UKY ANT 101 Exam #2

Homo erectus dates from ________ million years ago

1.8

There are at least ______ species of Australopithecus.

6

The tool tradition identified with Homo erectus is the

Acheulian

The last remaining species of the Homo genus is

H. sapiens (US)

Some archaeologists suggest that states first evolved in

Mesopotamia

The earliest city-state in Mesoamerica was probably

Monte Alban

The earliest humans in the New World are called

Paleo-Indians

Where do we see the pre-agricultural conditions for the origins of food production and settled life for early humans first (so far) in the archaeological record?

The Near East

All of the following happen at the end of the Upper Paleolithic (around 10,000 bp) that changes human life again except?

The earth is plunged into an even deeper freeze.

In Mesoamerica, cultivation of plants was more important than domestication of animals. A. True or B. False?

True

True or B. False? In the New World, early humans began to rely more on plant foods. These Archaic Cultures were the original inhabitants and the ancestors of the American Indians of Eastern North America.

True

Microliths are all of the following except?

are primitive like the Olduwan tools

Why did broad-spectrum collecting develop?

climate change, population growth

Toolmaking among early hominins is evidence of what?

cultural adaptation

Sumerian writing is called

cuneiform

Anthropologists learn about a culture by:

direct observation

In the state, many people are relieved of the need for

food production

All the following are consequences of the rise of food production except?

healthier populations

Anthropologists do research so that they learn both ______ and ______ human behavior in a cultural context.

ideal; real

One of the most famous A. afarensis fossils is named Lucy. Why is it so famous?

it was one of the most complete skeletons found

What two forms of data support theories about the Peopling of the New World?

language and genetic

Olduwan tools were made by a technique called

percussive flaking

Australopithecus boisei was said to be like a "chewing machine" because of the presence of a pronounced

sagital crest

From the time agriculture developed in the Near East to about 6000 B.C., people in the Near East lived in

small villages

What is brachiation?

stopping and starting a crawling motion

The shift to cultivation and domestication has been referred to as

the Neolithic Revolution

The "Peopling of the New World" is a complex debate which involves

the exact time when early H. sapiens entered the New World.

Bipedal locomotion, walking on two legs, was not the only change that occurred during early hominid evolution. Included were

the expansion of the brain.

All of the following are "costs" of bipedalism except

the hands were freed for other tasks.

The earliest identifiable stone tools found so far come from sites in East Africa and date to about

2.5 mya

The Middle Paleolithic dates are

300,000 to 400,000 years ago

The first evidence of writing in Sumer is found about __________ B.C.

3000

The Old Kingdom of Egypt began about __________ B.C.

3100

By about __________ B.C., archaeologists had found most of the major characteristics of civilizations.

3500

The earliest Australopithecine species, anamensis, is dated to about ______ million years ago.

4.2

The first clear indication of a changeover to food production took place in the Near East about

8,000 B.C

True or B. False? Bifacial stone tools are worked only on one side or the other, not both.

False

True or B. False? The multiregional theory suggests that modern humans may have been replaced by another population OR some evolved continuously, and some interbreeding occurred between groups.

False

H. erectus was widespread and successful in the Old World by the Middle Paleolithic. There is disagreement about the transition from

H. erectus to H. sapiens

The first hominid species to be widely distributed in the Old World was

Homo habilis

During the Middle Paleolithic, the tool tradition associated with those found in Europe are referred to as

Mousterian

The Middle Paleolithic is associated with which species of early humans?

Neanderthals

All the following are true about "cultural relativism" except?

There are only a handful of "good" cultures in the world today.

The evolution of bipedalism involved changes in environment and food resources. Which of the following is true?

There was a change from extensive tropical forests to savannas and scattered deciduous woodlands.

Neanderthals are not seen in the archaeological record after about 30,000 years ago. What happened to them?

They may have interbred others and eventually became H. term-65sapiens. They became extinct because they could not adapt. They were killed off by other groups. These are all good theories but each are problematic and we many never know

The lifestyle of people during the Upper Paleolithic in Europe can be characterized by all the following cultural traits except

They were very unsophisticated and had evolved very little from the Middle Paleolithic

True or B. False? At the end of the Upper Paleolithic in Northern Europe, the Maglemosian Culture emerges in the new, more forested environment. These humans made stone axes and adzes to make houses, canoes, and paddle.

True

True or B. False? Broad-spectrum collecting does not mean that people were eating better.

True

True or B. False? Cultural adaptation can be both positive (adaptive) or negative (maladaptive).

True

True or B. False? The single origin theory suggest that modern humans emerged in just one part of the Old World (Near East and then Africa) and spread to other parts of the world, thus superseding Neanderthals.

True

True or False? The main disagreement among paleontologists concerns which species of Australopithecus were ancestral to the line leading to modern humans.

True

What do we call the time period associated with the emergence of modern H. sapiens and their spread around the world?

Upper Paleolithic

All of the following are true about the lifestyle of the Middle Paleolithic except which?

We see no evidence of fire yet

Around 8000 BC, certain pre-agricultural conditions led to food production and settled life for early humans in the Near East. This included all the following except?

a dying out of the Neanderthals and a shift to big game hunting

In the comparison of skulls of A. africanus, H. erectus, and H. sapiens (modern humans), we see which trend?

a reversion to the smaller size of H. habilis

When different groups come into contact, there is a process whereby one society has influence over the other in cultural exchange. This is

acculturation

Diffusion, in which cultural elements are "borrowed" and incorporated into the recipient group involves any or all of the following processes except?

adaptation

Cities and states emerged in Mesoamerica later than the Near East because

agriculture started later in the New World.

When Homo erectus hunted they may have used fire. How would this be an advantage?

animals were driven out of their hiding places into hunters positioned downwind

The city of Teotihuacan in Mesoamerica was very influential at its peak. Why?

at the height of its power the city occupied an area larger than imperial Rome

Curiously enough (and no one seems to know why yet), the braincases of Neaderthals was ____ than that of modern humans.

bigger

Early hominoids (also called hominins) were combining which two forms of locomotion which indicates the transitions to becoming fully upright?

bipedal locomotion and brachiation

Ardipithecus ramidus "Ardi" (and later newer discoveries in the same genus) is important because it is the earliest evidence of:

bipedalism

One way states change the lifestyles of people is

by allowing for larger populations

One of the biggest differences between culture and other forms of animal behavior is that in culture, it is learned and shared. Why is this so?

cultural behavior is not innate and it has to be learned

A major reason for the decline of states appears to be

environmental degradation.

There are numerous explanations as to why states would decline and collapse over time. They includ

environmental degradation. incidences of disease increasing with more denser population. overextension in more and more territory.

Cultures change and all the following are ways in which this happens except?

ethnogenesis

New cultures can be created in the aftermath of violent events such as depopulation, relocation, enslavement, or genocide, a process referred to a

ethnogenesis

Archaeologists study contemporary living societies who are food collectors and have done comparisons of their tools today to tools of the past. This is a method called

ethnographic analogy

What characterizes early Homo so that we begin to see the start of new trends in hominid evolution?

expansion of the brain modification of female pelvis general reduction in the size of teet

The creation of home bases or home ranges among early Homo groups may have increased the likelihood of

food sharing

Bipedalism may have evolved for all the following advantages except which?:

it led to wars between tribes because of being able to make weapons.eapons against predators, if necessary.

Bipedalism does have its downside, including:

it's harder to overcome gravity to supply brain with sufficient blood. the weight on the body above the pelvis and lower limbs causes stress on the hips, lower back, knees, and feet. females even have more stress during pregnancy.

The fundamental difference between culture and most other forms of animal behavior is that culture is

learned and shared as a member of a human group

All of the following are ways in which humans learn culture except?

learning from travel to another place you are not familiar with

What was the world like during the Last Ice Age?

locked in ice, as much as 10degrees C. lower than today!

Why does the presence of tools means culture existed?

making tools is a pattern of behavior shared by a group of individuals

Culture change that involves discovery and invention include the following except?

planned change

Since the origin and widespread acceptance of food production and settled life, what has seen an explosion all over the world?

population

The case study of the Natufians shows that early humans were already sophisticated in terms of what?

religious beliefs even including an early form of shamanism symbolic behavior seen in burial goods an egalitarian society

Because we cannot talk directly to every person in a population, we choose a _____ that is representative of the population.

sample

Settled life is called _______ and seems to contribute to further ________

sedentarism, population growth.

By now in the evolution of cultural behavior, we have evidence of something we can call "religion" from the sites associated with

shallow graves

Homo erectus (1.8 mya) had all the following physical characteristics except?

smaller brain than Homo habilis

The "traditional view" of the Peopling of the New World is the date of about 11,500 years ago and is referred to as

the Clovis Barrier

What is the Neolithic?

the New Stone Age when there was a shift to cultivation of plants and domestication of animals

We know bipedal hominids emerged in Africa because

the available fossil record shows this.

A number of theories have been proposed as to why states developed in many parts of the world. They include

the creation of irrigation. population growth, leading to competition, and warfare. the development of long distance trade routes.

Archaeologists can determine if an ancient society had different socioeconomic classes of people by

the differences in house size and furnishings

Culture is shared at several "levels". Which of the following is not one of those levels?

the level of a sophisticated and "cultured" society, usually wealthy educated people

A negative result of the development of states is

the use of force to govern. class stratification. health issues due to concentration of people in cities.

The genus Australopithecus were definitely hominid based on the fact

their teeth show the basic hominid characteristics. they were fully bipedal. they had a parabolic dental arch.

Many anthropologists are interested in the reasons ancient civilizations collapsed because

they like to study "failures." then you can get a complete idea of what that civilization was like. they may give hints as to what could happen in our present world.

What is "ethnocentrism?"

thinking that your culture is the best and only way of living, thus "right"

Among the cultural adaptations Homo erectus may have made is

use of fire. clothing. living in larger groups

The trends in hominid evolution include all the following except?

very refined tools including needles and fishhooks

The first plant and animals to be cultivated and domesticated seem to be _____ and _____ according to what we find at places like Ali Kosh in the Near East.

wheat; goats and sheep

Undisputed bipedal early hominids lived in ___________ about 4 million years ago.

East Africa in the Rift Valley

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of culture?

It is not important to modern human

The famous footprints of Australopithecus were found at

Laetoli.

The stone tool traditions of Homo erectus are traditionally called

Lower Paleolithic

Anthropologist Donald Johanson found 40 percent of the skeleton of a female hominid at Hadar, which he named __________ after the Beatles song.

Lucy

Which site discovery blew the Clovis Barrier?

Monte Verde, Chile, S. Amer. (15,000 bp)

_________ is often given as a reason for the decline of the Roman Empire.

Overextension

Which of the following statements is false about the Rift Valley in East Africa?

The Rift Valley is almost completely without water resources or food resources for humans.

As a species, humans would not have survived without their ability to respond to change through:

cultural adaptation

Most archaeologists agree that the key criterion for a state is

hierarchical and centralized decision making affecting a substantial population.

A way to remove blades from a stone core is to hit them with a "punch" (made of bone or horn) using _____

indirect percussion

Which of the following is part of the state's infrastructure?

irrigation systems

The widening of the female pelvis is related to

larger brained babies

What are the trends in tool use during the Middle Paleolithic?

more refined and more variation

A type of cultural constraint on behavior in society that is a standard or rule for what is acceptable is called a

norm

Culture is _____ ; that is, culture traits are not random, are integrated and consistent, and makes sense to those who share it.

patterned

We call one group of Australopithecines "robust" because of all the following except?:

they have a receding jaw and a relatively weak chin