TTE-221 Chapter 2 Systems Architectures
Server
A(n) ____________ is a computer that manages shared resources and allows other computers to access them through a network.
Register
A(n) ____________ is a storage location implemented in the CPU.
computer system hardware component that fetches and executes instructions.
Central Processing Unit
What is excess notation? What is twos complement notation? Why are they needed? In other words, why can't integer values be represented by ordinary binary numbers?
Excess notation can be used to represent signed integers. Always uses fixed number of bits with leftmost representing the sign. Twos complement notation encodes positve values as ordinary binary numbers and negative values as the complement of the corresponding positive value plus 1. A notation method represents specific choices in accuracy, numeric range, size and ease of manipulation.
o Primary storage, CPU, I/O unit, secondary storage
What is stored inside a computer system?
The__________is the bit of lowest magnitude in a byte or bit string.
right most
a series of steps that descries the solution to a problem.
Algorithm
What are the binary, octal, and hexadecimal representations of the decimal number 10?
Binary: 0,1. Octal: base-8: from 0-7. Hexadecimal: base-16: from 0-9, A, B, C, D, E, F.
o Any device that can: 1.Accept numeric inputs 2.Perform computational functions, such as addition and subtraction 3. Communicate results
Define the term Computer.
o can store many different values at once
Describe the relationship between quantum physics and data storage.
sequence of processing instructions.
Program
o a particle representing a quantum of light or other electromagnetic radiation
What is a photon?
General-purpose
A CPU is a(n) ____________ processor capable of performing many different tasks simply by changing the program.
Algorithm
A problem-solving procedure that requires executing one or more comparison and branch instructions is called a(n) ____________.
Formula
A program that solves a(n) ____________ requires no branching instructions.
Computer Network
A(n) ____________ consists of hardware and software components that enable multiple users and computer to share information, software, and hardware resources.
Instruction
A(n) ____________ is a command to the CPU to perform one processing function on one or more data inputs.
Grid
A(n) ____________ is a group of dissimilar computer systems, connected by a high-speed network, that cooperate to provide services or run an application.
CLuster
A(n) ____________ is a group of similar or identical computers, connected by a high-speed network, that cooperate to provide services or run a shared application.
Operating System
A(n) ____________ is the most common type of system software.
SuperComputer
A(n) ____________ typically uses the latest and most expensive technology.
What are the differences between ASCII and Unicode?
ASCII is an old standard limited to american English, it represents uppercase and lowercase letters and digit 0-9. it is also 7 bit coding format.Unicode is new standard with advanced character coding table. it incorporates ASCII as a subset. it uses 32-bit code.
How is an array stored in main memory? How is a linked list stored in main memory? What are their comparative advantages and disadvantages? Give examples of data that would be best stored as an array and as a linked list.
An array is stored in contiguous sequential memory locations, with the first element at the lowest address. A linked list is stored in memory as an unordered and noncontiguous set of list elements, each consisting of a data value and a pointer to the next data list element. Arrays are more compact and easier to read or write than linked lists. Linked lists are easier to update than arrays. Any data item that is of fixed length and seldom changes value (e.g., a customer name field) is best stored in an array. Data items that are of variable length, large size, and which have frequent value changes (e.g., a process queue) are best stored as a linked list.
software tools such as compilers and CASE tools used to develop application software.
Application development software
software class consisting of all application programs specialized to a specific user's needs.
Application software
circuitry within a central processing unit that performs computation, comparison and Boolean logic operations.
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
communication channel shared by multiple devices within a computer system or network.
Bus
A computer is a device that accepts information (in the form of digitalized data) and manipulates it for some result based on a program or sequence of instructions on how the data is to be processed.
Computer
a comparison or other logical operation that produces a Boolean result.
Condition
subset of a central processing unit responsible for moving data, accessing instructions, and controlling the arithmetic logic unit.
Control Unit
type of application development software that simulates program execution and traces errors.
Debugging tools
o User: user inputs and program outputs o Application software: communicates with system software to request basic service o System software: translates a service request into a sequence of machine instructions, passes these instructions to hardware for execution o Computer hardware: receives the results, and passes the results back to the application software.
Define the four system software layers.
o Moves data among registers and other computer system storage locations o Accesses program instructions and either executes them or directs the ALU to execute
Define the term Control Unit
o Processing: Executing computation, comparison, and other instructions to transform data inputs into data outputs o Storage: Storing program instructions and data for temporary, short-term, and long-term use o External Communications: Communicating with entities outside the computer system, including users, system administrators, and other computer systems o Internal Communications: Transporting data and instructions between internal and peripheral hardware components, such as processors, disk drives, video displays, and printers
Describe the four main functions of a computer system.
o Editor designed for editing source code o Is a computer program that is used to test and debug other programs
Describe the function of program editors, debugging tools and system development tools.
Multicomputer configurations include clusters, blades, and grids. A cluster is a group of similar or identical computers, connected by a high-speed network, that cooperate to provide services or run a single application. Clusters are scalable and fault tolerant, but they're more complex to configure and administer. A blade is a circuit board containing most of a server—typically one or more CPUs, memory areas, and network interfaces. It lacks secondary storage, external I/O connections, and a power supply. Blades are similar to clusters in their scalability (especially for computation-intensive tasks) and their complexity to configure and administer. They're less fault tolerant than clusters because multiple blades share a single location, including cabinet, power supply, and sometimes I/O connections. However, blades concentrate more computing power in less space and with lower power requirements than a typical cluster needs. A grid is a group of dissimilar computers, connected by a high-speed network, that cooperate to provide services or run a shared application. Grids aren't as scalable as clusters and blades because of their architectural differences and because systems in a grid might be located farther away from each other than systems in a cluster are. They're also complex to configure and administer. However, they offer the unique capability to collaborate on tackling large problems when needed and operate independently under local control at all other times.
Describe three types of multicomputer configurations. What are their comparative advantages and disadvantages?
Why is binary data representation and signaling the preferred method of computer hardware implementation?
For computer applications to produce accurate outputs, reliable data transport is important. give current technology, binary signals and processing devices represent the most cost-efficient tradeoffs between capacity, accuracy, reliability, and cost.
a processor that can be directed to perform a wide variety of specific tasks.
General-purpose processor
a software function that includes utility programs that control and interact with individual hardware devices.
Hardware interface
Subsystems can be added or enhanced to alter a computer's capabilities. Like stronger Graphics card for gaming.
How can a computer system be tuned to a particular application?
A supercomputer is optimized for the fastest possible execution of mathematical computations. A mainframe is optimized for high I/O capacity and supporting the information-processing needs of many simultaneous users and running programs. Supercomputers are generally more expensive than mainframes and often use more advanced technology, particularly for the CPU and primary storage.
How does a supercomputer differ from a mainframe computer?
There might be no difference, but some people consider the term "workstation" to imply a more powerful system than a typical desktop computer—one that's capable of handling hardware-intensive tasks, such as complex mathematical computation, computer-aided design (CAD), and manipulation of high-resolution video images.
How does a workstation differ from a desktop computer?
The_________has defined a character-coding table called___________, which combines the ASCII-7 coding table with an additional 128 Western European multinational characters.
ISO Latin-1
System software provides general-purpose reusable functions that can be incorporated into application software. Many of the functions implement specific hardware control and interface requirements. Therefore, application programmers don't need to write these functions themselves, and they need little or no knowledge of the underlying hardware.
In what ways does system software make developing application software easier?
a bit string containing an operation code and zero or more operands that cause a processor to perform a processing operation.
Instruction
What primitive data types can normally be represented and processed by a CPU?
Integers, real, character, boolean, memory address.
Volatility
Key characteristics that distinguish primary and secondary storage include cost, capacity, speed, and ____________.
Program (software) files, I/O devices, text files, sound and video files, databases, Web pages
List at least five types of resources that computers on a local area network or wide area network can share.
high-capacity computer system designed to support hundreds of interactive users and processes simultaneously.
Mainframe computer
computer system that can meet low-intensity needs of a single user.
Microcomputer
Programming Language
Most programs are written in a(n) ____________, such as FORTRAN or Java, which is then translated into equivalent CPU instructions.
a network is a series of points or nodes interconnected by communication paths. Networks can interconnect with other networks and contain subnetworks.
Network
personal computer or workstation with no locally stored operating software, application software, or configuration information.
Network computer
set of software programs that manage and control access to computer resources.
Operating system
What is overflow? What is underflow? How can the probability of their occurrence be minimized?
Overflow is when the result of an equation is too large in bit, to be able to fit into the data format. Underflow is when the negative exponent, the number of decimal places, is too large to fit within the data format. The probability of their occurrence be minimized is by allocating enough bit positions for data storage.
high-speed storage within a computer system, accessed directly by the central processing unit, used to hold currently active programs and data immediately needed by those programs.
Primary storage
Main Memory, RAM
Primary storage can also be called ____________ and is generally implemented with ____________.
any device capable of performing data transformation operations.
Processor
software that assists programmers in creating valid source code.
Program editors
program that translates instructions in one programming language or instruction set into equivalent instructions in another programming language or instruction set.
Program translator
generic description of semiconductor devices used to implement primary storage that provide direct access to stored data.
Random Access Memory
Why are real numbers more difficult to represent and process than integers?
Real numbers consist of both fractional values as well as whole numbers. They also have floating point notation is considerably more complex than twos complement notation. The more greater the complexity, requires more processing circuitry. Computational circuits for real numbers generally have at least 2X more components than for integers
high-speed storage location within a central processing unit that can hold a single word.
Register
a software function that includes utility programs that allocate hardware and other resources among multiple users and programs.
Resource allocation
set of computer system devices that provide large-capacity and long-term data storage.
Secondary storage
computer system or process that manages hardware or software resources and makes those resources available to clients.
Server
a processor with a limited set of processing functions capable of executing only a single program.
Special-purpose processor
designed for rapid mathematical computation. Used for computationally intensive applications such as simulation, 3-D modeling, weather prediction and computer animation.
Supercomputer
software tool designed to aid in creating groups of program constituting an entire system.
System development tools
a software function that includes utility programs used by end users and system administrators to manage and control computer resources
System management
a software function that includes utility programs used by system management and application programs to perform common functions.
System services
software programs that perform hardware interface, resource management, or application support functions.
System software
computer system that meets the processing needs of a small-to-medium-sized group of interactive users.
ThaMinicomputer
Executes
The CPU ____________ program instructions one at a time.
System Bus
The __________ enables the CPU, primary storage, and secondary storage devices to communicate.
Why doesn't a CPU evaluate the expression 'A' 5 'a' as true?
The computer can only read numeric values, so the letter in turn are converted into some character coding scheme such as ASCII, EBCDIC, or Unicode. That's why "A" and "a" will always be false.
control unit, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), Register
The major components of a CPU are the ____________, ____________, and ____________.
Why might a programmer choose to represent a data item in IEEE binary128 floating-point format instead of IEEE binary64 floating-point format? What additional costs might be incurred at runtime (when the application program executes) as a result of using the 128-bit instead of the 64-bit format?
The reason a programmer uses 128 floating point instead of 64 is due to precision. The large format increases the range of the value. Running data in large format can require more complex execution of instruction which as a result could slow down the execution.
Secondary Storage
The term ____________ describes the collection of storage devices that hold large quantities of data for long periods.
Main Memory or memory
The term ____________ refers to storage devices, not located in the CPU, that hold instructions and data of currently running programs.
What is the numeric range of a 16-bit twos complement value? A 16-bit excess notation value? A 16-bit unsigned binary value?
Twos complement value is (-2^15 -1) -32768 to 32767. Excess notation value is -32768 to 32767. Unsigned binary value is (2^16) 0 to 65535.
Mainframe, Supercomputer
Types or classes of larger servers include ____________, which are generally optimized for data storage and I/O capability, and ____________, which are generally optimized for computational capacity and speed.
Unlike ASCII and EBCDIC,____________is a 16-bit or 32-bit character coding table.
Unicode
program that performs a commonly used function, such as printing a text file or copying a file, typically provided by the operating system either as a separate tool or as part of the service layer.
Utility program
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
WWW resources are identified and accessed by a(n) ____________.
Registers are storage locations in the CPU used to hold instructions and data temporarily.
What are registers? What are their functions?
o Enables cpu to read from or write to specific memory locations. o Its expensive. o Does not provide permanent storage.
What are the characteristics of random access memory?
Primary storage is more volatile, faster, and more expensive than secondary storage. Because of its higher cost, its capacity is usually lower than in secondary storage. Secondary: holds large data, non volatile, slower than primary
What are the differences between primary and secondary storage?
o Application software: satisfies a specific user need ex. Word processing, mp3 player video editing. o Satisfies a very general class of user needs ex. Operating system, firewall
What characteristics differentiate application software from system software?
Any computer class can be used for a server. The class depends on the number and type of resources and the number of simultaneous accesses to these resources.
What classes of computer systems are normally used for servers?
says that larger computer classes are more cost-efficient than smaller ones - a statement that doesn't accurately describe modern computing hardware. it doesnt account for multiple classes of computers, multicomputer configurations, computer networks
What is Grosch's Law? Does it hold today? Why or why not?
CPU brain of system. fetches and executes instructions in a stored program and controls the movement of data between computer system components. The primary CPU components are the control unit, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and registers.
What is a CPU? What are its primary components?
o A comparison or other logical operation that produces a Boolean (true or false) result.
What is a condition?
A device that can perform the following: o Computation (+, ‒, ×, ÷) o Comparison (<, =, >, ≠, ≤, ≥) o Data movement among memory, mass storage, and I/O devices o Mechanical clock 1.Its an adding machine 2.The addition it performs and the result it displays is based on the mathematics of gear ratios
What is a processor?
o Translates programming language into larger number of CPU instructions that could be executed by hardware.
What is a program translator?
A stored set of instructions for performing a specific task
What is a program?
o Quantum particles can exist in multiple states at the same time
What is a qubit?
o a collection of utility programs that: support users and application programs o control access to computer hardware
What is an operating system?
o programs that perform user- or business-specific tasks
What is application development software?
Main memory is a collection of storage locations, typically implemented with random access memory (RAM), that holds instructions and some or all of the data of currently running programs. Primary storage has more capacity than registers but is slower to access.
What is main memory? How does it differ from registers?
o Performs computation and logic instructions
What is the function of the Arithmetic and Logic Unit?
is to convert a user request or statement of need into a set of instructions that will satisfy the request/need when executed
What is the role of software?
Fabrication complexity and unreliability caused by heat, friction, and resistance
What shortcomings of electrical computation will optical computing devices address?
Slow speed, unreliability, and fabrication complexity
What shortcomings of mechanical computation did the introduction of electronic computing devices address?
All harness the energy of something that's moving to perform work. All are subject to fundamental speed limits based on the speed of their moving "parts." All perform computation by using the mathematical properties of physical phenomena.
What similarities exist in mechanical, electrical, and optical methods of computation?
o was intended to automatically compute mathematical tables
What was the purpose of the Difference Engine?
1990
When did IBM introduce the first mass market microcomputer?
Software consumes hardware resources and uses them to provide IS services to users. Software can't provide services that require nonexistent or prohibitively expensive hardware resources. Therefore, software advances follow the arrival of powerful and inexpensive hardware.
Why has the development of system software paralleled the development of computer hardware?
Virtualization
____________ is a technique that enables a single computer to host multiple virtual machines.
Grosch's Law
____________ says that larger computer classes are more cost-efficient than smaller ones - a statement that doesn't accurately describe modern computing hardware.
How does a class differ from other data structures?
a class includes methods in addition to static data
What is an address? What is a pointer? What purpose are they used for?
an Address represents a specific storage device. a pointer is a data item containing an address. pointers and memory addresses are used to tie together parts of a data structures such as linked list or indexed file.
A(n)____________is a data structure containing both static data and methods
class
The ordering of characters in a coding table is called a(n)___________.
collating sequence
In the___________, memory addresses consist of a single integer.
flat memory model
Data represented in___________is transmitted accurately between computer equipment from different manufacturers if each computer's CPU represents real numbers by using an IEEE standard notation.
floating point notation
Many computers implement________numeric data types to increase accuracy and prevent overflow and underflow.
integer
In a CPU,___________arithmetic generally is easier to implement than _______ arithmetic because of a simpler data coding scheme and data manipulation circuitry.
integer, real number
What is a data structure? List several types of common data structures.
is grouping of primitive data items. Arrays, records and linked lists are commonly used data structures.
A(n)_________is one instance or variable of a class.
object
____________occurs when the result of an arithmetic operation exceeds the number of bits available to store it.
overflow
