tib/fib knee femur
the Tibia should superimpose about _____ of the fibular head in a lateral tib/fib
1/2
patellar apex points toward knee and lies ____ above the joint space of the knee
1/2 inch
where should the cr enter for an ap knee
1/2 inch below patellar apex
where should the CR be placed in an AP knee
1/2 inch below the patellar apex
how many degrees and in what direction do the tibial plateaus slope
10-20 degrees posteriorly
how much should the knee be flexed for a lateral knee
20 to 30 degrees
For a lateral knee, which positioning maneuver relaxes the muscles and shows max volume of the joint cavity?
20-30 degree flexion
the CR should be angled how much and in what direction for an AP knee of a patient that measures <19 cm
3-5 degrees caudal
the CR should be angled how much and in what direction for an AP knee of a patient that measures >24 cm
3-5 degrees cephalad
how many knee ligaments are there
4
When demonstrating the distal femur and including the knee in the lateral projection, how many degrees should the knee be flexed?
45
how many degrees and in what direction does the femur slant
5-15 degrees medially
How many degrees and in what direction should the CR be directed for a lateral knee?
5-7 degrees cephalad
cr angle and direction for a lateral knee
5-7 degrees cephalad
largest strongest bone in the body
femur
Which bone in the lower leg is non-weight bearing?
fibula
triangular depression for articulation with distal fibula
fibular notch
Which type of joint is the proximal tibiofibular joint?
gliding
what type of joint is the knee
hinge
which intercondylar fossa view involves the patient kneeling
holmblad
which sunrise view involves the patient laying prone with foot resting on the tube
hughston
in the settegast method, how should the patella appear
in profile
Which malleolus projects lower
lateral
the femoral condyles should be superimposed for which knee projection
lateral
which surface of the leg should be in contact with the IR for a lateral tib/fib
lateral
The greater trochanter is located on the _________________ portion of the femur.
lateral and superior
where is the fibula located in the lower leg
lateral side; slightly posterior
The head of the fibula articulates with the:
lateral tibial condyle
what provides stability for the knee joint
ligaments
what type of bone is the tibia
long bone
how should the pelvis be rotated for an AP distal femur
no rotation
where should the CR enter for a lateral knee
1 inch distal to the medial femoral epicondyle
what methods demonstrate the intercondylar fossa
Beclere method, holmblad method, Camp-Coventry method
how do you determine if the leg is rotated in an AP tib/fib
Tibia superimposes 1/4 of the fibular head and 1/2 of the distal fibula; fibular midshaft free of tibial superimposition
what part of the pelvis does the femoral head articulate with
acetabulum
What determines the number of degrees the CR is angled for a tangential projection (Sunrise/Settegast)?
amount of knee flexion
the distal tibiofibular joint is
amphiarthrotic
the crest of the tibia is located where
anterior border
essential knee projections
ap, lateral, beclere, settegast
What structure is located on the proximal end of the fibula?
apex
what is usually the reason for a weight bearing AP knee projection
arthritis
superior aspect of the patella
base
why might there be no superimposition of the femoral condyles in a lateral tib/fib
beam divergence
what are the three views that project the intercondylar fossa
beclere, holmblad, and camp coventry
how can you make sure the knee joint is included in an AP distal femur
bottom of IR extends 2 inches below the knee
what intercondylar fossa view involves the patient laying prone
camp coventry
two palpable processes of the proximal tibia
condyles
what femoral structures articulate with the tibia
condyles
sharp ridge on the anterior border of the tibia
crest
where is the patella situated
distal anterior femur
where is the medial malleolus
distal tibia
how do you place the CR for an AP proximal femur
draw a line between ASIS and pubic bone, bisect line and measure 2.5 inches perpendicular
sharp projection between the articular surfaces of the proximal tibia
eminence
depression between condyles of posterior surface of the distal femur
intercondylar fossa
common fracture sight in the proximal femur
intertrochanteric crest
where should the CR enter for the beclere method
knee joint 1/2 inch below patellar apex
The PA axial projection, first described by Holmblad requires the patient to assume what position
kneeling
for a lateral proximal femur, the lesser trochanter should be visible on which side of the femur
medial
what side of the femur is the adductor tubercle located
medial
The lesser trochanter is located on the ______________ portion of the femur.
medial and posterior
Fibrocartilage disks that lie on the tibial plateaus
meniscus
should the femoral neck and the greater trochanter be superimposed in a lateral proximal femur?
no
in a lateral knee projection (overroatation or underrotation) causes less superimposition of the fibular head and tibia
overrotation
femoral epicondyles should be ______ with IR for an AP distal femur
parallel
the femoral condyles should be _____ with the IR for an AP knee
parallel
largest, most constant sesamoid bone in the body
patella
For the lateral projection of the leg, the patella should be positioned __________ to the plane of the IR.
perpendicular
the CR should be angled how much and in what direction for an AP knee of a patient that measures 19 to 24 cm
perpendicular
CR placement for an AP tib/fib
perpendicular to center of lower leg
cr placement for lateral proximal femur
perpendicular to femoral neck
cr placement for lateral distal femur
perpendicular to midfemur
where should the CR enter for an AP distal femur
perpendicular to midfemur
what is the purpose of the tibial tuberosity
point of attachment for muscles
the distal fibula should be lying over the _________ half of the tibia in a lateral tib/fib
posterior
Name the ligaments of the knee
posterior cruciate ligament, anterior cruciate ligament, tibial collateral ligament, fibular collateral ligament
what shows that there is no rotation for the beclere method
slight tibiofibular overlap
Why is the central ray angled cephalad for the mediolateral projection of the knee?
prevents the joint space from being obscured by the magnified image of the medial femoral condyle; the medial condyle is slightly inferior to the lateral condyle.
meniscus function
provides stability and absorbs shock
Where is the intercondylar eminence located?
proximal tibia
Which joint is formed by the head of the fibula and the lateral condyle of the tibia?
proximal tibiofibular
what prevents the femoral neck from appearing foreshortened in the AP proximal femur
rotate the leg 10-15 degrees medially
what are the three sunrise views
settegast, hughston, merchant
on a lateral knee, how should the femoral condyles appear
superimposed
how should the femoral condyles appear in a lateral tib/fib
superimposed and perpendicular to IR
what is the first way to tell that there is no rotation in an AP knee
symmetric femoral condyles and intercondylar eminence is centered
For the AP projection of the femur on typical adults, what should be done to ensure that both joints of the femur are demonstrated?
take two separate images
second largest bone in the body
tibia
what does the superior surface of the tibia form
tibial plateaus
on an AP knee, where should the patella be located
towards the medial side of the femur
T or F : the patella should be perpendicular to the IR for a lateral tib/fib
true
How should the pelvis be positioned to demonstrate the distal femur?
true lateral
Which term refers to the prominent process on the anterior surface of the proximal tibia that is just inferior to the condyles?
tuberosity
should the patella be completely superimposed on the femur in an AP knee
yes
