Ultimate StudyGuide for AP Government Exam

marxism

- the theory that every social, political, or religious movement springs from a desire by one group of people to take economic advantage of another group; taught that history would naturally progress toward perfection (communism)

number of cases the supreme court hears each year

100 of 100,000

magna carta

1215 document that limited the king's ability to tax English nobles and that guaranteed due process and a right to trial

Less Developed Country (LDC)

A country that lacks significant economic development or political institutionalization or both

Rentier State

A country that obtains a hefty income by exporting raw materials or leasing out natural resources to foreign companies

International Realtions

A field in political science which concentrates on relations between countries, such as foreign policy, war, trade and foreign aid

Selection Bias

A focus on effects rather than causes, which can lead to inaccurate conclusions about correlation or causation

Constituency

A geographic area that an elected official represents

State

A geographical area ruled by sovereign government.

Theocracy

A government controlled by religious leaders

Regime

A government in power; a form or system of rule or management; a period of rule

Executive

A major branch of democratic government: carries out the laws and policies of the state.

Judiciary

A major branch of democratic government: enforces laws.

Legislature

A major branch of democratic government: makes laws.

War of the Castes

A massive 19th century uprising of Mexico's indigenous population against the Mexican state

GINI Index

A measure of income or wealth inequality within a society. Lower values indicate less income inequality while higher values indicate greater income inequality.

Import Substition

A mercantalist strategy for economic growth in which a country restricts imports in order to spur demand for locally produced goods

Export Oriented Industrialization

A mercantilist strategy for economic growth in which a country seeks out technologies and develops industries focused specifically on the export market

Mass Line

A method of leadership that seeks to learn from the masses and immerse the political leadership in the concerns and conditions of the masses, developed by Mao Zedong during the Chinese revolution.

Corporatism

A method whereby authoritarian system create or sanction a limited number of organizations to represent the interests of the public and restrict those not set up of approved by the state; the mechanism by which citizens are forced to participate in state-sanctioned groups

Deflation

A period of falling prices and values for goods, services, investments, and wages

Federal District of Mexico City

A powerful Mexican district, similar to the DC; encompasses Mexico's capital city and contains most of its population

open primary

A primary election in which voters may choose in which party to vote as they enter the polling place

Illiberal Democracy

A procedural democracy, with elections, but without real competition, and lacking some civil rights and liberties.

Integration

A process by which states pool their sovereignty, surrendering some individual powers in order to gain shared political, economic, or societal benefits

Rent Seeking

A process in which political leaders essentially rent out parts of the state to their patrons, who as a result control public goods that would otherwise be distributed in a nonpolitical manner

Devolution

A process in which political power is "sent down" to lower levels of state and government

Shock Therapy

A process of rapid marketization

Clientelism

A process whereby the state co-opts members of the public by providing specific benefits or favors to a single person or a small group in return for public or political support

Empire

A single political authority that has under its sovereignty a large number of external regions or territories and different peoples

Monopoly

A single producer that is able to dominate the market for a good or service without effective competition

Camarilla

A small group of people, esp. a group of advisers to a ruler or politician, with a shared, typically nefarious, purpose

Interest Group

A social group whose members control some field of activity and who have common aims

unfinished state

A state characterized by instabilities and uncertainties that may render it susceptible to collapse as a coherent entity

Nation-State

A state encompassing one dominant nation that it claims to embody and represent

Unitary State

A state in which most political power exits at the national level, with limited local authority

Failed State

A state so weak, due to a loss of legitimacy and power, that its political structures collapse, leading to anarchy and violence

rentier state

A state that derives a substantial portion of its revenues on a regular basis from payments by foreign concerns in the form of rent.

Weak State

A state that has difficulty fulfilling basic tasks, such as defending territory, making and enforcing rules, collecting taxes, and managing the economy

Strong State

A state that is able to fulfill bask tasks, such as defending territory, making and enforcing rules, collecting taxes, and managing the economy

Regulatory State

A state, developed in all advanced industrial societies, that regulates the behavior of producers and consumers

Gini Index

A statistical formula that measure the amount of inequality in a society; its scale ranges from 0 to 100, where 0 corresponds to perfect equality and 100 to perfect inequality; the most commonly used measure of economic inequality

Correlation

A statistical relation between two or more variables such that systematic changes in the value of one variable are accompanied by systematic changes in the other

Purchasing-Power Parity (PPP)

A statistical tool that attempts to estimate the buying power of income across different countries by suing prices in the United States as a benchmark

Human Development Index (HDI)

A statistical tool that attempts to evaluate the overall wealth, health, and knowledge of a country's people

neo-liberalism

A strategy for economic development that calls for free markets, balanced budgets, privatization, free trade, and minimal government intervention in the economy.

Coup d'etat

A sudden, violent, illegal seizure of government power.

Code Law

A written set of laws that apply to everyone under a government.

authoritarian system

An ____ is one led by a leader, or a small group of leaders, who has complete authority and is unaccountable to the population. While ________s can develop following elections, as was seen in Nazi Germany in the 20th century, more often _______s arise following coups and revolutions. Many ___________s are ruled by military leaders.

independent judiciary

An _____ is one that is not subject to the coercion of other parts of the government.

Bureaucracy

An administrative organization that relies on nonelective officials and regular procedures

Quasi-Autonomous Government Organization (quango)

An agency that is financed by the government but acts independently of it.

Correlation

An apparent relationship between two or more variables

Personal Dictatorship

An authoritarian regime that is based on the power of a single strong leader who usually relies on charismatic or traditional authority to maintain power

European Union

An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members

Rational Choice

Approach that assumes that individuals weight the costs and benefits and make choices to maximize their benefits

votes of confidence

In many parliamentary systems, _____, sometimes called "no confidence" votes, are the means of removing the prime minister and the cabinet from power. In essence, a majority vote of "no confidence" removes the current government from power and sets in motion the procedures to put another government in place.

Republicanism

Indirect democracy that emphasizes the separation of powers within a state and the representation of the public through elected officials

Civil Liberties

Individual rights regarding equality that are created by the constitution and the political regime

Civil Rights

Individual rights regarding equality that are created by the constitutions and the political regime

Nationalists

Individuals who believe they have a common political destiny

This country has recently established regulations restricting civil liberties of women

Iran

mutually supportive alliance between interest group, bureaucracy and political elite mutually supportive alliance between interest group, bureaucracy and political elite

Iron Triangle

Mao Zedong was the founder of

CCP

The Central Committee, Politburo, and Standing Committee are all organizational components of the

CCP - Chinese Communist Party

agricultural society

a society in which most economic production comes from agriculture

post-industrial societies

a society whose economic system is engaged primarily in the processing and control of information

industrial society

a society with an economy based in the production of machine-made goods

failed state

States in which legitimate authority has crumbled, bureaucracies are starved of resources, government programs are poorly coordinated, police fail to uphold the law and instead act in a predatory manner towards the population, armed paramilitaries proliferate, because the state's monopoly on the means of violence had been broken

Qualitative Method

Study through an in-depth investigation of a limited number of cases

Quantitative Method

Study through statistical data from many cases

List of leaders in China

Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek, Mao Zedong, Jiang Zemin, Hu Jintao, Xi Jinping

nation-state

a sovereign state largely populated by people who share a unified identity based in a shared culture, history, and language

hypothesis

a speculative statement about the relationship between two or more factors known as variables.

repression

a state of forcible subjugation

law-based state/rule of law

a state of order in which events conform to the law

Political liberalization

a state that progresses from procedural democracy to substantive democracy through democratic consolidation is said to experience this phenomenon.

rentier state

a state that regularly derives a substantial portion of its revenues from payments by foreign concerns in the form of rent

Party Systems

Systems characterized by competition among political parties

Rentier State

a state that regularly derives a substantial portion of its revenues from payments by foreign concerns in the form of rent.

welfare state

a state which provides a wide array of social services to its members

strong state

a state with extensive capacity to carry out policies adopted or a state in which there are few limitations on the actions of one or more parts of the state

weak state

a state with little capacity for carrying out policies adopted or a state in which teh extent of any part of the state is limited

failed state

a state within which the government has lost the ability to provide the most basic of public services

GINI Index

a statistical measure of income inequality in a society

Human Development Index

a statistical measure of the development of a society based on levels of health, education, and standard of living.

Human Development Index

a statistical measure of the development of a society based on levels of health, education, and standards of living

export-centered development strategy

a strategy for development in which a country exports goods and services in which it has a comparative advantage;part of a neoliberal development model

agro-export model of development

a strategy for economic development in which a country exports agricultural products, minerals or petroleum, and imports manufactures goods

import-substituting industrialization

a strategy for industrialization in which a country manufactures domestically goods that it previously imported in order to satisfy the demands of its domestic market

School Life Expectancy

The number of likely years of schooling for a child within a given society. Be aware that this figure is of limited use in making international comparisons because it does not take into account the content covered in those years of schooling. Higher numbers tend to indicate that a country is economically developed.

Revolution

The overthrow of a government by those who are governed

Government

The people in charge of a territory at a given time. Note: This term is also used to describe the prime minister and the cabinet in a parliamentary system. When used in this way, Government is often capitalized.

Modernization

The process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of Western societies, often with regard for accommodating local traditions in non-Western societies.

Recruitment

The process of selecting future leaders of government.

Bourgeoisie

The property-owning class

Foreign Direct Investment

The purchase of assets in a country by a foreign firm

coup d'etat

a sudden, extra constitutional or extrajudicial removal of a sitting government. Usually "coups" are done by a small group within the existing government apparatus such as military officers

constitution

a supreme law that defines the structure of a nation-state's regime and the legal processes governments must follow

Shock Therapy

The rapid transition to capitalism adopted by Yeltsin in 1992, which was supposed to involve liberalization of prices, privatization of state property, and stabilization of the Russian currency that had disastrous economic and social results

Sex Ratio

The ratio of men to women in a population. An unusual imbalance in the sex ratio of a society is often an indication that war or disease has had a greater impact on one sex in a society than the other. Such an imbalance may also be an indication that members of the society have chosen to undergo sex-selection abortions. Sex may also be an important cleavage within a society.

Third World

The region of the world containing a high concentration of underdeveloped or emergent countries

Political-Economic System

The relationship between political and economic institutions in a particular country and the policies and outcomes they create

Industrialized Democracy

The richest countries with advanced economies and liberal states.

unitary system of government

a system in which all power ultimately rests in the hands of the central government

illiberal democracy

a system in which elections are not free, fair, or competitive, and/or political liberties are not respected

pluralist system

a system in which groups compete for influence and power

multiparty system

a system in which more than two parties vie for real power within the political structure

Multiparty System

a system in which more than two parties vie for real power within the political structure.

patron-clientelism

a system in which the state provides specific benefits or favors to a single person or small group in return for public support.

Chinese Governmental System

The role of the government of the PRC is to implement the policies of the CCP. Nothing of significance is done by the government of China without approval of the CCP. China operates under a unitary system of government with all power ultimately resting in the capital, Beijing. There is no American-style separation of powers or checks and balances built into the Chinese government's structures.

authoritarian system

a system led by a group of leaders that has complete authority and is unaccountable to the population

normative question

The second type of question asked by political scientists - how should things happen? - is known as a ______________. The answer to this type of question is subjective, value-laden, and open to debate.

Postindustrialism

The shift during the last half century from an economy based primarily on industry and manufacturing to one in which the majority of people are employed in the service sector, which produces the bulk of profits

Sexenio

The six-year administration of Mexican presidents

Zapata, Emiliano

The southern Mexican peasant leader of the revolution most associated with radical land reform

Mexican miracle

The spectacular economic growth in Mexico from the 1940s to the 1980s

Decentralization

The spread of power away from the center to local branches or governments (devolution).

Central Bank

The state institution that controls how much money is flowing through the economy, as well as how much it costs to borrow money in that economy

Biafra

The state proclaimed in 1967 when the Ibo people of Nigeria sought independence from the country.

Politics

The struggle in any group for power that will give one or ore persons the ability to make decisions for the larger group

Political Ecnomy

The study of the interaction between states and markets

Regime

The system and the rules and laws in place in a particular territory at a particular time.

Government

The system or form by which a community or other political unit is governed

Postmaterialism

Theory that young middle-class voters are likely to support environmentalism, feminism, and other "new" issues.

Cross-cutting cleavages

These types of cleavages divide society into many potential groups that may conflict on one issue but cooperate on another, which tends to keep social conflict to more moderate levels.

civil service

a system of carefully describing the tasks involved in performing government jobs, evaluating applicants for these jobs, and hiring people from among those applicants based on skills and experience rather than political factors; civil service also protects incumbents in civil service positions from politically based retribution

Checks and balances

a system of ensuring separation of powers.

authoritarianism

a system of governance based on coercion rather than political legitimacy (questionable definition)

oligarchy

a system of governance dominated by a small powerful group in the state

autocracy

a system of governance in which a small group has absolute power

checks and balances

a system of governance in which divisions of government can restrain the political authority of other divisions

fusion of powers

a system of governance in which the authority of government is concentrated in one body

corporatism

a system of governance in which the government is dominated by representatives of groups within society; may or may not be democratic to some degree

parliamentary government

a system of governance in which the head of government is chosen by and serves at the pleasure of the legislature

democracy

a system of government defined by regular and fair elections that anyone may participate in. Generally characterized by capitalism and affluence. EX: USA, Great Britain, France

autocracy

a system of government in which one person has unlimited power

Autocracy

a system of government in which one person has unlimited power.

federal system

a system of government in which some power of government ultimately rests in regional governments rather than in the central government

presidential system

a system of government in which the legislative and executive branches operate independently of each other

theocratic system or theocracy

a system of government under which a deity is seen as the supreme ruler or the entity in which ultimate sovereignty rests

substantive democracy

a system of government under which elections are held and the results are likely representative of the political views of the population

presidential system

a system of government where the executive power is held in a separate branch of government from the legislative power

parliamentary system

a system of government where the ministers who hold executive power are chosen from within the legislature and are accountable to it

monarchy

a system of government with a hereditary ruler

common law

a system of laws created through judicial precedents rather than legislative or executive actions. In common law systems, judicial precedents have the force of law, unless a specific legislative act, or executive regulation, is passed that supersedes these precedents

tacit social contract

Unwritten agreement that grants Soviet power in exchange for guaranteed employment, free social services, a lax work environment, and limited interferences in personal life.

civil law (code law)

a system of laws in which only legislative acts, and properly executed regulations, have the force of law (judicial precedents rarely, if ever, have the force of law in these systems

totalitarian system

a system that seeks to forcibly control all fundamental aspects of state, society, and the economy

procedural democracy

a system under which elections are held and the institutions and processes of elected government appear to be in place but for any number of reasons, the results of those elections may not be reflective of the political views of the population

Politics

Who has the power to make the decisions? How did they get the power? What challenges do leaders face from others - both inside and outside the country's borders - in keeping the power?

Secretariat

_____ - the permanent bureaucratic body of the CCP. Administers party actions, provides staff support to the Politburo, and turns Politburo policies into rules and instructions for subordinate parts of the party apparatus.

third way

a term to describe the new and more central left-wing parties of the 1990s, most notable Britain's "New Labour"

third way

a term used describe the new and more central left-wing parties of the 1990s, most notably britain's "new labour"

nation-state

a territorial unit controlled by a single state and governed by a single government

socialism

a theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole.

corporatist arrangements

a tripartite; three party arrangement

Reform

a type of change that does not advocate the overthrow of basic institutions.

Communism

a type of political ideology. Generally values equality over freedom. Rejects the idea that personal freedom will ensure prosperity for the majority.

Liberalism

a type of political ideology. Places emphasis on individual political and economic freedom. Usually has some political impact in liberal democracies (US and Britain)

Socialism

a type of political ideology. Shares the value of equality with communism but is also influenced by the liberal values of freedom. Followers of this ideology accept and promote private ownership and free market principles, but believe that the state has a strong role to play in regulating the economy and providing benefits to the public.

Religions

a type of political ideology. This type of ideology has always been an important source of group identity. In Nigeria, this ideology is an important basis of legitimacy in the Muslim north but not in the Christian south.

Fascism

a type of political ideology. devalues freedom and rejects the ideas of equality, accepting the idea that the state has the right and the responsibility to mold the society and economy and to eliminate obstacles (including people) that might weaken them. (Nazi Germany)

closed primary

a type of primary election used to chose candidates who will run in the general election

Cosmopolitanism

a universal political order that draws its identity and values from everywhere

patron-client relationships

a usually informal alliance between a person holding power and less powerful or lower status people; the powerful patron provides power, status, jobs, land, goods, and/or protection in exchange for loyalty and political support

iron triangle

a variety of close relationships between business leaders, politicians, and civil servants

iron triangle

a variety of close relationships between business leaders, politicians, and civil service

referendum

a vote by an electorate on an issue referred to it by the government

vote of confidence

a vote in a parliament expressing support for a government; a government losing a vote of confidence is expected to resign

First wave of democratization

a wave of democratization that developed gradually over time.

Third wave of democratization

a wave of democratization that is characterized by the defeat of dictatorial or totalitarian rulers in South America, Eastern Europe, and some parts of Africa.

Second wave of democratization

a wave of democratization that occurred after the Allied victory in World War II and continued until the early 1960s. Characterized by de-colonization around the globe.

voter turnout

a way to describe the degree of participation of eligible voters in an election. Can be described as a raw number or as a percentage

Democratization

a world government trend. Russia, Nigeria, and Indonesia are neither clearly democratic nor clearly undemocratic.

causation

a correlation in which a change in one variable results in a change in others

cabinet

a council of high-ranking government officials wielding at least some of the executive power of government (members often serve as advisers to a president or prime minister)

Democracy

a country may be declared to be ______ when the country has had at least two successive peaceful turnovers of power.

newly-developed country

a country that has recently moved significantly toward an industrial economy, and as a result, has seen a significant rise in its standard of living

Newly-developed Country

a country that has recently moved significantly toward an industrial economy, and, as a result, has seen a significant rise in its standard of living.

Illiberal democracy

a country that has regular, free, and fair competitive elections, but is missing vital qualities (like civil liberties, rule of law, neutrality of the judiciary, open civil society, and civilian control of the military) is called a procedural democracy or a _____ _______.

Procedural democracy

a country that has regular, free, and fair competitive elections, but is missing vital qualities (like civil liberties, rule of law, neutrality of the judiciary, open civil society, and civilian control of the military) is called an illiberal democracy or a _____ _______.

developing country

a country with an economy that has yet to fully industrialize

developed country

a country with an industrial or post-industrial economy and a high standard of living

crisis

a critical turning point

compromise

a decision-making (policy-making, law-making) process in which all parties concede some of their goals in order to reach other of their goals through agreements with other political actors

Indirect democracy

a democracy where officials represent the people.

parliamentary system

a democratic system where citizens vote for legislative representatives, who then select the leaders of the executive branch.

westminster system

a democratic, parliamentary system of government modelled after that of the United Kingdom system; series of procedures for operating a legislature.

what are cabinet ministers responsible for

a department portfolio, such as foreign affairs, the Exchequer (economics), or defense

intervening variable

a factor influenced by an independent variable that affects the changes in a dependent variable

state corporatism

a form of corporatism whose adherents hold that the corporate group which is the basis of society is the state (Wikipedia)

democratic centralism

a form of democracy in which the interests of the masses were discovered through discussion within the Communist party, and then decisions were made under central leadership to serve those interests

federalism

a form of government in which power is divided between the federal, or national, government and the states

totalitarianism

a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

council of ministers

a generic term used to describe the cabinet in many countries

dual society

a government in which the president or chief executive is from a differen political party than the political party that has a majority in, or which dominates the national legislatures

bureaucracy

a hierarchically structured organization charged with carrying out the policies determined by those with political authority

Relative Deprivation Model

Model that predicts revolution when public expectations outpace the rate of domestic change

This term describes groups that pursues goals outside of government such as publicizing issues, lobbying, making demands on government, and providing direct services

NGO's (non-governmental organizations)

Heavily supported by state expenditure, while the state receives rent from other countries, receive income by exporting oil and leasing oil fields

Rentier State

Inductive Reasoning

Research that works form case studies in order to generate hypothese

Deductive Reasoning

Research that works from a hypothesis that is then tested against data

democratic centralism

a highly centralized system of government in which members of the ruling party in a single-party state are allowed to debate policy, but once a decision has been reached by majority vote, all members are expected to abide by the decision

Caudillos

National military strongmen who dominated Mexican politics in the 19th and 20th centuries

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO)

National or international groups, independent of any state, that pursue policy objective and foster public participation

legitimacy

a key concept stressing the degree to which people accept and endorse their regime

nation

a large group of people with ties to a particular piece of land or area who share a unified identity based in a shared culture, history, and language. Normally, the term is only used when such groups have or desire a government of their own.

nation

a large group of people, with ties to a particular piece of land or area, who share a unified identity based in a shared culture, history, and language. Normally, the term nation is only used when such groups have or desire a government of their own.

under-developed country

a largely outdated term used to describe countries that have not fully industrialized

third world

a largely outdated term used to describe countries with low standards of living

de facto

a latin term meaning in fact. Often used in politics to describe situations in which political realities differ from those required by law

de jure

a latin term meaning in or by law. Often used in politics to describe situations in which political realities differ from those required by law

"Rubber Stamp" Legislature

a legislature which uses little or no independent judgment when approving proposed legislation.

Unicameral

a legislature with one house

Bicameral

a legislature with two houses (most common)

what have been the political ramifications for Blair's stance on the Iraq war

a majority of the British population opposed the war, including the majority of Labour voters

the Tiananmen Square refers to

a massacre - how government suppresses protesters

Gini Index

a measurement of social welfare. a mathematical formula that measures the amount of economic inequality in a society.

Human Development Index

a measurement of social welfare. measures the well-being of a country's people by factoring in adult literacy, life expectancy, and educational enrollment, as well as GDP.

caucus

a meeting of the members of a legislative body who are members of a particular political party, to select candidates or decide policy

special session

a meeting to deal with some emergency situation

bureaucrat

a member of a bureaucracy

citizen

a member of a state who is legally entitled to full civil rights and is legally obliged to perform defined public duties

oligarch

a member of the oligarchy

insider privatization

a method of privatization where workers are allowed to use vouchers to acquire shares in the enterprises where they worked.

Systems Theory

a model for understanding political life

systems theory

a model for understanding political life

Paradigm

a model or example

purchasing power parity

a monetary measurement of development that takes into account what money buys in different countries

civil society

a network of voluntary associations that exists outside the state, such as professional organizations, trade unions, student and women's groups, religious bodies, fraternal organizations, athletic leagues, musical societies, etc.

regime

a pattern of organization for a government often described in a constitution or supreme law

neo-imperialism

a pejorative label given to a variety of attempts to achieve hegemony over other nations; some people tend to use the term to describe the use of corporate power and wealth to gain influence in Third World countries; others use it to describe attempts by international organizations to impose change upon rich and powerful nations

Political socialization

a person's political beliefs are a combination of many feelings and attitudes, including both specific and general identifications.

Latifundistas

Owners of latifundia (Spanish word for huge tracts of land)

Gordan Brown

PM of Great Britain since July 2007. Labour Party; PM during Global Recession

What party is current President Good Luck Jonathon from

PRD - Preople's Democratic Party

Authoritarian Rule

Political authority is concentrated in a small group of/one politician(s).

Nomenklatura

Politically sensitive or influential jobs in the state, society, or economy that were staffed by people chosen or approved by the Communist Party

Legitimacy

Popular acceptance by citizens of the right and power of a government or other entity to exercise authority.

legislative electoral systems

Popular elections with universal adult suffrage. Members of both the House and the Senate are chosen by an SMDP system.

collectivist consensus

Post World War II era of mixed economy and a welfare state

laissez-faire

a policy based on the idea that government.

four modernizations

a policy first introduced by Zhou Enlai and championed by Deng Xiaoping, focusing on developing industry, the military, agriculture, and science in china

state

a political community that occupies a definite territory and has an organized government with the power to make and enforce laws without approval from any higher authority

convention

a political convention held every four years in the United States by most of the political parties who will be fielding nominees in the upcoming U.S. presidential election

civic culture

a political culture in which citizens widely share a belief in the legitimacy of their regime and a trust in the government; therefore the citizens demonstrate restraint in their demands on the government

socialism

a political ideology that advocates a political system in which the means of production and distribution and held in common, usually by the state

fascism

a political ideology that advocates a political system in which the nation, or race, is seen as most important; not the individual nor even the people as a collective

liberalism

a political ideology that advocates individual autonomy, respect for civil liberties, and rapid progress

communism

a political ideology which advocates a political system in which all property is held in common, usually by the state

conservatism

a political ideology which advocates a political system in which traditional institutions are respected and maintained, while allowing for slow and minimal change

new left

a political movement in the 1960s and 1970s consisting of educators, agitators and others who sought to implement a broad range of reforms on issues such as gay rights, abortion, gender roles, and drugs,

communist parties

a political party based on Marxist beliefs and organized as a vanguard party to lead workers and peasants in revolution to over-throw capitalism and build socialism and communism.

communist parties

a political party inspired by Marxism-Leninism, usually as developed in the former soviet union

vanguard party

a political party that claims to operate in the 'true' interests of the group or class it purports to represent, even if this understanding doesn't correspond to the expressed interests of the group itself.

particularistic party

a political party that deos not attempt to appeal to voters beyond an identifiable group within a population

catch-all party

a political party whose aim is ot gather support from a broad range of citizens through a de-emphasis of ideology and an emphasis on pragmatism, charismatic leadership, and marketing

social democracy

a political philosophy centered on electoral politics, egalitarian social policies, and the creation of social welfare systems

republic

a political regime in which government citizens choose leaders directly or indirectly

Patron-client relationships

Relationships in which powerful government officials deliver state services and access to power in exchange for the delivery of political support

Unitary system

a political structure that concentrates all policy making powers in one central geographic place. (most concentrated power)

Federal system

a political structure that divides the power between the central government and the subunits. (medium concentrated power)

Confederal system

a political structure that spreads the power among many sub-units (such as states) and has a weak central government. (least concentrated power)

corporatist system

a political system based on the cooperation of the government and key interest groups

autocracy

a political system governed by a single individual

authoritarianism

a political system in which a small group of individuals exercises power over the state without being constitutionally responsible to the public.

corporatism

a political system in which interest groups become an institutionalized part of the state or dominant political party;public policy is typically the result of negotiations among representatives of the state and key interest groups

parliamentary system

a political system in which the roles of head of state and head of government are assigned to separate executive offices; features a head of government (often returned to as a prime minister) elected from within the legislature

state corporatism

a political system in which the state requires all members of a particular economic sector to join an officially designated interest group, with the result that the state gains substantial control over interest groups and interest groups channel or control their members' political and economic advocacy

democracy

a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

semi-presidential system

a political system with a dual executive, usually a president and a prime minister

socialism

a political/economic system in which the government plays a major role (usually ownership) in determining the use of productive resources and the allocation of valuable goods and services; may be democratic or authoritarian

good friday agreement

a practical peace agreement reached by the major parties in northern ireland with the british and irish governments on, not surprisingly, Good Friday 1998

offshore outsourcing

a process by which firm moves some of its work to a secondary business outside the home country that can do the work more efficiently or cheaply

devolution

a process in a unitary system of delegating some decision making to local public bodies

Two-party system

a rarity for party systems.

Government

a reference to the leadership and institutions that make policy decisions for the country.

federalism

a regime in which political authority is shared between a central government and local governments

authoritarian regime

a regime where decisions are made by the political elites without much input from citizens.

Communism

a regime where the party controls everything from the government to the economy to social life.

sub-national government

a regional or local government

Sub-national Government

a regional or local government.

zero-sum game

a resolution to a situation in which one side wins and others lose

dependent variable

a result of a political decision making which is determined by the inputs, institutions, and processes (independent variables)

Head of government

a role that deals with the everyday tasks of running the government (British prime minister)

Head of state

a role that symbolizes the power and nature of the regime (British monarch).

social class

a segment of society grouped together based on economic level or hereditary status

ideology

a set of ethical principles that help provide an outline of the proper ordering of society and explain how society should work

constitution

a set of fundamental laws, usually found in a single document, which lay out the powers and structures of a government, as well as the relationship between the government and the people

Constitution

a set of fundamental laws, usually found in a single document, which layout the powers and structures of a government, as well as the relationship between the government and the people.

realignment

a shift in the basic electoral balance of power in which substantial groups in a society change their longterm party identification

realignment

a significant change in the party or policy loyalties of substantial groups within a nation-state

conflict

a situation in which values, goals, or policies are contradictory or incompatible with each other

interdependence

a situation, brought about by specialization and/or limited resources, in which nation-states rely on one another for economic resources, goods, and services and political assets such as security and stability

State

all individuals and institutions that make public policy, whether they are in the government or not

state

all individuals and institutions that make public policy, whether they are in the government or not

(ANPP)

all nigeria middle belt people's party

Gross Domestic Product

all the goods and services produced by a country's economy in a given year, excluding income citizens and groups earn outside the country;

civil society

all those organizations outside of government and commercial arenas which provide avenues of public participation in society

describe the traditional make-up of the Labour Party

alliance of trade unions, independent socialist movements, and cooperative associations

Open civil society

allows citizens to lead private lives and mass media to operate independently from government.

"one stop shopping" system

allows the poorest families to include health care in their package of coverage for other issues

Consensual political culture

although citizens may disagree on some political processes and policies, they generally agree on how decisions are made, what issues should be addressed, and what problems should be solved. This type of political culture accepts both the legitimacy of the regime and solutions to major problems.

treaty of nice

amended the Maastricht Treaty and the Treaty of Rome; reformed the institutional structure of the european union to withstand eastward expansion

Corporatism

an arrangement in which government officials interact with people and groups outside the government before they set policy.

Patrimonialsim

an arrangement whereby a ruler depends on a collection of supporters with the sate who gain direct benefits in return for enforcing the ruler's will

Reactionary beliefs

an attitude toward change. Go further to protect against change than do conservative beliefs. The oppose both revolution and reform, and are more willing to use violence to reach their goals than two of the more moderate groups.

Conservatism

an attitude toward change. Much less supportive of change in general - people with this attitude tend to see change as disruptive.

Liberalism

an attitude toward change. Supports reform and gradual change rather than revolution.

Radicalism

an attitude toward change. The belief that rapid, dramatic changes need to be made in the existing society, often including the political system.

state capitalism

an economic development strategy in which the state guides the process of private industrial and agricultural development, encourages the formation of investment capital and the establishment of businesses, and protects domestic businesses from foreign competition

economic liberalization

an economic policy that limits the state's control of the economy and increases the power of the market and the private sector. Usage: Global changes may cause a country to adopt policies that lead to economic liberalization. Example: Russia, UK, China

capitalism

an economic system based on private property and free enterprise

capitalism

an economic system that emphasizes private property rights and market mechanisms

liberalism/liberalization

an economic theory advocating free competition and a self-regulating market and the gold standard

monetarism

an economic theory holding that variations in unemployment and the rate of inflation are usually caused by changes in the supply of money

command economy

an economic/political system in which government decisions rather than markets determine resource use and output

Command economy

an economy in which the government owned almost all industrial enterprises and retail sales outlets. Communist countries rely heavily on this economic system. Now fading from existence with the death of communist countries. (Soviet Union)

mixed economy

an economy that allows significant control from the central government.

market economy

an economy that does not allow significant control from the central government. (United States)

market economy

an economy that relies chiefly on market forces to allocate goods and resources and to determine prices

direct primary

an election held within the political party to pick that party's candidate for the general election

plurality system

an electoral system in which election winners are determined by which candidate receives the largest number of votes (regardless of whether or not a majority is received)

single-member district

an electoral system in which voters choose an individual running for office in each legislative district (also called "first past the post" if the winner is chosen by a plurality)

proportional representation

an electoral system in which voters select parties rather than individual candidates and parties are represented in legislatures in proportion to the shares of votes they win

run-off elections

an electoral system that requires winners to earn a majority of votes cast; in cases where no candidate wins a majority in the election, least successful candidates are removed form the ballot and another election is held

clientalism

an exchange system in which clients offer support and loyalty to patrons who offer material and intangible benefits

Theory

an idea

Colonialism

an imperialist system of physically occupying a foreign country using military force, business or settlers

v. i. lenin

architect of the Bolshevik revolution and first leader of the soviet union

areas near China's borders that are home to various ethnic minorities. The five regions are Guangxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Tibet and Xinjiang. The Chinese constitution grants autonomous areas the right of self-government in some matters such as cultural affairs, but autonomy is in fact very limited

autonomous regions

three-world approach

based largely on cold war politics. 1) The United States and its allies 2) the Soviet Union and its allies 3) third world nations that don't fit in the first categories and were all economically underdeveloped and deprived.

rational-legal legitimacy

based on a system of well-established laws and procedures.

charismatic legitimacy

based on the dynamic qualities of an individual leader or small group.

single-member plurality electoral system

based on the principle of having only one member (as of a legislature) selected from each electoral district

rights

basic individual freedoms of press, religion, speech and association

political culture

basic values and assumptions that people have toward authority, the political system , and other overarching themes in political life

why is the influence of the backbenchers limited

by the way the House of Commons is organized, it does not have the kind of committee system in which members and their extensive staffs develop expertise in a given policy are

what are the qualifications for voting in PA

must be a U. S. citizen for 1 year, a resident of PA, and a resident of election district you wish to vote in for 30 days before any election - 18 years of age

iron triangle

mutually-beneficial relationships between private itnerests, bureaucrats, and legislators; sometimes called an "integrated elite"

newly-industrializing countries

nation-states that began developing economic industrial sectors relatively recently

developing countries

nation-states which are industrializing

developed countries

nation-states which have industrial and post-industrial economies

Nongovernmental organizations

national and international groups, independent of any state, that pursue policy objectives and foster public participation.

(NCBWA)

national congress of british west africa

(NCNC)

national council of nigeria and the cameroons

This type of identity is generally considered to be the most important group identity classification

national identity

(NPN)

national party of nigeria

(NRC)

national republican convention

Chiang Kai-shek

nationalist president of china before 1949 and later of the government in exile on Taiwan following the communist takeover

Procedural democracy

necessary condition for the development of substantive democracy.

An indirect form of imperialism in which powerful countries overly influence the economies of less-developed countries

neocolonialism

our home is russia

new political party chaired by former prime minister viktor chernomyrdin

(NIC)

newly industrialized countries: the handful of countries, such as south korea, that have developed a strong industrial base and grown faster than most of the third world

briefly identify the major sources of news in the UK

newspapers (Gaurdian, Independent), tabloids Mirror, Sun), television, and radio; all of which are far more centralized

This state is widely consider the best example of a "failed state"

nigeria

(NNDP)

nigerian national democratic party

(NPP)

nigerian people's party

(NYM)

nigerian youth movement

what does the power of judicial review make in courts

no law or action can contradict the U. S. constitution, which is the supreme law of the land. the court can only review a law that is brought before it through a lawsuit

The Soviet system of lists that facilitated the CPSU's appointment of trusted people to key positions, adopted by other communist regimes.

nomenklatura

china and the USSR both conduct9ed0 elite recruitment thorough this

nomenklatura

how are supreme court justices chosen

nominated by the president and confirmed with the "advice and consent" (majority votes) of the senate

Common features of bureaucracy

non-elected positions, impersonal, efficient structures, formal qualifications for jobs, hierarchical organization, red tape and inefficiency.

during the 21st century, a global civil society has emerged, with human rights and environmental groups providing international pressures. What are examples of civil society

non-government organizations or agencies

economic liberalization

policy designed to remove political controls over economic activity

The top policy-making and executive body of a communist party state

politiburo

coercive participation

political action organized by ruling authorities rather than by interest groups or civil society groups

identity politics

political activity and ideas based on the shared experiences of an ethnic, religious, or social group emphasizing gaining power and benefits for the group rather than pursuing ideological or universal or even statewide goals

legitimacy

political authority conferred by law or by a state or national constitution

Revolution of rising expectations

political discontent is generally fueled if the crisis is preceded by a period of relative improvement in the standard of living.

right

political forces favoring the status quo or a return to earlier policies and values

left

political groups favoring change, often of an egalitarian nature

left

political groups favoring change, often of an egaltarian nature

greens

political parties that emphasize environmental and other "new" issues, and radical change

big tent parties

political parties that seek to build large coalitions across the cleavages within their society

identity politics

politics based on membership in a particular interest group or segment of society rather than individualized self-interest

Identity Politics

politics based on membership in a particular interest group or segment of society rather than individualized self-interest.

Globalization

popular term used to describe how international economic, social, cultural, and technological forces are affecting events inside individual countries

globalization

popular terms used to describe how international economic, social, cultural and technological forces are affecting events inside individual countries

extraterritoriality

portions of China, Japan, and Korea where European law operated during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries

extraterritoriality

portions of china, japan, and korea where european law operated during the late 19th and early 20th centuries

The shift during the last half century from an economy based primarily on industry and manufacturing to one in which the majority of people are employed in the service sector, which produces the bulk of profits

postindustrialism

Discretionary power

power given to bureaucrats - the power to make small decisions in implementing legislative and executive decisions.

judicial review

power held by courts in some countries that allows them to rule on the constitutional merits of laws and other policies

judicial review

power held by courts in some countries that allows them to rule the constitutional merits of laws and other policies

inherent powers

powers that grow out of the very existence of government

Good Friday Agreement

practical peace agreement reached by the major parties in Northern Ireland and wit the British and Irish governments on Good Friday 1998. paved the way toward enduring political calm in the province

warlord

pre-revolutionary Chinese leaders who controlled a region or other relatively small part of the country; also a term used in other countries such as Afghanistan

what responsibilities does the constitution give to the vice president of the U. S.

preside over the senate - help decided the question of the presidential disability

vladimir putin

president of Russia since 2000

Sun Yat-sen

president of china after the 1911 revolution; chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death, he attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.

jose manuel barroso

president of the EU commission

a system in which citizens directly vote for legislative representatives as well as for executive branch leaders, and where the two branches function with separation of powers

presidential election

what type of election year has the highest voter turnout

presidential election years

which executive system hold a direct election of the chief executive

presidential system

jean monnet

primary architect of the EU and the french planning system

gordan brown

prime minister of great britain since july 2007

cabinet responsibility

principle that requires a prime minister and government to retain the support of a parliamentary majority

cabinet responsibility

principle that requires a prime minister and government to retain the support of parliamentary majority

non-governmental organization (NGO)

private group that pursues self-defined goals outside of government; common activities are publicizing issues, lobbying, making demands on government, and providing direct services

jaques delors

prominent french socialist politician who was president of the european commission, 1985-1995

new left

promoted civil rights, opposition to the Vietnam war, feminism, LGBT rights

describe the radicalization and "loony left"

promoted environmental policies against wars; radicals

what form of elections encourages a multi-party system?

proportional representation

Northern Ireland

protestants call it Ulster

democracy movement

protests by chinese students and others that culminated in the Tiananmen Square disaster of 1989 in Beijing

who are the "new left"

radicals from the 1960s: educators, agitators, and others who sought to implements a broad range of reforms on issues like gay rights, abortion, gender roles, and drugs

conflicts in Northern Ireland are largely the result of

religion: catholics vs. protestants

were British citizens tolerant in the 1950s and 1960s? did they protest? were they patriotic?

remarkably tolerant of each other and of those who led them, there were protests, but they considered themselves to be very patriotic

an economy which is heavily supported by state expenditures, while the state receives 'rent' from other countries, e.g., by leasing out oil fields

rentier economy

proportional representation

representation of all parties in proportion to their popular vote

what is the largest group of "cannot-voters"

resident aliens

This term describes the belief and practice by the government to follow existing laws even as it is making new ones

rule of law

near-abroad

russian term to describe the other fourteen republics of the former soviet union

formal sector

salaried or wage-based work registered in official statistics.

given by Khrushchev in 1957; seen as the beginning of the "thaw" and de-Stalinization

secret speech

leonid brezhnev

seized power from Nikita Khrushchev and became leader of the Soviet Communist party in 1964, ordered forces in to Afghanistan and Czechoslovakia.

Constitutional courts

serve to defend democratic principles.

special economic zones in China

set up for foreign investors

Political ideologies

sets of political values held by individuals regarding the basic goals of government and politics.

Historical evolution

shapes a country's concept of who has the authority to rule and its definition of legitimate political power.

Ethnic group

shares a well-developed sense of belonging to the same culture.

what did Thatcher do before her term was up and why did she do it

sharply reduced the role of the state and privatized many of the nationalized industries as possible

what did supporters say about Thatcher/Major rule

she saved the British economy by bringing both inflation and unemployment under control andy by creating a more dynamic private sector

an immediate transition from a command economy to a market economy; a post-1991 plan supported by Yeltsin and his government which called for privatization of state-owned industry and macroeconomic policies designed to control inflation

shock therapy

what are the 4 choices the president has when a bill arrives at his/her desk

sign into law - veto or refusal to sign (can be overruled by 2/3 vote) - becomes law if there are no actions by president within 10 days of receiving it - pocket veto; it dies

Magna Carta

signed in 1215, King John was forced to sign this agreement that declared that the king was not an absolute monarch

authority

similar to power, but with a claim of legitimacy

presidential systems

similarity between United States, Nigeria, and Mexico

The party system in Great Britain is best defined as a

single, two, or multiparty system

just russia

small groups merged in 2006-2007, sometimes translated as fair russia and also completely under Kremlin's control

central committee

supposedly the most important body in a communist party; its influence declined as it grew in size and the party needed daily leadership

central committee:

supposedly the most important body in a communist party; its influence declined as it grew in size and the party needed daily leadership

tiananmen square

symbolic heart of chinese politics; site in Beijing of protests and a massacre in 1989

collectivization

system in which private farms were eliminated, instead, the government owned all the land while the peasants worked on it.

bureaucracy

system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials

purge

systematic removal of people from a party, state, or other office; especially common in communist systems

informal politics

takes into consideration not only the ways that politicians operate outside their formal powers, but also the impact that beliefs, values, and actions of ordinary citizens have on policy-making.

expressed powers given to congress

taxing - borrowing - commerce - currency - bankruptcy - war and foreign relations - naturalization - postal - copyrights and patents - weights and measures - judicial - powers over teritories and other areas: eminent domain

republican party

tend to have more conservative beliefs and usually consists of christians, new right, "angry white men"

Sine-Soviet split

tensions between the USSA and china that rocked the communist world

catch-all

term devised in the 1960's to describe a new type of political party that plays down ideology in favor of slogans, telegenic candidates, and the like

catch-all

term devised in the 1960s to describe a new type of political party that plays down ideology in favor of slogans, telegenic candidates, and the like

grid-lock

term used in the United States and elsewhere to describe the paralysis of the legislative and executive branches

cadre

term used to define the permanent, professional members of a party, especially in the communist world

house of commons

that all-important lower house of the british parliament

agricultural sector

that part of a country's economy that is involved in the production of farm products

extractive sector

that part of an economy which involves making use of natural resources for economic purposes (e.g. mining)

industrial sector

that part of the economy which manufactures finished and secondary products

service sector

that part of the economy which organizes and provides services at an economic cost

in recent years, the most dissenting voice in american politics has become:

the "new right"

self-announcement

the action of announcing one's candidacy for public office

political participation

the actions by citizens which involve them in the process of selecting leaders and making policies

public policy

the actions of a state regarding a particular issues

the developed world's most significant demographic problem is

the aging population

House of Commons

the all-important lower houses of British Parliament

social capital

the amount of reciprocity and trust that exists among citizens and between citizens and the state.

state

the assembly of all those people and groups within a nation-state that have power to effect change at some level of society through direct action or political participation

correlation

the association of two events in time and/or space without a clear causal relationship

reductivism

the attempt to explain complex correlations and causations using a single independent variable; oversimplification

social contract

the basic agreement between group members and the group as a whole as to rights, privileges, duties, benefits, and costs; often partially explicit in a constitution; usually implicit, in part, in the history and politics of a group

unit

the basic body assuring work, housing, and welfare to which most urban Chinese were assigned before economic reforms took hold

Political Culture

the basic norms of political activity in a society

theocracy

the belief in government by divine guidance

legitimacy

the belief that a regime is a proper one and that the government has a right to exercise authority

gradualism

the belief that change should occur slowly or incrementally

individualism

the belief that emphasizes the role of the individual voter or consumer, typically associated with the rise of democracy in the west

acquis communataire

the body of laws and regulations new members of the EU must accept before gaining admission

Social cleavages

the boundaries between citizens of different religions, ethnic groups, race, and social and economic classes.

governance

the characteristics of a regime or government

head of state

the chief public representative of a state

describe the status of women in the bureaucracy

the civil service has long been taken over by men, but in 1999, 17% were women

shari'a

the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed

political culture

the collection of history, values, beliefs, assumptions, attitudes, traditions, and symbols that define and influence political behavior within a nation-state

civil society

the combined opportunities of churches, community organizations, interest groups, etc.; different opportunities for people to get involved in

(COREPER)

the committee of permanent representatives in the european union, made up of the head or deputy head of mission from the EU member states in brussels.

co-equal branches

the concept frequently found in presidential systems that the three branches of government are equal in power to each other, with no branch superior to the other two

accountability

the concept that government officials are responsible to and serve at the pleasure of constituents or elected officials (and that they may be removed from office by those electors or officials)

accountability

the concept that government officials are responsible to, and may be removed from office by their constituents or other government officials

Accountability

the concept that government officials are responsible to, and may be removed from office by, their constituents or other government officials.

right to self-determination

the concept that nations have a right to choose which government will exercise sovereignty over them

new right

the conservative political movement with its roots in the post-World War II era

coup d'etat

the constitutionally unauthorized removal of an existing government by force

advanced democracies

the countries have well-established democratic governments and a high level of economic development (Great Britain and the USA)

describe the courts in the UK system

the courts have never had a policy making role.

what support does Hauss give for the claim that "British governments rarely act rashly or irresponsibly"

the decision to proceed with new legislation usually comes only after an extended period of study and debate

Public Policy

the decisions made by a state that define what it will do

public policy

the decisions made by a state that defines what it will do

capacity

the degree to which a government or state is able to implement its policies

autonomy

the degree to which a state can implement policies independent of the populace or the amount of sovereignty a nation-state can exercise in the global environment

describe the elections in China

the deputies to the country people's congresses are directly elected and local officials are directly elected

Patronage

the distribution of material benefits to supporters in return for loyalty

separation of powers

the division of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government

class

the divisions of society into groups according to economic roles and status attributes

collective responsibility

the doctrine that all cabinet members must agree with all decisions

Marxism

the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded

globalization

the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of people, cultures, economies, and nation-states facilitated by technology, trade, and cultural diffusion

political socialization

the institutions and methods of developing and reinforcing significant public beliefs, attitudes, and practices (how does a culture get its people to be good political citizens or subjects?)

Regime

the institutions and practices that endure from government to government, such as the constitutional order in a democracy

regime

the institutions and practices that endure from government to government, such as the constitutional order in a democracy

civil disobedience

the intentional breaking of laws with the intention of exposing those laws' lack of fairness or justice

political economy

the interaction of political and economic systems and policy making of a state

comintern

the interwar coalition of communist parties directed from moscow

democratic deficit

the lack of democratic procedures in the EU

federation council

the largely powerless upper house of the russian parliament

Confederation of British Industry

the leading British Interest group; UK's premier business lobbying organization, providing a voice for employers at a national and international level

Labour Party

the leading left-wing party in Britain, in power since 1997

labour party

the leading left-wing party in britain, in power since 1997

liberal democrats

the neofacist and racist opposition party led by vladimir zhirinocsky

International Political Economy

the network of economic activity that transcends national boundaries

euro

the new european currency, introduced in 1999

while the ____ was concentrated around the anti-war and civil rights movements, ____ enhanced conservative values in the american political culture

the new left; "angry white men"

head of government

the office and the person occupying the office charged with leading the operation of a government

shadow cabinet

the official leadership of the opposition party that "shadows" the cabinet

transparency

the open and public operation of government

regime

the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit

bureaucracy

the part of the government composed of technical experts and others who remain from administration to administration

bureaucracy

the part of the government composed of technical experts and others who remain from administration to andministration

government

the part of the state with legitimate public authority; the group of people and organizations that hold political authority in a state at any one time

executive

the people and agencies which implement or execute government policy (from the head of government to the lowest bureaucracies)

Government

the people in charge of a territory at a given time

Devolution

the process by which a government under a unitary system transfers power to sub-national governments.

decolonization

the process by which colonial powers divested themselves of empires

political socialization

the process by which people get their ideas about politics

apportionment

the process of allocating power to a set of consituencies

collectivization

the process of bringing individual property and resources under communal control (normally seen in communist systems)

devolution

the process of decentralization power from national governments that stops short of federalism

devolution

the process of decentralizing power from national governments that stops short of federalism

democratization

the process of developing democratic states

reapportionment

the process of dividing the number of state representatives and senators among the state's population in order to assure districts of equal size

head of state

the representative of a country to the world. A largely ceremonial position in many systems

Head of State

the representative of a country to the world. A largely ceremonial position in many systems.

budgetary deficit

the result of government spending in any one fiscal year exceeding the government revenue in that year (national debt is the total of yearly deficits)

industrialized democracy

the richest countries with advanced economies and libearl states

Industrialized Democracy

the richest countries with advanced economies and liberal states

legitimacy

the right to rule, as the determined by the country's citizens.

suffrage

the right to vote

Presidential system

the roles of the head of state and head of government are given to one person - the president.

regime

the rules that a state sets and follows in exerting its power.

Electoral systems

the rules that decide how votes are cast, counted, and translated into seats in a legislature.

privatization

the selling off of state-owned companies

nationalism

the sense of belonging and identity that distinguishes one nation from another.

multiple causality

the simultaneous effects of a number of independent and intervening variables that bring about changes in dependent variables

(SEA)

the single european act: act that created the truly common market in 1992

mensheviks

the smaller and more moderate faction of the russian social democratic party before WWI

social capital

the social norms that lead to cooperation within and among groups in a society

agents of political socialization

the societal structures through which political orientation is passed from some members of a society to others

gosplan

the soviet central planning agency

nomenklatura

the soviet system of lists that facilitated the CPSU's appointment of trusted people to key positions, adopted by other communist regimes

nomenklatura

the soviet system of lists that facilitates the CPSU's appointment of trusted people, key positions, adopted by other communist regimes

cheka

the soviet union's first secret police

american exceptionalism

the special character of the U. S. as a uniquely free nation based on democratic ideals and personal liberty

democratization

the spread of representative government to more countries and the process of making governments more representative

State corporatism

the state determines which groups are brought in.

Comparative Politics

the study and comparison of domestic politics across countries.

political science

the study of political systems and political behavior

Political Science

the study of political systems and political behavior.

standing committee

the subcommittee that runs the politburo in china

gross domestic product

the sum total of the value of all the goods and services produced in a nation

electoral system

the system by which voters choose their representatives

Electoral System

the system by which voters choose their representatives.

separation of powers

the system of governance in which government power is divided into several bodies with the ability to check the power of the other bodies

nomenklatura

the system of patronage in Communist countries

regime

the system, rules, and laws in place in a particular territory at a particular time

Ethnonationalism

the tendency for an ethnic group to see itself as a distinct nation with a right to autonomy or independence. A fundamental centrifugal force.

Tyranny of the majority

the tendency of democracies to allow majority rule to neglect the rights and liberties of minorities.

Devolution

the tendency to decentralize decision-making to regional governments.

democratization

the term _____ refers to any movements in a society toward free, fair, and competitive elections of policy makers that reflect the collective will of the society. These movements need not result in a true substantive, liberal democracy to qualify as _____. _______ is also present when a system transforms in a way that moves it from being an illiberal democracy to more of a liberal democracy. _____ is fully achieved when a country's system meets all the requirements of both a substantive democracy and a liberal democracy.

Marketization

the term that describes the state's recreation of a market in which property, labor, good, and services can all function in a competitive environment to determine their value.

state

the territory (or one of the territories) under the control of a government

gross domestic product per capita

the total value of a nation's goods and services divided by its population

gross domestic product (GDP)

the total value of goods and services produced by an economy

presidencialismo

the traditional concentration of power, formal and informal, in the office of the mexican president

devolution

the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states

Privatization

the transfer of state-owned property to private ownership.

politicization of religion

the use of religion to justify political choices and changes or the desire to influence other areas with religion

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

the value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given year

single-member district

the voter' in each district elect one of the state's representatives

decision making

the was governments (or other bodies) make policies

political culture

the way a nation, or other group of people approaches issues of government and politics

Decision Making

the way governments (or other bodies) make policies

House of Lords

the weaker upper house of the British Parliament, slated for reform of abolition

house of lords

the weaker upper house of the british parliament, slated for reform or abolition

civil society

the web of membership in social and political groups that some analysts believe is needed to sustain a democracy

civil society

the web of membership in social and political groups that some analysts believe is needed to sustain democracy

what happens if the house and senate cannot agree on the version of a bill

their two texts go to a conference committee of members from both houses whose job is to "iron out" the differences between the two

postmaterialism

theory that young middle-class voters are likely to support environmentalism, feminism, and other "new" issues

postmaterialism

theory that young middle-class voters are likely to support environmentalists, feminism, and other "new" issues

Communist and post-communist countries

these countries have sought to create a system that limits individual freedoms in order to divide wealth more equally. Communism flourished during the 20th century, but lost ground to democratic regimes by the beginning of the 21st century. Russia and China represent this group.

Centripetal forces

these types of forces bind together the people of a state, giving it strength. One of the most powerful centripetal forces is nationalism.

Centrifugal forces

these types of forces destabalize the government and encourage the country to fall apart.

what did critics say about Thatcher/Major rule

they created new problems and exacerbated existing ones by widening the gap between rich and poor and by allowing public services to deteriorate

rapid economic and political change that transforms a country into a stable nation with democratizing political institutions, a growing economy, and an expanding web of nongovernmental institutions (examples: Mexico, Iran)

compressed modernity

unitary state

concentration of political power in a central government as opposed to federalism

(CBI)

confederation of british industry: the leading british business interest group

this organization unites the fifteen former republics of the Soviet Union. Russia is the clear leader of the group, and it has little formal power over its members. The members are to some extend bound together by trade agreements, but the unity of the Confederation is also threatened by nationality differences.

confederation of independent states

maastricht treaty

created the EU and EMU; signed in 1992

the Maastricht Treat

created the EU in 1992

Maastricht Treaty

created the European Union and the European Monetary Union; signed in 1992

Democratic consolidation

creates a stable political system that is supported by all parts of society. All institutions and many people participate, so this ideology penetrates political parties, the judicatory, the bureaucracy, and the military.

who are the "new right"

descriptive term for policies or groups that are right wing, stress traditional values, often with a racial overtone

in the period between 1958 and 1966, Chinese communist policy differed from Russian communist policy in that Chinese policy put more emphasis on...

development of the agricultural sector

in what way were patterns of political and economic change altered significantly in china during the 19th century

europeans established spheres of influence in china

vetting

evaluating for possible approval or acceptance

Vetting

evaluating for possible approval or acceptance.

bureaucracies are typically part of what branch of government?

execuative

most democracies have three branches of government, what are they?

executive, legislative, and judicial

Disadvantage of free market economy

this kind of economy inevitably goes through cycles of prosperity and scarcity - recessions and depressions that eventually correct themselves, but can be devastating.

Separatist movements

this movement occurs when nationalities within a country may demand independence.

Democratization

this process has occured because authoritarian regimes have lost legitimacy, the urban middle class expanded in developing countries, there is a new emphasis on human rights by the the United States and the EU, and the snowball effect - when one country in a region begins this process, it influences the other to do so as well.

totalitarianism

this term is almost always used to describe a particularly repressive and usually detested regime.

Coup d'etat

this type of change generally represents the most limited of the three types of change, replacing the leadership of a country with new leaders.

Revolution

this type of change implies change at a more basic level, and involves either a major revision or an overthow of existing institutions.

Ethnic cleavages

this type of social cleavage is clearly the most divisive and explosive cleavages in countries at all levels of development.

correlation

exists when a change in one variable coincides with a change in the other. correlations are an indication that causality may be present.

deepening

expansion of the EU's powers

newly industrialized countries

experiencing rapid economic growth and have shown a tendency toward democratization and political and social stability (Mexico and Iran).

Civil rights

usually refer to the promotion of equality.

Civil liberties

usually refer to the promotion of freedom.

Head of government

usually the person in charge of the executive power

Head of Government

usually the person in charge of the executive power.

Liberal democracy

value the ideal of equal opportunity, but usually tolerate a great deal of inequality, especially within the economy.

electorate

voters as a group

Electorate

voters as a group.

wasted votes

votes cast that do not influence the outcome of an election

What is the most common form of conventional participation in the political process

voting in an election

Mixed system

voting is arranged in a combination of multi-member and single-member districts. Voters cast votes for individuals and parties. Some seats are filled by winners in plurality races, while others are filled by party. A mixed system results in an in-between number of parties.

interest groups

groups of people organized to support a particular cause

Linkage institutions

groups that connect the government to its citizens, such as political parties, interest groups, and print and electronic media.

Liberal Democratic Party

in Britain, the number-three party and in some ways the most radical; in Russia, the neofascist and racist opposition party led by Vladimir Zhirinovsky

single-member district

in France, the electoral system in which a second, runoff ballot is held to determine the winner if no candidate gets a majority in the first round

integrated elite

in Japan, France, and Germany, refers to cooperation among government, business, and other interest groups

parliamentary legislature

in a democracy, makes the laws, controls finances, appoints and dismisses the prime minister and the cabinet, and debates public issues. Supports decisions made by the executive branch.

capitalism and affluence

in a democracy, the means of production are privately owned and prices, wages, and profits are determined by private industry

rule of law

in a democracy, the principle that legal rules rather than arbitrary and personal decisions determine what happens

vote of confidence

in a parliamentary system, a vote in which the members express their support for (or opposition to) the government's policies; if it loses, the government must resign

vote of confidence

in a parliamentary system, a vote in which the members express their support for (or opposition to) the governments policies; if it loses, the government must resign

three-line whip

in a parliamentary system, statements of MPs that they must vote according to the party's wishes

three-line whip

in a parliamentary system, statements to MPs that they must vote according to the party's wishes

collective responsibility

in a parliamentary system, the concept that all cabinet members agree on policy decisions and that all will be responsible for the results

cabinet

in a parliamentary system, the group of ministers who direct administrative bureaucracies (ministries) and make up the government, which is responsible to the parliament; in a presidential system, the administrative directors responsible to the president

Political Participation

in authoritarian governments, most citizens accomplish this through obedience. In democracies, citizens may play a more active part in this.

white paper

in britain and elsewhere, a government statement that outlines proposed legislation; the last stage before the submission of a formal bill

manifesto

in britain, and other parliamentary systems, another term for a party's platform in an election campaign

liberal democratic party

in britain, the number-three party and in some ways the most radical; in russia, the neofascist and racist opposition party led by vladimir zhirinovsky

cult of personlity

in communist and other systems, the excessive adulation of a single leader

Political Participation

in established democracies, people have the freedom to vote, join interest groups, and engage in at least peaecful protest

single-member districts, tow-ballot systems

in france the electoral system in which a second, runoff ballot is held to determine the winner if no candidate gets a majority in the first round

greens

in germany, the first major environmentally oriented party; a junior partner in government until 2006

integrated elite

in japan, france, and germany, refers to cooperation among government, business, and other interest groups

Support

in systems analysis, popular input that tends to endorse the current leadership and its policies

support

in systems analysis, popular input that tends to endorse the current leadership and its policies

shadow cabinet

in systems like britain's the official leadership of the opposition party that 'shadows' the cabinet

environment

in systems theory, everything lying outside the political system

subsidarity

in the EU, policy that devolves decision making to the lowest appropriate level

checks and balances

in the U. S., the informal designation of separation of powers

checks and balances

in the United States, the informal designation of separation of powers

five-year plan

in the former soviet union and other communist countries, the period for which gosplan developed goals and quotas

checks and balances

in the united states, the informal designation of separation of powers

the primary sector

includes farming, fishing, logging, mining and other industries in which raw materials are grown or extracted.

sovereignty

independent legal authority over a population in a particular place; the degree to which a state controls its own territory and independently make and carry out policy

Plurality system

individual candidates run in single-member districts. Voters cast votes for individual candidates and the candidate with more votes than others wins the seat. One result is a two (or few) party system.

the political culture in the U. S. is best characterized as ____

individualism

Direct democracy

individuals have immediate say over the decisions that the government makes.

normative issues

issues that require value judgments.

describe the bureaucracy in the UK system

it is weak compared to its equivalents on the Continent of Japan. British senior civil servants see themselves more as administrators and believe that the cabinet should define public policy.

This doctrine allows courts to overturn laws that violate a constitution

judicial review

describe the population density in the UK

just over 60 million

Prime Minister Tony Blair was a member of the

labour party

what is the chief reason that most voters do not vote

lack of interest or lack of political efficacy

less developed countries

lack significant economic development, and they also tend to have authoritarian governments (Nigeria).

arable land

land that is suitable for raising crops (it need not be cultivated to count)

democratic party

liberal and progressive beliefs; favor women's rights, environmentalism, and social programs, "little man"

incrementalism

limited, marginal, or minor changes

incrementalsim

limited, marginal, or minor changes

nomenklatura

lists of names to draw from to be member of government

democracy wall

literally, a wall on which chinese dissidents wrote big-character posters in the late 1970s

grassroots politics

locally-organized activism; as opposed to top-down, hierarchical organizing

third international

moscow-dominated organization of communist parties around the world between the two world wars

describe what happens once legislation is proposed

most are laid out in a semi-circle, but some create heated debates

Indirect

most democracies are ______ because large populations make it almost impossible for individuals to have a great deal of direct influence on how they are governed.

Chief executive

most important person in the policymaking process, inviting new policies and playing an important role in their adoption.

describe china's ethnic minorities

most live near china's boarders, there is an independence movement active in Tibet, and China has officially recognized many ethnic minority groups

Democratization

movements in a society towards free, fair, and competitive elections of policy makers.

democratization

movements in society towards free, fair, and competitive elections of policy makers

Liberalization

movements toward greater individual liberty or greater use of free markets.

describe the speed or pace of policy making in the U. S.

much slower because at least 2/3 of the branches have to come to an agreement

Gubernatorial

of, or having to do with, governors

when are elections for members of the U. S. Congress

off-year election: held between presidential elections

boris berezovsky

oil-based oligarch, possible mafia kingpin, taken down by Putin, broke w/ him over Chechnya, self-exile in U.K., commits suicide 2013 over lost lawsuit

Boris Yeltsin's government created what group of wealthy people

oligarchs

Business and political leaders with what some consider undue influence in Russia

oligarchs

continuous body

on a third of the senators are up for reelection every two years

Poverty

one of the greatest obstacles to democratization because it blocks citizen participation in a government.

fatherland-all russia

one of the leading opposition parties in russia in the 1999 duma elections

yabloko

one of the leading reformist parties in russia

strong state

one with the capacity and the political will to make and implement effective public policy

weak state

one without the capacity and the political will to make and implement effective public policy

how does the U. S. differ from other democracies

only industrialized democracy that does not guarantee basic healthcare to everybody

glasnost

openess

political party

organization that contests elections or otherwise contends for power

modern day political effects of the Long March of 1943-1936 are most clearly manifested in...

patron-clientelism

secret speech

given by khrushchev in 1957; seen as the start of the "thaw"

intergovernmental organizations

(IGOs) organizations composed of representatives appointed by the state gov's that have agreed to become members of the organization

Madero, Francisco

An initial leader of the Mexican Revolution and a land owner who sought moderate democratic reform

Theory

An integrated set of hypotheses, assumptions, and facts

Supranational System

An intergovernmental system with its own sovereign powers over member states

Unitary State

An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials

unitary state

An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials

describes Deng Xiaoping Theory

"it doesn't matter whether a cat is white or black, as long as it catches mice'

current salary for the president of the U. S.

$400,000

party of power

patronage parties with strong official sponsorship

code law system

(civil law) a system of laws in which only legislative acts, and properly executed regulations, have the force of law (judicial precedents rarely, if ever, have the force of law in these systems

civil society and civic culture

- social and political groups that some analysts believe is needed to sustain democracy - characterized by trust, legitimacy and limited involvement which is needed for democracy

Shirin Ebadi

-Nobel Peace Prize Winner -studied law and became a judge -defended alleged human rights abuse -devout Muslim

Muhammad Mossadeq

-Prime Minister of Iran

Mohammad Khatami

-Rafsanjani's successor -cleric -supported more rights for women -Supported members of religious and ethnic minority groups -Stressed importance of strengthening civil society

Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (1934-)

-Served 8 years as president -Head of Expediency Council and Assembly of Experts

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (1956-)

-Won 2005 election by more than 60% vote -hard liner -first non-cleric president of Islamic Republic -appealed to young poor Iranians who felt they had been neglected by theocracy -pursued more conservative policies

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (1903 - 1989)

-cleric

Reza Shah

-first of the two Pahlevi Monarchs -Changed country's name to Iran

Muhammad Khatami

-religious elite -imposed limited freedoms

Muhammad Reza Shah

-replaced his father -Pro western

describe the difference between members of parliament (MPs) and members of the US House of Representatives

-the concept of having the confidence of the house (parliament), wherein the governing party derives it's authority from the support of the majority of Members of Parliament (MP's), instead of from the voters for a fixed term, -the executive is not a separate branch of government, but instead is drawn from elected MP's.

Functions of Political Parties

1 Articulating ideology 2 Recruiting leaders 3 Staffing the government bureaucracy 4 Proposing, forming, and shaping policy 5 Connecting people to government 6 Mobilizing citizens 7 Aggregating interests 8 Engaging in political socialization and educating the public

Liberalism

1. A political attitude that favors evolutionary transformation; 2. An ideology and political system that favors a limited state role in society and the economy, and places high priority of individual political economic freedoms

Communism

1. A political-economic system in which all wealth and property are shared so as to eliminate exploitation, oppression, and ultimately, the need for political institutions such as the state; 2. An ideology that places the emphasis on creating economic equality instead of on individual political and economic freedoms 3. A political ideology that advocates such a system 4.One-party authoritarian regime in which a Communist party controls most aspects of a country's political and economic system

sources of legitimacy

1. Charisma of a leader 2. Belief systems, ideologies, and founding myths 3. Tradition (including monarchy and birthright) 4. Revolutions 5. Religion 6. Constitutions 7. Rule of law and/or rational legal authority 8. Competitive elections 9. Distinct aspects of a country's political culture

State

1. The organization that maintains a monopoly of force over a given territory; 2.A set of political institutions to generate and execute policy regarding freedom and equality

sources of cleavages

1. Wealth (Rich vs. Poor) 2. Region (Urban vs. Rural, Center vs. Periphery) 3. Religion (Catholics vs. Protestants, Christians vs. Muslims, Religious vs. Secular voters) 4. Level of education (University graduates vs. High school graduates) 5. Race 6. Ethnicity

political efficacy

1. a citizen's capacity to understand and influence political events. 2. If citizens have a high level of ____, they believe that the government takes their input seriously and cares about what they have to say. They also believe in their own abilities to understand political issues and to participate in solving problems. If citizens lack ______, they may not believe that it is important to vote, or they may try to ignore the government's efforts to enforce laws.

three points that characterizes the U. S.

1. no more than a tiny minority of americans have questioned the regime based on the constitution of 1787 2. individualism remains one of the most widely held beliefs among americans 3. almost all americans accept the idea of a weak state

outline 3 reasons why the conservatives were successful

1. pragmatic politicians who were flexible enough to change their policies when circumstances warranted 2. because their roots lay in the nobility, conservative politicians tended to embody the values of the responsibility of the elite to the less fortunate 3. they had a rather elitist but effective organization

Social Democracy (socialism)

1.A political-economic system in which freedom and equality are balanced through the state's management of the economy and the provision of social expenditures 2.A political ideology that advocates such a system

Charismatic Legitimacy

1.Legitimacy built on the force of ideas embodied by an individual leader. 2. Legitimacy based on a state's identification with an important individual

number of congressional districts in PA

18

voting amendments 19 and 26

19th (1920): all men and women over the age of 21 can vote 26th (1971): age is set to 18

length of term for U. S. House of Representatives

2 years

describe the religious differences in the UK

2/3 of the people belong to the Church of England, 10% are catholic

how many member states are in the European Union

28

minimum age before becoming a United States President

35 years old

requirements for becoming President of the U. S.

35 years old - natural born citizen - 14 years a U. S. resident

number of members/seats in the U. S. House of Representatives

435 members

length of term of U. S. Senators

6 years

describe the regional differences in the UK

70% live in urban areas

how many supreme court justices are there

9

describe the modern civil service

94-95

confucianism

Chinese philosophical and religious tradition stressing, among other things, order and hierarchy

patronage

the privileges a government grants to its supporters

political ideology

A __________ is a set of ethical principles that helps provide an outline of the proper ordering of society, and explains how society should work.

San Andrés Peace Accords

A 1996 agreement that promised to end the Zapatista rebel uprising but was never implemented by the PRI government

Bracero Program

A WWII program that allowed millions of Mexicans to work temporarily in the US

Market

A _____ is any type of structure that allows buyers and sellers to exchange goods, services,and information. For a true _____ to exist there must be competition. In recent decades, most political and governmental systems around the world have moved toward allowing freer _____s.

cleavages

A ______ is a division in a society that causes people within that society to support different sides of an issue, support a particular political party, or vote differently.

Referendums

A _______ is a vote on an issue referred to an electorate by the government. The result may lead to new laws or may in some cases amend the constitution.

Welfare states

A ___________ has governmental policies that provide a "social safety net" by directly or indirectly providing pensions, health care, unemployment insurance, and assistance to the poor and others in need. _________ may also redistribute wealth to provide for the needs of the public. Welfare state systems may have some, or all, of the following policies in place: 1. Government funded poverty relief 2. Government mandated unemployment benefits 3. Government mandated maternity leave and/or paternity leave 4. Government subsidized housing 5. Free job training provided by law 6. Government mandated disability insurance 7. Government subsidized or free university tuition 8. Government mandated retirement benefits or pensions 9. Government funded programs for the homeless

Hierarchical authority structure

A basic characteristic of bureaucracy - a chain of command that is hierarchical; the top bureaucrat has ultimate control and authority flows from the top down.

Task specialization

A basic characteristic of bureaucracy - a clear division of labor in which every individual has a specialized job.

Clear goals

A basic characteristic of bureaucracy - a clearly defined set of goals that all people in the organization strive towards.

Extensive rules

A basic characteristic of bureaucracy - clearly written, well-established formal rules that all people in the organization follow.

Impersonality

A basic characteristic of bureaucracy - job performance that is judged by productivity, or how much work the individual gets done.

Merit principle

A basic characteristic of bureaucracy - merit-based hiring and promotion; no granting of jobs to friends or family unless they are the best qualified.

Nihilism

A belief that all institutions and values are essentially meaningless that the only redeeming value is violence

Mexico's War of Independence

A bloody 11-year conflict that resulted in Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821

state-owned enterprises

A business owned by the government

Causation

A cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the changes in another variable.

Central Planning

A communist economic system in which the state explicitly allocates resources by planning what should be produced and in what amounts, the final prices of good, and where they should be sold

Ethnic Conflict

A conflict in which different ethnic groups struggle to achieve certain political or economic goals at each other's expense

National Conflict

A conflict in which one or more group within a country develop clear aspirations for political independence, clashing with others as a a result

Guerrilla War

A conflict whereby non-state combatants who largely abide by the rules of war target the state

Partido Acción Nacional (PAN)

A conservative Catholic Mexican political party that until 2000 was the main opposition to the PRI

Transparency

A government is being transparent when it allows the public to see and understand what it is doing and why. No government acts in a completely transparent manner. Many display little transparency at all. Here are some examples of the types of government actions that indicate transparency. 1. Providing accurate political and economic information to the public 2. Allowing information about government policies to be freely disseminated 3. Allowing citizens numerous avenues to gain information about the government and its actions 4. Allowing information about the government to flow freely, including information that could be damaging to the government, with little or no censorship 5. Allowing independent media to operate free from government control 6. Providing open government proceedings, including courts, legislative sessions, and government hearings 7. Publishing the workings of the government, including laws, rules, budgets, and officials' salaries 8. Choosing leaders in an open way, without secrecy

Welfare State

A government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc.

Nation

A group of people who feel bound into a single body by shared culture, values, folkways, religion and/or language

Nation

A group that describes self-government through an independent state

Newly Industrializing Country (NIC)

A historically less-developed country that has experienced significant economic growth and democratization

Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN)

A largely Mayan rebel group that staged an uprising in 1994, demanding political reform and greater rights for Mexico's indigenous people

Microfinance

A loan system covering a broad spectrum, including credit, savings, insurance, and financial transfers

modernization theory

A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences between nations. According to this model, the biggest obstacle for LDCs is tradition because holding on to old values and beliefs can hinder progress.

Dependency theory

A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones

PURCHASING POWER PARITY

A monetary measurement of development that takes into account what money buys in different countries

Coup D'état

A move in which military forces take control of the government by force

Nation-State

A nation which has its own government.

developmental state

A nation-state in which the government carries out policies that effectively promote national economic growth

Referendum

A national vote called by a government to address a specific proposal often a changed to the Constitution

Initiative

A national vote called by members of the public to address a specific proposal

Theocracy

A nondemocratic form of rule where religions is the foundation for the regime; An authoritarian regime that has leaders who claim to rule on behalf of God

Totalitariansim

A nondemocratic regime that is highly centralized, possessing some form of strong ideology that seeks to transform and absorb fundamental aspects of state, society, and the economy, using a wide array of institutions and the application of force

Quota

A nontariff barrier that limits the quantity of a good that may be imported into a country

Villa, Francisco Pancho

A northern Mexican peasant leader of the revolution who, with Emiliano Zapata, advocated a more radical socio economic agenda

One-Party Dominant System

A party system in which a single party rules for long periods of time and the opposition parties are not likely to gain the support needed to successfully challenge the dominant party for control of the government

Catch All Party

A party that attracts a wide range of political interests; tends to lack ideology

Perestroika

A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

Structural-Adjustment Program/ Washington Consensus

A policy of economic liberalization adopted in exchange for financial support from liberal international organizations; typically includes privatizing state-run firms, ending subsidies, reducing tariff barriers, shrinking the size of the state, and welcoming foreign investment

Facism

A political ideology that asserts the superiority and inferiority of different groups of people and stresses a low degree of both freedom and equality in order to achieve a powerful state

neoliberalism

A political movement beginning in the 1960s that blends traditional liberal concerns for social justice with an emphasis on economic growth (dictionary.com definition)

Conservative Party

A political party in Great Britain which developed from the Tories in the 1830s, One of the two major parties in the UK, it is generally more right wing, and more towards free-markets and the upper classes,advocates a mixed economy and encourages property owning

Two-Party System

A political party system with two major political parties

Nondemocratic Regimes

A political regime that is controlled by a small group of individuals who exercise power over the state without being constitutionally responsible to the public

Authoritarianism

A political system in which a small group of individuals exercises power over the sate without being constitutionally responsible to the public

One-Party System

A political system in which only one party exists.

Democracy

A political system in which political power is exercised either directly or indirectly by the people; often protects basic rights and freedoms

Party-State

A political system in which power flows directly from the ruling political party (usually a communist party) to the sate, bypassing government structures

Unicameral System

A political system in which the legislature comprises one house

Bicameral System

A political system in which the legislature comprises two houses

Presidential System

A political system in which the roles of the head of state and head of government are combined in one executive office; usually directly elected by the people

Democracy

A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

Liberal Democracy

A political system that promotes participation, competition, and liberty and emphasizes individual freedom and civil rights

Populism

A political view that does not have a consistent ideological foundation but that foundation, but that emphasizes hostility toward elites and established state and economic institutions and favors greater power in the hands of the people

Mercantilism

A political-economic system in which national economic power is paramount and and the domestic economy is viewed as an instrument that exists primarily to serve the needs of the state

Equality

A shared material standard of individuals within a community, society, or country

QUANGO

A quasi-autonomous non-governmental organization: a public body stuffed by appointees rather than politicians or civil servants.

Regulation

A rule of order that sets the boundaries of a given procedure

Informal sector

A sector of the economy that is not regulated or taxed by the state

Informal Economy

A segment of the economy that is not regulated or taxed by the state

National Identity

A sense of belonging to a nation and a belief that they have a unique political destiny; the common set of political aspirations that bind citizens of a country together

Electoral System

A set of rules that decide how votes are cast, counted and translated into seats in a legislature

Electoral System

A set of rules that decide how votes are cast, counted, and translated into seats in a legislature.

Politburo

A seven-member committee that became the leading policy-making body of the Communist Party in Russia.

Mixed Presidential Parliamentary System

A system consisting of both a president elected by the people and another head of government (usually a prime minister) who is elected by a legislative body (e.g. Russia)

Imperialsim

A system in which a state extends its power to directly control territories, resources, and people beyond its borders

Rule of Law

A system in which all individuals and groups, including those in government, are subject to the law, irrespective to their power or authority

Federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and regional governments

Federalism

A system in which significant state powers, such as taxation, lawmaking and security, are devolved to regional or local bodies (such as states, provinces, counties, and cities)

Micorcredit

A system in which small loans are channeled to the poor through borrowing groups whose members jointly take responsibility for repayment

Bureaucratic Authoritariansim

A system in which the state bureaucracy and the military share a belief that a technocratic leadership, focused on rational, objective, and technical expertise, cam solve the problems of the country without public participation

Multiparty System

A system in which three or more political parties have the capacity to gain control of government separately or in coalition.

Intergovernmental System

A system in which two or more countries cooperate on issues

Oligarchy

A system of government in which a small group holds power

Presidential System

A system of government in which the legislative and executive branches operate independently of each other

Parliamentary System

A system of government in which the legislature selects the prime minister or president.

communism

A system of government in which the state plans and controls the economy and a single, often authoritarian party holds power, claiming to make progress toward a higher social order in which all goods are equally shared by the people.

theocracy

A system of government under which a deity is seen as the supreme ruler, or the entity in which ultimate sovereignty rests.

cabinet government/collective responsibility

A system of government, as in Britain, in which the cabinet (rather than the PM) excecises responsibility for formulating policy and directing both the government and the executive branch.

Common Law

A system of law based on precedent and customs

Capitalism

A system of production based on private property and free markets

checks and balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Neocorporatism

A sytem of social democratic policy making in which a limited number of organizations representing business and labor work with the state to set economic policy

Tariff

A tax of imported goods

Modernization Theory

A theory asserting that as societies developed, they would take on a set of common characteristics, including democracy and capitalism

monetarism

A theory holding that economic variations within a given system, such as changing rates of inflation, are most often caused by increases or decreases in the money supply; A policy that seeks to regulate an economy by altering the domestic money supply, especially by increasing it in a moderate but steady manner (dictionary.com definition)

Pluralism

A theory of government that holds that open, multiple, and competing groups can check the asserted power by any one group.

Communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

Secretary of Government

A top cabinet post that controls internal political affairs and was often a stepping-stone to the presidency under the PRI

NAFTA

A trade agreement linking Mexico with the US and Canada

unicameral legislature vs. bicameral legislature

A unicameral legislature consists of one chamber or house, while a bicameral legislature consists of two chambers. Federal systems of government often have bicameral legislatures, while unitary systems of government often have unicameral legislatures. In federal systems with bicameral legislatures, the lower house usually represents the people directly, while the upper house represents regional concerns. This is the basis for the bicameral systems in the United States, Mexico, and Russia, for example.

Legitimacy

A value whereby an institution is accepted by the public as right and proper, thus giving it authority and power

Supranational Organization

A venture involving three or more nation-states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives. The European Union is one such organization

pocket veto

A veto taking place when Congress adjourns within 10 days of submitting a bill to the president, who simply lets it die by neither signing nor vetoing it.

Fundamentalism

A view of religion as absolute and inerrant that should be legally enforced by making faith the sovereign authority

Televisa

Mexico's largest media conglomerate which for decades enjoyed a close relationship with the PRI

Partido de la Revolución Democrática (PRD)

Mexico's main party of the left

Sovereignty

Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.

Superstructure

All economic institutions in a society (eg religion, culture, national identity); these idea and values derive from the base and serve to legitimize the current system of explotaiton

neocolonialism

Also called economic imperialism, this is the domination of newly independent countries by foreign business interests that causes colonial-style economies to continue, which often caused monoculture (a country only producing one main export like sugar, oil, etc).

Political Participation in China

Although electoral politics are not a big part of the Chinese system, the government has experimented with elections at the local level. Since the period of reforms that began in the late 1970s, however, many more avenues of political participation have opened up for the average citizen. Especially at the local level, it is common for leaders to meet with citizens to discuss their concerns.

Ethnic Cleavages

Although over 90% of people living within the People's Republic of China are Han Chinese, China must still deal with significant ethnic cleavages in some regions of the country. To address these cleavages, the Chinese government has set up five autonomous regions within the PRC. The five autonomous regions in the PRC are: ~ Tibet ~ Guangxi ~ Xinjiang ~ Inner Mongolia ~ Ningxia Despite the theoretical autonomy of these regions, separatist movements operate within each of them. Both peaceful and violent protests are common in some of these regions. The government in Beijing frequently calls on the military to quell these protests.

command economy

An economic system in which the government controls a country's economy.

Command Economy

An economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes are determined centrally by a government

Proportional Representation

An election system in which each party running receives the proportion of legislative seats corresponding to its proportion of the vote.

Single-Member Districts

An electoral district in which voters choose one representative or official (not voting for more than one person for any position)

single member district

An electoral district in which voters choose one representative or official.

Multimember District (MMD)

An electoral district with more than one seat

First Past the Post

An electoral system in which individual candidates compete in single-member districts; voters choose between candidates, and the candidate with the largest share of the vote wins the seat

Proportional Representation (PR)

An electoral system in which political parties compete in multimember districts; voters choose between parties, and the seats in the district are awarded proportionally according to the results of the vote

Mixed Electoral System

An electoral system that uses a combination of single-member districts and proportional representation

Semi-presidential System

An executive system that divides power between two strong executives, a president and a prime minister

marxism-leninism

An expanded form of Marxism that emphasizes Lenin's concept of imperialism as the final stage of capitalism and shifts the focus of struggle from developed to underdeveloped countries.

Anarchism

An ideology believing that private property and capitalism lead to inequality, but, like liberals, anarchists place high value on individual political freedom

Federal Electoral Institute

An independent agency that regulates elections in Mexico; created in 1996 to end decades of electoral fraud

Neocolonialsim

An indirect form of imperialism in which powerful countries overly influence the economies of less-developed countries

Citizenship

An individual's relationship to the state, wherein citizens swear allegiance to that state and the state in return is obligated to provide rights to those citizens.

Patron-Client Politics

An informal aspect of policy-making in which a powerful patron offers resources such as land, contracts, protection, or jobs in return for the support and services of lower-status and less powerful clients; corruption, preferential treatment, and inequality are characteristic of clientelist politics.

Instituion

An organization or activity that is self-perpetuating and valued for its own sake

Inflation

An outstripping of supply by demand, resulting in an increase in the general price level of goods and services and the resulting loss of value in a country's economy

Political Culture

An overall set of values widely shared within a society

Who has the power to remove the supreme leader from office

Assembly of Religious Experts

Liberal Attitudes

Attitudes that promote evolutionary change within a system

Secretary of the Treasury

Mexico's most powerful economic cabinet minister

Culture

Basic institutions that define a society

Calderón, Felipe

Mexico's most recent (as in not current) president, elected in 2006; ended in 2012

PEMEX

Mexico's powerful state-owned oil monopoly

Mexican Revolution

Bloody conflict in Mexico between 1910-17 that established the long-lived PRI regime

who are PA's two senators

Bob Casey, Jr (D) and Pat Tommey (R)

the first elected leader by the citizens of Russia

Boris Yeltsin

List of Russian Leaders

Boris Yeltsin, Vladimir Putin, Dmitry Medvedev, Vladimir Putin

Trades Union Congress

Britain's leading trade union confederation

Conservative Prty

Britain's most important right-of-center party, in power more often than not for two centuries

Tony Blair

British prime minister since 1997 and architect of "New Labour". Favored low taxes, tightly controlled social spending, and closer ties to Europe

Thomas Hobbes

British social theorist of the 17th century who emphasized a strong state

Cultural Revolution

Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.

Plurality

Candidate or party with the most votes cast in an election, not necessarily more than half.

Causation vs. Correlation

Causation, means that one event caused another. In other words, a certain event, let's call it X, led to or is responsible for a second event, Y. Correlation, on the other hand, simply means that two events are associated. That is, they are often, or even always, seen at the same time. While correlation between two events may hint at causation, it does not prove a cause and effect relationship. For example, two events that occur at the same time may both be caused by a third event. In addition, even if there is a cause and effect relationship between two events, correlation alone cannot tell us which event is the cause and which is the effect.

behind-the-scenes leadership exercised by the CCP's elderly leaders during Deng Xiaoping's years in power. Deng was able to urge his colleagues into formal retirement with him in the 1980s, but they continued to run the country through this body which was set up in 1982. It theoretically existed only to advise the politburo, but in reality its members remained the most powerful people in the country and made all the important decisions. It was abolished at the Fourteenth Party Congress in 1992

Central Advisory Committee

CCP

Chinese Communist Party

mass line

Chinese Communist principle that stressed "learning from the masses"

Economic Liberalization

Changes consistent with liberalism that aim to limit the power of the state and increase the power of the market and private property in an economy

Modern

Characterized as secular, rational, materialistic, technological, and bureaucratic, and placing a greater emphasis or individual freedom than in the past

Totalitarian

Characterized by a government in which the political authority exercises absolute and centralized control

Postmodern

Characterized by a set of values that center on "quality of life" considerations and give less attention to material gain

comparison of political and economic change in China and Russia

China rose to regional hegemony before Russia did

geographic influences on china's political system

China's population is concentrated along river valleys and coastal areas in the east

Authoritarian regimes

Common characteristics of __________ __________ include: a small group of elites exercising power over the state. citizens with little or no input into selection of leaders and government decisions. no constitutional responsibility of leaders to the public. restriction of civil rights and civil liberties.

Society

Complex human organization, a collection of people bound by shared institutions that define how human relations should be conducted

Political Socialization

Complex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values.

Coercion

Compelling behavior by threatening harm

Fox, Vicente

Mexico's president from 2000-2006 and the first non-PRI president in more than seven decades

Margaret Thatcher

Conservative and first woman prime minister of Great Britain, 1979-1990

transparency in Nigeria

Corruption remains a serious problem in Nigeria. The courts are not independent and little happens in Nigeria as the constitution says it is supposed to. As a result, despite government attempts at reform, the decision-making process in Nigeria is frequently hidden from the public's view.

Municipios

Country-level governments in Mexican states

in early 2014, Russia annexed what region

Crimea

procedural democracy

Decision making process involving; universal participation, political equality, majority rule, and responsiveness

civil society in Nigeria

Deep cleavages across Nigerian society have greatly hampered the development of a vibrant civil society within the country. Mistrust among the various ethnic and religious groups within the society remains a significant problem.

Zedillo, Ernesto

Mexico's president from a 1994-2000; he implemented political reforms that paved the way for fair elections in 2000

Nahuatl

Mexico's second-largest indigenous group concentrated in central Mexico

Indirect Democracy

Democracy in which representatives of the public are responsible for government decision making

Direct Democracy

Democracy that allows the public to participate directly in government decision making

Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong. De facto ruler of China from 1970's to 1997

Deng Xiaoping

"It doesn't matter whether a cat is white or black, as long as it catches the mice." The famous statement above reflects the governing approach taken by

Deng Xiaoping Theory

Political Attitude

Description of one's views regarding the speed and methods with which political changes should take place in a given society; views regarding the status quo in any society, specifically the desired pace and methods of political change

Structural Adjustment/Import Substitution

Development strategy that uses tariffs and other barriers to imports, and therefore stimulates domestic industries.

foreign direct investment

Direct investments in productive assets by a company incorporated in a foreign country, as opposed to investments in shares of local companies by foreign entities. An important feature of an increasingly globalized economic system.

Single-Member District (SMD)

Districts in which only one representative for each constituency and the candidate with the larges number of votes- and not necessarily a majority- wins the state

Separation of Power

Division of powers among branches of government.

Fragmentation

Divisions based on ethnic or cultural identity

substantive democracy

Domocracy is in the substance of gov. policies, and not in the policy making procedure

Economic forces

Economic inequalities may also destabalize a nation-state - a fundamental centrifugal force.

First Past the Post

Electoral system based on single-member districts in which the candidate who receives the most votes wins.

rent/rent-seeking behavior

Expenditure of scarce resources (capital, human, natural) to produce or gain an asset that generates economic rent.

Maquiladoras

Factories that import goods or parts to manufacture goods that are exported

Chinese spiritual movement suppressed by the Chinese government since the late 1990s

Falun Gong

Multinational Corporation (MNC)

Firm that produces, distributes, and markets its goods or services in more than one country

radical

French party that was radical by 19th century standards, which is to say it favored democracy, capitalism, and anticlericalism

GDP per capita

GDP divided by total population.

christian democratic party

Germany's leading right-of-center party; similar parties exist elsewhere where there is a large catholic population

Social Democratic Party

Germany's left-of-center party, in power since 1997

christian democratic parties

Germany's leading right-of-center party; similar parties exist elsewhere where there is a large catholic population

Property

Goods or services that are owned by an individual or group, privately or publicly

Public Goods

Goods, provided or secured by the sate, available to society and which no private person or organization can own

neoliberalism is a feature of politics in which country

Great Britain

what country bases its legal and judicial systems on common law

Great Britain

what regions are in the UK

Great Britain, Northern Ireland, England, Scotland, Wales

what countries formally divides its executive into two positions; the head of government and the dead of state

Great Britain, Russia, and China

Failed Chinese campaign of the late 1950s to speed up development and move to socialism and communism

Great Leap Forward

which case study country would be part of NATO

Great britain

GDP stands for

Gross Domestic Product

Intergovernmental Organizations (IGO)

Group created by states to serve certain policy ends

the majority of people in China are

Han

Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin, who's next?

Hu Jinato

"one country, two systems" is a reference to Chinese policy toward...

Hong Kong

the most significant law-making body in Great Britain is

House of Commons

360 members from single-member districts, elected by plurality, represent many different ethnicities, only 13 representatives were women

House of Representatives

term of congress

House of Representatives: 2 year terms Senate: 6 year terms

President of China

Hu Jinato

Liberal Democratic Party

In Britain, the number-three party and in some ways the most radical.

corporatist systems

In _____, certain interest groups within society have a special relationship with the government. These key interest groups have a "seat at the table" in return for their cooperation in the creation and implementation of government policies.

parliamentary systems

In _____, the ministers of Government who hold executive power are chosen from within the legislature and are accountable to it. There is no clear separation of executive and legislative functions in such a system. The head of government - often called the prime minister, premier, chancellor, or some other similar term - is a member of the legislature as well, and is usually the head of the majority party in parliament. In many presidential systems, including that of the United States, elections are held on regular schedules. In parliamentary systems, this is rarely the case. Instead, there is usually a maximum term between elections of the legislature, but no minimum. Elections occur on irregular election cycles, and are usually" called" by the prime minister at some point prior to the deadline.

pluralist systems

In _______, interest groups compete, rather than cooperate, for influence over government. ______ are based on the idea that all individuals, political parties, and interest groups have roughly equal access and ability to influence government policy, and that the government is neutral in its treatment of interest groups. In theory, so long as all interest groups feel they have access to the political process and are being heard, such systems will remain stable.

unitary system

In a ______, all power ultimately rests in the hands of the central government. Any power exercised by sub-national governments (e.g., state, provincial, or city governments) exists because it was granted by the central government.

federal system

In a ________, there is some power that does not ultimately rest in the hands of the central government and such power may not be taken away by the central government through normal law making procedures. Instead, in ______, the power of the sub-national governments is guaranteed in the constitution and only by amending that document can the powers of the sub-national governments be altered or taken away.

Substantive Democracy

In a ____________, competitive elections are held and the results are likely representative of the political views of the population. Peaceful transitions from one government to the next are also an important aspect of _______________ies.

Procedural Democracy

In a _____________, elections are held, and the institutions and processes of elected government appear to be in place, but for any number of possible reasons, including electoral fraud and excessive vetting of candidates prior to the election, the results of those elections may not be reflective of the political views of the population.

Liberal Democracy

In a ______________, free, fair and competitive elections are held, and political liberties such as free speech and press are respected. Traits include: 1 Free, fair, and competitive elections 2 Large scale disenfranchisement is not a.problem 3 Civil liberties and/or human rights are protected 4 Strong independent judiciaries 5 Large, strong civil societies

Sovereignty

In a basic sense, ____________ can be defined as having independent legal authority over a particular territory, and the legitimate power to rule and make laws for that territory.

Illiberal Democracy

In an _______, elections are not free, fair, or competitive, and/or political liberties such as free speech and press are not respected. 1 Elections without protections of civil liberties and/or human rights 2 A lack of independent judiciaries 3 Small or weak civil societies 4 Large-scale disenfranchisement, often along racial or ethnic cleavages

bureaucracy

In general, _________s display a high degree of specialization of functions, as well as fixed rules and a rigid hierarchy. _____ is a part of nearly all governmental systems regardless of size, but is particularly crucial in implementing policy in authoritarian systems led by a single party. In such systems, members of the ______ are usually drawn from party members, and are accountable to the party leadership.

Impeachment vs. Confidence Votes

In parliamentary systems, Governments and prime ministers are usually removed through confidence votes or internal actions of the ruling party, while in presidential systems, impeachment is the usual means of removing the executive administration. While there are many differences between these two approaches to government, one of the most important to keep in mind is that confidence votes normally require only a simple majority of the lower house to topple a government, while impeachment often requires that the president first be accused of violating a law (the literal impeachment), and then that a super-majority of the legislature, or some other body, vote to remove the president.

Political Participation in Nigeria

In theory, citizens of Nigeria have all the avenues of liberal, democratic political participation open to them. In reality, the structures of government and politics in Nigeria do not function well. As a result, political violence is one of the most common forms of political participation in the country. In the past, coup d'etats have been an important means of changing governments in Nigeria.

National People's Congress

In theory, the party's highest body is the _____________. In practice, the Party Congress is too large and meets too infrequently - once every five years - to exercise any real authority. Instead, it functions primarily as a "rubber stamp" of broad policy decisions made by smaller and more powerful party structures.

presidential systems

In_______, the executive power is held in a separate branch of government from the legislative and judicial powers. This executive branch is usually led by a single president, hence the name. Under normal circumstances, the executive is not accountable to, nor removable by, the legislature. Votes of confidence are not part of presidential systems. As a result of this separation of executive and legislative powers, presidential systems are often slow to act, lack party discipline in the legislative branch, and are prone to political "gridlock."

Parastatals

Industries partially or fully owned by the state.

Hyperinflation

Inflation of more than 50% a month for more than two months in a row

Formal Institutions

Institutions usually based on officially sanctioned rules that are relatively clear

Informal Institutions

Institutions with unwritten and unofficial rules

Democratic corporatism

Interest representation is institutionalized by the state and organizations develop institutionalized and legally binding links with the state agencies, so that the groups become semi-public agencies, acting on behalf of the state. As a result, groups and individuals lose their freedom.

Nongovernmental Organizations

International organizations that operate outside of the formal political arena but that are nevertheless influential in spearheading international initiatives on social, economic, and environmental issues.

List of Prime Ministers in Britain (Oldest to most recent)

James Callaghan, Margaret Thatcher, John Major, Tony Blair, Gordan Brown, David Cameron

Concrete Review

Judicial review that allows the constitutional court to rule on the basis of actual legal disputes brought before it.

why did the social and economic reforms described in the Beveridge report succeed in Britian? why did a more capitalistic policy not prevail?

Labour party won the 1945 elections. they were committed to going farther and faster in enacting its recommendations as well as nationalizing a number of key industries. Conservatives had retained the welfare state Labour has so greatly expanded in the first few years after the war.

David Cameron

Leader of the British Conservative Party since 2006

Bicameral Legislatures

Legislatures with two chambers

Rational-Legal Legitimacy

Legitimacy based on a system of laws and procedures that are highly institutional

Charismatic Authority

Legitimacy of a leader derived from personality, rather than ideology.

Traditional Legitimacy

Legitimacy that accepts aspects of of politics because they have been institutionalized over a long period of time

Vanguard of the Proletariat

Lenin's argument that an elite communist party would have to carry out revolution because as a result of false consciousness, historical conditions would not automatically lead to capitalism's demise

Newly Industrializing Countries

Less developed countries whose economies and whose trade now include significant amounts of manufactured products. As a result, these countries have a per capita GDP significantly higher than the average per capita GDP for less developed countries.

what effect did the Maastricht Treaty have on the European Union

Limited king's power, stated that people have rights

fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

Glasnost

Literally, openness. The policy of political liberalization implemented in the Soviet Union in the late 1980s

Perestroika

Literally, restructuring; the policy of political and economic liberalization implemented in the Soviet Union the the late 1980s

Caciques

Local military strongmen, who generally controlled local politics in 19th century Mexico

Birthrate

The number of childbirths per 1,000 people per year. Decreasing birthrates are often a sign of economic development.

the first document limiting monarchial powers in Great Britain

Magna Carta

The Chinese version of Marxism-Leninism developed by Mao Zedong which emphasizes the strengths of the peasant class

Maoism

Criollos

Mexican-born descendants of Spaniards during the period of Spanish colonial rule

Mestizos

Mexicans of mixed European and indigenous blood who make up the majority of Mexico's population

Congress

Mexico's bicameral legislature

Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM)

Mexico's dominant trade union confederation, which was a main pillar of the PRI's authoritarian regime

de Santa Anna, General Antonio López

Mexico's first great caudillo, who dominated its politics for three decades in the mid 19th century

Supreme Court

Mexico's highest court

Maya

Mexico's largest indigenous group, concentrated in the south of the country

An agreement in which Mexico, the US and Canada committed themselves to the elimination of the trade barriers among them

NAFTA

Coercive Governmental Structures

No matter which type of governmental system is in place, all governments exercise their power through the use of force from time to time. The coercive governmental structures used can range from the military or secret police, to regular police and a penal system. In many countries, these coercive forces are used to suppress opposition to the government. While in others, they mostly serve to protect against crime and civil unrest., In authoritarian systems, the use of coercive force to suppress opposition to the government is common. Torture, imprisonment without a fair trial, and summary executions of oppositions forces are frequently used to maintain control in such systems.

A philosophy that those who have wealth and power are responsible for those who are less fortunate

Noblisse Oblige

Sinn fein advocates for what region of the UK

Northern Ireland

NIMBY

Not In My Back Yard: opposition by residents to a proposal for a new development because it is close to them

What subsidy dominate the Nigerian economy

Oil

The policy that has increased the average age in China

One-Child Policy

Act in China that allows people to have only 1 child in the city and 2 children in the countryside created in 1980; to control population

One-child policy

Civil Society

Organizations outside of the state that help people define and advance their own interests

Reactionary

Someone who seeks to restore the institutions of a real or imagined earlier order

Infant Mortality Rate

The number of deaths of children one year of age or younger per 1,000 live births. Decreasing infant mortality rates are a sign of economic development.

Deathrate

The number of deaths per 1,000 people per year Decreasing death rates are a sign of economic development.

Nomenklatura

The process of filing influential jobs in the state, society, or the economy with people approved and chosen by the communist party

Glasnost

Policy of openness initiated by Gorbachev in the 1980s that provided increased opportunities for freedom of speech, association and the press in the Soviet Union.

Authoritarian Regimes

Regimes that limit the role of the public in decisions making and often deny citizens basic rights and restrict their freedoms

Yoruba

People who spoke a common language and originally belonged to a number of small city-states in the forests on the southern edge of the savanna in what is today Benin and southwestern Nigeria.

PRC

Peoples Republic of China

Economic Liberalization

Philosophy that aims to limit the power of the state and increase the power of the market and private property in an economy.

Social Democrats

Philosophy that rejects revolution and prefers moderate socialistic and other egalitarian reforms enacted through the parliamentary process

Nationalism

Pride in one's people and the belief that they have unique political destiny

Patriotism

Pride in one's state

who elects cabinents

Prime Minister

John Major

Prime Minister after Margaret Thatcher (1990-1997);

Fusion of Power

Principle of parliamentary democracy in which the executive and legislative branches share powers.

Rule of Law

Principle that the law applies to everyone, even those who govern

Elite Recruitment

Process through which future political leaders are identified and selected.

political capital

describes the power of government officials derived from their political popularity

Personality Cult

Promotion of the image of an authoritarian leaders not merely as a political figure but as someone who embodies the spirit of the nation and possess endowments of wisdom and strength far beyond those of the average individual and is thus portrayed in a quasi-religious manner; state sponsored exaltation of an authoritarian leader

Labour Party

The working-class socialist party established in the 1890s to represent the interest of workers in the British government, and to try to achieve change peacefully.

Revolution

Public seizure of the state in order to overturn the existing government and regime

Political Capital

describes the power of government officials derived from their political popularity.

Judicial Review

Review by a court of law of actions of a government official or entity or of some other legally appointed person or body or the review by an appellate court of the decision of a trial court

Personal/ Monarachical Rule

Rule by a single, leader, with no clear regime or rules constraining that leadership

Illiberal Democracy

Rule by an elected leadership through procedures of questionable democratic legitimacy; does not protect basic civil liberties

Military Rule

Rule by one or more military officials, often brought to power through a coup d'etat; often authoritarian

Military Rule

Rule by one or more military officials, often brought to power through a coup d'état.

anatoly chubais

Russian government official who was put in charge of crafting the program to privatize the state-owned industries of the Soviet Union?

mikhail khodorkovsky

Russian tycoon arrested on corruption and tax evasion charges in 2003

The Ultimate legal authority in Iran is

Sharia Law

What type of law is practiced in some regions of Nigeria

Sharia Law

redistributive politics

Shift wealth from rich to poor

authority

Similar to power, but with at least a claim of legitimacy.

patrimonial state

Single ruler treats state as his own personal property,a nd appoints public offices to his own favor.

post-industrial

describing an economy in which the service sector has become more important than the industrial sector

Cleavages

Social or cultural divisions within a state

(KGB)

Soviet secret police

Ethnic Identity/ Ethnicity

Specific attributes and societal institutions that make one group of people culturally different from others

what is the most important center of policymaking in china

Standing Committee of the Politburo

Social Expenditures

State provisions of public benefits, such as education, health care, and transportation

Bonyads

Tax exempt, charitable trusts in Iran that control 20% of the country's GDP through petroleum.

Population Breakdown by Age

The distribution of a population by age. For example, the percentages of a population aged 0-14, 15-49, and 49 and over. An older, or aging, population is often a sign of economic development. Age may also be an important cleavage within a society.

politics

The process of making collective decisions. _______ takes many forms. The concept encompasses what is done within the formal governmental and political structures of a society, but also informal interactions as well.

Democratization

The process of making something democratic.

Land Use

The distribution of land between various uses. Often land use is split between arable land, permanent crops and other uses. Can indicate level of economic development. However, simple rules are difficult to create. For instance, a high percentage of agricultural land often indicates a country is still developing. However, some developed countries have a significant, portion of their land growing crops as well.

Country

Term used to refer to state, government, regime, and the people who live within that political system

State Sponsored Terrorism

Terrorism supported directly by a state as an instrument of foreign policy

Juárez, Benito

The 19th century Mexican president who is today considered an early proponent of a modern, secular, and democratic Mexico

Cuauhtémoc

The Aztec military leader defeated by the Spanish conquerors

Political Socialization in China

The CCP is the main agent of political socialization in China. The CCP is involved in nearly every official structure in Chinese society; from the media and schools to scout troops, and the CCP uses all of these structures to indoctrinate and educate the people of China in the socialist system of the country.

(EU)

european union: the current name of the "common market"

The upper legislative house of the Russian Federation, consisting of 2 members from each of the 89 federal administrative units. One member is selected by the each regional governor and the second by the regional legislature

The Federation Council

Democratic Centralism

The Leninist organizational structure that concentrates power in the hands of the party elite

Díaz, Porfirio

The Mexican dictator who ruled from 1876-1910 and was deposed by the Mexican Revolution

Cárdenas, Lázaro

The Mexican president from 1934-40 who implemented a radical program of land reform and nationalized Mexican oil companies

López Portillo, José

The Mexican president from 1976-82; he increased the role of the state in the economy and nationalized Mexico's banking system in an attempt to avert a national economic crisis

Carranza, Venustiano

The Mexican revolutionary leader who eventually restored political order, ended the revolution's violence, and defeated the more radical challenges of Zapata and Villa

a Revolutionary Alliance formed in 1905 by a group of radical Chinese studying in Japan. They elected Chiang Kai-shek as their leader.

The Nationalist Party/ Kuomintang

Political Party System in China

The PRC effectively operates under a single-party system. Unlike the other countries covered in this course, the PRC is run by the parallel structures of the CCP and the government. The CCP sets the ideological and policy agenda in the PRC and party members populate virtually all government positions of real authority. The CCP has ultimate control of many of the key agents of political socialization in China, including the media, schools, and the government. Although other political parties are allowed to exist, all legally operating parties in the PRC must be approved by the CCP. Parties that challenge the supremacy of the CCP rarely, if ever, gain official approval.

sovereignty in Nigeria

The People

President of China

The President of the PRC is largely a ceremonial position. All official actions of the president must be done under orders of the NPC and its Standing Committee. The office has no power of its own. The office of president is term limited; the president may not serve more than two consecutive five-year terms. While the office of the president has no official power in the government, it has been traditional since the 1990s for the president to also be the general secretary of the CCP. Since the president is head of state of China, the office represents China to the world. By making the general secretary of the CCP the president, the most powerful political figure in China has also been its public and diplomatic face to the world. As a result, the presidency is a powerful position in China despite the lack of official governmental powers.

Cortés, Hernán

The Spanish conqueror of Mexico

People's Liberation Army (PLA)

The __________ is the unified land, sea, air, and missile forces of the PRC.

Central Committee

The ___________ - consists of about 300 members chosen by the National Party Congress. Members all hold positions of significant power around the country. Theoretically, the ______ is the body that chooses the members of the Politburo, its standing committee, and the general secretary of the party. The ______ exercises the authority of the National Party Congress when that body is not in session, approving party policies. The ______ often plays a crucial role in party policy-making because it is the organ of the CCP in which true political debate between party elites occurs.

Discipline Inspection Commission

The _______________ - has the job of finding corruption within the party, enforcing standards of conduct (including ideological standards), and disciplines party members who do not follow the standards or engage in corruption.

Sovereignty

The ability of a state to carry out actions or policies within a territory independently from external actors or internal rivers

Freedom

The ability of an individual to act independently, without fear of restriction or punishment by the state or other individuals or groups in society

Comparative Advantage

The ability of one country to produce a particular good or service more efficiently relative to other countries' efficiency in producing the same good or service

Autonomy

The ability of the state to wield its power independently of the public

Capacity

The ability of the state to wield power to carry out basic tasks, such as defending territory, making and enforcing rules, collecting rules, collecting taxes, and managing the economy

Power

The ability to influence others or impose one's will on them

power

The ability to make others do something they might not otherwise have done.

Development

The act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining

Constitution of 1917

The document established by the Mexican Revolution that continues to regulate Mexico's political regime

Under Mikhail Gorbachev, Soviet policies that opened up the system and allowed for freedom of expression.

glasnost

advantages of holding referendums

The advantages of holding referendums include the following: 1. The government can avoid responsibility for the policy implemented through a referendum, shifting accountability to the people. 2. If, as is often the case, the executive has the power to call a referendum, it allows the executive to bypass the legislature. Although this is only true if the executive branch has the power to call referendums unfettered by the legislature. 3. The government can claim it is acting democratically by putting the issue to a vote of the people. 4. Calling for a referendum on an issue, and actually holding a vote, can force a decision on an issue and shut off debate. This can be very important to a government if it is using up valuable political capital debating an issue that is important to the public, but not a major part of the government's agenda. 5. Calling for a referendum on an issue can lead to greater legitimacy for the policy if the referendum succeeds and the policy is ultimately implemented.

Fertility Rate

The average number of children that would be born per woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years and bore children according to a given fertility rate at each age. Decreasing fertility rates are often a sign of economic development.

Political Ideology

The basic values held by an individual about the fundamental goals of politics or the ideal balance of freedom and equality

Constitution

The body of fundamental laws setting out the principles, structures, and processes of a government

Judiciary

The branch of a country's central administration that is concerned with dispensing justice

Legislature

The branch of government charged with making laws

Executive

The branch of government that carries out the laws and policies of a state

Population Growth Rate

The change in population over time. The rate of population growth often slows as countries become more developed. However, other factors including war, famine, and disease may also slow or even reverse population growth. It is also important to remember that population growth can be affected by factors other than birthrates or fertility rates. Net positive immigration, for example, may be an important factor in the population growth of some countries.

Cabinet

The chief government ministers or officials in government, in charge of such policy areas as defense and agriculture

Separation of Powers

The clear division of power between different branches of government and the provision that specific branches may check the power of other branches

Sharia

The code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed

guanxi

The concept of _____ cannot be easily defined in English. It is deeply rooted in Chinese culture and influences how every aspect of Chinese society operates, including those related to government and politics. ______ describes a personal connection between two people that allows one to ask a favor of the other. ____ also describes a network of contacts which an individual can ask to do a favor, or can call upon to exert influence on behalf of a third party. _____ can also describe the idea that the relationship between two people is such that they needn't speak their needs for the other to take them into consideration before acting. No matter the formal structures in place, much decision making in China still occurs on the basis of ______.

Mexican-American War

The conflict between Mexico and the US in which the US gained one-third of Mexican territory (Texas)

Corporatism

The control of a state by interest groups.

clause 4

The controversial clause in the Labour Party manifesto that called for nationalization of all British industry. This clause was eliminated by Party leader Tony Blair as part of his realignment to "New Labour" during the early 1990's.

Marketization

The creation of the market forces of supply and demand in a country

Net Migration

The difference between the number of immigrants to a territory and the emigrants from that same territory. A positive value indicates a net inflow of people; a negative number indicates a net outflow.

GDP by economic sector

The distribution of a country's GDP by economic sector. For example, the percentages of a country's GDP derived from agriculture, industry, and services. Countries with large service sectors are usually the most developed. Those with large industrial sectors usually come next. Those with large agricultural sectors are usually the least developed.

Population Breakdown by Race or Ethnicity

The distribution of a population based on ethnic or racial classifications. Examinations of the racial or ethnic distributions within a country may provide insights into political cleavages within that society.

Population Breakdown by Religion

The distribution of a population based on religious classifications. Examinations of the religious distribution within a country may provide insights into political cleavages within that society.

Head of Government

The executive role that deals with the everyday tasks of running the state, such as formulating and executing policy

Head of Government

The executive role that deals with the everyday tasks of running the state, such as formulating and executing policy.

Head of State

The executive role that symbolizes and represents the people both nationally and internationally

Head of State

The executive role that symbolizes and represents the people both nationally and internationally.

Life Expectancy at Birth

The expected number of years of life remaining at the time of birth for a given population. Increasing life expectancy at birth is a sign of economic development.

velayat-e faqih

The guardianship of the religious jurist. Concept elaborated by Ayatollah Khomeini to justify political rule by the clergy.

Proletariat

The working class

empirical or positive question

The first type of question - how do things actually happen? - is known as a factual question, ___________. The answer to such a question tells us the way things actually are.

Labastida, Francisco

The first-ever PRI candidate to lose a presidential election; he was defeated in 2000 by Vicente Fox of the PAN

Regime

The fundamental rules and norms of politics, embodying long-term goals regarding individual freedom and collective equality, where power should reside and the use of that power

International Regime

The fundamental rules and norms that link states together and shape their relationships to one another, usually regarding some specific issues (such as greenhouse gasses or trade).

Satisfaction

The government enjoys legitimacy if the citizens receive benefits from the government, if the government wins wars, and if the citizens are protected from violence and crime.

Constitutional Court

The highest judicial body in a political system that decides whether laws and policies violate the Constitution; in most political systems they oversee the entire judicial structure

economic development

The improvement of living standards by economic growth.

Market

The interaction between the forces of supply and demand that allocates resournces

Government

The leadership or elite in charge of running the state

Lower House

The legislative chamber that usually represents the population at large

Upper House

The legislative house that often represents geographic sub-units

Central Committee

The legislature-like body of a communist party

legitimacy in Nigeria

The legitimacy of the current Nigerian government system rests mostly in its design. With a federal structure and requirements for competitive elections, the Nigerian system is built to assure that all portions of Nigeria's highly diverse population have a say in its governance. In reality, the ineffectiveness of the current government and prior governments as well, greatly undermines this legitimacy. During periods of military rule, the legitimacy of those governments rested heavily in the fact that the religious and ethnic cleavages, which create so much turmoil in Nigerian society, tend to have a smaller impact on the functioning of the military.

Chamber of Deputies

The lower house of Mexico's legislature

Comparative Method

The means by which social scientists make comparisons across cases

Comparative Method

The means by which social scientists make comparisons across cases.

Judicial Review

The mechanism by which courts can review the actions of government and overturn those that violate the constitution

GDP real growth rate

The percentage change in GDP over a given period adjusted for inflation.

Rate of Urbanization

The percentage change in the population that lives in urban areas over a given time.Rapid urbanization is often an indication of economic development. This data may also be useful in analyzing the growth of an urban/rural cleavage within a society.

Urbanization

The percentage of a population that lives in urban areas. Heavily urbanized societies are often more economically developed. This data may also be useful in analyzing an urban/rural cleavage within a society

Literacy Rates

The percentage of people who can read and write at a particular age. (There is no universal definition of what it means to be able to read and write). Higher literacy rates tend to indicate a higher degree of economic development.

Unemployment Rate

The percentage of the population, that is willing and able to work, but does not have a job.

Civil Service

The permanent professional branches of a government's administration, excluding military and judicial branches and elected politicians

Import substitution industrialization (ISI)

The political economic model followed during the authoritarian regime of the PRI, in which the domestic economy was protected by high tariffs in order to promote industrial growth

Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI)

The political party that emerged from the from the Mexican Revolution to preside over an authoritarian regime that lasted until 2000. Social Democracy.

tertiary sector

The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment.

Abstract Review

The power of judicial review that allows courts to decide on questions that do not arise from actual legal cases; sometimes occurs even before legislation becomes law

Laissez-Faire

The principle that the economy should be "allowed to do" what it wishes; a liberal system of minimal state interference in the ecnonomy

Co-Optation

The process by which individuals or members of the public are brought into a beneficial relationship with the state, making them dependent on the state for certain rewards

Globalization

The process of expanding and intensifying linkages between states, societies, and ecnomics

state

The territory (or one of the territories) under the control of a government. The concept of _____ includes the idea that control is exercised by some degree of force. While a _____ may consist of only a single nation, many ___s rule over two or more nations.

Politburo

The top policy-making and executive body of a communist party

Gross Domestic Products (GDP)

The total market value of all goods and services produced by a country over a period of one year

Total Population

The total number of people who live in a particular territory. Total population is one indicator of a country's global and regional importance. It is no surprise that all six countries covered in this course are among the 25 most populous countries on earth.

Gross Domestic Product

The total value of goods and services produced within the borders of a country during a specific time period, usually one year.

Gross National Product

The total value of goods and services, including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country within a specific time period, usually one year.

Devolution

The transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to regional governments.

Privatization

The transfer of state-owned property to private owndership

Globalization

The trend toward increased cultural and economic connectedness between people, businesses, and organizations throughout the world.

Senate

The upper house of Mexico's legislature

Terrorism

The use of violence by non-state actors against civilians in order to achieve a political goal

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given year. Higher levels of GDP often mean more power in world affairs.

Civil Society

The way citizens organize and communicate their interests

why were literacy tests abolished

They were used unfairly to bar African Americans from voting.

party general secretary

Traditionally, the nine-member Politburo Standing Committee holds the most power within the CCP, usually setting the direction of party policy. The Standing Committee of the Politburo holds weekly meetings chaired by the party general secretary. The _____________ is usually the single most powerful political figure in China.

Radicals

Those with a political attitude that favors dramatic, often revolutionary change

Conservatives

Those with a political attitude that is skeptical of change and supports the current order

implied powers

granted by reasonable deduction from expressed powers

Privatization

To change from government or public ownership or control to private ownership or control.

privatization

To change from government or public ownership or control to private ownership or control.

supranational organizations

Today, groups ranging from the World Bank, World Trade Organization (WTO), and International Monetary Fund (IMF), to the European Union play an important role in world governance. These organizations all have some authority to enforce multilateral agreements on a wide range of issues. At times, member and non-member states have claimed that these organizations infringed upon the sovereignty of nation-states. These organizations can have a significant effect on any number of domestic political issues within member states, including environmental, taxation, and monetary policies. The current standoff in the United Nations over the development of nuclear technology in Iran is but one example of a country claiming that a supranational organization is infringing on its national sovereignty.

who is PA's governor

Tom Wolf

British prime minister since 1997 and architect of "New Labour"

Tony Blair

rural factories and businesses of greatly varying size that are run by local government and private entrepreneurs. They make their own decisions and are responsible for their profits and losses. The growth of this system has slowed the migration of peasants to the cities and has become the backbone of economic strength in the countryside.

Township and Village Enterprises (TVEs)

Gender as a cleavage

Traditional Chinese culture places far greater value on male children than on female children. At times throughout China's history, this has led to parents killing female infants. Although it is illegal under current Chinese law, the use of sex-selection abortions is a modern incarnation of this ancient issue in Chinese society.

marshall plan

U. S. funds provided for reconstruction of europe after WWII

devolution is currently in what country

UK

Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA)

US immigration legislation (1986) that toughened American immigration laws while granting amnesty to many longtime undocumented workers

Supreme People's Court (SPC)

Under the Chinese constitution, the ___________ is responsible to the NPC, and therefore is not a truly independent body, nor does it have the power of judicial review. The ___ is responsible for administering courts of all levels and in all regions of China. Like most supreme courts around the world, the _________ is a court of last resort and has appellate jurisdiction over cases heard in the local courts and the special courts.

the dominant political party in Russia is

United Russia

The political party led by Russian president Vladimir Putin; gained 64% of the vote or 315 out of 450 seats in 2007 election. No real ideological position other than "pro-Putin"

United Russia Party

Camarillas

Vast informal networks of personal loyalty that operate as powerful political cliques

expressed powers

granted to congress exploitly in the consitution

Became president of Mexico in 2000 and ended the PRI's reign; first democratically elected candidate from an opposition party; pushed to end official corruption, reduce poverty, and spur economic growth; tried to protect the rights of Mexico's natives

Viciente Fox

Political Violence

Violence outside of state control that is politically motivated

Vote of Confidence

Vote taken by a legislature as to whether its members continue to support the current prime minister. Depending on the country, a vote of no confidence can force the resignation of the prime minister and/or lead to new parliamentary elections.

Vote of No Confidence

Vote taken by a legislature as to whether its members continue to support the current prime minister; depending on the country, a vote of no confidence can force the resignation of the prime minister and/or lead to new parliamentary elections

Proportional representation

Voting is arranged in multimember districts. Voters cast votes for parties and seats are divided among parties on the basis of percentage of overall vote. This usually results in a multi-party system.

prime minister of china

Wen Jibao

The United Nations

When it was formed in 1945, the United Nations' main mission was to prevent World War III. Since its founding, the primary structure within the United Nations for achieving this goal has been the UN Security Council. The Security Council consists of five permanent members, and ten members who hold their seats on a rotating basis. The five permanent members of the Security Council are the five victorious powers from World War II: The People's Republic of China, France, the Russian Federation, The United Kingdom, and the United States. These powers are also the only countries that are recognized as nuclear weapons powers under the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NNPT).

Multicausality

When variables are interconnected and interact together to produce particular outcomes

current chief justice of the supreme

William Rehnquist

Service Sector

Work that does not involve creating tangible goods

structural adjustment

World Bank programs which offer financial and management aid to poor countries while demanding privatization, trade liberalization, and governmental fiscal restraint

corporatism

_____ is a method through which business, labor, and/or other interest groups bargain with the state over economic policy. ______ makes the government appear to be less authoritarian, but in reality the practice eliminates any input from groups not sanctioned or created by the state. Only a handful of groups have the right to speak for the public, effectively silencing the majority of citizens in political affairs. _______ gives the public a limited influence in the policymaking process, but the interest groups are funded and managed by the state. Most people would rather have a state-sanctioned organization than none at all, so many participate willingly with the hope that the state will meet their needs.

Civil Society

_____ is made up of the voluntary organizations that form the basis of a functioning society. Social organizations, religious organizations, charities, civic groups, and other voluntary organizations are part of _______. _______ does not include the structures of the state, which are backed up by force, nor does it include the economic structures of society that form the market. The success of a _______ rests on social norms that lead to cooperation within and among groups, such as belief in the rule of law, respect for others, and honest and reliable performance of duties. Such social norms are the social capital of a society. If a society has few widely respected social norms of this type, it will be difficult, if not impossible, to establish a well-functioning ________. Well-functioning ___________s are often seen as necessary to establish a well-functioning liberal democracy.

Politburo

______ consists of 25 full members, including the members of the Politburo Standing Committee. The ______ consists of the key decision makers in China. Selects candidates for Central Committee membership before meetings of the National Party Congress.

Gerrymandering

______ is the manipulation of electoral district boundaries for political purposes.

political participation

_______ describes any means used by people to express their opinions, and perhaps influence political events and/or government actions. The means and methods available vary from country to country, but some are available regardless of the political regime in place or country involved.

legitimacy

_______ is the generally held belief, within a society, that a government has the right to rule or exercise power.

democratic centralism

_______ is the system of internal political organization used in China. The term was first used to describe the Marxist/Leninist system used in the U.S.S.R. Under the theory of ______, members of the ruling party in a single-party state are allowed to debate policy, but once a decision has been reached by majority vote, all members are expected to follow the decision. In the words of Vladimir Lenin, _______ requires "freedom of discussion, unity of action." In systems that employ ______, the government is usually subordinate to the party. This has been the case in China since the founding of the PRC.

Command economies

_______ often have many of the following characteristics in common: 1. Central planning of all major economic decisions 2. Fixed or government set prices for goods and services 3. Government control of distribution and production of most, if not all, goods in the economy 4. Government control of employment and wages 5. Government ownership of most economic resources 6. Government ownership of all property, or few private property rights, if any 7. Government determined production levels and production quotas 8. Government created economic "plans" (e.g., 3-year plans, 5-year plans, etc.) 9. Small degree of income inequality for the vast majority of the population 10. Little freedom of choice in economic matters, including occupations, jobs, and housing

clientelism

________ is exemplified in China, Russia, Mexico, and Nigeria.

Market economies

________ often have many of the following characteristics in common: 1. The law of supply and demand, rather than the government, allocates most resources 2. Private property is largely respected 3. Significant income and wage inequality can be found across a large portion of the society 4. Economic booms and busts (i.e., the business cycle) 5. Persistent unemployment, although the rate of unemployment varies over time 6. Focus is on the profits of businesses 7. Population has significant freedom of choice in occupations, jobs, housing, etc. 8. Competition is expected between workers and between businesses

Political orientation

_________ is the ideas one holds about politics.

Political socialization

_________ is the process by which people get their ideas about politics (political orientation), and about government as well. The process of __________occurs through interactions between people and agents of political socialization, and includes the passing down of political ideas from one generation to the next.

Globalization

_________ is the process through which the countries of the world are becoming more interconnected in the economic, political, and social realms. Many believe that technology is driving _____, although other factors may contribute as well. The increased reliance on market economies seen all around the world, the ratification of numerous free trade agreements, and the increasing importance of supranational organizations, such as the European Union (EU), have also played a role.

Central Military Commission

__________ - although the chairman of the _________n of the PRC (the government) is technically commander-in-chief of the Chinese military, the ________ of the CCP really controls military policy in the PRC.

Cross-cutting Cleavages

__________ exist when membership in one segment of society does not correlate with membership in another segment of society. For example, membership in a particular ethnic group does not tend to correlate with membership in a particular social class.

Agents of political socialization

__________ vary from society to society, but always include some of the following: 1. Family 2. Religion 3. Race or Ethnicity 4. Economic or Social Class 5. Gender 6. School 7. Peers 8. Media 9. Government 10. Political Parties 11. Interest Groups 12. Work 13. Trade Unions

Voter Turnout

___________ is the number of eligible voters who actually vote in an election. It can be expressed as either a raw number, or as a percentage. In countries which use electoral systems to choose government officials, it can be helpful to look at level of _______ to determine how satisfied the people are with the current system. However, you must always be aware that _______ can sometimes be coerced, and at other times governments may inflate the numbers to increase their apparent legitimacy.

Economic development

____________ is a measure of the social and economic progress of countries. Increases in ___________ are often indicated by factors such as an increase in the use of new technologies - a move from an agricultural society to an industrial society for instance - and rising living standards.

Social movements and interest groups

_______________ arise when a segment of society feels strongly about a particular cause. These causes may include environmental issues, concerns over women's or minority rights, concerns over globalization, or just about any other political issue imaginable. Social movements are usually informal in nature, but may lead to the creation of more formal interest groups. ______________ often arise along cleavages in a society, and can have a great deal of influence on political events if the governmental and political system in place allows.

political culture

_________________ describes the way a nation or other group of people approaches issues of government and politics. A strong consensual political culture, for example, can help develop and maintain a similar political orientation across a wide political spectrum.

Duverget's law

a 2-party system is created when parliament is elected by plurality in single-member districts; a multi-party system is created in proportional representation

De facto

a Latin term meaning in fact. Often used in politics to describe situations in which political realities differ from those required by law

De jure

a Latin term meaning in or by law. Often used in politics to describe situations in which political realities differ from those required by law.

australian ballot

a ballot containing the names of all the candidates for public office, handed to the voter at the polling station to be marked in secret: originated in australia

constitution

a basic political document that lays out the institutions and procedures a country follows

Democratic pluralism

a basic principle of democracy and a situation in which power is split among many groups. The formation of interest groups is spontaneous, and the dialogue between interest groups and the state is voluntary so the groups remain autonomous.

Social class

a basis of social cleavages. even though this type of cleavage has declined in industrial and post-industrial societies, it is still an important basis of cleavages.

bureaucracy

a body of unelected government officials

petition

a certain number of valid signatures is typically prescribed by statute in order for the candidate to get on the ballot

Political efficacy

a citizen's capacity to understand and influence political events. When citizens enjoy a high level of ____ ______, they believe that the government takes their input seriously and cares about what they have to say. If citizens lack this quality, they may not believe that it is important to vote, or they may try to ignore the government's efforts to enforce laws.

coalition

a combination, union, or merger for some specific purpose

nation

a community of people that shares territory and a government

import substitution

a government policy that uses trade restrictions and subsidies to encourage domestic production of manufactured goods

Import substitution

a government policy that uses trade restrictions and subsidies to encourage domestic production of manufactured goods, Development strategy that uses tariffs and other barriers to imports, and therefore stimulates domestic industries.

white paper

a government statement that outlines proposed legislation; the last stage before the submission of a formal bill

welfare state

a government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc.

level of transparency

a government with a high __________ __ ___________ is one that operates openly by keeping the citizens informed about government operations and political issues and by responding to citizens' questions and advice.

a government that has autonomy is

a government with independence and freedom

industrial policy

a government's decisions and actions, which define goals and methods for the manufacturing sectors of an economy

parastatal

a government-owned corporation to compensate for the lack of private economic development or to ensure complete and equitable service to the whole country (can be anything from a national airline or a railroad to a postal system or manufacturing and marketing operations)

market economy

a governmental and political system in which the governent lets market forces, for the most part, control

Market Economy

a governmental and political system in which the government lets market forces, for the most part, control.

command economy

a governmental and political system under which the government is very involved in the planning and operation of the economy. Market forces are not allowed to operate freely

constitutional monarchy

a governmental system in which the power of a monarch is limited

republic

a governmental system that does not have a monarch

welfare state system

a governmental system under which the government directly or indirectly provides pensions, healthcare, unemployment insurance, and assistance to the poor and others in need

political party

a group of individuals with broad common interests who organize to nominate candidates for office, win elections, conduct government, and determine public policy

liberal parties

a group of parties that are anti-socialistic but have some opinions similar to Arbeiderpartiet. These parties are Venstre, Senterpartiet and KrF.

nation

a group of people bound together by a common political identity.

nation

a group of people who identify themselves as belonging together because of cultural, geographic, or linguistic ties

ethnic group (ethnicity)

a group of people who identify with each other due to a shared culture and/or language

a nation is usually described as

a group of people with the same culture, religion, and language

faction

a group organized on idealogical or other lines operating inside a political party

faction

a group organized on the grounds of self-perceived common interests within a political party, interest group, or government

an illiberal democracy is one lacking in

competitive elections

examples of political participation

a. Coup d'etats, revolutions, resistance movements, and political violence b. Protests, demonstrations, rallies, boycotts and strikes c. Civil disobedience d. Petitioning government (including town hall meetings, letters, emails, phone calls, etc.) e. Forming interest groups, joining social movements, non-governmental organizations (NGO), citizens' policy meetings, etc. f. Joining political parties g. Standing for political office

autarchy

complete self-sufficiency

Totalitarianism

absolute control by the state or a governing branch of a highly centralized institution.

single european act

act that created the truly common market in 1992

(AC)

action congress

(AG)

action group

Communism

advocates a political system in which all property is held in common, usually by the state.

Liberalism

advocates a political system in which the individual is autonomous, civil liberties are respected, and rapid progress is encouraged.

Socialism

advocates a political system in which the means of production and distribution are held in common, usually by the state.

Fascism

advocates a political system in which the nation or a race is seen as most important, not the individual or even the people as a collective.

Conservatism

advocates a political system in which traditional institutions are respected and maintained, while allowing for slow and minimal change.

catch-all party

aim is to gather support from a broad range of citizens through a de-emphasis on ideology and an emphasis on pragmatism and marketing.

stagflation

an inflationary period accompanied by rising unemployment and lack of growth in consumer demand and business activity

accommodation

an informal agreement among a government and important interest groups in response to the interest groups' concerns about government policy or program benefits

political accomodation

an informal agreement among a government and important interest groups, in response to the interest groups' concerns about government policy or program benefits

clientelism

an informal aspect of policymaking in which a powerful patron(e.g. a government agency or dominant political party) offers resources such as land, contacts, protection or jobs in return for the support and services of lower-status and less powerful clients; corruption, preferential treatment and inequality are characteristic of clientelist politics

globalization

an integration of social, environmental, economic, and cultural activities of nations that has resulted from increasing international contacts.

peak association

an interest group organization whose membership is other organizations with parallel interests and goals; frequently a nationwide organization of specialized or localized smaller organizations

advisory opinion

an opinion of a court that does not decide a specific legal case, but instead simply advises other parts of the government on the proper interpretation of the constitution, law, or regulation

political party

an organization created to get and maintain power, usually within a government

Interest Group

an organization formed to work for the views of a relatively narrow group of people, such as a trade union or business association

interest group

an organization formed to work for the views of a relatively narrow group of people, such as a trade union or business association

public structure

an organization or process by which a government carries out its public policies

Political Party

an organization that contests elections or otherwise contends for power

political party

an organized group of people with the primary purpose of electing its members to government office (alternatively, some parties exist to represent and promote a point of view or ideology regardless of electoral successes)

subsidiarity

an organizing principle that matters ought to be handled by the smallest, lowest or least centralized competent authority (Wikipedia definition)

manifesto

another term for a party's platform in an election campaign

political participation

any means used by the people to express their opinions, and perhaps, influence political events and/or government actions

fascism

any movement, ideology, or attitude that favors dictatorial government, centralized control of private enterprise, repression of all opposition, and extreme nationalism

independent variable

any one of the inputs, institutions, or processes that shape the results of government policymaking

interest group

any organization that seeks to influence government policy making to better serve the self-perceived wants and needs of its members

corporatism

arrangements through which government, business, and labor leaders cooperatively set microeconomic or macroeconomic policy, normally outside of the regular electoral legislative process

corporatism: europe

arrangements through which government, business, and labor leaders cooperatively set microeconomic or macroeconomic policy, normally outside of the regular electoral legislative process

power

as conventionally defined, the ability to get someone to do something he or she otherwise would not do

nation

as used by political scientist, primarily a psychological term to describe the attachment or identity rather than a geopolitical unit such as the state

why do comparativists believe that the U. S. is a weak state

at least 2/3 of the branches must reach an agreement

politico

attempt to combine the basic elements of the trustee, delegate, and partisan roles

fragmented authoritarianism

authority divided among several groups/powers

why do some people argue that voter registration ought to be abolished

because people in at least two elections were refused the right to vote by the millions, some people still think all they need to do is vote and they will get a good government.

describe the evolution of the Labour Party in the 70s-80s

began is 1906 as an alliance between trade unions and social groups that were strengthened by expansion of workers' rights

paul-henri spaak

belgian politician who was one of the leading architects of the early common market

post-materialist values

beliefs in the importance of policy goals beyond one's immediate self interest (e.g. environmentalism and cultural diversity) as well as one's prosperity and security; sometimes labeled "post-modern values"

trustee

believe that each question they face must be decided on its merits

conservative party

birtains most important right-of-center party, in power more often than not for two centuries

tony blair

british prime minister, 1997-2007, and architect of "new labour"

thomas hobbes

british social theorist of the seventeenth century who emphasized a strong state

The part of the government composed of technical experts and others who remain from administration to administration

bureaucracy

oligarch

business and political leaders with what some think is undue influence in russia

describe the modern cabinet

cabinet government is becoming a myth. 94-95

coalition

cabinet of parliamentary government in which two or more parties cooperate

term used to describe the permanent, professional (but low level) members of a party, especially in the communist world

cadre

the ability of the state to wield power to carry out basic tasks, such as defending territory, making and enforcing rules, collecting taxes, and managing the economy

capacity

what is a significant change in membership of the CCP in recent years

capitalists may now be party members

qualitative research

case studies of historic and cultural aspects of political systems

online voting

casting votes over the internet

A new type of political party that began to emerge in the 1960s that plays down ideology in order to attract more voters

catch-all parties

state bureaucracy which explicitly allocates resources by planning what should be produced and in what amounts, setting the final prices of these goods, and deciding where they should be sold.

central planning

unicameral

describing a legislative body consisting of one house

eminent domain

change of property without consent implied powers of congress

nationalization

changing something from private to state ownership or control

This type of legitimacy was used in Ayatollah Khomeini's regime following the Iranian Revolution

charismatic legitimacey

Neutrality of the judiciary

check on the abuse of power.

PLA

china's military

CCP

chinese communist party, founded in 1921 and came to power in 1949, it is the ruling party for the people's republic of China.

may 4th movement

chinese protest movement triggered by opposition of the treaty of versailles; a major step on the path leading to the creation and victory of the CCP

falun gong

chinese spiritual movement suppressed by the government since the late 1990s

Social welfare

citizen's social welfare needs include health, employment, family assistance, and education.

Conflictual political culture

citizens in this political culture are sharply divided, often on both the legitimacy of the regime and solutions to major problems.

economic well-being

citizens tend to credit their government with economic prosperity and blame their government for economic hardships, so political legitimacy is reinforced by _____ ____-_________.

presidential system

citizens vote for legislative representatives as well as executive branch leaders and the two branches function with separation of powers.

This term designates official membership within a state by a member of the population

citizenship

people accept the rules and the elites, join groups that bind them to their diverse communities, and are able to resist antisystem protest, making the state resistant to sweeping change

civic culture

Democratic characteristics

civil liberties, rule of law, neutrality of the judiciary, open civil society, civilian control of the military.

This term refers to the aggregation of religious organizations, labor unions, women's groups, etc

civil society

what is an indication that the proliferation of nongovernment organizations in china

civil society is growing

a process whereby the state co-opts members of the public by providing specific benefits or favors to a small group in return for public support

clientelism

the process by which individuals are brought into a beneficial relationship with the state, making them dependent on the state for certain rewards.

co-optation

Alliance

coalition of British Liberals and Social Democrats in the 1980s that became the Liberal Democrats of today

alliance

coalition of british liberals and social democrats in the 1980s that became the liberal democrats of today

common market

colloquial name used to describe the EU especially in its early years

communist

command system, government owns the means of production, economic decisions are made by central government, and government provides extensive social programs for population

(CAP)

common agriculture policy: the EU's agricultural policy, blamed for many of its economic troubles and likely to be changed as it adds new members

Multi-party system

common for party systems

(CFSP)

common foreign and security policy: EU goal of creating a single foreign policy for its fifteen member states; one of the three pillars

Gross national product per capita

common measurement of economic performance. Divides the gross national product by the population of the country

Gross national product

common measurement of economic performance. Like GDP, but including income citizens earned outside the country.

Purchasing Power Parity

common measurement of economic performance. Takes into consideration what people can buy using their income in the local economy.

Gross Domestic Product

common measurement of economic performance. all the goods and services produced by a country's economy in a given year, excluding income citizens and groups earn outside the country.

Economic performance

common policy issue

Karl Marx

communist manifesto

(CPRF)

communist party of the russian federation: the new incarnation of the CPSU for russia

(CPSU)

communist party of the soviet union: the party that ran the soviet union until its collapse in 1991

balance of trade

comparison between the value of exports and the value of imports for a nation-state; usually figured by subtracting the value of imports from the value of exports (positive means that exports were worth more than imports; negative means that the value of imports exceeded the value of exports)

Which of the following is a requirement for a fucntional democracy

competitive and free elections

off-year elections

congressional elections held between presidential elections

Margaret Thatcher was part of which party?

conservative

margaret thatcher

conservative and first woman prime minister of great britain, 1979-1990

Similar to our Republican Party. Currently the minority party

conservative party

new right

conservative political movements in industrialized democracies that

new right

conservative political movements in industrialized democracies that have arisen since the 1960s and stress "traditional values", often with a racist overtone

normative analysis

consideration based upon preferences and values about what things should be like

empirical analysis

consideration of agreed-upon facts gathered by observation or experiment

nonlegislative powers

constitutional amendments - electoral duties - impeachment power - executive powers - investigatory powers

federal

constitutional practice in which sub national units are granted considerable power

federalism

constitutional practice in which subnational units are granted considerable power

rule of law

constitutionalism; a governance system operating predictably under a known and transparent set of procedural rules (laws)

union right of forces

created by another group of reformers who were more firmly committed to pro-market policies than Yabloko

origins of the republican party

created in the 1850s when a number of parties that opposed slaver and the secession came together

bicameral

describing a legislative body with two houses

danwei

control maintained through this system, all Chinese citizens have a lifetime affiliation with a specific industrial, agricultural, or bureaucratic nit that dictated all aspects of their lives, including housing, health care, and other social benefits.

Supranational organizations

cooperating groups of nations that operate on either a regional or international level.

graft

corruption/ill-gotten money

two-party system

countries in which only two parties seriously compete for power

Less Developed Countries

countries with less advanced economies, poorer

permanent crops

crops that need not be replanted after each harvest, such as coffee, olives, rubber, apples and oranges

This type of division separates society into many groups that allow them to cooperate on issues and ultimately unifies them

cross-cutting cleavage

cross-cutting cleavages

cross-cutting cleavages exist when membership in one segment of society does not correlate with membership in another segment of society. For example, membership in a particular ethnic group does not tend to correlate with membership in a particular social class

collectivist consensus

cross-party British support for the welfare state that lasted until the late 1970s

collectivist consensus

cross-party british support for the welfare state that lasted until the late 1970s

civic culture

culture characterized by trust, legitimacy, and limited involvement, which some theorists believe is most conducive to democracy

civic culture

culture characterized by trust, legitimacy, and limited involvement, which some theorists believe is most conductive to democracy

Xi Jingping

current president of China

interventionist

describing an activist government and/or state that is involved in a wide range of political, economic, and social arenas

The first written constitution for Iran came about as a direct result of

death of Ayatollah Khomeini

consensus policy making

decision making procedures that emphasize win/win outcomes

compromise

decision-making procedure in which all sides make concessions in order to reach an agreement

compromise

decision-making procedure in which all sides make concessions in order to reach and agreement

consensus policy making

decisions making procedures that emphasize win/win outcomes

presidentialism

describes a system of government in which the president wields extraordinary power and the legislative and judicial branches of government are subordinate to the president

gridlock

describes the paralysis of the legislative and executive branches

cleavage

deep and ling-lasting political divisions

cleavage

deep and long-lasting political divisions

sovereignty refers to

defined borders

cadres

defines the permanent, professional members of a party, especially in the communist world

inputs

demands and support by individuals and groups upon the policymaking process of government

The Leninist organizational structure that concentrates power in the hands of the party elite; rule by the few for the good of the many

democratic centralism

who has the better degree of party discipline and control of the legislative branch of the government

democrats

late 20th century, a practical mix of authoritarian political control and economic privatization; a combination of socialist planning and the capitalist free market, with the understanding that political and social values remained subject to Party control

deng xiaoping theory

a radical critique of mainstream economic theory that stresses the continued power the north has over the third world

dependency theory

capitalist roader

derogatory term used to label moderate CCP leaders during the Cultural Revolution

causation

describes a relationship between events in which one event, the cause, engenders another event, the effect, to occur

post-industrial society

describes a society in which a large portion of the economy is engaged in providing services rather than industrial or agricultural production

Post-industrial Society

describes a society in which a large portion of the economy is engaged in providing services rather than industrial or agricultural production.

industrialized

describes a society in which mechanized production of goods is common

The process of decentralizing power from national governments that stops short of federalism

devolution

Spatial forces

devolutionary events most often occur on the margins of the state, where distance, remoteness, and peripheral location promote devolution, especially if water, desert, or mountains separate the area from the center of power and neighbor nations may support separatist objectives.

Regional cleavages

differing political values and attitudes characterize people living in different geographic regions.

lower house

directly elected by the people, known for impulsive legislative actions.

Export-oriented industrialization

directly integrates their economies into the global economy by concentrating on economic production to find a place in international markets

what is "time-zone fallout" on election evening

discourages people from voting because media projects a winner before they have a chance to vote

Fragmentation

divisions based on ethnic or cultural identity.

cleavages

divisions that cause people within a society to support different sides of an issue, support a particular party, or vote differently from their fellow citizens

Liberal Democrats

in Britain, the #3 party and in some ways the most radical;

Voting behavior

do citizens in the country participate in regular elections?

monetary policy

domestic government policies affecting interest rates and the supply of money available within an economy

treaty of rome

drafted by Spaak's group; signed by six governments in 1957; officially the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (TEEC), it's an international agreement that led to the founding of the European Economic Community (EEC) on 1 January 1958.

resurgence of capitalism and markets; change of state policy toward more open economics and less government intervention in the economy

economic liberalization

laissez-faire

economic policy that stresses a limited government role

mixed-market economy

economic system that combines both private ownership and government ownership of the means of production

keynesianism

economic theory, based on the ideas of British economist John Maynard Keynes, that argues that the government can stimulate the economy by increasing public spending or by cutting taxes

government

either a generic term to describe the formal part of the state or the administration of the day

Government

either a generic term to describe the formal part of the state or the administration of the day; people in power at the moment

member of parliament

elected members of the British or other parliament

backbenchers in the British parliament are

elected members without office or cabinet

first-past-the-post

electoral system based on sing;e-member districts in which the candidate who recieves the most votes win

first-past-the-post

electoral system based on single-member districts in which the candidate who receives the most votes wins

first past the post

electoral system based on single-member districts in which the candidate who receives the most votes wins.

proportional representation

electoral system in which parties receive a number of seats in parliament proportionate to their share of the vote

proportional representation

electoral system in which parties receive an number of seats in parliament proportionate to their share of the vote

proportional representation

electorate votes for party slates; seats are allocated based on the per cent of the vote each party gets

This process identifies and selects future political leaders

elite recruitment

similarity between confucianism and maoism

emphasize the responsibility of ruler to the people

civil servants

employees of the government who administer (not make) policy; expected to serve any and all governments

the executive office is to which of the following as it pertains to lawmaking

enforce the law

separation of powers

ensures that power is shared and one branch does not come to dominate the others.

describe the role of social class

essentially, the wealthier you are, the more you have. High-classed games, strong accents, set the stage for style, etc.

describe the minority groups in the UK

ethnic minorities took up about 8% of the British population: Indian (23%), Pakistani (16%), Afro-Caribbean (13%), Black African (11%)

(ECSC)

european coal and steel community: precursor: one of the european union, formed in 1951

(EC)

european community, now the EU:the formal name of what became the EU in the 1970s and 1980s

(ECJ)

european court of justice: the EU's judicial body, with sweeping powers

(EEC)

european economic community: first official title of today's EU, the precursor of the EU

(EMS)

european monetary system: the first attempt to link the EU member states' currencies

(EMU)

european monetary union: including the central bank and the euro, created in 1998; includes a central bank and the euro

a mercantilist strategy for economic growth in which a country seeks out technologies and develops industries focused specifically on the export market

export-oriented industrialism

The political party system in Iran is best described as

factional splits

cleavage

factors that separate groups within a society; may be cultural, historic, geographic, economic, ethnic, racial, etc.; the wider and deeper the cleavages, the less unified the society; cleavages which coincide with one another can reinforce each other; cleavages that don't coincide can weaken the divisions between groups

Empirical data

factual statements and statistics

This term describes Nigeria's inability to provide basic of public services

failed state

what seems to be a trent in the degree of trust in the american government

faith in politicians and involvement in social and political life have declined dramatically

This socialization institution is one of the most influential in developing a person's political ideology

family

(FEDECO)

federal electoral commission

(FEC)

federal executive council

government that divides the power between the central government and the sub-units. the US governments are set up like this

federalism

Corporatism

fewer groups compete than under pluralism, with usually one for each interest sector. (Labor, agriculture, management).

international financial institutions

financial institutions that have been established (or chartered) by more than one country, and hence are subjects of international law.

This type of policy deals with taxing and spending on government programs

fiscal policy

russian federaton

formal name of russia

constitution of 1982

formal source of sovereignty, authority, and power, but in reality has little bearing on policymaking in china today

separation of powers

formal term for checks and balances in a system like that of the U. S>.

separation of powers

formal term for checks and balances in a system like that of the United States

separation of powers

formal term for checks and balances in a system that of the united states

boris yeltsin

former reformist communist leader and president of russia, 1991-2000

unanimity principle

formerly required for all decisions in the EU, now only for major new policies

a policy first introduced by Zhou Enlai and championed by Deng Xiaoping, focusing on developing industry, the military, agriculture, and science in China

four modernizations

competitive elections

free and fair elections

Deng Xiaoping is best described as supporting what type of economic system

free market

liberal democracy

free, fair, and competitive elections are held, and political liberties such as free speech and press are respected

Civil liberties

freedom of belief, speech, and assembly

radical

french party that was radical by the 19th century standards, which is to say it favored democracy, capitalism, and anticlericalism

what are liberal democracies

fulfills 5 characteristics - emphasizes on human rights

maastricht treaty on european union

gave what was now officially called the EU authority to act in new areas

secretariet

generic term used to denote the bureaucratic leaders of a communist party

provisional government

generic term used to describe temporary governments formed until a new constitution is written; also, the government in russia between the two 1917 revolutions

politiburo

generic term used to describe the leadership of communist parties

politiburo

generic term used to describe the leadership of communist party

a socialist market economy consists of

good regulation by government

new divisions

gospels, history, paul's letters, general letters, prophecy.

set of institutions and people formally authorized by formal documents such as a constituion to pass laws, issue regulations, control the police, etc

government

the leadership or elite in charge of running the state

government

fiscal policy

government decisions about total public spending and revenue that result in budgetary deficits or surpluses

extractive policies

government efforts to gather valuable resources for public use (i.e. taxes)

legitimacy

government has the right to rule and the people accept it

regulatory policies

government policies designed to control practices and behavior of citizens and organizations and prevent harmful results and/or ensure civic benefits of those behaviors

distributive policies

government policies that allocate valuable resources

redistributive policies

government policies that take valuable resources from one or more groups in society and allocate them to other groups

police powers

government powers to regulate public safety and enforce laws

parliamentary democracy

government ruled democratically by a national representative body that has supreme legislative powers

Laissez-faire refers to

government should stay out of trade

social democratic parties

government's left-of-center party; in power since 1997

interventionist state

governments in industrialized democracies that pursue an active economic policy

interventionist state

governments in industrialized democracies that pursue and active economic policy

perestroika refers to

gradual economic reforms

globalization

growth to a global or worldwide scale

While China, like Russia, recruits through the nomenklatura, the actual party leadership communicates through this patron-client network, which emphasizes the importance of personal career ties between individuals

guanxi

the two biggest factors in creating the high level of corruption evident in the Chinese political culture are the economic boom and...

guanxi

sovereignty

having independent legal authority over a particular territory, the legitimate power to rule and make laws for that territory

secretarian

having to do with religion

Sectarian

having to do with religion.

Secular

having to do with worldly rather than religious concerns.

gennady zyuganov

head of the russian communist party

judicial review

hearing cases where in the constitutionality of a lawyer regulation is challanged

One state's predominance over other states; the political, economic, ideological or cultural power exerted by a dominant group over other groups, regardless or the explicit consent of the dominated groups

hegemony

describe the three types of lords

hereditary peers: hold seats that have been passed down through family ties over the centuries life peers: people appointed to nonhereditary positions as a result of distinguished service in Great Britain law lords: serve as Britains highest court of appeals, but cannot rule acts of Parliament unconstitutional

technocrats

highly educated bureaucrats who make decisions based on their perceptions of technical ideas rather than political ones.

technocrats

highly-educated bureaucrats who make decisions based on their perceptions of technical issues rather than political ones

Upper house of Parliament. Unelected body - heredity peers, life peers, law lords. Served as final court for civil cases and criminal cases. Has the authority to amend and delay legislation

house of lords

Part of the post-Maoist reform program. During the 1980s, Maoist-era communes were dismantled and replaced by the household responsibility system. The party divided collective farms into small plots which were worked by families. The amount the farmers were required to sell to the state was reduced, and the market was allowed to determine most agricultural prices

household responsibility system

Identity

how a country defines themselves in racial, linguistic, ethnic, or religious terms

Feedback

how events today are communicated to people later on and shape what people do later on

feedback

how events today are communicated to people later on and shape what people do later on

Elite recruitment

identifying future leaders of the government.

Nationalism

identities based on nationhood.

Nationalism

if citizens identify strongly with their nation, they are usually more accepting of the legitimacy of the government.

Cabinet coalition

if the country has a multi-party system with no clear majority party, a cabinet coalition will form, where several parties join forces and are represented in different cabinet posts. A common problem is that they tend to be unstable, especially if they result from a fragmented legislature.

perestroika

ill-fated program to reform the soviet economy in the late 1980s

development strategy that uses tariffs and other barriers to imports, thereby stimulating domestic industries

import subsitution

Stalin's 5 year plans were most successful in

industrialization

parastatal

industry partially owned by the state

Tories

informal name for Britain's conservative party

tories

informal name for britain's conservative party

three pillars

informal term denoting the main areas in which the EU has worked since the Maastricht Treaty

third world

informal term for the poorest countries in asia, africa, and latin america

empirical

information gained through observation

Demand

inputs through which people and interest groups put pressure on the state change

demand

inputs through which people and interest groups put pressure on the state for change

a form of privatization in which industries or services formerly owned by the government are made available for purchase only by government-controlled companies or by individuals loyal to government leaders; see also state corporatism

insider privatization

Societal corporatism

interest groups take the lead and dominate the state. (Neocorporatism)

Neocorporatism

interest groups take the lead and dominate the state. (Societal corporatism)

non-governmental organizations

international organizations that operate outside of the formal political arena but that that are nevertheless influential in spearheading international initiatives on social economic and environmental issues

(IPE)

international political economy: the network of economic activity that transcends national boundries

The secondary sector

involves the transformation of raw materials and natural resources (from the primary sector) into finished products. (industrial societies)

From 1949 to 1978, China followed a communist political/economic model which included a command economy and "cradle to grave" health care, employment, and retirement security. This model was replaced by Deng Xiaoping, who introduced the socialist market economy - gradual infusion of capitalism while maintaining state control

iron rice bowl

code law

law based on a comprehensive system of written rules of law divided into commercial, civil, and criminal codes. (Predominant in Europe and countries influenced by the French, German, or Spanish systems. China, Mexico, Russia).

common law

law based on tradition, past practices, and legal precedents set by the courts through interpretations of statutes, legal legislation, and past rulings. (Found in Britain, the United States, and other countries with a strong English influence.)

Great Reform Act

law force-passed in 1832 that expanded the suffrage; widely seen as a key step toward democracy in Britain

great reform act

law passed in 1832 that expanded the suffrage; widely seen as a key step toward democracy in britain

partisan

lawmakers who owe their first allegiance to the political party

legislation

laws passed by a legislature

joseph stalin

leader of the CPSU and Soviet Union, 1924-1953

david cameron

leader of the british convervative party since 2006

vladimir zhirinovsky

leader of the right-wing and racist liberal democratic party in russia

john locke

leading democratic and liberal theorist who stressed "life, liberty, and the pursuit of property

John Locke

leading democratic and liberal theorist who stressed "life, liberty, and the pursuit of property"

the Duma is

legislative body; the lower house

the branch of government normally controls the country's budget

legislative branch

bolsheviks

lenin's faction of the russian social democratic party; later came to mean anyone who subscribed to his view and/or organizaztion

(LDC)

less developed countries

minority

less than 50%

Nationalism

loyalty to and love of one's nation. Nationalism is often displayed by those who live within nation-states, as well as by those who desire to.

what is the most important factor in the revival of legal codes in modern day china

marketization/privatization

what is the most significant factor in the continuing decentralization of policymaking in China

marketization/privatization

currency markets

markets in which traders buy and sell currencies; the values of currencies set in these markets have a powerful influence on foreign exchange rates

a Maoist value that emphasizes communication between party leaders, members, and peasants

mass line

Substantive democracy

may also be called a liberal democracy. Citizens have access to multiple sources of information.

Liberal democracy

may also be called a substantive democracy

variables

measurable traits or characteristics that change under different conditions.

electoral system

mechanisms through which votes are cast and tallied, and seats in the legislature are allotted

electoral system

mechanisms through which votes are cast and tallied, and seats in the legislature are alotted

MP

member of parliament

(MP)

member of parliament: elected members of the british or other parliament

free votes

members can do as they choose, which governments usually use when their own party is divided

what happens in a conference committee

members from the two parties come together and resolve the differences between the two chambers

backbenchers

members of a parliament who are not in the government or shadow cabinet

backbenchers

members of parliament who are not in the government or shadow cabinet

A person of mixed white, indigenous (Amerindian), and sometimes African descent

mestizo

vote by mail

method of voting in an election whereby ballot papers are distributed or returned by post to electors, in contrast to electors voting in person at a polling station or electronically via an electronic voting system

Bourgeoisie

middle-class professionals or businessmen

a coup d'etat describes

military takeover

political liberalization

minimizing governmental intervention in economy and civil rights and liberties

treaty of amsterdam

minor 1998 agreement that added some limited powers to the EU

structure of state government

modeled after the federal government and consist of three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The U.S. Constitution mandates that all states uphold a "republican form" of government, although the three-branch structure is not required.

Majority

more than 50%

(NPC)

north people's congress

(NEPU)

northern elements progressive union

how do interest groups in the UK compare to those in the U.S. and why

not as much lobbying is found in the UK

corporatism: mexico

nother term to describe the way people are integrated into the system via patron-client relations

twentieth party congress

occasion of khrushchev's "secret speech" launching de-stalinization

supranational organization

organizations consisting of a number of sovereign states

Interest groups

organizations of like-minded people whose goal is to influence and shape public opinion. Often support candidates, but do not run their own slate of candidates. Have almost no independence in authoritarian states (China), and are autonomous from the state (western industrial democracies).

supranational

organizations or events in which nations are not totally sovereign actors (e.g. the European Union or global warming)

interest groups

organizations that seek to represent the interests(usually the economic interests)of their members in dealing with the government

Social movements

organized collective activities that aim to bring about or resist fundamental change in an existing group or society.

state-owned

owned by a government

State-owned, or state-controlled, corporations created to undertake a broad range of activities, from the control and marketing of agricultural production to the provision of banking services and the operation of airlines, other transportation facilities an public utilities

para-statal

This is a government-owned corporation that compensates for the lack of private economic development and ensures complete and equitable service to the whole country

parastatal

companies owned or controlled by the state in the third world

parastatals

In theory, this political system is the most efficient at passing legislation

parliamentary sytem

the president (or military general in power) is the head of an elaborate patron-client system and dispenses government jobs and resources as rewards to supporters. Cabinet positions, bureaucracy chiefs and all other government positions are part of the president's patronage system

patrimonialism

Neofeudal realtionships in which "patrons" gain the support of "client" through the mutual exchange of benefits and obligations

patron-client relations

what groups of persons are widely barred from voting

people in mental institutions, criminals, and military dischargees are not allowed to vote

euroskeptic

people opposed to the expansion of the EU's power

euroskeptic

people opposed to the expansion of the European Union's power

(PDP)

people's democratic party

(PRP)

people's redemption party

PRC

people's republic of china

per capita

per person

nationalization

philosophies or attitudes that stress the importance of extending the power or support for a nation; government takeover of a private business

nationalization

philosophies or attitudes that stress the importance of extending the power or support for a nation; government takeover of private business

nationalization

philosophies or attitudes that stress the importance of extending the power or support of a nation; government takeover of private busines

social democracy

philosophy that rejects revolution and prefers moderate socialistic and other egalitarian reforms enacted through the parliamentary process

Nontariff regulatory barriers

policies and regulations used to limit imports through methods other than taxation

shock therapy

policies in formerly communist countries that envisage as rapid a shift to a market economy as possible.

campaign

policies in which the party seeks to reach its goals by mobilizing people

Upper house

provides accountability for lower house

Rule of law

provides for equal treatment of citizens and due process

Output

public policy in systems theory

output

public policy in systems theory

Beveridge Report

published in the 1940s; set the stage for the British Welfare State

beveridge report

published in the 1940s; set the stage for the british welfare state

a statistical tool that attempts to estimate the buying power of income across different countries by using prices in the United States as a benchmark

purchasing-power parity (PPP)

The systematic removal of people from party, state or other office; especially common in communist systems. In Stalin regime, millions of citizens, including up to one million party members, generals, and members of the politburo and Central Committee were executed

purges

the primary goal of the Chinese cultural revolution was to...

purify the party and the country through radical transformation

"shock therapy"

quick transition between economic systems

gang of four

radical leaders in china during the cultural revolution, led by Jiang Ching, Mao's wife, they were later brought to trial

new left

radicals from the 1960s

debate in China pitting ideologues against experts, cadres against technocrats or other supporters of economic development

red - vs - expert

the U. S. is more evenly divided politically than at any point in recent history between what we now call "red" and "blue" states: "red" and "blue" being:

red: republican leaning states blue: democratic leaning states

The term for a vote called on a specific issue in which the state makes the final decision on a policy

referendum

a national ballot called by the government on a policy which allows the public to make direct decisions about policy itself

referendum

Political culture

refers to the collection of political beliefs, values, practices, and institutions that a government is based on.

structural adjustment

refers to the set of adjustments or so-called reforms that are required by international banks as a condition for future loans and for refinancing on payments due on existing loans

American exceptionalism

refers to the special character of the United States as a uniquely free nation based on

civil society

refers to voluntary organizations outside the state that help people define and advance their own interests - usually very strong in liberal democratizes where individual freedoms are valued and protected. Authoritarian states feel that their power is threatened by citizens participating in this.

what faction has controlled the politburo since the death of Deng Xiaoping in 1997

reformers/open door

hundred flowers campaign

reformist chinese campaign in the mid-1950s which gave a wide variety of approaches to how communism should be carried out in china

the institutions and practices that endure from government to government, such as the constiutional order in a democracy

regime

totalitarianism

regime in which the state has all but total power

unitary state

regimes in which subnational unites have little or no power

unitary state

regimes in which subnational units have little or now power

This type of policy deals with establishing environmental standards

regulatory policy

normative

relating to an ideal

positive

relating to what is

Guanxi refers to

relationships between lawmakers; corruption

Civilian control of the military

restricts the likelihood of the military seizing control of the government.

traditional legitimacy

rests upon the belief that tradition should determine who should rule and how. (monarchy)

long march

retreat by the CCP in the mid-1930s, which turned into one of its strengths in recruiting support among the peasants in the countryside, this event made Mao's leadership more legitimate

judicial review

review by a court of law of actions of a government official or entity or of some other legally appointed person or body or the review by an appellate court of the decision of a trial court

fascism

right-wing regimes, often drawing on racist philosophies in countries such as germany and japan between the two world wars

fascism

right-winged regimes, often drawing on racist philosophies in countries such as Germany and Japan between the two world wars

Political Rights

rights of political participation such as voting, lobbying, and protesting

Cold War

rivalry between the superpowers from the end of WWI to the collapse of the Soviet Union

cold war

rivalry between the superpowers from the end of WWII to the collapse of the soviet union

This type of legislature provides legitimacy to nondemocratic states by approving all executive descisions

rubber stamp

one-party rule

rule by one political party, with other parties banned or excluded from power; the party often is able to create a broad membership as a source of political control

oligarchy

rule by the few

democracy

rule by the people

postindustrial society

society in which the dominant industries are in the service and high-tech sectors

what was the nature of interest groups in the UK

some groups are national, others focus on only local concerns

Political elite

someone who holds political power.

vote of confidence

sometimes called "no confidence" votes. The means of removing the prime minister and cabinet from power

in what region of the country was the poll tax once used? why was it abolished

south; they went against the 14th amendment

This term defines a state's claims to exercise authority and effective control of political decisions within a given territory

sovereignty

designed to facilitate and control entry by foreign governments/capital into the Chinese market, regions were created in which foreign investors were given preferential tax rates and other incentives. Eventually spread to most of urban China

special economic zones

institutions

stable, long lasting organizations that help turn political ideas into policy.

most bills die at what stage

stage 4: a committee

describe the interest groups interact with the government in both Russia and China in a system

state corporatism

para-statal sector

state-owned, or state-controlled, corporations created to undertake a broad range of activities, from the control and marketing of agriultural production to the provision of banking services and the operation of airlines, other transportation facilities and public utilities

privatization refers to

state/nationally owned properties privatized

quantitative research

statistical studies which seek correlations and causations between data

co-optation

strategy of that manages symbiotic interdepen. by neutralizing problematic forces in specfic environment

describe the "welfare state" and the standard of living

strong enough to guarenttee basic healthcare, education, and pensions for everyone

This is a development strategy that stresses integration into global markets, privatization, etc. It is often demanded by the World Bank or IMF in order for countries to be able to recieve loans

structural adjustment

development strategy that stresses integration into global markets and privatization. Supported by the World Bank, the IMF and other major northern financial institutions; a policy of economic liberalization adopted in exchange for financial support from liberal international organizations, typically includes privatizing state-run firms, ending subsidies, reducing tariff barriers, shrinking the size of the state, and welcoming foreign investment

structural adjustment

Political institutions

structures of a political system that carry out the work of governing.

red guards

students and others who supported Mao during the cultural revolution; they carried Mao's little "red" book

asymmetrical federalism

subdivisions have local control while central state still retains authority over money, defense and foreign relations

nikita khrushchev

successor of josef stalin as head of the CPSU and soviet union from 1953 until he was ousted in 1964

broadening

support for expanding EU membership

Inputs

support or demand from people to the state

input

support or demand from people to the state

what policy has the Blair government taken on Iraq and why has he taken this position

support the US. he sent the second largest contingent of troops to Iraq in the war that began in 2003. this was because of his troubles in Northern Ireland

who introduces major pieces of legislation

the Cabinet

what dominates the parallel hierarchies of Chinese political institutions

the Chinese Communist Party

Guanxi

the Chinese conception of interpersonal relationships

what is a major difference between the Russian and Chinese military

the Chinese military takes an active role in policymaking; the Russian military does not happen

qualified majority voting

the EU voting system in which the council of ministers does not need to reach unanimity on most issues

european parliament

the EU's legislature

codecision

the European Union legislative procedure whereby a proposal from the European Commission is negotiated and adopted jointly by the Council of Ministers and the European Parliament.

This measures the inequality of wealth within a state

the Gini coefficient

Majlis

the Iranian legislature

democratic centralism

the Lenist organizational structure that concentrates power in the hands of the party elite

which British public policy has caused the greatest conflict with the European Union?

the National Defense

what is the one "way up to the top" in the UK system

the Parliamentary Party

Glasnost

the Russian word for openness. Describes the policy of increased political openness seen near the end of the U.S.S.R.

perestroika

the Russian word for restructuring, used to describe the liberalization of government structures in the Soviet Union under the leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev

Sovereignty

the ability to carry out actions or policies within their borders independently from interference either from the inside or the outside

Power

the ability to get people to do what they otherwise would not do

power

the ability to make others do something they might not otherwise have done

devolution

the process by which a government under a unitary system transfers power to sub-national governments

supply side economics

the economy theory that 1. markets are the most efficient and fair way to allocate productive resources and valuable products; 2. government should interfere in the production of goods and services as little as possible; and 3. economic actors will negate any actions by government to manipulate demand by anticipating the actions and taking counter measures

commission, european

the executive of the EU

ballot fatigue

the farther down the ballot, the fewer the votes

campaign financing

the financing of electoral campaigns at the federal, state, and local levels

Magna Carta

the first document that limited the power of the English monarch

political communication

the flow of information from and about government to its constituents and feedback from constituents to people in government

coup d'etat

the forceful removal of a government, often by the military

Coup d'etat

the forceful removal of a government, often by the military.

coup d'état

the forceful replacement of a regime or a government by a small elite group or groups

prebendalism

the form of patron-client politics that legitimizes the exploitation of government power for the benefit of office holders and their followers

apostasy

the formal abandonment of one's religion

transparency

the full, accurate, and timely disclosure of information (dictionary.com definition)

Politicization of religions

the fusion of church and state.

political gridlock

the inability to reach political consensus

legitimacy

the generally held belief that the government has the right to rule or exercies power

socialist parties

the growth of these was sparked by the rise of human right violation and poor working conditions of the industrial era

Newly Industrialized Countries

the handful of countries, such as South Korea, that have developed a strong industrial base and grown faster that most of the third world

national debt or surplus

the historic total of yearly government budgetary deficits and surpluses for a nation-state

Keynsian economics

the idea that governments can manipulate macroeconomic demand through taxation and spending policies in order to foster stable growth

causation

the idea that one variable causes or influences another.

political orientation

the ideas one holds about politics

state duma

the lower house of the Russian legislature

state duma

the lower house of the russian parliament

gerrymandering

the manipulation of electoral district boundaries for political purposes

Gerrymandering

the manipulation of electoral district boundaries for political purposes.

Chinese Communist principle that stressed "learning from the peasants;" leaders would communicate their will and direction to the people, but the people in turn would communicate their wisdom through the mass line to the leaders

the mass line

social welfare

the material condition of the members of a group; may also refer to the group-supplied material benefits in a society (e.g. health care)

economic development

the measure of the social and economic progress of countries

Judicial review

the mechanism that allows courts to review laws.

parliamentary party

the members of parliament from a single party

interest articulation

the methods by which citizens and groups can express their desires and make demands upon government (e.g., political participation, lobbying, protest, etc.)

power ministries

the most important departments in the russian government

cultural revolution

the period of upheaval in china from the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s; the attempt was to purify china of its past so that it could focus on Mao's understanding of communism

imperialism

the policy of colonizing other countries-literally, establishing empires

Imperialism

the policy of colonizing other countries-literally, establishing one's adversary

democracy/democratization

the political orientation of those who favor government by the people or by their elected representatives

united russia

the political party led by russian president vladimir putin

co-option or co-optation

the political tactic of winning over opponents by assimilating some of their positions into your own

Co-optation

the political tactic of winning over opponents by assimilating some of their positions into your own.

informal sector

the portion of an economy largely outside government control in which employees work without contracts or benefits

what positions must cabinet ministers also hold

the position they are given whether it reflects their interests or not

executive power

the power to execute or enforce laws

judicial power

the power to interpret the laws

legislative power

the power to make laws

veto

the power to reject a piece of legislation

clientelism

the practice of exchanging public resources for votes, and political support. Often seen in corporatist systems, although its existence is not limited to such systems

imperialism

the practice of one nation-state taking control of nations and territory of other countries

rent seeking

the practice of political leaders who, for the purposes of remaining in positions of power, "rent" public assets (resources or tax supported services) to patrons who profit from those public assets

Patronage

the privileges a government grants its supporters.

Economic liberalization

the process of limiting the power of the state over private property and market forces.

politics

the process of making collective decisions

nationalization

the process of making the government the owner of productive resources

industrialization

the process of moving from an agricultural society to an industrial society

Industrialization

the process of moving from an agricultural society to an industrial society.

political integration

the process of promoting loyalty to and identity with the nation-state over more parochial loyalties

privatization

the process of putting ownership of productive resources into the hands of non governmental organizations and people

politics

the process through which a community, state, or organization organizes and governs itself

political recruitment

the process through which citizens of a country are chosen to be involved in politics

political recruitment

the processes by which people become public participants and leaders

politics

the processes through which groups of people govern themselves or are governed; activities associated with the exercise of authority

judicial review

the pwoer of courts to modify or nullify the actions of legislatures and executives

political spectrum

the range of political beliefs in a society

Political Spectrum

the range of political beliefs in a society.

foreign exchange (ForEx)

the rates at which the currency from one nation trades with others; affected by currency markets, balances of trade, and domestic government policies

feedback

the reactions of people and organizations that shape political environments for future policy making

session

the regular period of time during which congress conducts business

patron-client relationships

the relationships seen in systems of clientelism, in which governments hand out privileges to supporters

Patron-Client Relationships

the relationships seen in systems of clientelism, in which governments hand out privileges to supporters.

what is the primary purpose of political parties

to get people elected

why do states have residency requirements

to keep a political machine from bribing outsiders to affect the outcome of local elections and to ensure that every voter has at least some time to become familiar with the candidates and issues in an election.

purpose of"separation of powers"

to make it hard for them to act in a rapid and decisive manner to enact coherent policies that systematically address pressing social and economic issues

Falsify

to represent falsely

adjudicate

to resolve a matter in dispute; when backed up by the authority of government the decision can be enforced

co-opt

to win support by granting special favors to an individual or a group; there is often an implication that those receiving benefits abandon important goals when offered less-important benefits

liberal

tolerant or broad-minded; generous or lavish

Per Capita Gross National Product (GNP)

total amount of goods and services produced divided by the population size

describe the business sector (trade association) in the UK

trade associations for most industries. Chambers of commerce promote business interests in their communities, the CBI is the most important of this group.

(TUC)

trades union congress in great britain: britains leading trade union confederation

free trade

unrestricted trade between countries

Wen Jiabo's "new socialist countryside" program is meant to address the issue of...

urban-rural cleavages

incrementalism

used ti describe policies that make limited, marginal, or minor changes on existing practices

incrementalism

used to describe policies that make limited, marginal, or minor changes in existing practices

Describe British political culture in the 1950s and 1960s

trust, deference to authority and competence, pragmatism, harmony, high voter participation

american voters have been supporting the ____ party system

two

Market economy factors

two factors have promoted the movement towards this type of economy: belief that the government is too big, and lack of success of command economies.

a bicameral legislation has

two governing bodies

structure of local government

two tiers: counties and municipals

did the British government have legitimacy in the 1950s and 1960s

unanimous agreement that the political system based on parliamentary sovereignty and cabinet rule was legitimate the government has developed gradually, so that tradition is a primary source of stability

glasnost

under gorbachev, soviet policies that opened up the political system and allowed freedom of expression

(UMBC)

united middle belt congress

(UPN)

united party of nigeria

In which of the following areas of life are women in Iran best represented

university enrollment

interest aggregation

ways in which demands of citizens and groups are amalgamated into proposed policy packages (e.g., leadership, political parties, etc.

what distinguishes american courts from other liberal democracies

we have a federal system; legislature and executive branches are not fused

how does the UK as a whole stand on European Union integration and why

when Blair became leader, almost everyone enthusiastically supported both adding new countries and giving new powers to the EU

Coinciding cleavages

when every dispute aligns the same groups against each other, this type of cleavage is likely to be explosive.

coinciding cleavages

when membership in a particular segment of society correlates with membership in another segment of society. (ex: membership in a particular ethnic group tends to correlate with membership in a particular social class)

Coinciding Cleavages

when membership in a particular segment of society correlates with membership in another segment of society. For example, membership in a particular ethnic group tends to correlate with membership in a particular social class.

how has american public opinion evolved since the 1960s

when the new left and new right emerged.

consultative authoritarianism

where one individual determines the course of action

describe the racism in the UK

widespread, a career was build by Enoch Powell that exploited the fear and antagonism many British men and women felt towards Asians, Africans, and Afro-Caribbeans

First-past-the-post

winner-take-all system, plurality system.

the Labour party in the UK would support what class of people

working class