is the # of protons in the nucleus, while the atomic mass is the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
Basic units of matter
Atoms
What is an isotope?
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons; a different form of the same atom.
Bicarbonate functions
Bicarbonate (HCO3-) Important in acid-base regulation
Covalent bonds:
Bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms. Neither gives up an atom.
Chemical symbol for Carbon
C
Chemical symbol for Calcium
Ca
Calcium functions
Calcium (Ca++) Component of bones and teeth, blood clotting, and muscle contraction
The outer shell of an atom's tendency to become stable forms the basis of:
Chemical Bonding
Digesting food into chyme causes which type of change to its matter: a. mechanical b. chemical
Chemical change
Chloride functions
Chloride ( Cl-) Chief extracellular anion
Chemical symbol for Chlorine
Cl
Chemical symbol for Cobalt
Co
Covalent bonding of carbon with hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen forms what type of molecules?
Complex molecules such as protiens and carbohydrates.
What type of bond does carbon always form?
Covalent bonds
Do covalent bonds break apart in water?
Covalent bonds are strong and do not break apart in an aqueous (water) solution. This allows them to be transported via the blood
Chemical symbol for Chromium
Cr
Chemical symbol for Copper
Cu
Diagnostic use of radioactive isotopes
Detect thyroid dysfunction by detecting alterations in the rate of radioactive iodine (I 131) uptake.
The second and third shells can each hold up to ______ electrons.
Eight
Dissociation of electrolyte
Electrolyte splits or breaks apart in solution. Ex: Sodium Chloride - ionic bonds weaken in water, and so dissociates into NA+ and CL- (aka: Ionization)
Only substances that ionize
Electrolytes
When nuclei of an isotope breaks down or decays, what is released?
Energy
Chemical symbol for Fluorine
F
T/F? Radioisotopes help tissues, and are used clinically to heal tissues and cells.
False. Radioisotopes damage tissues and are used clinically to destroy cells (Ex: cancer, excess thyroid tissue)
Chemical symbol for Iron
Fe
Which of the following is true about gaseous matter:: a. has a definite shape and volume b. takes the shape of the container that holds it c. has neither shape nor volume.
Gaseous matter has neither shape nor volume
Chemical symbol for Hydrogen
H
Hydrogen functions
Hydrogen (H+) Important in acid-base balance. It's concentration determines the pH of a solution.
What does carbon most commonly bond with?
Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other carbon atoms.
Chemical symbol for Iodine
I
What makes the outermost electron shell unstable?
If it is not filled with its proper number of electrons.
Trace elements in the body include (list 7)
Iodine, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Fluorine, Selenium, Zinc
Iron functions
Iron (Fe++) Component of Hemoglobin (oxygen transport)
What makes water a polar molecule?
It has 1t has a lopsided charge, or oppositely charged regions on the molecule. A positive charge around the hydrogen end, and a negative charge around the oxygen end.
Chemical symbol for Potassium
K
Which of the following is true about liquid matter: a. has a definite shape and volume b. takes the shape of the container that holds it c. has neither shape nor volume
Liquid matter takes the shape of the container that holds it
An element is:
Matter that is composed of atoms, which have the same number of positive charges in their nuclei.
Chewing food into smaller pieces causes which type of change to its matter: a. mechanical b. chemical
Mechanical change
Chemical symbol for Magnesium
Mg
When an unstable isotope releases energy, does its nuclei become more or less stable?
More stable.
Chemical symbol for Nitrogen
N
Chemical symbol for Sodium
Na
Example of an Ionic bond:
NaCl (table salt)
What type of electrical charge does an electron have?
Negative
What type of electrical charge does a neutron have?
No electrical charge (neutral).
Where are the protons and neutrons found?
Nucleus of an atom
Chemical symbol for Oxygen
O
Which electrons are important for chemical bonding?
Only those in the outermost shell
What four elements make up 96% of the human body's weight?
Oxygen 65% Carbon 18.5% Hydrogen 9..5% Nitrogen. 3.2%
Chemical symbol for Phosphorus
P
Phosphate functions
Phosphate (PO4---) Component of bones and teeth; component of ATP (energy).
What type of electrical charge does a proton have?
Positive
Potassium functions
Potassium (K+) Nerve and muscle function, chief intracellular cation.
Radioactivity
Process of spontaneous breakdown (decay)
Chemical symbol for Sulfur
S
Chemical symbol for Selenium
Se
Sodium functions
Sodium (Na+) Chief extracellular cation, --Function: fluid balance, nerve and muscle function.
Which of the following is true about solid matter: a. has a definite shape and volume b. takes the shape of the container that holds it c. has neither shape nor volume
Solid matter has a definite shape and volume
Energy levels (electron shells)
The region(s) surrounding the nucleus where electrons orbit the nucleus.
What does the outer shell of an atom do to try to become stable?
Tries to either give up electrons to empty the shell, acquire electrons to fill the shell, or share electrons with others so that each participating atom has the proper number in their outer shells.
T/F? All matter, living or dead, is composed of elements
True
T/F? Although more than 100 elements exist, only approximately 25 are required by living organisms.
True
T/F? An atom is electrically neutral
True
T/F? Hydrogen bonds are not caused by a transfer or sharing of electrons in the outer shells of atoms.
True
T/F? In each atom, the number of protons (+) is equal to the number of electrons (-).
True
T/F? Isotopes are often unstable
True
T/F? The numbers of protons and electrons are what determine which element the atom will be.
True
T/F? Trace elements, although present in tiny amounts, are essential for life.
True
T/F? When placed in water, NaCl dissociates into sodium and chloride ions
True
T/F? the number of electron shells varies from one atom to another
True
T/F? Electrolytes and Ions are interchangeable terms in the clinical setting.
True Electrolyte: NaCl Ions: Na+ , Cl-
T/F? All matter that we encounter in everyday life exists in one of three physical forms
True - solid, liquid, or gas.
T/F? If negatively charged electrons are lost from or gained by the outer shell of an atom, the electrical charge of the atom changes.
True. Losing a negatively charged ion changes the net charge of the atom from neutral to positive or negative.
The inner shell closest to the nucleus can only hold ______ shells
Two
Covalent bond example
Water molecule (H20).
How does the intermolecular bond of water work?
Weak positive charge around the Hydrogen of one water molecule is attracted to the weak negative charge of the oxygen in the second water molecule. (opposites attract)
Chemical symbol for Zinc
Zn
An ionic bond is:
a chemical bond between atoms formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other
An atom is composed of a central nucleus which is surrounded by which orbiting particles?
electrons
Ions form when
electrons in the outer shell are lost or gained.
What type of bond is a hydrogen bond?
intermolecular bond
Three types of chemical bonds
ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds
Chemistry is the study of
matter
anions
negatively charged ions (gain electrons) Examples: Cl-, HCO3- ***an- means lacking***
What is the atomic number?
number of protons in the nucleus
Cations
positively charged ions (lose electrons) Examples, Na+, K+ ***Cats have paws so paws-itive.***
What three subatomic particles make up atoms?
protons, neutrons, electrons
What three states does matter exist in?
solid, liquid, gas
electrolyte
substance that forms ions when it is dissolved in water. Are capable of conduction an electrical current.
What determines the atomic mass of an atom?
the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus
A chemical change occurs to wood when: a. the tree dies b. the wood is chopped into firewood c. the wood is burned in a fire
the wood is burned in a fire; ash is no longer the same chemical formation as wood.
A mechanical change occurs to wood when: a. the tree dies b. the wood is chopped into firewood c. the wood is burned in a fire
the wood is chopped into firewood; it still has the same chemical formation, just smaller pieces.
Molecule
two or more atoms bond together; can be identical atoms (O2, H2) or different. (H2O).
What are radioisotopes?
unstable isotopes
Ammonium functions
Ammonium (NH4+) Important in acid-base regulation.
Smallest unit of an element with the element's chemical characteristics
Atom
Matter is:
anything that takes up space and has mass
An isotope has the same _____ as an atom, but a different _____.
atomic number, atomic mass.
