Thyroid

The adult thyroid weighs about ___ to ___ grams.

10-20

A solitary cold nodule has a ___ to ___% chance of being ___.

15-20, malignant

Pyramidal lobe is present in ___ to ___% of thyroid glands. It will be ___-echoic to the rest of the gland.

15-30. Iso

The parathyroid glands are in ___ pairs located ___ to the thyroid gland and ___ to the CCA.

2, posterior, medial

Thyroglossal duct cysts range from ___ to ___ cm. They are ___ malignant, so ___ is indicated.

2-3. rarely, FNA

The isthmus of the normal thyroid measures ___ to ___ mm in AP.

2-6

Thyroid adenoma are usually less than ___ cm in diameter and are encapsulated in ___ ___. They are also called ___.

4, fibrous tissue. Nodules.

The SAG measurement of a normal thyroid is ___ to ___ cm, AP is ___ to ___ cm, and TRV is ___ to ___ cm.

4-5, 1-2, 1-2

The normal parathyroid gland measures less than ___ mm. It is ___ visualized on ultrasound if normal.

5. Not

Papillary carcinoma makes up ___ to ___% of thyroid carcinoma cases. Follicular carcinoma makes up ___%, and Medullary carcinoma make up the remaining ___ to ___%.

60-70. 25, 5-10

The thyroid is an ___ organ. It synthesizes, stores, and secretes hormones when stimulated by ___. It's main function is to regulate ___ ___.

Endocrine, TSH. Cell metabolism

The parathyroid is not normally visualized, but may appear as a ___, ___-echoic structure ___ to the thyroid and ___ to the Longus Colli muscle.

Flat, hypo, posterior, anterior

Toxic goiters are associated with ___ Disease and ___-thyroidism.

Graves', hyper

A normal thyroid will have a ___-geneous echotexture with ___-gray echoes, and a ___ surface contour.

Homo, mid, smooth

Thyroid adenoma excrete ___, and so cause ___-thyroidism.

Hormones, hyper

Non-toxic goiters are associated with ___-thyroidism.

Hypo

A toxic goiter will be ___ in size, have ___ echogenicity, and ___ vascularity.

Increased, decreased, increased

The thyroid in a patient with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis will be ___ in size, ___-geneous, and have ___-vascularity, ___nodules, and ____.

Increased, hetero, hyper, discrete, calcifications

The Minor Neurovascular Bundle includes the ___ ___ artery and the ___ ___ Nerve.

Inferior Thyroid, recurrent laryngeal

A non-toxic (simple) goiter is caused by ___ deficiency. It is more common in ___ and often manifests during ___.

Iodine. Females, puberty

Clinical indications for a thyroid ultrasound are a ___ neck mass, ___ ___ on a nuclear medicine study, abnormal ___ or ___ levels, or ___ calcium levels.

Palpable, cold nodule, T3, T4, increased

Thyroid carcinoma is a rare cancer of which there are 3 types; ___, ___, and ___. ___carcinoma is the most common of the three.

Papillary, Follicular, Medullary. Papillary

The thyroid is composed of ___ lobes that lie ___ to the trachea. They are connected by the ___ which lies ML, ___ to the trachea.

Two, lateral. Isthmus, anterior

Thryroid carcinoma is most common in ___ aged between ___ and ___ years old.

Women, 40-60

4 Thyroid imaging modalities besides ultrasound

X-Ray, MRI, CT, Nuclear Medicine

Parathyroid adenoma is a ___ tumor caused by genetic mutations that produces excess ___.

benign, PTH

During a nuclear medicine test of the thyroid, hot nodules show ___-functioning tissue. It absorbs a ___ amount of isotope and is most often ___.

hyper. large, benign

During a nuclear medicine test of the thyroid, cold nodules show ___-functioning tissue. It absorbs a ___ amount or ___ isotope.

hypo. small, no.

Parathyroid adenoma causes ___ serum calcium aka ___. This is why it is associated with ___ ___ and ___ calcifications.

increased, hypercalcemia. kidney stones, medullary

A mass likely is carcinoma if it has ___ borders, tiny ___, ___ and ___ components, ___ ___ halos, and is usually ___-echoic.

irregular, calcifications, cystic, solid, thick incomplete, hypo

Hypothyroidism is more common in ___ aged ___ to ___ years.

women, 40-50

The transducer should be placed between the ___ ___ and ___ ___. You should use ___ focus/foci.

Adam's apple, sternal notch. Multiple

A multinodular goiter is caused by multiple ___ in the thyroid, so it will appear ___ and ___-geneous.

Adenoma, enlarged, hetero

The most common locations for an ectopic parathyroid are the ___ (armpits), ___ (near the heart), or simply more ___ or ___ than usual.

Axillary, mediastinum, superior, inferior

Thyroid adenoma is a ___ neoplasm. It is the ___ common thyroid mass, and is more common in ___.

Benign. Most, women

The Major Neurovascular Bundle includes the ___ ___ Artery, the ___ ___ Vein, and the ___ Nerve.

Common Carotid, Internal Jugular, Vagus

Degenerating adenomas may be ___ in appearance.

Complex

A multinodular goiter may have ___ nodules present and ___ degeneration may occur.

Discrete, cystic

The CCA and Internal Jugular Vein run ___ to the thyroid, and the trachea is ___ to it.

Lateral, medial.

The esophagus is located ___ of midline, ___ to the left lobe of the thyroid.

Left, posteromedial

The most common location for an ectopic thyroid is the ___ location.

Lingual

Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a ___ inflammatory disease in which the ___ cells attack the body's own thyroid cells.

Lymphocitic, lymph

___ ___ (aka PTH) controls the ___ level in the body. Elevated ___ ___ is a sign of parathyroid adenoma.

Parathyroid Hormone, calcium, serum calcium

3 Congenital variants of the Thyroid or Parathyroid

Pyramidal Lobe, Ectopic Thyroid, Ectopic Parathyroid

In hypothyroidism, the thyroid underproduces ___ and ___. It is associated with ___ goiter.

T3, T4. nontoxic

A non-toxic goiter will appear ___ and ___-geneous with ___ enlargement.

Smooth, homo, diffuse

The ultrasound of Thyroid adenoma varies, but the majority are ___ and ___-echoic. They classically have a peripheral ___-echoic ___.

Solid, hypo. hypo, halo

The 3 strap muscles are the:

Sternocleidomastoid, sternothyroid, sternohyoid

The ___ muscles run anterior to the thyroid, and the ___ ___ muscle and ___ ___ bundle run posterior to it.

Strap, longus colli, Minor Neurovascular

A pyramidal lobe is a ___ extension of the ___ of the thyroid. It is more often found on the ____ side.

Superior, isthmus. Left

Class 17

Thyroid & Parathyroid Pathology

People who are taking thyroid stimulating treatment or have a history of neck radiation have a higher risk for ___ ___.

Thyroid carcinoma

Because a toxic goiter causes severe ___ and is associated with Graves' Disease or hyperthyroidism, symptoms include ___ hands, weight___, ___ in appetite, ___ to heat, ___ heart rate, and ___ menstrual periods.

Thyrotoxicosis, trembling, loss, increase, intolerance, fast, light

3 Thyroid hormones

Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), and Calcitonin

2 parathyroid glands are located posterior to the ___ poles and 2 are located posterior to the ___ poles.

Upper, lower

Hasimoto's Thyroiditis is more common in ___.

Women

Cystic hygroma is a ___ malformation of the ___ system.

congenital, lymphatic

Cystic hygroma is a ___ condition caused by the inadequate drainage of ___ fluid. It is most commonly found on the ___ portion of the neck.

congenital, lymphatic. posterior

A thyroglossal duct cyst is a ___ anomaly. It is a ___ mass located midline ___ to the trachea.

congenital. cystic, anterior

A branchial cleft cyst is a ___ like structure located ___ to the thyroid gland, ___ to the ___ muscle that presents as a painless neck mass.

cyst, lateral, anterior, sternocleidomastoid

The symptoms of hypothyroidism are ___, ___ skin, weight ___, ___ menses, and an intolerance to ___.

fatigue, dry, gain, heavy, cold

Cystic hygroma appears as a ___-loculated, ___- walled cystic mass.

multi, thin