The roots of imperialism/Imperialism in Africa

What are four reasons for imperialism?

1.The desire for raw materials and new markets 2.Nationalism 3.Racism 4.The missionary desire to convert people.

Note two factors within Africa that made it vulnerable to European conquest

A lot of languages and cultures, and war

Assimilation

Absorbing colonized people into the culture of the imperialist nation

What were the negative consequences of colonial rule for the African continent?

Africans lost their lives and independence. Many died of diseases. Many lost thousands of their people resisting Europeans. Changes from agriculture to cash crops led to famines. Many Africans were forced to migrate for work. This changed their diets and made them neglect their food crops. Africans traditional cultures broke down. Homes were transferred with little regard to how important they were to people. Men were forced to move and support themselves and their families somehow someway.

Note three groups that clashed over territory and resources in South Africa.

Africans, Dutch, and British

Who resisted imperialism in Africa, and what were the results?

Algeria resisted the French, Ethiopians resisted the Italians and East Africans resisted the Germans. Thousands of Africans died because they tried to use magic to fight German machine guns. Ethiopians resisted successfully against the Italians and Menelik II helped the fighting continue, declared war on the Italians and eventually defeated them.

How did Algeria's resistance to French rule differ from the East Africans' resistance to German rule?

Algeria used active resistance against the French, East Africans used spiritual defense including maji-maji (the belief that bullets turned into water as they approach you).

What were three benefits and three problems of colonial rule?

Benefits: 1. Local warfare was reduced. 2. Economy expanded. 3. Railroads, dams and telephone and telegraph lines were built. Problems: 1. Africans lost a lot of land. 2. African traditions were destroyed. 3. People were forced out of their homes.

Note one outcome of the Boer War

British controlled South Africa, first modern warfare

How did Africans benefit from colonial rule?

Colonialism reduced local warfare and sometimes it improved education, sanitation, health, transportation and communication for Africans. African products became valued on world markets

What forms and methods did imperialists use to control and manage colonies?

Colony (an area ruled by a foreign government) Protectorate (An area that runs its own daily affairs but is controlled by an imperialist nation) Sphere of influence (An area where an imperialist nation has exclusive economic rights) Economic Imperialism (A situation where an independent nation is controlled by foreign businesses rather than foreign governments)

Imperialism

Control by a strong nation over a weaker nation

Were there differences between direct control and indirect control of colonies in Africa? Explain

Direct control had no self-rule and lived by the policies of assimilation (People adapt to French culture and be like the French) and paternalism (giving people what they need but no rights). For direct control, Foreigners ruled. For direct control, the government institutions are based entirely off of European styles. Indirect control had some self-rule. Local government officials handled much of the daily management of the colonies. The government institutions of indirect control were based off of European styles like those of direct control but also had local rules. The goal of indirect control was to develop future leaders.

What method of management did the French use with their colonies?

Direct control: They used Paternalism (Governing in a "parental" way by providing for needs but not giving rights) and assimilation (Absorbing colonized people into the culture of the imperialist nation)

Note two outcomes of the Berlin Conference in 1884 and 1885

Europeans could claim land in Africa by letting other nations know that they are doing so and showing them that they could control the land. The European nations divided Africa without thinking about how ethnic or linguistic groups would be separated.

Paternalism

Governing in a "parental" way by providing for needs but not giving rights

What were the 3 largest ethnic groups in Nigeria?

Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, and Igbo.

How did the British control Nigeria and other British colonies?

Indirect control: Relied on existing political rulers who handled much of the daily management of the colony.

Note three motives behind the European race for colonies.

Industrial Revolution, abolishing slave trade, and power over lands.

Menelik II

Leader of Ethiopian resistance

Note two technological advantages Europeans had over the Africans

Maximum gun, and steam engine

Berlin Conference

Meeting at which Europeans agreed on rules for colonizing Africa

Why was Ethiopia able to successfully resist European rule?

Menelik II built more weapons and used the tactic of Italians, British and French already fighting and declared war on Italy.

Explain the Spiritual defense tactic and give an example.

The technique of protecting people by believing in spiritual protection. Ex: belief that a protective magic water called Maji Maji could be sprinkled on anyone's bodies and turn any bullets shot at them into water.

Social Darwinism

Use of Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution to explain human societies

Boer War

War between the British and the Boers

Shaka

Zulu chief who created a large centralized state

Boer

a Dutch colonist in South Africa

Who were the Boers, and whom did they fight?

the Boers were dutch people who fought against the British called Boer war.

Racism

the belief that one race is superior to others

What was the purpose of the Berlin conference

to divide Africa among European nations