UCSB ANTH 2 FINAL

The concept proposes Mesoamerican village life as insular, and criticized for neglecting broader sociopolitical relationships and products

"Closed Corporate Communities" Eric Wolf: communities form without an internal "essence"

Define taboos

"Taboo" comes from the Polynesian word "prohibition." Taboos are prohibited social behaviors that are usually unstated, but are also widely acknowledged. Many people think breaking a taboo will bring them bad luck (i.e. walking under a ladder, mentioning a no-hitter to a baseball player)

Naive realism

"The almost universal belief that all people define the real world of objects, events, and living creatures in pretty much the same way"

when were americas colonized

1500s to 1600s

when and what did europeans get decisive advantage

1800s industrial rev guns, germs, and steel: produce weapons in greater quantity/quality and created a high demand for raw materials that could not be satisfied in Europe, new medical discoveries

negative reciprocity

A form of reciprocity in which the giver attempts to get something for nothing, to haggle one's way into a favorable personal outcome.

Asexuality

A lack of erotic attraction to others

Define marriage

A more or less stable union, usually between two people, who may or may not live together, be sexually involved, and reproduce. This includes same sex marriage and multiple partners.

descent groups

A multi‐generation group of consanguinal kin who are lineal descendants of a common ancestor

Reciprocity

A mutual give and take among people of equal status

Multiculturalism

A pattern of ethnic relations in which new immigrants and their children enculturate into the dominant national culture and yet retain an ethnic culture

holistic perspective

A perspective that aims to identify and understand the whole—that is, the systematic connections between individual cultural beliefs and practices—rather than the individual parts.

Participatory action research

A research method in which the research questions, data collection, and data analysis are defined through collaboration between the researcher and the subjects of research. A major goal is for the research subjects to develop the capacity to investigate and take action on their primary political, economic, or social problems

Marriage

A socially recognized relationship that may involve physical and emotional intimacy as well as legal rights to property and inheritance

Stratified society

A society characterized by formal, permanent social and economic inequality in which some people are denied access to basic resources

transnational community

A spatially extended social network that spans multiple countries.

Language

A system of communication consisting of sounds, words, and grammar.

Genealogical method

A systematic methodology for recording kinship relations and how kin terms are used in different societies

Nation

A term once used to describe a group of people who shared a place of origin; now used interchangeably with nation-state

Symbolic anthropology

A theoretical position in anthro that focuses on understanding cultures by discovering and analyzing the symbols that are most important to their members

Culture and personality

A theoretical psoition in anthro that held that cultures could best be understood by examining the patterns of child rearing and considering their effect on adult lives and social institutions

Postmodernism

A theory in anthro that focuses on issues of power and voice. Postmodernists suggest that anthropological accounts are partial truths reflecting the backgrounds, training, and social positions of authors

Lineage

A type of descent group that traces genealogical connection through generations by linking persons to a founding ancestor

polyandry

A woman is permitted to marry more than one man at a time

Armchair anthropologist

An anthropologist who relies on the reports and accounts of others rather than the original field research

Language Ideology

An ideology about the superiority of one dialect or language and the inferiority of others. A language ideology links language use with identity, morality and aesthetics.

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

Intersexual

An individual who is born with a combination of male and female genitalia glands, and/or chromosomes (1/1000 births)

Functionalism

Anthro theory that specific cultural institutions function to support the structure of a society or serve the needs of its people-finding general laws that identify different elements of society

Applied Anthropology

Anthropological research commissioned to serve an organization's work.

Race in India

-An extremely diverse society, but there is not different "races." -Race is related to colonialism, caste, and religion. -There is colorism (social hierarchy based on gradations of skin tone within and between racial/ethnic groups) within India, which is similar to USA -Lighter skin/fairness is associated with remaining Indian but also with social mobility: marriage, career, modern

Cortes

-Arrived with horses in mex in 1519 -But Spanish had military advantage -Came back in 1521 and aztecs had died from smallpox -Pillage: physical violence to take goods, money, goods, raw materials from indigineous

decolonization

-By ww2 everyone was affected -Americans gained independence by 17/1800s -Africa and Asia earned independence form Europe after ww2(1980s)

inter-oceanic highways

-Connects Peruvian coast to se brazil via andes/amazon -Regional infrastructural improvements throughout America -Local costs/benefits -Roads open up to settlement, deforestation, land speculation, access to resources

Japan illness (2)

-Hikkomari where men withdrawal due to social pressure to succeed -Retired husband syndrome in Japan- ulcers, slurred speech, rashes, anxiety

forced labor

-Millions exported from Africa to Americas -Monoculture plantations- large scale production of single crop for distant customers

consequences of peace corps: panama with ngabe

-Need $ to buy thinks like corrugated steel roof, grow something new or clear more land, leave town to find work -Self reliance → market economy -Hard to collect wood, use canned gas to cook instead -Chainsaw: allowed for more work but for more degradation of environment -Wood could now be sold

conspicuous consumption

-Now hip-hop is a message of domination, display of wealth, ruling class

message of the Jane Elliot experiment

-Reveals the consequences coming from cultural constructions of privileged or marked categories -Self-fulfilling prophecy: "marked" students begin to behave badly, lose self esteem, express anger, do bad in school

Melissa Checker

-ethnography of pollution in Hyde Park, Georgia -Pollution and hazardous waste facilities are located in poor societies -argued for environmental justice

critical

-exercising/involving careful judgement/evaluation -Cultural relativism/ethnocentrism are not the same as critical perspective -Apply logic/fact to "normal" behavior to understand perspecitvessss of those who are different -don't have to pick a side like good or bad

anthropology makes a difference

-forensic:crime scenes, victims of governmental violence -museums of indigenous populations fortified with emic perspective -domestic violence: more effectibely address problem -medical anthropology (ex AIDS)

invention vs. diffusion

-gradual but could be sudden, printing press, satellites, not all have positive social outcomes -spreak of culture through contact, mutual borrowing, can occur between unequal societies through force, education/marketing, people become acculturated (adopting ways of dominant culture) and assimilate so they aren't distinguishable from others of dominant culture

bride wealth

-groom's kin give gifts to wife's kin -common in Africa

Industrialism

-heavy tech

Trends in the next 50yrs.

-increase at least 3billion -100% of the increase expected to be urban -100% of increase expected to be in less developed countries

Rational economic agents may seek:

-increase profit,prestige, security, pleasure, harmony etc -ensue minimum level of income -to reduce work, boredom or risk

Human Needs Approach (1970s)

-loans directed toward providing basic human needs Result: improved condition of poverty, but created debt

Modernization approach (1950s-1960s)

-loans for infrastructure & modernizing Ag. -increased inequality--didn't reduce poverty

planned obsolescence

-made for the dumb -things made to only last a little bit -computers

perceived obsolescence

-made to look not useful after a certain point of time even if it still works -embarrassing if you don't keep up with fads or contribute to consumption error -fashion

bride service

-man works for woman's family -usually in foraging societies

exogamy

-marry outside family -creates bonds between groups -causes large cooperation and sharing of resources

levirate

-marry widow of dead brother -practiced in patriarchal societies

human needs approach

-modernization wouldn't work because of big focus on large scale projects instead of aiding the poor directly

leisure

-no rules chance tension competition

globalization

-not new, but now intensified

exploitation of children

-olinda, Brazil in favelas (shantytowns) -sex workers in NY

polygyny

-one man, several women -increase man's wealth, social status, connectinos, family's labor and productivity

synchronic view

-one time -culture that doesn't pay attention to past

polyandry

-one woman, several men -shortage of land- bros marry same woman to keep land in family -shortage of females, infanticide

trobrian islanders

-papau new guinea -british showed them cricket which was localized and syncretized, huge redistributive feasts held after, they incorporated war magic (spell, weather magic like rain dances)

the kayapo resistance

-part of Amazon -subsistence is part of social life/belief system -Destroying environment is an attack on their way of life -Forest is their pharmacy, hardware store, grocery store, spiritual and moral compass

where is arranged marriage practiced?

-practiced in agricultural societies where family/kin are important

modernization theory

-predicts that nonindustrial societies will move in social/technological direction of industrialized -Benefited both wealthy society (their influence) and poor nations (developmental aid)

advocating for workers

-pun ngai studied dangonmei in china to find harsh working conditions, but also benefits

Economic Exchange principles

-redistribution -market principle -reciprocity: General Balanced Negative

Na of China

-sese: parternships without obligation -man sneaks in for sex with woman's permission -matrilineal since children only live with mom and are raised by community -functionalist approach to marriage

effects of colonialism

-shows socioeconomic inequalities -slavery/racism -language/culture loss -environmental degradation

sustainable model proposed by tappers in Acre

Chico Mendes/trappers argued development didn't have to be destructive and people could live off forest and contribute to protecting it at the same time, banks must make sure that Indians/tappers are protected by impact of roads, new tapping techniwue: cutting out the middle man and gives tappers more money for their product

Open-ended interview

Any conversation with an informant in which the researcher allows the informant to take the conversation to related topics that the informant rather than the researcher feels are important

Secondary materials

Any data that come from secondary sources such as a census, regional survey, historical report, other researches, and the like that are not compiled by the field researcher

Field notes

Any information that the anthropologist writes down or transcribes during fieldwork

Informant

Any person an anthropologist gets data from in the study community, especially people interviewed or who provide information about what they have observed or heard

Life history

Any survey of an informant's life, including such topics as residence, occupation, marriage, family, and difficulties, usually collected to reveal patterns that can not be observed today

Interview

Any systematic conversation with an informant to collect field research data, ranging from a highly structured set of questions to the most open-ended ones

Sacred

Anything that is considered holy

Profane

Anything that is considered not holy

Four subfields of anthrpology

Archaeology, Physical anthro, sociocultural, linguistics

expansion motives

Christianity, find wonders, amass wealth for self/nation

What is the type of status that is achieved (choice/permits individuals to alter their rank)?

Class: A person's or group's position in a stratified society defined in economic terms that permits movement between classes known as social mobility. It is a category of persons with about the same opportunity to obtain economic resources, power, and prestige

Quantitative Methods

Classify features of a phenomenon, count or measure, them, and construct mathematical and statistical models to explain what is observed.

The concept proposes Mesoamerican village life as insular, and criticized for neglecting broader sociopolitical relationships and products

Closed corporate communities

Javier Montoya

Coffee farmer and electrician in the USA, hated fair trade, sent stuff to Honduras

Religion Functions

Cognitive, philosophical, emotional, social, community

effervescence

Collective. Emotional intensity generated by worship

Stuff bought and sold in the market studied to understand

Comodities

Gender Ideology

Demonstrates this concept which exemplifies how men and women are supposed to act

E.E Prichard vs Hutchinson

E.E Prichard = ignored the modern world in the 1980 Hutchinson= Part of the modern world with money, war, and the state

E.E. Prichard vs Hutchinson

E.E Prichard = ignored the modern world in the 1980 Hutchinson= Part of the modern world with money, war, and the state

historical particulism

Each society is a collective representation of its unique historical past

Diffusionists

Early twentieth-century Boasian anthropologists who held that cultural characteristics result from either internal historical dynamism or a spread (diffusion) of cultural attributes from other societies.

The American Anthropological Association's statement on race says:

Evidence from the analysis of genetics (e.g., DNA) indicates that most (94%) of physical variation lies within so-called racial groups. Conventional geographic "racial" groupings differ from one another only in about 6% of their genes. Basically, race as scientifically invalid!

Cultural innovation

Evolution of a culture's way of thinking or a way of behaving that is new because it is qualitatively different from existing forms

Redistribution

Exchange in which goods are collected and then distributed to members of a gorup

Carolyn Nordstorm

Experiences of violence in communities where war occurs, globalization means war on worldwide scale

Philosophical function

Explain meaning and purpose

Emily Martin

Explored cultural ways of which cultural ideas about gender have influenced the ways biologists understood, described, and taught human production.. The Egg and the sperm

Colonizers Reorg. Of Modes of Production

Exterminate and replace them with colonizers and/or slaves

means of production

Factors or inputs that are required for any production process -land: land and natural resources -labor: human work that is invested in production -capital: human made or owned resources

Foraging

Gathering and hunting what can be found in nature Misconception: contemporary foragers are living examples of human history Reality: recent and contemporary foragers are not good examples of ancient foragers

JEOPARDY: What are the 4 types of society outlined in neo-evolutionary models of political organization? Why have they been largely abandoned?

Band, Tribe, Chiefdom, State; problematic because they support a cultural evolutionist way of thinking; do not adequately describe many groups of people.

What are the 4 types of society outlined in neo-evolutionary models of political organization? Why have they been largely abandoned?

Band, Tribe, Chiefdom, State; problematic because they support a cultural-evolutionist way of thinking; do not adequately describe many groups of people.

Segmentation

Based on kinship groups, this is often practiced by small bands or tribes, allowing for kinship groups to split and regroup around seasonal access to resources

Tony Chan

JFK Coffee farmer, Taiwaneese, was said to be making money because he was Asian, was really not, ex-McDonalds worker, wants "fair" marketing with no branding

Roger Lancaster

Life is hard: Machismo, Danger and the Intimacy of Power in Nicaragua explains sexuality of working class in Nicaragua, specifically machismo affecting sexual relations between them

Who said this lies between the profane and the sacred

Liminality and... Turner

Rashomon Effect

Our interpretation of culture is subjective (subject to our biases, ethnocentrism, expectations, etc.) Different people will witness the same thing, but interpret and describe it differently

Heisenberg effect

Our presence impacts the culture we study People change their behavior when they know they are being observed We act less like an observer and participate more

2 Potential Problems with Pop. Growth

Malnutrition & Stress on the Planet

Define economy

Management of the home, including management of resources through production, distribution, and consumption of goods and resources

Animism

Belief in Individuals' souls

Animatism

Belief in a general and impersonal power

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.

Magic: animatism

Belief of general and impersonal power

Religion: Animism

Belief of individuals' souls

Racism

Belief that some human populatoins are superior to others because of inherited genetically transmitted characteristics

materialist explanations for gender stratifications

Biology, Environment and Economy. Gender stratification is a result of biological differences Economic production systems determine gender stratification

Too much UV = No Folic acid Too little UV = No Vitamin D

Birth Defects

dowry

Bride's kin present goods and money to the husband's family or to the new couple Dowry may be controlled by the bride as early inheritance Or Dowry may be payment to the husband's family to compensate for the economic burden a woman presents

Liminality

One stage in a rite of passage during which a ritual participant experiences a period of outsiderhood, set apart from normal society, that is key to achieving a new perspective on the past, future, ad current community

Liminality

One stage in a rite of passage during which a ritual participant experiences a period of outsiderhood, set apart from normal society, that is key to achieving a new perspective on the past, future, ad current community "Lies between the profane and the sacred" -Victor Turner.

Tribe

Originally viewed as a culturally distinct, multiband population that imagined itself as one people descended from a common ancestor; currently used to describe an indigenous group with its own set of loyalties and leaders living to some extent outside the control of a centralized authoritative state

Casey's North Mexico fieldwork he found that neoliberalism while saying it was all about hands off governing (no longer building dams or infrastructure projects or even guaranteeing water) contradictorily did what?

Re-education, re-integration

Ankas Big Monka (film)

Reciprocity, Big Man (not in result of election or inheritance)

Tradition

Refers to the most enduring and ritualized aspects of a culture

Karl Marx

Religion eases pain has a critical role in society, religion kept proletariat from social movements and dulls the main of economic status.. economy shapes society

What does Lena from the mines exemplify?

Representation: she's an exception/inspiration success representing gender taboos (that a woman cannot be a miner because she is a woman)

Action/Activist Anthropology

Research in which the goal of a researcher's involvement in a community is to help make a social change

food sovereignty

Restoring local control of the food supply

Jack Wilson and John Fruhm share this "connection"

Revitalization religion movements

Two Worlds

Rich and Poor

Hajj

Right of passage... liminality

Types of Ritual Ceremonies

Rites of Passage/Rituals of Intensification

Victor Turner

Rites of passages, pilgrimage, life is about a process of change, theorized the power of the ritual comes from drama within it

"Baseball Magic"

Ritual behavior: stylized, arbitrary, repetitive, and exaggerated forms of behavior

Jorge Orellana: The Itch To Go

Stable job at Internet Center but has the itch to go.. influenced by Western media, online relationship (</3), unsucessfully tried to migrate, tried again and failed

Sexuality

The complex range of desires, beliefs, and behaviors that are related to erotic physical contact and the cultural arena within which people debate about what kinds of physical desires and behaviors are right, appropriate, and natural

Sorcery

The conscious and intentional use of magic

Hegemony

The construction of ideologies, beliefs, and values that attempt to justify the unequal distribution of power, wealth, and prestige in a society

gender stratification

The cultural ways that status, roles, and power are divided among the genders within a society High gender stratification (large differences between the genders) is uniformly associated with low status of women

Dominant culture/subculture

The culture with the greatest wealth and power in a society that consists of many subcultures

dominant culture

The culture with the greatest wealth and power in a society that consists of many subcultures

Nationalism

The desire of an ethnic community to create and/or maintain a nation-state

Define surplus value

The difference between what it costs to produce something and its price

Industrialization

The economic process of shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory-based on.

Holism

The effort to synthesize distinct approaches and findings into a single comprehensive explanation. Associated with Franz Boas, "Founder of American Anthropology."

Gender

The expectations of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes

cultural compatibility

The extent to which such factors as decision-making styles, levels of teamwork, information-sharing philosophies, and the formality of the two organizations are similar.

family of orientation

The family into which one is born or adopted and raised

family of procreation

The family that one forms by becoming a parent and raising one or more children

Morphology

The formation of words into meaningful units.

Dorwy

The gift of gods or money from the bride's family to the groom's family as part of the marriage process

Bridewealth

The gift of goods or money from the groom's family to the bride's family as well as part of the marriage process

class

The hierarchical distinctions between social groups in society usually based on wealth, occupation, and social standing.

Colonialism

The historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful ones.

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

The hypothesis that perceptions of time, space, and matter are conditioned by the structure of language.

Cultural Determinism

The idea that all human actions are the product of culture, which denies the influence of other factors like physical environment and human biology on human behavior.

Interpretive Theory of Culture

The idea that culture is embodied and transmitted through symbols

Linguistic Relativity

The idea that people speaking different languages perceive or interpret the world differently because of differences in their languages. Also known as the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.

The Peace In the Feud in the Nuer

The idea that social unrest doesn't always create social changes By Gluckman: "They are our enemies, we marry them"

The Peace In the Feud (guns) in the Nuer.. Gluckman

The idea that social unrest doesn't always create social changes... a key element to this piece of anthropological literature discussed in lecture.. and if they are enemies they marry

Define cultural hegemony

The ideas of the ruling class have come to be seen as the norm, which benefits the ruling class more, but is perceived to be beneficial for everyone. This justifies the status quo as natural, inevitable, and beneficial for all, although it is truly not. These ideas are reinforced through ideology, including capitalism, democracy, racism, and sexism.

Agroecology

The integration of the principles of ecology into agricultural production.

Nuclear Family

The kinship unit of mother, father, and children

Social Science

The object of study is often subjective. We are interested in more than objective existence We are interested in subjective meanings

"Hard" Sciences

The objects of study exist objectively Scientists try to build objective knowledge. Validity: The degree to which our understanding of something is objectively true Reliability: The ability of others to independently construct the same knowledge

Sex

The observable physical differences between male and female, especially biological differences related to human reproduction

Social Institutions

The organized sets of social relationships that link individuals to each other in a structured way in a particular society

holism

The perspective that looks at all the parts of a system and how those parts are integrated.

Sexual dimorphism

The phenotypic differences between males and females of the same species

"How"

The process (scientific)

Ethnohistory

The study of cultural change in societies and periods for which the community had no written histories or historical documents, usually relying heavily on oral history for data. This may also refer to a view of history from the native's point of view, which often differs from an outsider's view

Ethnoscience

The study of how people classify things in the world

Sociolinguistics

The study of how sociocultural context and norms shape language use and the effects of language use on society.

Define the study of Anthropology and Economics

The study of how the choices people make determine how their society uses resources to produce and distribute goods and services. Anthropologists see that economy is always related to culture, and highlights economic rationality (people make decisions that maximize benefits and minimize their costs) and a focus on giving.

Physical/Biological Anthropology

The study of human beings as biological organisms

Define ecology

The study of the home and how organisms interact with their environment

Archaeology

The subdiscipline of anthropology that focuses on the reconstruction of past cultures based on their material remains

economic anthropology

The subfield of cultural anthropology concerned with how people make, share, and buy things and services.

Caste

The system of social stratification found in Indian society that divides people into categories according to moral purity and pollution.

Culture

The taken-for-granted notions, rules, moralities, and behaviors within a social group that feel natural and the way things should be. People have ______ in two senses: 1. The general sense - refers to humans' possession of a generalized capacity, even necessity, to create, share and pass on their understandings of things 2. The particular sense - refers to the fact that people live their lives within particular _______, or ways of life.

Possibilism

The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives. Environment structures behaviors/cultures to some point but doesn't produce inevitable results.

Diversity

The sheer variety of ways of being human around the world.

Byproduct of colonialism

The social concept of race developed to justify the power of certain groups over others

Natualization

The social process through which something becomes part of the natural order of things.

push-pull factors

The social, economic, and political factors that "push" people to migrate from their homes and that "pull" them to host countries.

Racialization

The social, economic, and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating racial meanings.

Participant observation

The standard research method used by sociocultural anthropologists that requires the researchers to live in the community he or she is studying to observe and participate in day-to-day activities

Descriptive Linguistics

The study of "langue," or the formal structure of language; the systematic analysis and description of a language's sound system and grammar.

gender ideology

The totality of ideas about sex, gender, the nature of men and women, including their sexuality, and the relations between the genders Gender Ideologies define ideal types of gender In many cultures there are more than 2 ideal types Gender ideals vary between cultures Gender Ideologies in American culture have been changing

What is a society's gender ideology?

The totality of ideas about sex, gender, and the natures of men and women, including their sexuality, and the relations between genders. There are dichotomies of male/female etc. that are not universally known/practiced as they are in the US. Some examples include the hijiras of India, the Navajo Nadleehe, and transgender folks

Green Revolution

The transformation of agriculture in the Third World that began in the 1940s, through agricultural research, technology transfer, and infrastructure development.

stratification

The unequal division of status, wealth, or power in a society

Cultural Appropriation

The unilateral decision of one social group to take control over the symbols, practices or objects of another

Applied Anthropology

The use of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve practical problems, often for a specific client.

Magic

The use of spells, incantations, words, and actions in an attempt to compel supernatural forces to act in certain ways, whether for good or for evil

Gender performance

The way gender identity is expressed through action

sexuality

The way someone is sexually attracted to another person of the opposite sex, the same sex, both sexes, or no sexes. We have a sexuality: Heterosexual, Homosexual, Bisexual, Asexual

Frederick Barth

Theorist that understood ethnicities to be constructed based on difference between different groups.. Relations rather than content, independence rather than isolation

Cultural ecology

Theory in anthro that focuses on the adaptive dimension of culture

Interpretive anthro

Theory position in anthro that focuses on using humanistic methods, such as those found in the analysis of literature, to analyze culture and discover the meaning of culture to its participants

Functionalism

Theory which asserts that cultural practices and beliefs serve purposes for society, such as explaining how the world works, organizing people into roles so they can get things done, etc.

What are some examples of gold and wealth being seen as a corrupting force in popular culture?

There are stories and myths about gold that reinforce the moral economy such as, -Tolkien "Lord of the Rings" -King Midas -"should her soul"/"deal with the devil"

intersubjective

There is no objective perspective on culture! There is no One Truth combining different subjective perspectives

How are Gender, Race, Class all similar?

These forms of difference are similar in that groups are ranked, and assumed the +/-

Discuss African religion aspects that are present in America

These religions represent/include: -myths about a split between creator and deity -pantheon supernaturals -elaborate initiation rituals and sacrifices -close links with healing Many new forms of african religions are seen emerging, especially in the Western Hemisphere, which often take Christian symbols and use them/replace him. Some of these religions include Rastafarianism (Caribbean), Voodoo (Caribbean), Candomble (Northeasten Brazil), Santeria (Cuba)

Define periodic rituals

These rituals are performed annually to mark important events, such as a harvest, birthday, or christmas

Define non-periodic rituals

These rituals occur in response to unplanned events or to mark events in a person's life, such as a baptism, marriage, drought, or puberty

Define rituals of intensification

These rituals reinforce values and norms of a community, and strengthens the group identity. some examples used in class were the nazis, gaucho soccer events, and monk's praying together.

Wovoka (Jack Wilson)

This native american spiritual leader is best remembered for this rental perf from the 1890s, performed as a syncretic act of coming together and protects against white colonists

Wovoka, ghost dance

This native american spiritual leader is best remembered for this rental perf from the 1890s, performed as a syncretic act of coming together and protects against white colonists

clan

Two or more lineages linked by an unknown or mythological relative

Edward B. Taylor

Tylor is representative of cultural evolutionism. In his works Primitive Culture and Anthropology. He believed that there was a functional basis for the development of society and religion, which he determined was universal. Tylor is considered by many to be a founding figure of the science of social anthropology

Norms

Typical patterns of behavior, often viewed by participants as the rules of how things should be done

project camelot

U.S. sent anthropologists into other countries and in vietnam got info on leaders and ended up using it to find them and kill them

Intangible cultural heritage

UNESCO promoted as counterpart to World Heritage, focuses on practices, representations, skills, expressions, knowledge

bride service

a man will work for the wive's family for a number of years to get marital rights

JEOPARDY: what is achieved status and what is ascribed status?

achieved - choice. permits individuals to alter their rank. ascribed - status one is born into

how is colonialism diff from early expansion

active possession of a foreign territory and the maintenance of political domination over that territory

colonialism

active possession of foreign territory and maintenance of political domination over that territory, movement of resources and wealth

How do we communicate rank?

adornment and symbols, positioning (high and low), and distance of interaction/form of greeting

composite families

aggregates of nuclear families linked by a common spouse.

revitalization movement

aimed at restoring a golden age

nativist

aims to restore goldne age of past

swidden cultivation

aka slash burn; the use of land until it has no more nutrients so one uses up another piece while the burned land regrows

Health system and culture

all cultures have a health system which includes -perceptions and beliefs about the body -classifications of health problems -prevention measures -healing/healers

hirja

ambiguous gender roll in India, incorporate goddess's powers of procreation, man plus woman

xanith

an alternative gender role in Oman on the Saudi Arabian peninsula

cultural economics

an anthropological approach to economics that focuses on how symbols and morals help shape a community's economy

structuralism

an anthropological theory that people make of their worlds through binary oppositions like hot-cold, culture-nature, male-female, and raw-cooked. These binary oppositions are expressed in social institutions and cultural practices.

neoclassical economics

an approach to economics that studies how people make decisions to allocate resources like time, labor, and money in order to maximize their personal benefit

Joint Stock Companies

an association of individuals in a business enterprise with transferable shares of stock, much like a corporation except that stockholders are liable for the debts of the business Did not have moral obligations

emic

an attempt to understand and describe the meanings that ideas and practices have to members of a culture.

Neoliberalism

an economic and political worldview that sees the free market as the main mechanism for ensuring economic growth, with a severely restricted role for government

neoclassical

an economic assumption that the market is based on self interest, maximization, and competition.

capitalism

an economic system based on private ownership of the means of production, in which prices are set and goods distributed through a market

multi-sited ethnography

an ethnographic research strategy of following connections, associations, and putative relationships from place to place

atrazine

an herbicide that harms amphibious life forms by changing their sex.

intervention philosophy

an ideological justification for outsiders to guide native peoples in specific directions

innovation

an object or a way of thinking or behaving that is new because it is qualitatively different form existing forms

money

an object or substance that serves as a payment for a good or service

Fetishes

an object regarded with awe as being the embodiment or habitation of a potent spirit or as having magical potency

marked vs. unmarked categories

Unmarked - capable/good; Marked - deficient; less human

Majority of people live ?

Urban slums (2b people)

Armchair Anthropology

Used "data" from travelers, missionaries, and colonial administrators

Gender inequality in foraging societies

Usually men hunt and women forage because of biological interplays. in foraging societies, there is typically no gender inequality -BUT when there is large game, the males acquire status and power by controlling the distribution of scarce resources (who gets the meat) -smaller game+other resources= egalitarian

contagious magic

an object that has been in contact with someone that retains a bond

medicalization

believe that an issue needs medical treatment when it is a structural problem in reality (pills for poor)

darwin

believed that species originate in 1 gene pool, not distinct races.

disease

bio based health problem that is objective/universal like broken leg

Define disease

biologically based health problems that is objective and universal, bacterial and viral infections/"broken leg"

consanguinal kin

blood relatives

the Nuer

book by EE evans- pritchard environment>livelihood>society/culture. the Nuer tribe in sudan had their culture build upon cattle. they used transhumance and had sparse settlements

animism

both living and non-living things have spirit

spheres of exchange

bounded orders of value in which certain goods can be exchanged only for others

isogamy

bride and groom are equals

hypergyny

bride marries higher

hypogyny

bride marries lower

bride price vs dowry

bride price = payment/gifts for "taking" a daughter from her family dowry = payment/gifts to husband for "taking" daughter, or to support the newlywed couple, sometimes a wedding fund

fundamentalism

bringing back an old tradition to fix a society that had strayed from its cultural beginnings.

the book "keywords"

by raymond williams. showed that actual groups instead of society can be a positive thing

Franz Boas

came up with historical particularism first anthropologist to use cultural relativism Fieldwork with the Kwakiutl around the turn of the 20th century Participant-Observation?

what is the economy as defined by Marxism?

capitalism, a type of economic system, is a system in which private ownership of the means of production and a division of labor produce wealth for a few, and inequality for the masses.

emic

captures what ideas and practices mean to a culture

millenarian

catastrophe will bring new age, paradise

gift exchange

central defining feature of many societies' economies

contagious magic

certain objects that have touched someone have a connection with them (piece of hair)

rite of passage and 3 stages

change in status from one life stage to next like military basic training, frat pledge, transition to man/womanhood, 3 phases: separation from normal life, transition into liminal phase that is undefined, and reintegration into society with new status

fetish

charms and supernatural objects believed to embody supernatural power

Define fetish

charms and supernatural objects that are believed to embody supernatural power, like a lucky rock, rabbit's foot, a pencil, etc.

This concept proposes Mesoamerican village life as insular and isolated, and is criticized for neglecting broader and sociopolitical relationships and productions:

closed corporate communities

JEOPARDY: List 4+ ways that class or social rank is communicated.

clothing, behaviors, speech, symbols of status or wealth, use of titles, sometimes one's body itself

medical pluralism

coexistence of many health systems, Sherpa of Nepal?

Why can't people feed themselves?

colonial order where people who had a lot more power sought their own self interest, often believing they were doing it for the greater good People still can't feed themselves due to the extreme power imbalance that deny people access to food

The stuff bought and sold in the market is often studied to understand capitalist society:

commodities

tepoztlan

communities surrounded by church as center

blood sports

competition that brings blood, animals or human, to self-validate, symbol of triumph of culture over nature, Indian wrestlers don't have dumb jock rep and practice self-discipline

Nuclear family household

consists of a married couple and their children relates to neolocal

Composite family household

consists of several nuclear families linked by a common spouse (polygamy)

Extended family household

consists of two or more lineally related kinfolk of the same sex, their spouses and children can be patrilocal, matrilocal, or avunculocal

lactase persistence

continuation of lactase production beyond early childhood that allows a person to digest milk and dairy products

methods for colonization

control of local leaders forced labor forced production of commodities taxation (most profitable) direct propoganda through education language

economic power

control over resources to create social inequality

results of china's one child

control population, favor of males, difficulty of rural men finding brides leads to importation of women from poor countries, polyandry, sale of women, trade of kidnapped girls, single children leads to talented but spoiled

avunculocal residence

couple's family lives with the wife's uncle's family

neolocal

couples will live together independent of their parents

fiat money

created and guaranteed by a government, such as U.S. paper dollars

critical developmental anth

critical thinking role, partnership with target population to asses weather it is a good project for locals

multiculturism

cultural diversity is positive and adds richness to the whole society

explicit culture

cultural knowledge you can talk about; learn mostly by hearing it from the other; parents, teachers, etc

Ethnicity

culturally constructed category based on perceived cultural differences

Tribes

culturally distinct population whose members consider themselves descended from the same ancestor

illness

culturally specific perception/experience usually caused by social factors

Define illness

culturally specific perceptions and experiences of a health problem with a set of symptoms associated with particular culture and social factors that are often the underlying cause of symptoms

manhood puzzle

curiosity of why they think men have to fight with masculinity why you have to achieve it, not born with it

Ethno-esthetics

cutlturally defined standards for art, wood carving of Yoruba of Nigeria believe figures should be in between abstract and real, no portraits, optimal depiction of human, clarity, etc.

marriage

defined in terms of property, offspring, and political relations.

stratigraphy

deposited layers of the earth that describes the where and when of when artifacts were made in time

Anthropogenic

derived from human activities: manmade

You can trace your ancestry by using this concept:

descent

Nation

describes a group of people who shared a place of origin

encyclopedic statistics

describes collecting entries of everything about cultures. diderot and alex von humboldt looked at latin america.

etic

describes cultures using Western ideas like econonmy and psychology.

Three theories of human-environment interaction

determinism: environment sets limits on humans possibilism: environment creates structures but does not produce inevitable results agency: humans are active agents in creating their culture and an environment that suits their needs

Post WWII social project and process by agents attempting to spur economic growth:

development

sustainability

developmental projects, distribution, human development, and ability to meet needs of present without compromising future, don't exhaust nonrenewable resources and is financially supportable

Intellectualism

devotion to the exercise of intellect or to intellectual pursuits

Cultural diffusion v evolution

diffusion: srpead of culture elements from one culture to another evolution: development of one culture as it compares to another

bands

dozens of people. small groups of kin households that came together for a specific type of purpose. found in foragers and nomadic groups. no formal politics

3 ways to study ethnoetiologies

ecological/epidemiological, interpretivist, critical medical anth

ecology vs economy

ecology: study of the home. oikos, ology. how organisms interact with their environment economy: management of the home. management of resources, production, distribution, consumption. only recently have these become separate fields of study. rely on each other: ecology fuels the economy, and the economy can affect the ecology.

how does the economy work as defined by cultural economics?

economic acts are guided by local beliefs and cultural models, which are closely tied to a community's values

how does a substantivism economy work?

economic processes are embedded in and shaped by non-market social institutions , such as the state, religious beliefs, and kinship relations

prestige economies

economies in which people seek high social rank, prestige, and power instead of money and material wealth

cross cousins

ego's parent's opposite sex sibling's children

parallel cousins

ego's parent's same sex sibling's children

somatization

embodiment- body absorbs social stress and manifests symptoms

mind

emergent qualities of consciousness and intellect that manifest themselves through thought, emotion, perception, will and imagination.

Marrying your high school sweetheart from your same home town is an example of:

endogamy

effects of karma

enforce behaivor, balance, reciprocity

BOR 7

equality before the law

gender for foragers

equals as women contribute much to food production

article 2

everyone gets all rights without distinction of race, religion, and origin

liberalism

everyone is considered a citizen

reincorporation

ex: party after hazing in frat

market principle

exchange of goods and services with a standardized value All people use their own interest but only within a range that is deemed culturally and morally appropriate

Eliminating issues within societies like the Nuer

exogamy, peace alliances Gluckman "The Peace in the Feud"

essentialism

explains why people act collectively in certain ways

reasons for colonization

exploit native people/resources, be settlement for too many Europeans, to occupy strategic location

generalized reciprocity

giving something without the expectation of return, at least not in the near future. it is uninhibited and generous giving, such as that which takes place between parents and children, married couples, or close-knit kin groups.

general reciprocity

giving with no expectation of return

market exchange

goods are assigned a value in money and then sold.

bridewealth

goods are given from the groom's kin to the bride's to seal a marriage.

nation state

governments that are identified with culturally homogenous populations and natural histories.

gender for horticulture

male dominance/agression

sororal polygyny

marriage of one man to women who are sisters

fraternal polyandry

marriage of one woman to men who are brothers

patrilocal residence

married couples live with the husbands fam (matrilocal is the opposite)

endogamy

marry inside family -ex: caste system in India ex: US social classes

exogamy

marry outside the group

endogamy

marry within your group

commodities

mass-produced and impersonal goods with no meaning or history apart from themselves

In The Broken Village, this concept of any experienced perceived by an audience through religious icons, leaders, services, photographs, is invaluable to creating and maintaining social bonds through the local Christian or catholic churches:

mediation

cargo cults

melanesians think whites have the knowledge and do rituals to figure it out

double descent

member resides in both patrilineal and matrilineal side of the family

rite of passage in Sambia (new guinea)

men ********* to be initiated, but marry women when they are adults

transhumant

men move animals while the women stay

manuel gamio

mexican revolution. this anthropologist criticized enumerative stats and called for encyclopedic stats. Also wrote "forgiving the nation"

santo daime syncreism of religion

mix of Catholocism, African, Indigenous, W. Amazon, ayahuasca makes you hallucinate

two-spirit

mixed gender in north america

mahu

mixed gender in tahiti

xanityh

mixed gender of oman on saudi arabian peninsula

american footbal

model for corporate culture with hierarchy and goal of territorial expansion, in Japan players take sacrifices for team

liberalism

modern political philosophy upholding individual rights.

fiat money

money created and guaranteed by a government

general purpose money

money that is used to buy almost anything ex. dollar bills

general purpose money

money that is used to buy nearly any good or service

commodity money

money with another value beyond itself, such as gold or other precious metals, which can be used as a jewelry or ornament

Dutch East India Company

monopoly over all dutch trade

age grades

move through status orders like childhood, adulthood, warrior, etc.

horizontal migration

movement of a herding community across a large area in search of whatever grazing lands may be available

Sidney Mintz

n his training Mintz was particularly influenced by Steward, Ruth Benedict (Mintz 1981a), and Alexander Lesser,[8] and by his classmate and co-author, Eric Wolf (1923-1999). Combining a Marxist and historical materialist approach with U.S. cultural anthropology, Mintz's focus has been those large processes, starting in the fifteenth century, that marked the advent of capitalism and European expansion in the Caribbean, and the myriad institutional and political forms which buttressed that growth,

totemism

natural order organizes social order. associated with a plant/animal to create unity.

darwin

natural selection, different fitness, struggle for existence, inherited variety, evolution has no specific destination, population shifts during weather phenomena. sickle cell anemia/ malaria immunization is a genetic example.

Significance of nature within culture

nature is biophysical but also culturally, historically, and politically instructed

JEOPARDY: Which of the three types of reciprocity does the commodity gold exemplify? why?

negative reciprocity because it values profit above all else, is part of a market exchange of commodities.

alexander chayanov

neoclassical. the importance of peasants. dependency ratio C/W (consumers to workers), studied the dabo.

Hijra

no penis people small penises chopped off

BOR 4

no slavery

BOR 5

no torture

world culture

norms and values that extend across national boundaries

kula ring

intertribal trade in new guinea. its a long standing tradition where each tribe had something new to offer and they traded with each other.

Unilineal evolution

is a 19th-century social theory about the evolution of societies and cultures. It was composed of many competing theories by various sociologists and anthropologists, who believed that Western culture is the contemporary pinnacle of social evolution. Different social status is aligned in a single line that moves from most primitive to most civilized. This theory is now generally considered obsolete in academic circles.

Multilineal evolution

is a 20th century social theory about the evolution of societies and cultures. It is composed of many competing theories by various sociologists and anthropologists. This theory has replaced the older 19th century set of theories of unilineal evolution. When critique of classical social evolutionism became widely accepted, modern anthropological and sociological approaches have changed to reflect their responses to the critique of their predecessor. Modern theories are careful to avoid unsourced, ethnocentric speculation, comparisons, or value judgements; more or less regarding individual societies as existing within their own historical contexts. These conditions provided the context for new theories such as cultural relativism and multilineal evolution.

Define the anthropologic take on "empowerment"

it is related to on some extent the ability to control resources ("bring home the bacon")

Heeren XVII

joint stock company almost acted as a government and was led by these Lords Seventeen that had a lot of power

asia illness

koro-belief of retracted penis

how is value created in an economy as defined by Marxism?

labor (especially the exploitation of others' labor) is a major source of value

Agglutinating language

language that allows a great number of morphemes per word and has highly regular rules for combining morphemes

bigman

leader gains power through achievements and ability to distribute resources

Tsimane and critical developmental anth

lee advocates and speaks for them in court UCSB -an indigenous forager-farming group living in central lowland Bolivia -culture plus development

BOR 3

life, liberty, security

Proposed by Victor Turner, this lies between the profane and the sacred:

liminality

matrilineal

lineage from the female's perspective.

patrilineal

lineage from the male's perspective (U.S.)

subaks

local organizations of irrigators in the water temple sharing a local infrastructure.

bruce knauft

looked at gebusi, new guinea. in the 1980's men would have sex with men. it was not governed by rules or fear and it was celebrated (heteronormativity).

ecological/epidemiological approach

looking at aspects of environment that affect health usually etic and quantitative, such as the rice cultivators in china are more likely to have hookworms

critical medical anthropology

looks at how global political economy, media, social inequality affect health

vitalistic prophecy

looks to the future

rites of intensification

made to strengthen values and identity

diseases of development

made worse by economy

This is the compelling of supernatural forces to act in a certain way through human action:

magic

imitative magic

magicians produce desired effect by imitating it

Ethnography

major resaerch tool of cultural anthropology; incldues both fieldwork among people in a society and written results of such fieldwork

Multinational corporation (MNC)

owns enterprises in more than one nation or that seeks the most profitable places to produce, ignores boundaries- wants to profit its shareholders

Descriptive linguistics

part of Linguistics The study of sounds, structures, and meanings within languages

Historical linguistics

part of Linguistics The study of the emergence of language and how languages have changed through time

Cultural Linguistics

part of Linguistics The study of the relationship between culture and language How vocabularies respond to what is important in a culture How the categories of language can affect or reflect the way people categorize the world How grammatical structures can impact the way people perceive and think about the world

Sociolinguistics

part of Linguistics the study of the relationship between language and social relations

Features

part of archaeology Non-portable elements that have been made or modified by humans

Ecofacts

part of archaeology Objects that were used but not modified by humans

Artifacts

part of archaeology objects that have been made by humans

Phonemics

part of descriptive linguistics The branch of linguistics that studies the meaningful groups of sounds in a language

Phonetics

part of descriptive linguistics The branch of linguistics that systematically studies all the sounds in spoken language

Glottochronology

part of historical linguistics the technique of determining the approximate date that two related languages began to diverge

Biocultural/Biosocial Anthropology

part of physical anthropology The study of the relationship between human biology and culture • Focus on human evolution in the context of culture: How culture impacts evolution & How biology impacts culture

Race

part of physical anthropology study of variation in human populations

Forensics

part of physical anthropology variation in individuals

Liminality

participant has left one place but not yet entered the next

ethnography

participation and study of the daily life of other people

article 27

participation in culture, art, and science

Bhil kinship system

patrilineages exogamous family loyalty is a paramount value

Define ritual

patterend behaviors usually focused on the supernatural realm, but can also be secular. Rituals are an unwritten code of behavior, and rituals/superstitions/magic can be designed to influence outcome/fate (cause and effect) an example of rituals used in class is sports (specifically baseball rituals) which are attempts to influence the outcome or control fate. individual athletes often have their own rituals, and these rituals are ingrained within the culture of baseball along with sports in general. this often comes from the athlete doing something really good and assuming it is not based on their skill alone. their behavior when this act was done is rewarded, and therefore they repeat this behavior and hope for the same reward. this works like a placebo effect to enhance confidence, all the while believing in a magic that is used to control chance, reduce risk, and reduce uncertainty.

Subsistence strategies

pattern of behavior used by a society to obtain food in a particular environment

ritual

patterned repetitive behavior usually focused on supernatural realm but can also be secular or non-religious

brazil/latinos illness

peito aberto-heart bursts because of excessive worry

how an economy work as defined by Marxism?

people participate in capitalism by selling their labor. that labor is appropriated by those holding the means of production.

Exiles

people who are expelled by the authorities of their home countries

immigrants

people who enter a foreign country with no expectation of ever returning to their home country

migrants

people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries

Refugees

people who migrate because of political oppression or war, usually with legal permission to stay in a different country

consumers

people who rely on goods and services not of their own making

consumers

people who rely on goods and services not produced by their own labor

ethnic groups

people who view themselves as sharing an ethnic identity that differentiates them from other groups

dabo labor exchange

people would do work for others in the Maale culture of ethiopia in exchange for beer, etc. donham studied the dabo

ethnicity

perceived differences such as culture, religion, language, national origin, by which groups distinguish & are distinguished from others.

health systems include...

perceptions about body, classifications of problems, preventions, healers

Hybridization

persistent cultural mixing that has no predetermined direction or end-point

Original understanding of "heterosexuality"

perversion of "natural" order of pleasure rather than procreation (fun sex)

work

physical/mental activity to accomplish something -usually unpleasant -usually observable results -commodification

colonization methods

pillage, forced labor, joint stock company

Lewis H. Morgan

pioneering American anthropologist and social theorist who worked as a railroad lawyer. He is best known for his work on kinship and social structure, his theories of social evolution, and his ethnography of the Iroquois.

Neoliberalism

political/economic policies that gave people free trade, individual initiative, minimal gov regulation

hegemony

power exerted by a dominant group over other groups

Define implicit bias

preferences based on subtle or subconscious cognitive processes

historical trauma

problems passed through generations

imitative magic

procedure performed that resembles the desired result

intransitive

process by itself like child development

example of division of labor (Adam Smith and sewing pins example)

process of making a sewing pin into distinct actions performed by different specialized laborers produced exponential growth in the number of pins that could be made in a day

Industrialism

process of the mechanization of production

intensification

processes that increase agricultural yields

Productivity and displacement

prod:idea that humans can combine words and sounds into new, meaningful utterances they have never before heard displacement: capacity of all human languages to describe things not happening in the present

Horticulture

production of plants using a simple, nonmechanized technology and where the fertility of gardens and fields is maintained through long periods of fallow

Define dowry

property or money brought by a bride to her husband on their marriage. typically, families begin saving gold when the girl is born. this also goes towards paying wedding expenses.

Byproduct of colonialism

race developed to justify the power of certain groups over others

RACE project

race is a recent human invention, understandings about race are rooted in culture not biology, and despite election of Obama racism still exists

Difference between race and ethnicity:

race is perceived to be biological when it is not, ethnicity relates more to cultural aspects

What are the 3 types of status that one is ascribed (or "born into")?

race: perceived physical differences, usually based on genetic ancestry ethnicity: social group of people who identify with each other based on common ancestral, religious, linguistic, regionalism, or nationalism caste: no alternation/mobility

Social Sanction

reaction or measure intended to enforce norms and punish their violation

transactional orders

realms of transactions a community uses, each with its own set of symbolic meanings and moral assumptions

Transhumance

regular seasonal movement of herding communities from one ecological niche to another

Berlín Conference (1884)

regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power.

rite of intensification

reinforce values/norms and strengthen group identify

kinship system

relates to some type of blood bond

consanguineal

relations extending over 3 generations

conjugal tie

relationship between husband and wife

transnational

relationships that extend beyond nation-state boundaries without assuming they cover the whole world

Define value

relative worth of an object or service

value

relative worth of an object or service

mana

religious power/energy concentrated in individuals or objects

structural adjustment

required poor nations to pursue free market reforms to get loans from the world bank -just increased social inequality

Tirailleurs Senegalais

riflemen from 1857 to 1960 composed largely of soldiers from French African colonies led by officers from metropolitan france

humoral healing

rules to follow, imbalance of warmness and coldness in body

eric wolf

said that community has no internal essence.

modernization theory

says nations are poor because of traditional society and they should gain wealth by copying modern nations.

Based on kinship groups, this is often practiced by small bands or tribes allowing for kinship groups to split and regroup around seasonal access to resources:

segmentation

serial monogamy

several spouses, but only one at a time

polygyny problems

sex ratio problem

Sexuality

sexual preferences, desires, and practices

religious experts

shamans (part-time average member), priests (formally elected), witchcraft (physical aspect, ability to harm others) sorcery (conscious manipulation to cause harm)

Swidden Farming

slash and burn farming (better for environment than Ag.)

Bands

small group of people related by blood or marriage, who live together and are loosely associated with a territory in which they forage

3 major diseases

smallpox, measles, malaria

applied medical anthropology

so you can further goals of health-care providers, doctor-patient communication, settings, etc.

article 22-25

social security, work, rest, standard of living, and health

stratified societies

societies that have permanent social and economic inequality in which people are denied access to basic resources.

Cheifdoms

society with social ranking in which political integration is achieved through an office of centralized leadership called the cheif, transitional period between tribes and states

Transgender

someone to whom society assigns one gender who does not perform as that gender but has taken either permanent or temporary steps to identify as another gender

Cisgender

someone whose gender identity matches the sex they were assigned at birth

mexico illness

soufriendo del agua-anxiety due to lack of clean water

susto

spain, portual, central/south America lethargy, poor appetite, anxiety due to shock or fright

JEOPARDY: What do Hijra in Indian (or Nádleehé in Navajo) culture exemplify?

speaks to long history of third or alternate genders. demonstrates falseness of gender binary

totem

species, object, feature of natural world associated with a particular descent group

mode of production

specific set of social relations that organizes labor Land: ownership of land and resources Relations of production: social systems that organize labor

This is an automous structure of military, political and social rule:

state

neoliberalism

state intervention should be limited and markets are the best way to manage society.

communitas

state of solidarity, equality, and unity among people sharing a religious ritual, emotional, experienced in liminal states (causes anti structure)

raymond williams

stated "culture is a very complicated as a word."

eb tylor

states that the study of culture needs to have all aspects of human life included. believed that culture meant knowledge, belief, arts, morals, laws, and customs.

malinowski

stranded on an island and was the father of ethnography.

foodways

structured beliefs and behaviors surrounding the production, distribution, and consumption of food

economic systems

structured patterns and services through which people exchange goods and services

interpretivist appraoch

studied by looking at meaning, how they label, etc., looking at meaning provides psychological support to afflicted

what is neoclassical economics?

studies how people make decisions to allocate resources like time, labor, and money in order to maximize their personal satisfaction

what is substantivism, aka substantive economics?

studies the daily transactions people actually engage in to get what they need or desire, the "substance" of the economy

Archaeology

study cultures of the past through the excavation and analysis of the material culture they have left behind.

ethnolinguistics

study of how vocabulary responds to culture

primatology

study of the 2% difference in genetics between humans and primates

sociolinguistics

study of the relationship between language and culture

Linguistics

study spoken and written languages around the world and through time Historical Linguistics Glottochronology Cultural Linguistics Sociolinguistics Descriptive linguistics • Phonetics • Phonemics

placebo effect

success can occur from a person's enhanced confidence

traditional developmental anth

supports project and acts as cultural broker to make it work

semantics

system of a language that relates word to meaning

negative reciprocity

the attempt to haggle one's way into a favorable personal outcome. exists between the most distant relations, such as between strangers or adversaries.

hypodescent

the belief that any % of black origin means that you're black

Heteronormativity

the belief that heterosexuality is and should be the norm

contagious magic

the belief that things once in contact with a person or object retain an invisible connection with that person or object

Define sex

the biological distinction between females and males

formal economics

the branch of economics that studies the underlying logic of economic thought and action

medical pluralism

the coexistence of ethnomedical systems alongside cosmopolitan medicine

redistribution

the collection of goods in a community and then the further dispersal of those goods among members

what is cultural economics?

the idea that symbols and morals help shape a community's economy

Masculinity

the ideas and practices of manhood

Gender/sex systems

the ideas and social patterns a society uses to organize males, females, and those who do not fit either category

johan gottfried herder

this anthropologist believed that nations are based in cultural traditions and attacked the concept of civilization as the universal endpoint of human progress. everyone has culture whether you're civilized or not

clifford giertz

this anthropologist came up with the culture concept, studied indonesia and said culture is learned and its symbolic, patterned, shared, adaptive, and always changing.

antonia garcia cubas

this anthropologist conducted 4 surveys on mexico about resources, places, people, trade/industry and culture. he also categorized mexican people as types. this helped the mexican government grow with the information.

Franz Boaz

this anthropologist focused on ethnography: there is no path of human development, was against armchair anthropologists, believed that every culture was valid, museums did not depict culture, scientific racism is bad, racial is social and not biological. they also are known for cultural relativism, and studied the inuit people.

veblen effect

this states that we buy because of the status that comes with is. ex. buying a ferrari.

chiefdom

thousands of people. a regional group who has a leader. usually politically unstable.

extended family

three generations in the same household that makes an economic unit

Toraja in Indonesia

tongkonan and tau-tau have traditional connection with mortuary rituals and are now objects of economic significance because of tourism

lexicon

total stock of words in a language

gross national income GNI

total value of all a nations production, rough estimate of national prosperity

Structural Racism

Embedded systems of privilege and oppression

polygyny

A form of polygamy in which a man may have more than one wife at the same time.

J. Stephen Lensing "Priests and Programmers"

Balinese society.. water temples (sawah*rice and subaks*units of sawah)

joint stock company

a firm that is managed by a centralized board of directors but is owned by shareholders.

food security

access to sufficient nutritious food to sustain an active and healthy life

superstition

belief in supernatural causality

What is animism? (from santo daime)

belief that all living and non-living objects are imbued with spirit

ethnocentric

belief that behavior is not only right but natural

ethnocentrism

belief that one's own culture is better than any other

What is shamanism? (from santo daime)

intermediaries between human and spirit world

free trade

international trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions.

determinants of carrying capacity

opinions of standards of living and desire to save the environment

Lewis Henry Morgan

out of the armchair and onto the Verandah came up with unilineal social evolution

Human Terrain Systems

$300 million military program Embedded anthropologists with combat units in Iraq and Afghanistan It is obvious that the military could benefit from an anthropological perspective BUT...Anthropologists are concerned about the military's goals and the roles they play in those goals. Suspended due to controversy in 2010

Luck

(In America) Same as mana

Neolithic Revolution

(10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization.

William Clayton

*BIG* capitalist

Pastoralism

- use of domestication of animals

diego garcia

-1965: america/britain take control of chagossians and diego garcia -david vine helps them with this struggle

Acre in Brazil

-1970s amazon was colonized similar to western expansion -colonists, ranchers, and cattle arrive 429 penetration road -rubber tappers vs. cattle ranchers -tappers collect rubber and brazil nuts, hunt fish, practice forest extractavism

colonization of Amazonia

-5-10 million disinhibited from diseases caught by Europeans -remnants have been erased by weather -so our perception that it is "pristine" is wrong

new religious movements (NRM)

-60s counterculture -Ex: cults (scientology), Buddhist sects, "new age," yoga, meditation, holistic medicine

Race in Brazil

-Similar to USA because of the Indigenous, European, and African roots as well as the history of slavery & abolition. -But, Brazil is different in terms of racialization/ construction of race. Race is understood as more of a continuum than a dichotomy (vs. USA which is the "one drop rule") --Racial category depends on: physical features that is more than skin color, it also considers hair texture, shape of facial features, etc. -The most "intermarried" country in the world -Class and context: money "whitens" an individual --In the image that Hoelle showed in lecture, there are over 120 emic terms for skin color

Run DM "It's like that" (82)

-Structure: forces that are beyond individual control, influence behavior, predetermine outcomes -Unemployment high, economy bad, gotta work, structure is poverty violence and ignorance -Agency: free will, can act in face of environmental, social, cultural, political structure -Resistance, creating a new path

GrandMaster Flash (GMF)- "The Message" (82)

-Structure: oppressive, enculturation into poverty, limited opportunities -Agency: admires those who beat system/display wealth -Music is a from of agency, resistance, political critique

secularism- def and causes

-The assertion that it is a tenant of modernization (false, just a myth since many our still very religious)- -Rise of modern state, capitalist market, decline of religious authority -Withdrawal of religious from political into private

ethics of market exchange

-When buying or selling it may be unethical to bargain too aggressively -Social relationships are important (return policy to build trust) -Purely anonymous exchanges are inefficient because they entail a lot of risk (eBay establishing ratings)

diachronic view

-across time analysis -employed since 1970

environmental justice

-address problems of pollution among poor

The Kiss

-attachment, feels good linked with romance in Western culture -lips/tongue have representation in brain as babies must find mother's nipple -kiss of danger, comfort, transgression of norms, symbol (wedding), product (hershys), innocence (children)

cultivating the tropical forest

-burning forests reuces oxygen and increases dioxide, increases world temperature (global warming) -The Guarani (of Paraguay, South America, specifically itanarami) combine horticulture, gathering, and hunting to live in harmony with nature -colons invaded in 1994 so they could no longer hunt, fish, gather and focused of farming to make money since yerba mate was gone -overused land -locals had to go work for patrones which displaced social structure -taomi religious leader lost control and unity -nature conservancy! :)

Effects of Gifts

-can create feelings of affection and solidarity -create indebtedness and social obligations -Can change the status of the giver and the receiver

cross-cousin marriage

-children of parents sibling of opposite sex -(mothers brother, fathers sister)

parallel cousin marriage

-children of parents sibling of same sex -(mothers sister, fathers brother)

How is class expressed within culture?

-class is linked with occupation, educational level, socioeconomic status -a subculture with attitudes, behavior, lifestyle, and values -comes with a "script" for what you do and how you do it: speech, dress, gestures, etc. -class position and performance of script determines access to spaces, resources, rights, benefits, opportunities -class is projected onto non-humans (ex: poodle vs. chihuahua)

story of stuff

-corporations are bigger than government -extraction (1/3 already used) -production: use energy, destroy, brominated flame retardants, factory workers harmed, affected communites have to get work there, pollution is limit -distribution: externalized costs -consumption: 99% is trashed in 6 months, -disposable: limit happiness

japanees hip-hop

-cross cultural borrowing -hybridization by localization, global and local come together -started in NY in 70s -localization: japanese language and fans, all lyrics have meaning

subculture

-cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's population

What do anthropologists emphasize when studying religion?

-cultural relativism -mixing of old and new -critical analysis -search for patterns

advice for developers- tswana in botswana

-discrepancies between locals and volunteers caused them to see tswana only in american terms -time: in botswana, time is not linear, it is defined by the events -statuses: clearly marked in tswana language -honesty: sincerity is not as important as face-to-face contact -no time alone in tswana -wage labor does not take presedence over personal relationships -take everything volunteers say literally -friendship does not equal trust -you have to be hospitable

Horticulture

-domesticated plants

predicted changes due to modernization

-economic growth, market expansion, political consolidation (the state), technological innovation, literacy, social mobility

the saramaka

-escaped slaves of Suriname that were threatened by China for extraction of timber, but they won their right over land -society doesn't see the effects of human exploitation/environmental destruction

What are the "ideal" reasons for marriage?

-establishes defined boundaries (like wearing a wedding ring) -limits conflict over sexual partners -ensures reproduction and support for kids/elders -creates new kin alliances and sharing of resources

gullah

-south carolina -Descendents of west/central africa slaves -1700s Charleston, SC was largest trans-atlantic slave market on coast of british north America -knew how to plant rice in swamps, harvest, and prepare it -tidal irrigation methods better then rainfall-dependent -experts at new fishing and made handwoven nets that are folk art -textile arts: quilting -major tourist attraction especially sweetgrass baskets -local economic developers are destroying sweetgrass land, conflict between Gullah -expressive culture is a key factor in the state economy

Agriculture

-surplus production from the domestication of plants and animals

How does sexuality vary in culture?

-the age that sexuality begins and ends -ways that people make themselves attractive -importance of sexual activity

Issues with the modernization theory

-this development aims to bring positive impacts to marginal or impoverished groups, but often unintended consequences occur, economic development and GDP does not equal increased quality of life or "human development" -there is the "ghost of cultural evolutionism"=based on the same biased foundations

the world is flat

-thomas friedman -free trade, technological innovations have increased productivity and efficiency, thus world is flat since economic and social opportunities are increasingly available to all people

Social functions of Gifts

-to nurture long-term relantionships -to manipulate people -to elevate one's own status or to embarrass one's rivals

How to fight against bias for equality

-using cultural relativism and cross-cultural comparison can show the cultural specificity of our beliefs and ideologies, that will vary from culture to culture. -the awareness of bias and privilege can help to take off the lenses that make inequality seem natural, and to recognize how we may inadvertently facilitate and reproduce domination

dowry

-wife gives gifts to groom -practiced where women are seen as an economic burden -Indian practice

women and development

-women cook -strict gender roles -Projects often with women b/c they use benefits to support families

criticism of modernization

-wouldn't work well because of increasing consumption and use of nonrenewable resources -Not much trickle down as the wealthiest reap benefits, greatens gap between classes, led to stratification -Market would replace reciprocity and obligation

Sociocultural

...

criticism of soft diplomacy

...

polyandry

1 female and multiple males

monogamy

1 male and 1 female

polygyny

1 male and multiple females.

Why don't call systems constitute a complete language?

1. Animal call systems are limited in what and how much they can communicate. 2. Call systems are stimuli-dependent, which means that an animal can only communicate in response to a real-world stimuli. 3. Among animals each call is distinct, and these calls are never combined to produce a call with a different meaning, while the sounds in any language can be combined in limitless ways to produce new meaningful utterances. 4. Animal call systems tend to be nearly the same within a species with only minor differences between call systems used in widely separated regions.

Four Major Subfields of Anthropology

1. Cultural Anthropology 2. Archaeology 3. Biological Anthropology 4. Linguistic Anthropology

People use Magic

1. Outcome is important 2. Outcome is not entirely under a person's control

What are the three phases of a rite of passage?

1. Separation- physically, socially, and symbolically from normal life 2. Transition/liminal phase- in between, undefined stage 3. Reintegration- into society as individuals with the new status

Three key concerns by 1850s that would shape professional anthropology

1. The disruptions of industrialization in Europe and America 2. The rise of evolutionary theories 3. The growing importance of Europe's distant colonies with large indigenous populations whose land, mineral wealth and labor Europeans and Americans wanted to control

Marshall Sahlins' three types of reciprocity

1. generalized reciprocity 2. balanced reciprocity 3. negative reciprocity

four theoretical approaches to economies and how they create value

1. neoclassical economies 2. substantivism 3. marxism 4. cultural economics

Ethical priorities

1. researched group 2. discipline 3. public 4. sponsors and governments

Marcel Mauss' three dimensions of gift exchange

1. the obligation to give: establishes the giver as generous and worthy of respect 2. the obligation to receive: shows respect to the giver 3. the obligation to return the gift in appropriate ways: demonstrates honor

biggest world population growth

1950- 2000: population growth to 3 billion

pidgin

2 groups with different languages trying to communicate, happens with trade

syncretism

2 or more religious traditions are merged

state

50K plus people. has force to regulate people, 4 tiers of decision making, administrative bureaucracy, and class system.

current world population

7.7 billion

apartheid

A South African policy of complete legal separation of the races, including the banning of all social contacts between blacks and whites.

Development

A WW2 social project by agents/ social process in which the actors/agents attempt to direct and control change/growth

substantive economics

A branch of economics, inspired by the work of Karl Polanyi, that studies the daily transactions people engage in to get what they need or desire.

Ethnomedicine

A focus within anthro that examines ways in which people in diff. cultures understand health and sickness as well as the ways they attempt to cure disease

Ethnobotany

A focus within anthropology that examines the relationship between humans and plants in different cultures

Redistribution

A form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern

What was the cargo cult? How is it relevant to the concept of superstitious rituals?

A cargo cult is a belief system among members of a relatively undeveloped society in which adherents practice superstitious rituals hoping to bring modern goods supplied by a more technologically advanced society. One cargo cult took place in Melanesia, following contact with colonial societies that intensified during WWII. The islander's observed that cargo (goods) was the source of power of Europeans and Americans. So, they created rituals that were based on imitation of the white man, which were thought to bring cargo and military wealth. These rituals included military marching and uniforms, they made airplanes and runways to coax the cargo. John Frum was a figure associated with wealth, and was worshipped by the islander's who believed he would bring them wealth and prosperity.

Myths about Amazonian horticulturists (Kayapo of Brazil ), and why it is not a myth

A common view of Amazonian horticulturists is that people abandon their plots when the fertility is gone, which is inherently bad and decreases biodiversity/hurts the environment/taints the "pristine" "virginal" and "untouched" view of the rainforest Actually, when plots are abandoned, it is reconfigured in the forest with useful plants. These patches are called "Apete", which include 85% of plants that supply food, medicine, useful materials, plants that attract game, and trail stops.

Human Relations Area Files (HRAF)

A comparative anthropological database that allows easy reference to coded information about several hundred cultural traits for more than 150 societies. It also allows statistical analysis of the relationship between the presence of one trait and the occurrence of other traits

race

A concept that organizes people into groups based on specific physical traits that are thought to reflect fundamental and innate differences

Ethnicity

A concept that organizes people into groups based on their membership in a group with a particular history, social status or ancestry.

taste

A concept that refers to the sense that gives humans the ability to detect flavors, as well as the social distinction associated with certain foodstuffs.

Define arranged marriage

A couple is matched by individuals other than the couple, usually family members. Professor Hoelle gave us an example of a man named Ravi, who participated in arranged marriage to find his wife. This is both culturally and personally significant to him, and although we often do not practice arranged marriage in the US, this cultural practice is the norm in other places such as India. According to Ravi, arranged marriage is becoming more equal, as in women can have a choice in marriage, but it depends on social class. Some partners still meet each other on the first day, and families are extremely involved. As Ravi said, it is like two families are getting married, so if he loses respect, his whole family does too. Romance typically comes with time, and before the couple is married, they go to a priest to get calculations for how perfect a match they are (80%=good fit)

Race (as opposed to ethnicity)

A culturally constructed category based on perceived physical differences

lineage

A descent group that is linked by a known relative

swidden agriculture

A farming method in tropical regions in which the farmer slashes and burns small area of forest to release plant nutrients into the soil. As soil fertility declines, the farmer allows the plot to regenerate to forest.

Race

A flawed system of classification, with no biological basis, that uses certain physical characteristics to divide the human population into supposedly discrete groups

Transgender

A gender identity or performance that does not fit with cultural norms related to one's assigned sex at birth

Egalitarian Society

A group based on the sharing of resources to ensure success with a relative absence of hierarchy and violence

Ranked Society

A group in which wealth is not stratified but prestige and status are

social support therapeutic process

A healing process that involves a patient's social networks, especially close family members and friends, who typically surround the patient during an illness.

symbolic therapeutic process

A healing process that restructures the meanings of the symbols surrounding the illness, particularly during a ritual.

Descent Groups

A kinship group in which primary relationships are traced through consanguineous ("blood") relatives

Oportunidades

A materialist approach to reducing gender stratification in Mexico "Empowers" women by giving them direct economic aid Statistically a success But there are problems: It does not sufficiently address the structural relationships between Men and Women Does not address the ideology of the Men Result: in many cases it is placing many women in danger!

Neoliberalism

A political and economic theory emphasizes minimal state interference in economic trade (individualism) - usually a market context

Nation-state

A political entity, located within a geographical territory with enforced borders, where the population shares a sense of culture, ancestry, and destiny as a people

prejudice

A preformed opinion, usually an unfavorable one, based on insufficient knowledge, irrational feelings, or inaccurate stereotypes

Policy

A proposed or adopted course or principle of action

What is Santo Daime?

A religion based in Brazil that is a mix of Catholicism, African animism, and indigenous shamanism. People of this religion use ayahuasca, which is a brew of jungle plants with psychoactive properties for religious ceremonies and used by Shamans to enter into visions

Define rituals of inversion

A ritual in which normal social roles and order is temporarily reversed. These rituals offer a temporary time of liminality and anti structure. People can experience "communitas," which is a sense of unity/community. There is a release of social pressure that brings temporary equality. some examples are mardi gras, halloween, and brazil's carnival. Inversion rituals also occur under a completely different set of circumstances, such as natural disasters.

Exogamy

A rule specifying that a person must marry outside a particular group Exogamy rules serve to promote broader alliances part of Eligibility

Endogamy

A rule specifying that a person must marry within a particular group Endogamy rules can preserve culture, religion, property, or power part of Eligibility

Ethnicity

A sense of historical, cultural, and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people who are imagined to be distinct from those outside the group

Religion

A set of beliefs based on a unique vision of how the word ought to be, often revealed through insights into a supernatural power and lived out in community.. How people make sense of the world

Band

A small kinship-based group of forages who hunt and gather for a living over a particular territory

Kinship

A social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption

Ascribed Status

A social position one is born into Race, Sex, Caste, Inherited Wealth, Royalty

Achieved Status

A social position that a person achieves on his or her own

All societies have religion, which provides what?

A social process that helps to order society and provide its members with meaning, unity, and peace of mind. It also brings the degree of control over events they believe in possible.

Meritocracy

A social stratification system in which the only relevant attributes are ability and achievement

Caste System

A social stratification system wherein social strata are discrete types and social mobility is not possible

Class System

A social stratification system wherein social strata form a continuum from low to high and social mobility is possible

instrumentalism

A social theory that ethnic groups are not naturally occurring or stable, but highly dynamic groups created to serve the interests of one powerful group or another

Primordalism

A social theory that ethnicity is largely a natural phenomenon because of biological, linguistic and geographical ties among members.

Progressivist Theory

Adopting agriculture was a huge step towards progress

Revisionist Theory

Adopting agriculture was done only out of necessity or by force

Ebonics (AAVE)

African American Vernacular English (AAVE)- creole language used by black slaves and others of Caribbean descent

example of african synretism

African religions believe there is a split between creator deity and humans, believe in supernaturals like Greeks/Romans, linked with healing

Cultivation Strategy

Agriculture & Horticulture Cultivate because 1. Work and Leisure 2. Quality of Health 3. Food Security 4. Growing populations

Qualitative Methods

Aim to produce an in-depth and detailed description of social behaviors and beliefs.

Holistic Perspective

Aims to identify the whole, or systematic connections between individual cultural beliefs, practices, and social institutions, rather than the individual parts

What were the three student research paper's that professor Hoelle featured in class?

Airpods, shoes on wires/"shoe-fiti", and backpacks

Initially care free, rich family, tried to migrate 6 times, 4 months in a migrant detention center and shook him

Alfredo Flores: A "Greedy" Migrant

external integration

All cultures are integrated into regional and global systems All cultures are in contact with other cultures Cultures are integrated with and depend on the natural environment

Unilineal social evolution

All societies pass through the same stages of evolution as they progress savagery>>barbarism>>civilization

Holism

All the parts of a culture are interconnected and integrated. Therefore, things such as change in one area (women's rights, for example) will affect change in another area (family structure, distribution of income)

Comparative Method

Allows derivation of insights from careful comparisons of two or more cultures or societies.

Environmental impact of production/destruction

Although it is hidden from us, our society's need for production and destruction has a real impact on the environment. We are still dependent on natural resources that include fossil fuels (for transportation, electricity, heating, cooking), food (land, labor, transport, pollution, ethics), raw materials/precious metals (paper, leather, gold), and waste (landfills, sewage)

Examples of horticulture people

Amazonian Indigenous groups, Kayapo of Brazil Onkga's Big Moka (they use pigs as a type of currency or gesture)

Anthropology

An academic discipline devoted to the systematic observation and analysis of human variation.

Ritual

An act or series of acts regularly repeated over years or generations that embody the beliefs of group of people and create a sense of continuity and belonging

Intersectionality

An analytic framework for accessing how factors such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life chances and societal patterns of strafication

Eugenics

An attempt to scientifically prove the existence of separate human races to improve the population's genetic composition by favoring some races over others

Chiefdom

An autonomous political unit composed of a number of villages of communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief

State

An autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military rule with a central government authorized to make laws and use force to maintain order and defend its territory

Define moral economy

An economy where "fair" is more important than free market price. There is meaning to social obligations that matter more than pure profit. This includes commodification

explanatory model of illness

An explanation of what is happening to a patient's body, by the patient, by his family, or by a health care practitioner, each of which may have a different model of what is happening.

EE Evans Prichard

Azande witchcraft of Africa who said magic explained the unexplainable

WitchCraft

An unborn, involuntary capacity to cause harm to other people i.e. Evil eye

Gender straficiation

An unequal distribution of power and access to a group's resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges based on gender

Cross-Cultural Perspective

Analyzing a human social phenomenon by comparing that phenomenon in different cultures

Examples of foraging people

Arctic Inuit and San of Kalahari-->The Hunters: These are two foraging groups that live in drastically different environments, yet both use the same MoS successfully. This is because they live in harsh environments with seasonal variation, meaning they have limited access to cultivation of crops or domestication of animals. They're highly adapted, have social organization (bands), have a low population density, and norms of reciprocity. Gender inequality does exist, although they are egalitarian, and the responses to the different environments affect social organization.

parallel-cousin marriage perference

Are in your lineage, marrying parallel cousins prevents dividing and diluting power, property, and wealth (endogamy)

Institutional/structural racism

Armed white men take over native land and kill acquitted, peaceful native tribes protect land they own attacked and mass arrested by riot police with tanks

Indian mate selection

Arranged Marriage -women should be submissive and modest -man should be employed, have an education, have property -dowry -priest horoscope: 30 out of 36 qualities should match -love isn't instant and takes time

Anthro. Criticize Economists

Assumption 1. Maximizing profit is the only rational strategy 2. People only care about pursuing their own self interest

Emic

Attempt to understand and describe the meanings of ideas and practices have on a culture

reasons for NRM

Attempts to deal with rapid social and technological change like TV, BC, civil rights, anti-war

Heterosexuality

Attraction to and sexual relations between individuals of the opposite sex

Homosexuality

Attraction to and sexual relations between individuals of the same sex

Authority

Authority is the socially approved use of power.

Food Security

Availability of food and the ability to access it

Practicing Anthropology

Broadest category of anthropological work, in which the anthropologist not only performs research but also gets involved in the design, implementation, and management of some organization, process, or product.

Community function

Builds solidarity

conspicuous consumption

Buying and using products because of the "statement" they make about social position, representing value through symbols and objects

Structural functionalism

Conformity occurs when an individual has the means and desire to achieve the cultural goals socialised into him. Innovation occurs when an individual strives to attain the accepted cultural goals but chooses to do so in novel or unaccepted method. Ritualism occurs when an individual continues to do things as proscribed by society but forfeits the achievement of the goals. Retreatism is the rejection of both the means and the goals of society. Rebellion is a combination of the rejection of societal goals and means and a substitution of other goals and means.

Culture

Consists of the collective processes that make the artificial seem natural; is dynamic, emergent and changing

Responding to Gifts

Correlated with the cultural ideas about the function of Gifts I'm American culture: -appropriate response: praise the gift and the giver -ethnocentrically: we think it's the only way to respond to a gift In many other cultures: recognize the social functions and obligations of gifts

Marvin Harris

Cultural materialism (technology/material conditions), and human culture is a response to problems

gender

Culturally defined roles, behaviors, activities and attributes that are considered appropriate for women, men, and other recognized groups. But we DO a gender

"You cannot control history"

Despite all the interventions of development projects, philosophical projects like liberalism and neoliberalism; Casey says

theories of human-environment interaction

Determinism, Possibilism, Agency

Urban Slums

Developed as a result of mass movement of farmers to cities and dramatic rise in immigration. Consisted mainly of overcrowded and unsanitary tenement.

internal integration

Different aspects of a culture (economy, politics, family, religion, etc.) serve complementary functions. Different social groups (gender, age, occupation, class, etc.) serve complementary functions.

tacit knowledge

Difficult to express and formalize but it is more important (ex. sound of a machine not working v. working)

Active Racism

Discrimination and prejudice

Colonialism in Americas(1500-1825)

Disease wiped out the native people and gave Europeans advantage

Rudolf Gaudio

Doesn't see homosexual behavior as incompatiable with marrying other women.. Feminine men in Nigeria that sleep with other men for religious purposes

Capitalism (500 years old)

Economic system that operates with market

According to the previous data and current data of UCSB anth 2 classes, what is the most important characteristic for future mates to have?

Educational background/College education

Marriage Rules

Eligibility How many spouses

Elman Service

Elman Service researched Latin American Indian ethnology, cultural evolution, and theory and method in ethnology. He studied cultural evolution in Paraguay and studied cultures in Latin America and the Caribbean. These studies led to his theories about social systems and the rise of the state as a system of political organization.

Whiteness

Establishes clear boundaries of who is white and who is not, a process central to the formation of U.S Racial stratification

Frederick Barth

Ethnic Group and Boundaries Theorist that understood ethnicities to be constructed based on difference between different groups

Define rite of passage

Events that mark a change in status or life stage, and they are usually difficult to overcome. Some examples are military basic training, being a pledge at a sorority/fraternity and then becoming an active member, transition to womanhood, and transition to manhood.

Racism

Individual thoughts and actions and institutional patterns and policies that create unequal access to power, privilege, resources, and opportunities based on imagined differences among groups

Franza Boas

Father of American Anthropology. Boas once summed up his approach to anthropology and folklore by saying: "In the course of time I became convinced that a materialistic point of view, for a physicist a very real one, was untenable. This gave me a new point of view and I recognized the importance of studying the interaction between the organic and inorganic, above all the relation between the life of a people and their physical environment

Culture shock

Feeling of alienation and helplessness that result from rapid immersion in a new and different culture

Biological Anthropology (aka Physical Anthropology)

Focuses on the biological aspects of the human species, past and present, along with those of our closest relatives, the nonhuman primates. Large interest in evolution.

Cultural Anthropology

Focuses on the social lives of living communities.

Pastoralism

Food getting strategy that depends on the care of domesticated herd animals

JEOPARDY: Which mode of subsistence is considered to be the most sustainable and egalitarian? Why?

Foraging. Less damage to the environment, division of labor, leisure time.

JEOPARDY: For Weber power is primarily associated with what?

Force - the ability of an individual or group to achieve its own goals in spite of obstacles, resistance, or opposition

Control and Exploit Strategy

Force natives to switch from subsistence Ag. To producing cash crops

Agriculture

Form of food production in which fields are in permanent cultivation using plows, animals, and techniques of soil and water control

Nomadism

Form of pastoralism in which the whole social group and their animals move in search of pasture

This theorist understood ethnicities to be constructed based on differences between different groups:

Frederik Barth

Missing aspect of human rights

Groups because most of the talk is about individuals.. How liberalism do with groups

Creciendo en Garcia

Growing in Grace church: based on liberation of worshippers from the burdens of guilt

Mathew Guttman

Gender, macho

JEOPARDY: Give an example of each of the three types of reciprocity.

Generalized Reciprocity - little thought of gain. Balanced Reciprocity - expectation of eventual return. Negative Reciprocity - market exchange of commodities / emphasis on gain

Emotional function

Give comfort and solace

Awareness

Give people a voice

negative reciprocity

Giving as little as possible and trying to get as much as possible in return

balanced reciprocity

Giving with the expectation of a return

Bordeau

Habitus.. agency and structure (dynamics and power in society and how power is transferred and social order maintained)

The idea that social unrest does not always create social change is a key element to this piece of anthropological literature discussed in lecture:

Gluckman's work with the Nuer, "The Peace in the Feud"

Notes that complex societies are structured around paradoxes and contradictions of power.. formal inequality and stratification

Gluckman's work with the Zulu Kings

Notes that complex societies are structured around paradoxes and contradictions of power; formal inequality and stratification

Gluckman's work with the Zulu Kings "The Frailty in Authority"

Pillage and plunder

Gold, silver, art, artifacts, humans sent back to Europe

syntax

Grammar rules

Missing aspect of human rights

Groups because most of the talk is about individuals.. How liberalism deals with groups

Voodoo

Haitian version of traditional African religious beliefs that are blended with elements of Christianity. Voodoo gained popularity in the 1980's, and anthropologist Wade Davis went to analyze their "zombie powder" that claimed to bring people back from the dead. He found that the powder, infused with crushed skulls, lizards, and other items, may have a biological reasoning such as the poison being a paralysis inducer and the datura root being a hallucinogen. Davis also analyzed societal beliefs and norms, including how those who were turned to zombies had violated some sort of moral code. This became a leveling mechanism and the reciprocal "golden rule" that are aspects of religion.

polygamy

Having more than one spouse

R. Radcliffe Brown

He has been described as "the classic to Bronisław Malinowski's romantic".[3] Radcliffe-Brown brought French sociology (namely Émile Durkheim) to British anthropology, constructing a rigorous battery of concepts to frame ethnography.[4] Greatly influenced by the work of Émile Durkheim, he saw institutions as the key to maintaining the global social order of a society, analogous to the organs of a body, and his studies of social function examine how customs aid in maintaining the overall stability of a society

JEOPARDY: The idea of "The American Dream" is an example of what theoretical concept?

Hegemony. (developed by Antonio Gramsci)

Salvage Paradigm

Held that it was important to observe indigenous ways of life, interview elders, and assemble collections of objects made and used by indigenous peoples because this knowledge of traditional languages and customs would soon disappear.

The Broken Village participant who's life history was detailed, allowing Reichmann to show "de-hyphenation" of the nation from the state

Hernán

The Broken Village participant who's life history was detailed, allowing ethnogree Reichmann to show "de-hyphenation" of the nation from the state

Hernán

Bronislaw Malinowski

His ethnography of the Trobriand Islands described the complex institution of the Kula ring, and became foundational for subsequent theories of reciprocity and exchange. He was also widely regarded as an eminent fieldworker and his texts regarding the anthropological field methods were foundational to early anthropology, for example coining the term participatory observation.

Where the ethnography of the Modern World takes place

Honduras

Syntax

How words are sequenced to form sentences and more complex utterances, such as paragraphs.

JEOPARDY: What is the myth of economic rationality

Humans only and always act in their own economic self-interest. moral, cultural, historical, and contextual factors are not considered.

bride service

Husband works for the wife's family for a specified period of time Women are recognized to be economically valuable If a woman is educated then her family will receive higher bride service payments

bride wealth

Husband's kin present formally agreed amounts of goods and money to the wife's family Women are recognized to be economically valuable If a woman is educated then her family will receive higher bride wealth payments

matrilocal

Husbands move in with their wife's extended family

Stress on the Planet

I=PAT impact=population x affluence x technology Caused by affluence

Max Weber

Ideas (religious) can shape society, compared religions, western capitalism developed because increasing systematization of ideas

Super Structure

Ideologies (knowledge, science, religion)

ideological explanations for gender stratification

Ideologies and Religions Religion is primarily responsible for gender stratification

JEOPARDY: What is the relationshp between ideology and hegemony?

Ideologies support hegemonies; they work together to uphold a particular social order and way of doing things, which protects the powerful.

super-structure

Ideologies: Knowledge, Science, Religion, Art

JEOPARDY: When the protagonist in "They Live" puts on his sunglasses, what is filtered out?

Ideology. He sees the underlying messages and realities (OBEY).

Metaphors

Implicit comparisons of words or things that emphasize the similarities between them.

Eliminating issues within societies like the Nuer

Impossible but alleviated thru marrying outside of their group, peace alliances

Define commodification

In capitalist political economies, land, products, services, and ideas that previously had no price are assigned economic values and are bought and sold in market places as commodities

What are the changes in American marriage?

In the 50's, it was only heterosexual, monogamous couples that didn't sleep together. Changes then occurred because of economic and technological shifts. This brought on change due to residence and division of labor as well. This brought along sex without reproduction because of birth control. Same sex marriage is also now legal, which was a far away thought in the 50's. Marriage age, birth of 1st child, divorce rate increased. The number of kids decreased.

Types of Problems that A.A address

Inadequate food production, social injustices, economic inequalities, unsustainable social/environmental processes, solvable health/nutrition/and education issues

Alfredo Flores: A "Greedy" Migrant

Initially care free, rich family, tried to migrate 6 times, 4 months in a migrant detention center and shook him

Define agriculture

Intensive, often large-scale food production that is produced to be sold via markets within sedentary societies. It includes the production of plants using plows, animals, and soil/water control. This MoS tends to have the greatest economic inequality. Most people don't produce the food, but instead exchange money for it; this creates social stratification, accumulation of wealth, increased family sizes, production of surplus, occupational diversity, and different specialists. Examples: USA, BBQaria

How lower class women understand the election

Intersectionality.. factors like race, gender, and class that shape patterns

Ethnographic Method

Involves prolonged and intensive observation of and participation in the life of a community; qualitative methodology which is a hallmark of cultural anthropology.

JEOPARDY: What does "Jeff is in the House" tell us about human and animal boundaries?

It destabilizes the idea that humans having pets is "normal" and reminds us that the idea of pets contrasts with traditional human and non-human boundaries

Why do workers go to the mines?

It gives them adventure, freedom, no boss, they can make a lot of money and hope to get ahead in life, and they hear stories of people making it big in the mines (Emic approach) An etic approach draws connections to structure, which implies that these workers also have little formal education, limited socioeconomic prospects, all running away from something (law, family, etc.), and are not college grads/rich kids.

The Industrial Revolution's impact on MoS

It replaced human and animal energy with machines. Industrialism created private property/land that produce food for profit, creating an unbalanced exchange of money in a high consumption society. Only 10% of people produce food for the other 90%. Now, people can specialize in what they want in order to make money to buy food/things they need, instead of spending all their time producing food/things they need.

Coffee farmer and electrician in the USA, hated fair trade, sent stuff to Honduras

Javier Montoya

world is flat critic

John gray is freidman's critic- globalization can foreclose possibilities from poor, says that connecitons between nations create war/friction since globalization/nationalism associated with individual power

Stable job at Internet Center and has the itch to go: influenced by Western media, online relationship (</3), unsucessfully tried to migrate, tried again and failed

Jorge Orellana: The Itch To Go

Ethnocentrism

Judging other cultures from the perspective of one's own culture. The notion that one's own culture is more beautiful, ritonal, and nearer to perfection than any other

bilateral descent

Kinship affiliation is inherited by children of both sexes from both parents

unilineal descent

Kinship affiliation is inherited by children of both sexes only from one parent

According to Benedict Anderson and Janet Carson, nation-states somehow inspire a "common national ethnic identity" by appealing to what ideas?

Kinship and ideas of family

How does kissing vary in culture?

Kissing is viewed differently in cultures, dependent on many factors. For US culture, kissing is linked with romance, but this is not universal. In the "Sapiens" article, 46% of cultures sampled engage in romantic kissing. This is more common in stratified, complex societies. Many cultures engage in non-romantic kissing.

JEOPARDY: For Foucault power is primarily associated with what?

Knowledge - dispersed, impersonal means by which what's regarded as "the truth" is sanctioned.

Name the town in The Broken Villiage:

La Quebrada

Define means of production

Land, technologies, and things needed to produce. Those who do not have means of production must resort to selling the one thing they have of value which is their labor.

Isolating language

Language with relatively few morphemes per word and fairly simple rules for combining them

Creole Languages

Languages of mixed origin that developed from a complex blending of two or more parent languages.

Customs

Long-established norms which have a codified and law-like aspect

Most religions contain some aspect of this cultural practice

Magic and rituals

What is it really like in the gold mines?

Many people portray the gold mines as violent, lawless, and dangerous, but there are still rules and culture does exist. The gold mines are actually orderly, and there are safe Amazonian gold mines where the miners trust that no one will still their gold (cultural rules established)

Liminal Stage (role r.)

Marked by reversal of normal rules of behavior

Exogamy

Marriage to someone outside the kinship group

Endogamy

Marriage to someone within the kinship group

avunculocal

Married couples move in with the husband's mother's brother

neolocal

Married couples set up new independent household a neolocal family can be your family of orientation (as a child) or family of procreation (as a parent)

what is Marxism?

Marxism are the political and economic theories associated with German political economist Karl Marx. focuses on the power inequality created by the private ownership of the means of production and division of labor.

commodities

Mass-produced and impersonal goods with no meaning or history apart from themselves.

Infrastructure

Material-environment, biology, economy, technology

infrastructure

Material: Environment, Biology, Economy, Technology

semantics

Meaning of words and sentences

Gini Coefficient

Measurement of social inequality

syncretism

Merging 2+ religions, hiding some attributes behind those of another religion

Paying The Price (film)

Mexican fieldworkers traveling for work

Pidgin Languages

Mixed languages with simplified grammar that people rarely use as a mother tongue.

Define balance reciprocity

Mode of exchange that has an expectation of eventual return, typically among friends such as the Moka among the Kawelka or the Kula ring of Trobian islanders (ex: "next round is on me")

Define generalized reciprocity

Mode of exchange that has little thought of gain, typically among kin, such as a mother's love for their child or foraging and food sharing.

Define negative reciprocity

Mode of exchange that is a market exchange of commodities, such as textbooks, shoes, gold, etc.

urbanization

More than half world's largest cities are poor, people migrate because of desperate conditions in countryside

world religions

Most are Christian, then islam, then Hinduism, others are buddhims Judaism, and African religions (not text based)

Why Marriage?: Nature vs. Culture

Nature: sex drive, reproduction Culture: societies regulate sexual access to partners into stable relationships

This political and economic theory emphasizes minimal state interference in economic trade:

Neoliberalism

cross-cousin marriage preference

Not in your lineage, not incest, marrying cross‐cousins reinforces alliances between lineages (exogamy)

In this case, the supreme court determined that same sex marriage was a fundamental right:

Obergfell vs. Hodges

Define foraging

Obtaining food by searching for it, as opposed to growing or raising it. It includes hunting, gathering, and fishing the naturally available foods in the environment. For 99% of human history, humans primarily used foraging as their MoS. This subsistence strategy allows for the most free time, it is the most sustainable, and the most egalitarian.

How is race socially constructed?

Occurs when two formerly separate groups meet through colonization, slavery, migration, and other large-group movements -Differences does not automatically mean unequal

Ways in which marriage typically functions in society

Offspring, political relationships, property management

Paleoanthropology (Human Paleontology)

Part of physical anthropology The study of ancient humans and human evolution • Through fossil remains Through primatology

Separation

Participant is removed from their normal life

Reincorporation

Participants return to their community with a new status.

Call Systems

Patterned forms of communication that express meaning.

corporate descent groups

Permanent social units that have an existence beyond the individuals who are members for a given period of time.

What are the four fields?

Physical/Biological Anthropology Archaeology Linguistics Cultural Anthropology

Castas

Pictorial encyclopedic representation

William Ulloa: A "Needy" Migrant

Poor, drank a little, scared of American culture, did NOT migrate, scared of self-control

Power

Power is the ability to exercise one's will over others.

Malnutrition

Primarily a distribution problem Caused by poverty

"The Myth of Fair Trade"

Private regulation/Connecting specific producers to specific consumers via NGOs is still a neoliberal, individual-based relationship

"The Myth of Fair Trade"

Private regulation/Connecting specific producers to specific consumers via NGOs is still a neoliberal, individual-based relationship.. a contradiction

Enculturation

Process of learning to e a member of a particular cultural group

Etic functions of marriage

Procreation Obligation (raising kids) Labor (combining sexually divided labor) Alliances (relationships between kinship groups)

Casey's North Mexico fieldwork he found that neoliberalism while saying it was all about hands off governing (no longer building dams or infrastructure projects or even guaranteeing water) contradictary did what?

Re-education, re-integration

Five elements of an economic system

Production - acquire food & other resources essential to survival Division of Labor - be organized in a way to produce goods and services Distribution - Have a system that determined how resources circulate Exchange - tradin' stuff for things Consumption - consuming stuff and things. disposal of waste too

taboo

Prohibited social behavior unstated but widely acknowledged

Social function

Promote social order and harmony

Seguidores de Cristo

Protestant Church: sense of individual power through the production and alleviation of guilt

"Why"

Purpose or the meaning (religious)

Difference between race and ethnicity

Race = social fact based on physical difference Ethnicity = Culturally constructed differences

Race and class in Brazil

Race is supposedly not a factor in the "racial democracy, "but darker Brazilians tend to be poorer. In addition, race and social class are interlinked. Specifically, "whitening" through wealth implies that race influences wealth: a person's racial category becomes whiter in response to rising status

Ideological Racism

Racial thinking

Emilie Durkheim

Sacred, holy, profane.. saw religion as social and not individual and that religion combats anomie (religion provides moral guidance)

Obergefell v Hodges

Same sex marriage supreme court case

Traveled w/o Coyote and nearly died, got a job at a deli in Long Island, "addicted to every thing American"

Santos Orellana: The Model of Migrant Success

Ritual Stages

Separation,liminality, reincorporation

rituals of role reversal

Serve to decrease social tension I.e. Halloween

rituals of intensification

Serve to increase solidarity i.e. Cheer squad in a rally

Rites of Passage Stages

Serve to transform an individuals social identity i.e. Graduation, weddings, prom

Ruth Benedict

She can be viewed as a transitional figure in her field, redirecting both anthropology and folklore away from the limited confines of culture-trait diffusion studies and towards theories of performance as integral to the interpretation of culture. She studied the relationships between personality, art, language and culture, insisting that no trait existed in isolation or self-sufficiency, a theory which she championed in her 1934 Patterns of Culture. Student of Boas

Magaret Mead

She was both a popularizer of the insights of anthropology into modern American and Western culture and a respected, if controversial, academic anthropologist. Her reports about the attitudes towards sex in South Pacific and Southeast Asian traditional cultures amply informed the 1960s sexual revolution. Mead was a champion of broadened sexual mores within a context of traditional western religious life. Notorious for her failed ethnography in Samoa

Rapid appraisal

Short-term, focused ethnographic research typically lasting no more than a few weeks about narrow research questions or problems

structural explanations for gender stratifications

Social and Political Structures The Private - Public dichotomy theory Kinship and Residence rules determine gender stratification

Stucture

Social and political relationships and roles

Hypodescent

Sometimes called the "one drop of blood rule"; the assignment of children of racially "mixed" unions to the subordinate group

Stops

Sounds that are made by an occlusion, or stopping, of the airstream through the oral cavity or mouth.

Proto-language

The common ancestor language too all modern day languages, now extinct and a topic of much research.

structure

Structures: Social and political relationships and roles (Family, Kinship, Class, Caste, Political organization)

Hutchinson

Studied the Nuer in modern forces and not just isolated groups as cattle became less symbolic

Linguistic Anthropology

Studies how people communicate with one another through language, and how language use shapes group membership and identity.

Archaeology

Studies past cultures via excavation. Two major themes have been traditional concerns of prehistoric archaeology: 1. The transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture 2. The rise of cities and states

Goddess and the Computer (film)

Subaks/Irrigation

Physical/Biological Anthropology

Subdiscipline of anthropology that studies people from a biological perspective, focusing primarily on aspects of humankind that are genetically inherited

Values

Symbolic expressions of intrinsically desirable principles or qualities

JEOPARDY: What does the film "Ongka's Big Moka" teach us about systems of exchange?

Systems of exchange are, above all else, social systems. Economy is always related to culture.

Horticulture

TINY FARM SLASH FOREST BURNING small gardens/fields to meet the basic needs of a household slash and burn shifting cultivation, nonmechanized agriculture Amazonian indigenous groups, Onkga's Big Moka typically tropical. felling trees and burning the brush creates open, fertile soil for crops. the land is used for 1-3 yrs or so and then abandoned to regrow and regain its nutrients. very temporary.

Critical Relativism

Taking a stance on a practice or belief only after trying to understand it in its cultural and historical context

Holistic perspective

Taking into account culture, history, language, and biology to complete an understanding of a human society

Theory

Tested and repeatedly supported hypothesis. A theory not only explains things, but it helps to guide research by focusing the researcher's questions and making the findings meaningful.

Primatology

The study of non-human primates

Philology

The comparative study of ancient texts and documents.

ethnology

The comparative study of cultural differences and similarities comparative uses data collected by others generalizes across cultures

Authority

The ability to cause others to act based on characteristics such as honor, status, knowledge, ability, respect, or the holding of formal office

Power

The ability to compel other individuals to do things that they would not choose to do of their own accord

gender policing

The act of judging individuals and trying to push them to conform to an ideal gender type

Evolution

The adaptive changes groups of organisms make across generations.

ethnography

The anthropological description of a particular contemporary culture usually by means of direct fieldwork descriptive based on direct fieldwork focuses on a single culture

Phonology

The basic structure of monosyllabic speech sounds.

Animism

The belief that all living and non-living objects- human and non-human- are imbued with spirit

White supremacy

The belief that whites are biologically different from and superior to people of other races

collaboration philosophy

The belief that, for programs to be successful, they must incorporate local people as leaders and collaborators in every stage of the program.

Define binge economy (Wilk)

The binge economy emerges in extractive industries on the margins of the capitalist world system. It is said to be an adaptation to survive dangerous physical labor and the socially corrosive nature of money. But instead of resistance or solidarity, excessive consumption may perpetuate further exploitation, and serve the interests of capital

sex

The biological differences between male and female. We have a sex: Male, Female, Intersexed

animal husbandry

The breeding, care, and use of domesticated herding animals such as cattle, camels, goats, horses, llamas, reindeer, and yaks.

Cultural Constructions

The building of meanings through common experience and negotiation; what a group defines as collectively proper and improper

Intersectionality

The circumstantial interplay of race, class, gender, sexuality and other identity markers in the expressionism of prejudicial beliefs and discriminatory actions.

Social Strarification

The classification of people into equal groupings

nutrition transition

The combination of changes in diet toward energy-dense foods (high in calories, fat, and sugar) and declines in physical activity.

Headnotes

The mental notes an anthropologist makes while in the field, which may or may not end up in formal field notes or journals

Define pastoralism

The mode of animal husbandry, which is the breeding, care, and use of domesticated herding animals such as cattle, camels, goats, horses, llamas, reindeer, and yaks. These animals are cared for in order to produce meat, milk, and blood. Pastoralism is often seen in places with very different seasons and scarcity of human food, but with plenty of animal food, grass, and pasture. There is high mobility for humans and animals, and humans are very careful with their animals as they provide everything (must harvest without damaging long term). Examples: Maasai & Nuer of East Africa

Cultural Relativity

The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices.

Feminist Anthrpology

The movement in the 1960s that championed fieldwork with issues involving women, as well as men. Taking women as seriously as men

Ethnocentrism

The process of assuming one group's way of doing things is correct, while dismissing other people's assumptions as wrong or ignorant.

Racilization

The process of categorizing, differentiating, and attributing a particular racial character to a person or group of people

Enculturation

The process of learning the cultural rules and logic of a society

Assimiliation

The process through which minorities accept the patterns and norms of the dominant culture and cease to exist as separate groups

acculturation

The process through which people can learn a different culture from their own

enculturation

The process through which young humans learn their native culture

Integration and Disintegration

The processes of formation and reformation Reichman: "The Broken Village": experience and meaning of globalization

Integration and Disintegration

The processes of formation and reformation - like Boom and Bust, construction and deconstruction

Intersubjectivity

The realization that knowledge about other people emerges out of people's relationships with and perceptions of each other

Racism

The repressive practices, structures, beliefs, and representations that uphold racial categories and social inequality.

JEOPARDY: Which society does not have a religion?

Trick question: all societies have a religion / religions.

Symbols

Things that conventionally stand for something else

Mediation (The Broken Village)

This concept of any experience perceived by an audience thru religious icons, leaders services, photographs, is invaluable to creating and maintaining social bonds thru the local christian or catholic churches

Define horticulture

This is a "temporary" SS that uses the cultivation of gardens or small fields to meet the basic needs of a household. This includes slash and burn methods/swidden, shifting cultivation (because of fertility exhaustion), and non-mechanized work. Horticulture is typically a tropical rainforest adaptation. Swidden includes clearing fields by felling trees and burning brush, creating an opening and fertile soil for crops, and used for 1-3 years and abandoned in order for the land to regenerate.

Trobiand Yam Houses

Trobian headmen displayed yams on racks outside of their homes, and the bigger the yams, the more wealth and status that person acquired.

JEOPARDY: Adopting a cultural economics approach, how is value of an object created?

Through culture. the symbolic associations people make between an object and a community's moral and sociocultural norms

Cognitive function

To explain the unexplainable

JEOPARDY: What is the intended purpose of rites of intensification? Give an example.

To reinforce values & norms of a community & strengthen group identity. (possible E.g.: high school pep rally, Nazi rally, pregaming )

JFK Coffee farmer, Taiwaneese, was said to be making money because he was Asian, was really not, ex-McDonalds worker, wants "fair" marketing with no branding

Tony Chan

Birth Defects

Too much UV = No Folic acid Too little UV = No Vitamin D

Santos Orellana: The Model of Migrant Success

Traveled w/o Coyote and nearly died, got a job at a deli in Long Island, "addicted to every thing American"

Sexual violence

Violence perpetuated through sexually related physical assaults such as rape

European Colonialism (peak)

WWI (1884-1900s)

Confirmation Bias

We look for examples that confirm what we already believe But if we want to test the validity we need to try to falsify it.

How to break the nature/culture divide?

We need reconnection to combat the increase of biophobia, practice alternative and more sustainable futures. (ex: ethnobotany project in IV)

why are symbols and morals relevant?

a close relationship exists between the words value (desirability) and values (moral norms) which are both symbolic expressions. this implies that moral norms, symbols, and economic activity influence each other.

post-modernism

a critique of natural and social sciences stating that there is no correct interpretation of difference cultures

JEOPARDY: For Marx power is primarily associated with what?

Wealth - the ability dominant social classes have to control the creation of value through labor

structural adjustment

Western nations that require poor nations to pursue free market reforms in order to get new loans from world banks.

Symbols

When a sign becomes this, it usually takes on a much wider range of meanings than it may have had as a sign.

Myth of rationality

When making "rational" calculations, we are still influenced by cultural, moral, and historical factors. We always filter cost-benefit analysis through our culture.

Colonialism

When nation-state extends political, economic, and military power beyond its own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions

"Invisible backpack of privileges"

White privilege

White Like Me (film)

White supremacy

Socio-cultural construction designed to stratify via exclusion and inclusion and overall oppression.. legally defined in 1691 Virginia

Whiteness

Liminality and... Turner

Who said this lies between the profane and the sacred

Define race

a concept that organizes people into groups based off physical traits that are thought to reflect fundamental and innate differences "the physical variations have no meaning except the social ones humans put on them" -relatively recent form of social inequality -Cultural construction based on physical characteristics such as skin color, shape of facial features, hair color. These criteria change over time and place

bilocal residence

a couple can choose where to live

Race

a culturally constructed category based on perceived physical differences

Poor, drank a little, scared of American culture, did NOT migrate, scared of self-control

William Ulloa: A "Needy" Migrant

patrilocal

Wives move in with their husband's extended family

Nature and women's rank

Women are identified or symbolically associated with nature, as opposed to men, who are identified with culture. Since it is always culture's project to subsume and transcend nature, if women were considered part of nature, then culture would find it "natural" to subordinate them.

Cognate Words

Words in two or more languages that may sound somewhat different today but would have changed systematically from the same word. (i.e. three, tres, drei, tre)

Signs

Words or objects that stand for something else, usually as a kind of shorthand. The most basic way to convey meaning.

The native American spiritual leader is best remembered for this ritual performance from the 1890s performed as an act of coming together and protest against American encroachment on Native Lands:

Wovoka and the Ghost Dance

JEOPARDY: Are racial categories constructed based on perceived physical characteristics?

Yes, but race is culturally, not biologically, constructed. Ethnicity is biologically constructed. Race is still real, despite being a social construct, because it has a significant effect on individuals.

JEOPARDY: You tell your actress friend "good luck!" and she gets angry. Why?

You've broken a social TABOO

Universal grammar

a basic set of principles, conditions, and rules that form the foundation of all languages

sex

a biological difference

third genders

a category found in many societies that found in many societies that acknowledge three or more gender categories.

sexually dimorphic

a characteristic of a species, in which males and females have different sexual forms

Susto

a folk illness popular in Latino America/Hispanic populations. Shock/fright that brings on surprise, increase in temperature, followed by lethargy, insomnia, anxiety, and marginality.

ambilineal descent

a form of bilateral descent in which an individual may choose to affiliate with either the father's or mother's descent group

Redistribution

a form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern

generalized reciprocity

a form of reciprocity in which gifts are given freely without the expectation of return

balanced reciprocity

a form of reciprocity in which the giver expects a fair return at some later time

delayed reciprocity

a form of reciprocity that features a long lag time between giving and receiving

delayed reciprocity

a form of reciprocity that features a long lag time between giving and receiving gifts

Household

a group of people who live together and share (some) resources.

clinical therapeutic process

a healing process that involves the use of medicines that have some active ingredient that is assumed to address either the cause or the symptom of a disorder

placebo effect

a healing process that works by persuading a patient that he or she has been given a powerful medicine, even thought the medicine has no active medicinal ingredient

participant observation

a key anthropological research strategy involving both participation in and observation of the daily life of the people being studied

culture-bound syndrome

a mental illness unique to a culture

Modernization theory

a model of development (programs that help to reduce poverty and otherwise improve peoples' lives) that predicts that nonindustrial societies will move in the social and technological direction of industrialized nations

Religion

a particular system of faith and worship

jack wilson

a preacher who made the ghost dance in the late 1800's. it caught on in the west.

appropriation

a process of taking possession of the object and making it one's own

etic

a rigorous and systematic attempt which uses cultural theories to analyze and describe culture

separation

a rite of passage where a person is detached from a former status

reincorporation

a rite of passage where a person moves into a new status symbolically

gender

a social difference (cultural constructs according to mead)

religion

a social institution characterized by sacred stories, symbolism, and the supernatural

market

a social institution in which people come together to exchange goods and services

Taboos

a social or religious custom prohibiting or forbidding discussion of a particular practice or forbidding association with a particular person, place, or thing.

Egalitarian society

a society in which no individual or group has more privileged access to resources, power, or prestige than any other

mana

a specific belief in a supernatural quality in objects or places; powerful and dangerous

Communitas

a state of perceived solidarity, equality, and unity among people sharing a religious ritual -church, sporting events

Mana

a supernatural, impersonal force that inhabits certain objects or people and is believed to confer success and/or strength

Empiricism

a theory that all knowledge originates in experience

Positivism v Relativism

a theory that theology and metaphysics are earlier imperfect pos: modes of knowledge and that positive knowledge is based on natural phenomena and their properties and relations as verified by the empirical sciences rela: a theory that knowledge is relative to the limited nature of the mind and the conditions of knowing

intersectionality

a theory that various social an cultural processes interact on multiple levels to contribute to systematic social inequality Posits that race, gender, class and other axes of identity are inseparable. These axes of identity interact and contribute to systemic social inequality.

Unsustainable adaptions

a type of maladaptation between society and the natural environment Some forms of logging, mining, fishing, and agriculture Many anthropologists are concerned with these unsustainable adaptations

Unjust adaptations

a type of maladaptation within and between social groups Inequality, exploitation, slavery, genocide Many anthropologists are concerned with these unjust adaptations

Pastoralism

animal husbandry - breeding, care, and use of domesticated herding animals (cattle, camels, goats, horses, llamas, reindeer, yaks Maasai & Nuer of east africa

US illness

anorexia

Activism

any activity intended to bring about social change

Reliability

appreciated in hard sciences The ability of others to independently construct the same knowledge

Validity

appreciated in hard sciences The degree to which our understanding of something is objectively true

credibility

appreciated in social science worthy of belief or confidence

This is a lack of sexual attraction:

asexuality

Bechdel Test

asks whether a work of fiction features at least two women who talk to each other about something other than a man there amount of prominent roles for women is increasing, but many works still fail the test

human relations area files (Hraf)

attempted to facilitate cross-cultural analysis

fredrik barth

author of "ethnic groups and boundaries" (1969) ethnicity is not a cultural essence, it is mostly about interdependence of the group than isolation from others and relations to one another than who they actually are.

European expansion aided by

banking/merchant class, growing pop, new ships (caravel), diseases, monoculture plantation and joint stock company

article 26

basic education

why division of labor is relevant (Adam Smith and sewing pins example)

before division of labor, value of pin lay in amount of labor it took to make one since it took a lot of time and effort. after introduction of division of labor, value of pin was established by its exchange in a market.

gender variance

expressions of sex and gender that diverge from the male and female norms that dominate in most societies

maale culture

families that needed the most help worked the least. elders have more power because they worked for years.

sustainable agriculture

farming based on integrating goals of environmental health, economic productivity, and economic equity

african burial ground national monument

federal office building in Manhattan used to be a burial site for blacks in the 1700s

culture shock

feeling isolation because of being put into a new culture

dichotomies of power

female and male, culture and nature, cowboys and Indians, civilization and wilderness

ethnology

finding general principles that govern a culture by using cross cultural comparisons

Edward Tylor

first armchair anthropologist

Foraging

fishing, hunting, and collecting vegetable food

messianic

focus on individual who will create utopia

functionalism

focuses on finding correlations between different cultures and society

liberalism

focuses on the individual

Linguistic anthro

focuses on words and communication methods of a culture

marshal sahlins

foragers were the first affluent society

What are the 4 major modes of subsistence?

foraging, horticulture, pastoralism, (intensive) agriculture

Transhumant pastoralism

form of pastoralism in which herd animals are moved regularly throughout the year to different areas as pasture becomes available

cosmology

framework for interpreting events and experiences

development in mexico

from the 1880's on there was positive growth in production and growth but there was vulnerability that led to a revolution where a new government was formed.

patriarchy

full systematic gender stratification where men hold power and control resources using violence to maintain gender stratification

Women get paid 78 cents for every $1 men are paid, this is an example of :

gender stratification

7 factors used by Eskimo

generation gender lineal or collateral consanguine of affine

7 factors used to classify kin

generation relative age gender gender of linking relative lineal or collateral bifurcation consanguine of affine

Koro

genital retraction syndrome "shrinking penis" that is mostly in Asia, but reported throughout the world. People think their genitals are shrinking, disappearing, and that it can be fatal. In Southern China, it is linked with Han, male, young, single, and poorly educated people.

commodity money

has value independent of its use as money (gold)

overweight

having an abnormally high accumulation of body fat

obesity

having excess body fat to the point of impairing bodily health and function

benefits of religion

helps to order society, provide meaning, unity, peace, and control (ritual)

divination

hidden information, tarot cards, diagnose disease, predict future

Castas

hierarchal system of race classified by Spanish elites

enculturation

how people learn their culture

organic analogy

human society seen as an organism with interdependent parts, all of which maintain the health, equilibrium, and homeostatis of the culture

Agency

humans are active agents creating their own culture and changing their environment to suit their needs

tribes

hundreds of people. independent communities with the same language, religion, etc. Some temporary government only when in need.

bride service (in foraging)

husband gives bride family items in order to work for the brides father.

genba globalism

hybridized by a process of localization, artists, fans, prodcuers, and media people are actively consuming and creating new forms of culture (globalization + localization) -genba were the actual key sites of rap scenes

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

hypothesis that perceptions and understanding of time, space, and matter are conditioned by the structure of a language

ideological power

ideas and values used to create inequality

lactase persistance

in Northern europe and northeastern africa they could not eat dairy. it became an evolutionary benefit for pastoralists.

cargo systems

in Southern mexico and central america where different leaders had the duty to pay for feasts and celebrations.

deposition

in archaeology, this defines how sites are created and how things are deposited

Holism

in athro, an approach that considers culture, history, language, and biology essential to a complete understanding of human society

bali water temples

in balinese society, each social unit has a temple. has irrigated rice terraces (sawah). religion has a real roll in society. meet to plan and have ceremonies.

hijras

in india, males remove their genitals as an act of devotion and represent fertility (considered neither male or female

egalitarian societies

individual groups are recognized but no group is barred from access to resources or has power over other groups

spirituality

individual, personal, non-commital, holistic, critical of dominant culture, scientific so not only faith based, mixes traditions

yuppie coffees

individualized coffee for people

Intersex

individuals who exhibit sexual organs and functions somewhere between male and female elements, often including elements of both

diffusion

innovations that move from one culture to another

code switching

inserting words/phrases from another language within a convo

emic perspective

insider's perspective

Agriculture

intensive, often large-scale, produced to be sold via markets. The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain. Permanent, mechanized, market-oriented. most people don't produce food but rather exchange money for food

Cultural Relativism

not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms

cultural relativism

not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms

sedentary

not traveling for food

There are ways in which marriage typically functions in society:

offspring, property management and political relationships

money

object or substance that serves as a payment for a good or service

limited purpose money

objects that can be exchanged only for certain things

limited purpose money

objects that can be exchanged only for certain things ex. cattle and bride price can only be bought with brass rods in the Tiv people of Nigeria

liminal

objects, places, people, statuses existing in an indeterminate state, involved in role reversal and rites of passage

Nacirema

obsessed with appearance of physical body obsessed with mouth go to mouth man that basically tortures them. They keep going back despite their decaying teeth and the pain the holy mouth man brings upon them horrific medicine men as well. It seems as if they like pain and torture use magic from Malinowski perspective, magic was needed to eventually become civilized

foraging

obtaining food by searching for it, as opposed to growing or raising it

Foraging

obtaining food by searching for it, rather than growing/raising it. hunting/gathering/fishing naturally available foods arctic inuit and San of Kalahari - The Hunters limited cultivation of crops or domestication of animals MOST EGALITARIAN AND SUSTAINABLE common in harsh environments with seasonal variation most common in bands. norms of reciprocity. responses to different environments affest social organization

ritualized homosexuality

occurs in etoro, papua new guinea. raymond kelley observed this and said that semen is a life force

ritual of inversion

ocial roles/order is reversed like carnival in Brazil, Mardi Gras in New Orleans, Halloween

How marriage functions in society

offspring, property management, and political relationships

bilocal residence

system under which a married couple has the choice of living with the husband's or the wife's family

Inuit child-rearing

teach children to deal with a world that is dangerously problematic place; wrong decision could mean death have to learn constant state of alertness and an experimental way of living physical skills constantly tested learn through observing elders constant random questions, forcing them to grapple with issues of grave consequences play games that test them (like the ear-pull game) must be cooperative and emotionally restrained no scolding of children because it makes them hostile

Does technology undermine or reinforce democracy/human rights?

technology can spread political influence but encourages simple answers and can divide and isolate

Heterotopia

termed by Michael foucault: place formed from elements drawn from multiple and diverse contexts, heterotopiac colonial european gardens showed owner's worldliness and intellectual status

Define world religions

text-based with many followers that cross country borders including hinduism, buddhism, christianity, islam, judaism, and african religions (not text based)

What was the original understanding of "heterosexuality"?

that it was a perversion of a "natural order" of sex for pleasure rather than procreation

a "marked" category signifies...

that what is being represented is negative and inferior. some examples are: women, black people, lower class individuals, queer folks

a "unmarked" category signifies...

that what is being represented is privileged and positive. some examples are: men, white people, upper class individuals, straight folks

The word "eco" means...

the "home" or place where one lives

consumption

the act of using and assigning meaning to a good, service, or relationship

Colonialism

the active possession of a foreign territory and the maintenance of political domination over that territory

historical particularism

the american thought that culture is a shared set of norms and values

development anthropology

the application of anthropological knowledge and research methods to the practical aspects of shaping and implementing development projects

industrial agriculture

the application of industrial principles to farming

religious syncretism

the attempt to blend the beliefs and practices of various religions into one large religion The merging of 2+ religious traditions and hiding the beliefs, symbols, and practices of one behind similar attributes of the other.

Gender

the complex and fluid intersections of biological sex, internal senses of self, outward expressions of identity and cultural expectations about how to perform that identity in appropriate ways.

biocultural

the complex intersections of biological, psychological and cultural processes

nature/culture dichotomy

the conceptual separation between nature and humans in Western thought, when nature must be disciplined and useful, and is often perceived as dirty, dangerous, and corrupting. the human mastery of nature is seen as a positive meaning externally (cities, civilization) and internal (self control, denial of desire, demonstration of knowledge, refined) -The divide is reinforced by ideas of nature as threatening, scary, or just boring, background weeds. It comes from a lack of familiar and connection and the romanticization of some idealized pristine nature landscape. ex: a highly "cultured" person is demonstrated by a lack of contact with nature

division of labor

the cooperative organization of work into specialized tasks and roles

Localization

the creation and assertion of highly particular, often place-based, identities and communities

horticulture

the cultivation of gardens or small fields to meet the basic needs of a household

Cultural Migration

the cultural attitudes, perceptions and symbolic values that shape decision making processes around and experiences of migration

Define gender

the cultural, social, and psychological meanings that are associated with masculinity or femininity

sick role

the culturally defined agreement between patients and family members to acknowledge that a patient is legitimately sick, which involves responsibilities and behaviors that caregivers expect of the sick

why are daily transactions relevant?

the daily transactions of and individual are shaped by non-market social institutions, such as the state, religious beliefs, and kinship relations. therefore the value of goods in an economic system is culturally relative.

surplus value

the difference between what people produce and what they need to survive

Social Stratification

the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy

what is the economy as defined by cultural economics?

the economy is a category of culture , not a special arena governed by universal economic rationality

what is the economy as defined by neoclassical economics?

the economy is a division of labor and the exchange of goods and services in a market

what is the economy as defined by substantivism?

the economy is the substance of the actual transactions people engage in to get what they need and want

Reciprocity

the exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equal status; meant to create and reinforce social ties

hopi culture

the father will pass culture to son-in-law not the actual son. the husband will move into the wive's house and develop a bond.

anthropology of development

the field of study within anthropology concerned with understanding the cultural conditions for proper development, or, alternatively, the negative impacts of development projects

Postcolonialism

the field that studies the cultural legacies of colonialism and imperialism

reciprocity

the give and take that builds and confirms relationships

"markedness" refers to...

the hierarchal structuring of difference

Malinowski and the Kula

the islanders of the Trobriand Islands had an exchange system called the Kula, where high-ranking men gave ornamental shell armbands and necklaces to lifelong exchange partners on other islands. the valuables had no real function or value but the value came when they were give away.

means of production

the machines and infrastructure required to produce goods

manhood puzzle

the male needs to prove one's manhood (david gilmore)

Define syncretism

the merging of 2 or more religious traditions and hiding the beliefs, symbols, and practices of one behind similar attributes of others. This change and mixing applies to food, culture, music rituals, etc.

matamoros, tamaulipas

the municipal water and sewer company. taught kids about water.

Discrimination

the negative or unfair treatment of an individual because of his or her membership in a particular social group or category.

Etic

the perspective of the outside observer (theories to analyze their way of being)

moral relativism

the position that we must accept as moral practices that are considered moral within another culture. (you don't have to accept them in cultural relativism, just understand them)

pastoralism

the practice of animal husbandry

cultural relativism

the practice of attempting to understand cultures within their contexts (boaz ideal)

Gentrification

the process of buying and renovating property in low‐income urban neighborhoods by upper‐ or middle‐income families or individuals This process improves property values, but often displaces low‐income families and small businesses. The landscape drastically changes because of the meanings (values) we give to the people, the businesses, and existing wealth disparities Demographics, Real Estate, Land Use, Culture

appropriation

the process of taking possession of an object, idea, or relationship

Medicalization

the process of viewing or treating as a medical concern conditions that were not previously understood as medical problems

cultural imperialism

the promotion of one culture over others, through formal policy or less formal means, like the spread of technology and material culture

illness

the psychological and social experience a patient has of a disease

disease

the purely physiological condition of being sick, usually determined by a physician

value

the relative worth of an object or service that makes it desirable

sex

the reproductive forms and functions of the body

The Hajj is an example of this type of ritual:

the rite of passage

tacit culture

the shared knowledge of which people usually are unaware and do not communicate verbally

modes of subsistence

the social relationships and practices necessary for procuring, producing, and distributing food

modes of subsistence

the social relationships and practices necessary for procuring, producing, and distributing food - Foraging - Horticulture - Pastoralism - Agriculture the complexity increases from foraging to industrialism, but this is not evolution, and more complex does not equal smarter or better.

Gender

the socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female

antistructure

the socially sanctioned use of behavior that radically violates social norms; frequently found in religious ritual

diffusion

the spread of cultural elements from one culture to another

economic system

the structured patterns and relationships through which people exchange goods and services

economic anthropology

the subdiscipline concerned with how people make, share, and buy things and services.

public/private dichotomy

the subordination of females

cultural capital

the symbolic and interactional resources that people use to their advantage in various situations

Economy

the system of production and distribution and consumption

Functionalism

the theory that all aspects of a society serve a function and are necessary for the survival of that society. (Malinowski)

World Systems Theory

the theory that capitalism has expanded on the basis of unequal exchange throughout the world, creating a global market and global division of labor, dividing the world between a dominant "core" and a dependent "periphery"

Determinism

the theory that the environment sets limits on humans

means of production

the tools, factories, land, and investment capital used to produce

exchange

the transfer of objects and services between social actors

subsistence strategy

the way a society transforms environmental resources into food

modernity

the way social, economic, and culture have been organized

Globilization

the widening scale of cross-cultural interactions caused by the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images and across national boundaries

millenarian

the world will be reborn in their perfect vision

evolutionary theory

theories in 1800s described a world in which societies were evolving towards perfection and was rationale for colonization

Historical particularism

theory in anthro associated with American anthros of early 20th century that focuses on providing objective descriptions of cultures within their historical and environmental context

symbolic interactionism

theory that seeks to explain human behavior in terms of meanings

kroeber and kluckholn

these anthropologist came up with over 100 definitions for the word culture.

Warms and nanda

these anthropologists believed that culture was learned, symbolic, shared, adaptive, always changing, and patterned

Kung san

these people live in kalahari desert and have semi-permanent villages of 10-30 people who follow water resources using their intimate knowledge of the environment and landscape. you're wealthy if you have everything you need. nomadic because possessions are meaningless.

antistructure

these rites put people in brief equality with others which turner calls communitas

lewis henry morgan

this anthropologist believed that culture was unilinneal and defined by savagery, barbarism, and civilization. They also did an ethnography of Iroquois, and wrote "ancient society"

us syncreism of religion

traditional religions have taken on spirituality

acephalous

tribes that don't have a central government

polyandry problem

uncertain paternity and limited fertility

play

uncessary activity but may be functional limited in time rules chance, tension may be competitive no word for play for ngabe shows soical roles of people

United Nations

universal declaration of human rights

corvee labor

unpaid labor required by a governing authority

military power

use of violence to create social inequality

enumerative statistics

used numbers and math to learn about a culture through mass counting

gender for pastoral/agricultural

usually male dominated because of strength needed to deal with the animals

how is value created in neoclassical economics?

value and wealth are created by competition between buyers and sellers

how is value created in a economy as defined by cultural economics?

value is created by symbolic associations people make between an activity, good, or service and a community's moral norms

how is value created in a substantivism economy?

value is relative, created by particular cultures and social institutions

fundamentalism

view religion as a basis of identity

author writes about zombies

wade davis

7 things Hennick can do that his son can't

walk through a store without being followed succeed without it being attributed to race learn about ancestor's history in school lose temper in traffic loiter in wealthy neighborhoods complain about racism count on being met at his own terms

Max Weber

was a German sociologist, philosopher, and political economist whose ideas influenced social theory, social research, and the discipline of sociology itself. Weber is often cited, with Émile Durkheim and Karl Marx, as one of the three founding architects of sociology. Weber was a key proponent of methodological antipositivism, arguing for the study of social action through interpretive (rather than purely empiricist) means, based on understanding the purpose and meaning that individuals attach to their own actions

explicit knowledge

what we know, what people can communicate about with general ease

balanced reciprocity

when a person gives something, expecting the receiver to return an equivalent gift or favor at some point in the future

cargo cult

when colonized people see all the new technology, the people will want to resurrect the power of the colonizers.

sororate

when wife dies, sister is given as replacement

transitive

where an agent causes a change like a company developing a car.

bifurcation

whether it is on the mother's or father's side

This is known as the "invisible back pack of privilege":

white privilege

Define Modes of Subsistence (MoS)

within an economic system, MoS are the social relationships and practices necessary for procuring, producing, and distributing food. MoS requires adaption for acquiring food in specific environmental conditions. It has a structuring effect on society in terms of population density, specialization, locality, and equality. From foraging to industrialism, the complexity of MoS increases, but this is not evolution.

private/public dichotomy

women in private sphere men in public sphere

how does neoclassical economics work?

workers cooperate in the division of labor to produce goods. the market brings together buyers and sellers to exchange those goods

why is there an inequality of power? (widget factory example)

workers create greater value than they receive for their labor creating surplus value. for example, workers in a widget factory might make $35 of widgets in a hour from $5 worth of material and get paid $10 a hour. the $20 surplus value goes to enriching the owner of the factory and Marxists argue that that surplus value creates a power inequality between the workers and owners.

branislow malinowski

wrote "magic, science, religion" about magic and science in fishing in the trobriands

stephen lansing

wrote "priests and programmers" about the water temples in bali.

sidney mintz

wrote "sweetness and power" about production in the colonies (sugar, molasses, rum, plantations, and rural social classes). in europe spice went from a luxury to a staple food.

melanie Du Puis

wrote nature's perfect food

Goffman's advice "On Fieldwork"

you need to tell them a story as to why you are there use as few resources as possible open yourself up control your associations stay at least one year start in low social class and work your way up take most notes on the first day write about feelings behave like a child