Theories of Motivation

Victor Vroom

Claims individuals are more motivated toward action due to the expected outcome of situations more than needs Level of motivation depends on three factors . Expectancy, Instrumentality, Valence

Offering a reward for a completed task that was previously driven out of enjoyment may reduce one's __________. A. intrinsic motivation B. inspirational drive C. extrinsic motivation D. achievement need

A

drive-reduction theory

A physiological need creates an internal state of tension (drive), Internal tension motivates individuals to relieve the tension through behavior

Clark Hull

American psychologist who applied the concept of homeostasis to human motivation Homeostasis: A physiological state of internal stability A drive is an internal state of tension that motivates behavior

Led psychologist to research the influence of incentives on behavior

An incentive is any external stimulus that can motivate behavior

drive

An internal state of tension that motivates behavior.

incentive

Any external stimulus that can motivate behavior.

An internal state of tension that pushes one to act is __________, while __________ is an external stimulus that pulls one to act. A. extrinsic motivation . . . intrinsic motivation B. drive . . . incentive C. intrinsic motivation . . . extrinsic motivation D. incentive . . . drive

B

Instrumentality

Belief that a person will receive a reward for gaining the expected outcome, Reward can either be intrinsic or extrinsic. Sense of accomplishment, Pay increase, Recognition

Valence

Belief that the outcome of performance will be valuable. Depends on strength of desire for the outcome. Higher perceived value leads to greater effort

Some benefits of __________ may increase appropriate social behavior and make uninteresting tasks worth pursuing. A. intrinsic motivation B. achievement C. extrinsic motivation D. inspiration

C

Homeostasis may assist in balancing all of the following drives except __________. A. hunger B. activity C. sleep D. approval

D

Need of Achievement

David McClelland Researched achievement motivation, Claimed that need for achievement instigates great global and personal accomplishments

Abraham Maslow

Humanistic theorist who focused on studying individual potential for self-growth and freedom. Believed that individuals were motivated to strive for self-actualization. The realization of one's full potential

Factors Influencing Need for Achievement

John Atkinson Three factors influence one's need for achievement Strength of motive to succeed, Incentive value of success, Perceived probability of success

extrinsic motivation

The incentive to undertake an activity based on obtaining or avoiding an external outcome.

intrinsic motivation

The incentive to undertake an activity based on the enjoyment felt from engaging in the activity. Example: Reading because the story is exciting, Playing an instrument to relax

Expectancy Theory

belied that effort will lead to desired result. Determined by four factors. Perceived difficulty of task, Past experience, Self-confidence, Perceived level of control over outcome

self-actualization needs

need to live up to one's fullest and unique potential