Ultimate StudyGuide for AP Government Exam
marxism
- the theory that every social, political, or religious movement springs from a desire by one group of people to take economic advantage of another group; taught that history would naturally progress toward perfection (communism)
number of cases the supreme court hears each year
100 of 100,000
magna carta
1215 document that limited the king's ability to tax English nobles and that guaranteed due process and a right to trial
Less Developed Country (LDC)
A country that lacks significant economic development or political institutionalization or both
Rentier State
A country that obtains a hefty income by exporting raw materials or leasing out natural resources to foreign companies
International Realtions
A field in political science which concentrates on relations between countries, such as foreign policy, war, trade and foreign aid
Selection Bias
A focus on effects rather than causes, which can lead to inaccurate conclusions about correlation or causation
Constituency
A geographic area that an elected official represents
State
A geographical area ruled by sovereign government.
Theocracy
A government controlled by religious leaders
Regime
A government in power; a form or system of rule or management; a period of rule
Executive
A major branch of democratic government: carries out the laws and policies of the state.
Judiciary
A major branch of democratic government: enforces laws.
Legislature
A major branch of democratic government: makes laws.
War of the Castes
A massive 19th century uprising of Mexico's indigenous population against the Mexican state
GINI Index
A measure of income or wealth inequality within a society. Lower values indicate less income inequality while higher values indicate greater income inequality.
Import Substition
A mercantalist strategy for economic growth in which a country restricts imports in order to spur demand for locally produced goods
Export Oriented Industrialization
A mercantilist strategy for economic growth in which a country seeks out technologies and develops industries focused specifically on the export market
Mass Line
A method of leadership that seeks to learn from the masses and immerse the political leadership in the concerns and conditions of the masses, developed by Mao Zedong during the Chinese revolution.
Corporatism
A method whereby authoritarian system create or sanction a limited number of organizations to represent the interests of the public and restrict those not set up of approved by the state; the mechanism by which citizens are forced to participate in state-sanctioned groups
Deflation
A period of falling prices and values for goods, services, investments, and wages
Federal District of Mexico City
A powerful Mexican district, similar to the DC; encompasses Mexico's capital city and contains most of its population
open primary
A primary election in which voters may choose in which party to vote as they enter the polling place
Illiberal Democracy
A procedural democracy, with elections, but without real competition, and lacking some civil rights and liberties.
Integration
A process by which states pool their sovereignty, surrendering some individual powers in order to gain shared political, economic, or societal benefits
Rent Seeking
A process in which political leaders essentially rent out parts of the state to their patrons, who as a result control public goods that would otherwise be distributed in a nonpolitical manner
Devolution
A process in which political power is "sent down" to lower levels of state and government
Shock Therapy
A process of rapid marketization
Clientelism
A process whereby the state co-opts members of the public by providing specific benefits or favors to a single person or a small group in return for public or political support
Empire
A single political authority that has under its sovereignty a large number of external regions or territories and different peoples
Monopoly
A single producer that is able to dominate the market for a good or service without effective competition
Camarilla
A small group of people, esp. a group of advisers to a ruler or politician, with a shared, typically nefarious, purpose
Interest Group
A social group whose members control some field of activity and who have common aims
unfinished state
A state characterized by instabilities and uncertainties that may render it susceptible to collapse as a coherent entity
Nation-State
A state encompassing one dominant nation that it claims to embody and represent
Unitary State
A state in which most political power exits at the national level, with limited local authority
Failed State
A state so weak, due to a loss of legitimacy and power, that its political structures collapse, leading to anarchy and violence
rentier state
A state that derives a substantial portion of its revenues on a regular basis from payments by foreign concerns in the form of rent.
Weak State
A state that has difficulty fulfilling basic tasks, such as defending territory, making and enforcing rules, collecting taxes, and managing the economy
Strong State
A state that is able to fulfill bask tasks, such as defending territory, making and enforcing rules, collecting taxes, and managing the economy
Regulatory State
A state, developed in all advanced industrial societies, that regulates the behavior of producers and consumers
Gini Index
A statistical formula that measure the amount of inequality in a society; its scale ranges from 0 to 100, where 0 corresponds to perfect equality and 100 to perfect inequality; the most commonly used measure of economic inequality
Correlation
A statistical relation between two or more variables such that systematic changes in the value of one variable are accompanied by systematic changes in the other
Purchasing-Power Parity (PPP)
A statistical tool that attempts to estimate the buying power of income across different countries by suing prices in the United States as a benchmark
Human Development Index (HDI)
A statistical tool that attempts to evaluate the overall wealth, health, and knowledge of a country's people
neo-liberalism
A strategy for economic development that calls for free markets, balanced budgets, privatization, free trade, and minimal government intervention in the economy.
Coup d'etat
A sudden, violent, illegal seizure of government power.
Code Law
A written set of laws that apply to everyone under a government.
authoritarian system
An ____ is one led by a leader, or a small group of leaders, who has complete authority and is unaccountable to the population. While ________s can develop following elections, as was seen in Nazi Germany in the 20th century, more often _______s arise following coups and revolutions. Many ___________s are ruled by military leaders.
independent judiciary
An _____ is one that is not subject to the coercion of other parts of the government.
Bureaucracy
An administrative organization that relies on nonelective officials and regular procedures
Quasi-Autonomous Government Organization (quango)
An agency that is financed by the government but acts independently of it.
Correlation
An apparent relationship between two or more variables
Personal Dictatorship
An authoritarian regime that is based on the power of a single strong leader who usually relies on charismatic or traditional authority to maintain power
European Union
An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members
Rational Choice
Approach that assumes that individuals weight the costs and benefits and make choices to maximize their benefits
votes of confidence
In many parliamentary systems, _____, sometimes called "no confidence" votes, are the means of removing the prime minister and the cabinet from power. In essence, a majority vote of "no confidence" removes the current government from power and sets in motion the procedures to put another government in place.
Republicanism
Indirect democracy that emphasizes the separation of powers within a state and the representation of the public through elected officials
Civil Liberties
Individual rights regarding equality that are created by the constitution and the political regime
Civil Rights
Individual rights regarding equality that are created by the constitutions and the political regime
Nationalists
Individuals who believe they have a common political destiny
This country has recently established regulations restricting civil liberties of women
Iran
mutually supportive alliance between interest group, bureaucracy and political elite mutually supportive alliance between interest group, bureaucracy and political elite
Iron Triangle
Mao Zedong was the founder of
CCP
The Central Committee, Politburo, and Standing Committee are all organizational components of the
CCP - Chinese Communist Party
agricultural society
a society in which most economic production comes from agriculture
post-industrial societies
a society whose economic system is engaged primarily in the processing and control of information
industrial society
a society with an economy based in the production of machine-made goods
failed state
States in which legitimate authority has crumbled, bureaucracies are starved of resources, government programs are poorly coordinated, police fail to uphold the law and instead act in a predatory manner towards the population, armed paramilitaries proliferate, because the state's monopoly on the means of violence had been broken
Qualitative Method
Study through an in-depth investigation of a limited number of cases
Quantitative Method
Study through statistical data from many cases
List of leaders in China
Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek, Mao Zedong, Jiang Zemin, Hu Jintao, Xi Jinping
nation-state
a sovereign state largely populated by people who share a unified identity based in a shared culture, history, and language
hypothesis
a speculative statement about the relationship between two or more factors known as variables.
repression
a state of forcible subjugation
law-based state/rule of law
a state of order in which events conform to the law
Political liberalization
a state that progresses from procedural democracy to substantive democracy through democratic consolidation is said to experience this phenomenon.
rentier state
a state that regularly derives a substantial portion of its revenues from payments by foreign concerns in the form of rent
Party Systems
Systems characterized by competition among political parties
Rentier State
a state that regularly derives a substantial portion of its revenues from payments by foreign concerns in the form of rent.
welfare state
a state which provides a wide array of social services to its members
strong state
a state with extensive capacity to carry out policies adopted or a state in which there are few limitations on the actions of one or more parts of the state
weak state
a state with little capacity for carrying out policies adopted or a state in which teh extent of any part of the state is limited
failed state
a state within which the government has lost the ability to provide the most basic of public services
GINI Index
a statistical measure of income inequality in a society
Human Development Index
a statistical measure of the development of a society based on levels of health, education, and standard of living.
Human Development Index
a statistical measure of the development of a society based on levels of health, education, and standards of living
export-centered development strategy
a strategy for development in which a country exports goods and services in which it has a comparative advantage;part of a neoliberal development model
agro-export model of development
a strategy for economic development in which a country exports agricultural products, minerals or petroleum, and imports manufactures goods
import-substituting industrialization
a strategy for industrialization in which a country manufactures domestically goods that it previously imported in order to satisfy the demands of its domestic market
School Life Expectancy
The number of likely years of schooling for a child within a given society. Be aware that this figure is of limited use in making international comparisons because it does not take into account the content covered in those years of schooling. Higher numbers tend to indicate that a country is economically developed.
Revolution
The overthrow of a government by those who are governed
Government
The people in charge of a territory at a given time. Note: This term is also used to describe the prime minister and the cabinet in a parliamentary system. When used in this way, Government is often capitalized.
Modernization
The process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of Western societies, often with regard for accommodating local traditions in non-Western societies.
Recruitment
The process of selecting future leaders of government.
Bourgeoisie
The property-owning class
Foreign Direct Investment
The purchase of assets in a country by a foreign firm
coup d'etat
a sudden, extra constitutional or extrajudicial removal of a sitting government. Usually "coups" are done by a small group within the existing government apparatus such as military officers
constitution
a supreme law that defines the structure of a nation-state's regime and the legal processes governments must follow
Shock Therapy
The rapid transition to capitalism adopted by Yeltsin in 1992, which was supposed to involve liberalization of prices, privatization of state property, and stabilization of the Russian currency that had disastrous economic and social results
Sex Ratio
The ratio of men to women in a population. An unusual imbalance in the sex ratio of a society is often an indication that war or disease has had a greater impact on one sex in a society than the other. Such an imbalance may also be an indication that members of the society have chosen to undergo sex-selection abortions. Sex may also be an important cleavage within a society.
Third World
The region of the world containing a high concentration of underdeveloped or emergent countries
Political-Economic System
The relationship between political and economic institutions in a particular country and the policies and outcomes they create
Industrialized Democracy
The richest countries with advanced economies and liberal states.
unitary system of government
a system in which all power ultimately rests in the hands of the central government
illiberal democracy
a system in which elections are not free, fair, or competitive, and/or political liberties are not respected
pluralist system
a system in which groups compete for influence and power
multiparty system
a system in which more than two parties vie for real power within the political structure
Multiparty System
a system in which more than two parties vie for real power within the political structure.
patron-clientelism
a system in which the state provides specific benefits or favors to a single person or small group in return for public support.
Chinese Governmental System
The role of the government of the PRC is to implement the policies of the CCP. Nothing of significance is done by the government of China without approval of the CCP. China operates under a unitary system of government with all power ultimately resting in the capital, Beijing. There is no American-style separation of powers or checks and balances built into the Chinese government's structures.
authoritarian system
a system led by a group of leaders that has complete authority and is unaccountable to the population
normative question
The second type of question asked by political scientists - how should things happen? - is known as a ______________. The answer to this type of question is subjective, value-laden, and open to debate.
Postindustrialism
The shift during the last half century from an economy based primarily on industry and manufacturing to one in which the majority of people are employed in the service sector, which produces the bulk of profits
Sexenio
The six-year administration of Mexican presidents
Zapata, Emiliano
The southern Mexican peasant leader of the revolution most associated with radical land reform
Mexican miracle
The spectacular economic growth in Mexico from the 1940s to the 1980s
Decentralization
The spread of power away from the center to local branches or governments (devolution).
Central Bank
The state institution that controls how much money is flowing through the economy, as well as how much it costs to borrow money in that economy
Biafra
The state proclaimed in 1967 when the Ibo people of Nigeria sought independence from the country.
Politics
The struggle in any group for power that will give one or ore persons the ability to make decisions for the larger group
Political Ecnomy
The study of the interaction between states and markets
Regime
The system and the rules and laws in place in a particular territory at a particular time.
Government
The system or form by which a community or other political unit is governed
Postmaterialism
Theory that young middle-class voters are likely to support environmentalism, feminism, and other "new" issues.
Cross-cutting cleavages
These types of cleavages divide society into many potential groups that may conflict on one issue but cooperate on another, which tends to keep social conflict to more moderate levels.
civil service
a system of carefully describing the tasks involved in performing government jobs, evaluating applicants for these jobs, and hiring people from among those applicants based on skills and experience rather than political factors; civil service also protects incumbents in civil service positions from politically based retribution
Checks and balances
a system of ensuring separation of powers.
authoritarianism
a system of governance based on coercion rather than political legitimacy (questionable definition)
oligarchy
a system of governance dominated by a small powerful group in the state
autocracy
a system of governance in which a small group has absolute power
checks and balances
a system of governance in which divisions of government can restrain the political authority of other divisions
fusion of powers
a system of governance in which the authority of government is concentrated in one body
corporatism
a system of governance in which the government is dominated by representatives of groups within society; may or may not be democratic to some degree
parliamentary government
a system of governance in which the head of government is chosen by and serves at the pleasure of the legislature
democracy
a system of government defined by regular and fair elections that anyone may participate in. Generally characterized by capitalism and affluence. EX: USA, Great Britain, France
autocracy
a system of government in which one person has unlimited power
Autocracy
a system of government in which one person has unlimited power.
federal system
a system of government in which some power of government ultimately rests in regional governments rather than in the central government
presidential system
a system of government in which the legislative and executive branches operate independently of each other
theocratic system or theocracy
a system of government under which a deity is seen as the supreme ruler or the entity in which ultimate sovereignty rests
substantive democracy
a system of government under which elections are held and the results are likely representative of the political views of the population
presidential system
a system of government where the executive power is held in a separate branch of government from the legislative power
parliamentary system
a system of government where the ministers who hold executive power are chosen from within the legislature and are accountable to it
monarchy
a system of government with a hereditary ruler
common law
a system of laws created through judicial precedents rather than legislative or executive actions. In common law systems, judicial precedents have the force of law, unless a specific legislative act, or executive regulation, is passed that supersedes these precedents
tacit social contract
Unwritten agreement that grants Soviet power in exchange for guaranteed employment, free social services, a lax work environment, and limited interferences in personal life.
civil law (code law)
a system of laws in which only legislative acts, and properly executed regulations, have the force of law (judicial precedents rarely, if ever, have the force of law in these systems
totalitarian system
a system that seeks to forcibly control all fundamental aspects of state, society, and the economy
procedural democracy
a system under which elections are held and the institutions and processes of elected government appear to be in place but for any number of reasons, the results of those elections may not be reflective of the political views of the population
Politics
Who has the power to make the decisions? How did they get the power? What challenges do leaders face from others - both inside and outside the country's borders - in keeping the power?
Secretariat
_____ - the permanent bureaucratic body of the CCP. Administers party actions, provides staff support to the Politburo, and turns Politburo policies into rules and instructions for subordinate parts of the party apparatus.
third way
a term to describe the new and more central left-wing parties of the 1990s, most notable Britain's "New Labour"
third way
a term used describe the new and more central left-wing parties of the 1990s, most notably britain's "new labour"
nation-state
a territorial unit controlled by a single state and governed by a single government
socialism
a theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole.
corporatist arrangements
a tripartite; three party arrangement
Reform
a type of change that does not advocate the overthrow of basic institutions.
Communism
a type of political ideology. Generally values equality over freedom. Rejects the idea that personal freedom will ensure prosperity for the majority.
Liberalism
a type of political ideology. Places emphasis on individual political and economic freedom. Usually has some political impact in liberal democracies (US and Britain)
Socialism
a type of political ideology. Shares the value of equality with communism but is also influenced by the liberal values of freedom. Followers of this ideology accept and promote private ownership and free market principles, but believe that the state has a strong role to play in regulating the economy and providing benefits to the public.
Religions
a type of political ideology. This type of ideology has always been an important source of group identity. In Nigeria, this ideology is an important basis of legitimacy in the Muslim north but not in the Christian south.
Fascism
a type of political ideology. devalues freedom and rejects the ideas of equality, accepting the idea that the state has the right and the responsibility to mold the society and economy and to eliminate obstacles (including people) that might weaken them. (Nazi Germany)
closed primary
a type of primary election used to chose candidates who will run in the general election
Cosmopolitanism
a universal political order that draws its identity and values from everywhere
patron-client relationships
a usually informal alliance between a person holding power and less powerful or lower status people; the powerful patron provides power, status, jobs, land, goods, and/or protection in exchange for loyalty and political support
iron triangle
a variety of close relationships between business leaders, politicians, and civil servants
iron triangle
a variety of close relationships between business leaders, politicians, and civil service
referendum
a vote by an electorate on an issue referred to it by the government
vote of confidence
a vote in a parliament expressing support for a government; a government losing a vote of confidence is expected to resign
First wave of democratization
a wave of democratization that developed gradually over time.
Third wave of democratization
a wave of democratization that is characterized by the defeat of dictatorial or totalitarian rulers in South America, Eastern Europe, and some parts of Africa.
Second wave of democratization
a wave of democratization that occurred after the Allied victory in World War II and continued until the early 1960s. Characterized by de-colonization around the globe.
voter turnout
a way to describe the degree of participation of eligible voters in an election. Can be described as a raw number or as a percentage
Democratization
a world government trend. Russia, Nigeria, and Indonesia are neither clearly democratic nor clearly undemocratic.
causation
a correlation in which a change in one variable results in a change in others
cabinet
a council of high-ranking government officials wielding at least some of the executive power of government (members often serve as advisers to a president or prime minister)
Democracy
a country may be declared to be ______ when the country has had at least two successive peaceful turnovers of power.
newly-developed country
a country that has recently moved significantly toward an industrial economy, and as a result, has seen a significant rise in its standard of living
Newly-developed Country
a country that has recently moved significantly toward an industrial economy, and, as a result, has seen a significant rise in its standard of living.
Illiberal democracy
a country that has regular, free, and fair competitive elections, but is missing vital qualities (like civil liberties, rule of law, neutrality of the judiciary, open civil society, and civilian control of the military) is called a procedural democracy or a _____ _______.
Procedural democracy
a country that has regular, free, and fair competitive elections, but is missing vital qualities (like civil liberties, rule of law, neutrality of the judiciary, open civil society, and civilian control of the military) is called an illiberal democracy or a _____ _______.
developing country
a country with an economy that has yet to fully industrialize
developed country
a country with an industrial or post-industrial economy and a high standard of living
crisis
a critical turning point
compromise
a decision-making (policy-making, law-making) process in which all parties concede some of their goals in order to reach other of their goals through agreements with other political actors
Indirect democracy
a democracy where officials represent the people.
parliamentary system
a democratic system where citizens vote for legislative representatives, who then select the leaders of the executive branch.
westminster system
a democratic, parliamentary system of government modelled after that of the United Kingdom system; series of procedures for operating a legislature.
what are cabinet ministers responsible for
a department portfolio, such as foreign affairs, the Exchequer (economics), or defense
intervening variable
a factor influenced by an independent variable that affects the changes in a dependent variable
state corporatism
a form of corporatism whose adherents hold that the corporate group which is the basis of society is the state (Wikipedia)
democratic centralism
a form of democracy in which the interests of the masses were discovered through discussion within the Communist party, and then decisions were made under central leadership to serve those interests
federalism
a form of government in which power is divided between the federal, or national, government and the states
totalitarianism
a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
council of ministers
a generic term used to describe the cabinet in many countries
dual society
a government in which the president or chief executive is from a differen political party than the political party that has a majority in, or which dominates the national legislatures
bureaucracy
a hierarchically structured organization charged with carrying out the policies determined by those with political authority
Relative Deprivation Model
Model that predicts revolution when public expectations outpace the rate of domestic change
This term describes groups that pursues goals outside of government such as publicizing issues, lobbying, making demands on government, and providing direct services
NGO's (non-governmental organizations)
Heavily supported by state expenditure, while the state receives rent from other countries, receive income by exporting oil and leasing oil fields
Rentier State
Inductive Reasoning
Research that works form case studies in order to generate hypothese
Deductive Reasoning
Research that works from a hypothesis that is then tested against data
democratic centralism
a highly centralized system of government in which members of the ruling party in a single-party state are allowed to debate policy, but once a decision has been reached by majority vote, all members are expected to abide by the decision
Caudillos
National military strongmen who dominated Mexican politics in the 19th and 20th centuries
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO)
National or international groups, independent of any state, that pursue policy objective and foster public participation
legitimacy
a key concept stressing the degree to which people accept and endorse their regime
nation
a large group of people with ties to a particular piece of land or area who share a unified identity based in a shared culture, history, and language. Normally, the term is only used when such groups have or desire a government of their own.
nation
a large group of people, with ties to a particular piece of land or area, who share a unified identity based in a shared culture, history, and language. Normally, the term nation is only used when such groups have or desire a government of their own.
under-developed country
a largely outdated term used to describe countries that have not fully industrialized
third world
a largely outdated term used to describe countries with low standards of living
de facto
a latin term meaning in fact. Often used in politics to describe situations in which political realities differ from those required by law
de jure
a latin term meaning in or by law. Often used in politics to describe situations in which political realities differ from those required by law
"Rubber Stamp" Legislature
a legislature which uses little or no independent judgment when approving proposed legislation.
Unicameral
a legislature with one house
Bicameral
a legislature with two houses (most common)
what have been the political ramifications for Blair's stance on the Iraq war
a majority of the British population opposed the war, including the majority of Labour voters
the Tiananmen Square refers to
a massacre - how government suppresses protesters
Gini Index
a measurement of social welfare. a mathematical formula that measures the amount of economic inequality in a society.
Human Development Index
a measurement of social welfare. measures the well-being of a country's people by factoring in adult literacy, life expectancy, and educational enrollment, as well as GDP.
caucus
a meeting of the members of a legislative body who are members of a particular political party, to select candidates or decide policy
special session
a meeting to deal with some emergency situation
bureaucrat
a member of a bureaucracy
citizen
a member of a state who is legally entitled to full civil rights and is legally obliged to perform defined public duties
oligarch
a member of the oligarchy
insider privatization
a method of privatization where workers are allowed to use vouchers to acquire shares in the enterprises where they worked.
Systems Theory
a model for understanding political life
systems theory
a model for understanding political life
Paradigm
a model or example
purchasing power parity
a monetary measurement of development that takes into account what money buys in different countries
civil society
a network of voluntary associations that exists outside the state, such as professional organizations, trade unions, student and women's groups, religious bodies, fraternal organizations, athletic leagues, musical societies, etc.
regime
a pattern of organization for a government often described in a constitution or supreme law
neo-imperialism
a pejorative label given to a variety of attempts to achieve hegemony over other nations; some people tend to use the term to describe the use of corporate power and wealth to gain influence in Third World countries; others use it to describe attempts by international organizations to impose change upon rich and powerful nations
Political socialization
a person's political beliefs are a combination of many feelings and attitudes, including both specific and general identifications.
Latifundistas
Owners of latifundia (Spanish word for huge tracts of land)
Gordan Brown
PM of Great Britain since July 2007. Labour Party; PM during Global Recession
What party is current President Good Luck Jonathon from
PRD - Preople's Democratic Party
Authoritarian Rule
Political authority is concentrated in a small group of/one politician(s).
Nomenklatura
Politically sensitive or influential jobs in the state, society, or economy that were staffed by people chosen or approved by the Communist Party
Legitimacy
Popular acceptance by citizens of the right and power of a government or other entity to exercise authority.
legislative electoral systems
Popular elections with universal adult suffrage. Members of both the House and the Senate are chosen by an SMDP system.
collectivist consensus
Post World War II era of mixed economy and a welfare state
laissez-faire
a policy based on the idea that government.
four modernizations
a policy first introduced by Zhou Enlai and championed by Deng Xiaoping, focusing on developing industry, the military, agriculture, and science in china
state
a political community that occupies a definite territory and has an organized government with the power to make and enforce laws without approval from any higher authority
convention
a political convention held every four years in the United States by most of the political parties who will be fielding nominees in the upcoming U.S. presidential election
civic culture
a political culture in which citizens widely share a belief in the legitimacy of their regime and a trust in the government; therefore the citizens demonstrate restraint in their demands on the government
socialism
a political ideology that advocates a political system in which the means of production and distribution and held in common, usually by the state
fascism
a political ideology that advocates a political system in which the nation, or race, is seen as most important; not the individual nor even the people as a collective
liberalism
a political ideology that advocates individual autonomy, respect for civil liberties, and rapid progress
communism
a political ideology which advocates a political system in which all property is held in common, usually by the state
conservatism
a political ideology which advocates a political system in which traditional institutions are respected and maintained, while allowing for slow and minimal change
new left
a political movement in the 1960s and 1970s consisting of educators, agitators and others who sought to implement a broad range of reforms on issues such as gay rights, abortion, gender roles, and drugs,
communist parties
a political party based on Marxist beliefs and organized as a vanguard party to lead workers and peasants in revolution to over-throw capitalism and build socialism and communism.
communist parties
a political party inspired by Marxism-Leninism, usually as developed in the former soviet union
vanguard party
a political party that claims to operate in the 'true' interests of the group or class it purports to represent, even if this understanding doesn't correspond to the expressed interests of the group itself.
particularistic party
a political party that deos not attempt to appeal to voters beyond an identifiable group within a population
catch-all party
a political party whose aim is ot gather support from a broad range of citizens through a de-emphasis of ideology and an emphasis on pragmatism, charismatic leadership, and marketing
social democracy
a political philosophy centered on electoral politics, egalitarian social policies, and the creation of social welfare systems
republic
a political regime in which government citizens choose leaders directly or indirectly
Patron-client relationships
Relationships in which powerful government officials deliver state services and access to power in exchange for the delivery of political support
Unitary system
a political structure that concentrates all policy making powers in one central geographic place. (most concentrated power)
Federal system
a political structure that divides the power between the central government and the subunits. (medium concentrated power)
Confederal system
a political structure that spreads the power among many sub-units (such as states) and has a weak central government. (least concentrated power)
corporatist system
a political system based on the cooperation of the government and key interest groups
autocracy
a political system governed by a single individual
authoritarianism
a political system in which a small group of individuals exercises power over the state without being constitutionally responsible to the public.
corporatism
a political system in which interest groups become an institutionalized part of the state or dominant political party;public policy is typically the result of negotiations among representatives of the state and key interest groups
parliamentary system
a political system in which the roles of head of state and head of government are assigned to separate executive offices; features a head of government (often returned to as a prime minister) elected from within the legislature
state corporatism
a political system in which the state requires all members of a particular economic sector to join an officially designated interest group, with the result that the state gains substantial control over interest groups and interest groups channel or control their members' political and economic advocacy
democracy
a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
semi-presidential system
a political system with a dual executive, usually a president and a prime minister
socialism
a political/economic system in which the government plays a major role (usually ownership) in determining the use of productive resources and the allocation of valuable goods and services; may be democratic or authoritarian
good friday agreement
a practical peace agreement reached by the major parties in northern ireland with the british and irish governments on, not surprisingly, Good Friday 1998
offshore outsourcing
a process by which firm moves some of its work to a secondary business outside the home country that can do the work more efficiently or cheaply
devolution
a process in a unitary system of delegating some decision making to local public bodies
Two-party system
a rarity for party systems.
Government
a reference to the leadership and institutions that make policy decisions for the country.
federalism
a regime in which political authority is shared between a central government and local governments
authoritarian regime
a regime where decisions are made by the political elites without much input from citizens.
Communism
a regime where the party controls everything from the government to the economy to social life.
sub-national government
a regional or local government
Sub-national Government
a regional or local government.
zero-sum game
a resolution to a situation in which one side wins and others lose
dependent variable
a result of a political decision making which is determined by the inputs, institutions, and processes (independent variables)
Head of government
a role that deals with the everyday tasks of running the government (British prime minister)
Head of state
a role that symbolizes the power and nature of the regime (British monarch).
social class
a segment of society grouped together based on economic level or hereditary status
ideology
a set of ethical principles that help provide an outline of the proper ordering of society and explain how society should work
constitution
a set of fundamental laws, usually found in a single document, which lay out the powers and structures of a government, as well as the relationship between the government and the people
Constitution
a set of fundamental laws, usually found in a single document, which layout the powers and structures of a government, as well as the relationship between the government and the people.
realignment
a shift in the basic electoral balance of power in which substantial groups in a society change their longterm party identification
realignment
a significant change in the party or policy loyalties of substantial groups within a nation-state
conflict
a situation in which values, goals, or policies are contradictory or incompatible with each other
interdependence
a situation, brought about by specialization and/or limited resources, in which nation-states rely on one another for economic resources, goods, and services and political assets such as security and stability
State
all individuals and institutions that make public policy, whether they are in the government or not
state
all individuals and institutions that make public policy, whether they are in the government or not
(ANPP)
all nigeria middle belt people's party
Gross Domestic Product
all the goods and services produced by a country's economy in a given year, excluding income citizens and groups earn outside the country;
civil society
all those organizations outside of government and commercial arenas which provide avenues of public participation in society
describe the traditional make-up of the Labour Party
alliance of trade unions, independent socialist movements, and cooperative associations
Open civil society
allows citizens to lead private lives and mass media to operate independently from government.
"one stop shopping" system
allows the poorest families to include health care in their package of coverage for other issues
Consensual political culture
although citizens may disagree on some political processes and policies, they generally agree on how decisions are made, what issues should be addressed, and what problems should be solved. This type of political culture accepts both the legitimacy of the regime and solutions to major problems.
treaty of nice
amended the Maastricht Treaty and the Treaty of Rome; reformed the institutional structure of the european union to withstand eastward expansion
Corporatism
an arrangement in which government officials interact with people and groups outside the government before they set policy.
Patrimonialsim
an arrangement whereby a ruler depends on a collection of supporters with the sate who gain direct benefits in return for enforcing the ruler's will
Reactionary beliefs
an attitude toward change. Go further to protect against change than do conservative beliefs. The oppose both revolution and reform, and are more willing to use violence to reach their goals than two of the more moderate groups.
Conservatism
an attitude toward change. Much less supportive of change in general - people with this attitude tend to see change as disruptive.
Liberalism
an attitude toward change. Supports reform and gradual change rather than revolution.
Radicalism
an attitude toward change. The belief that rapid, dramatic changes need to be made in the existing society, often including the political system.
state capitalism
an economic development strategy in which the state guides the process of private industrial and agricultural development, encourages the formation of investment capital and the establishment of businesses, and protects domestic businesses from foreign competition
economic liberalization
an economic policy that limits the state's control of the economy and increases the power of the market and the private sector. Usage: Global changes may cause a country to adopt policies that lead to economic liberalization. Example: Russia, UK, China
capitalism
an economic system based on private property and free enterprise
capitalism
an economic system that emphasizes private property rights and market mechanisms
liberalism/liberalization
an economic theory advocating free competition and a self-regulating market and the gold standard
monetarism
an economic theory holding that variations in unemployment and the rate of inflation are usually caused by changes in the supply of money
command economy
an economic/political system in which government decisions rather than markets determine resource use and output
Command economy
an economy in which the government owned almost all industrial enterprises and retail sales outlets. Communist countries rely heavily on this economic system. Now fading from existence with the death of communist countries. (Soviet Union)
mixed economy
an economy that allows significant control from the central government.
market economy
an economy that does not allow significant control from the central government. (United States)
market economy
an economy that relies chiefly on market forces to allocate goods and resources and to determine prices
direct primary
an election held within the political party to pick that party's candidate for the general election
plurality system
an electoral system in which election winners are determined by which candidate receives the largest number of votes (regardless of whether or not a majority is received)
single-member district
an electoral system in which voters choose an individual running for office in each legislative district (also called "first past the post" if the winner is chosen by a plurality)
proportional representation
an electoral system in which voters select parties rather than individual candidates and parties are represented in legislatures in proportion to the shares of votes they win
run-off elections
an electoral system that requires winners to earn a majority of votes cast; in cases where no candidate wins a majority in the election, least successful candidates are removed form the ballot and another election is held
clientalism
an exchange system in which clients offer support and loyalty to patrons who offer material and intangible benefits
Theory
an idea
Colonialism
an imperialist system of physically occupying a foreign country using military force, business or settlers
v. i. lenin
architect of the Bolshevik revolution and first leader of the soviet union
areas near China's borders that are home to various ethnic minorities. The five regions are Guangxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Tibet and Xinjiang. The Chinese constitution grants autonomous areas the right of self-government in some matters such as cultural affairs, but autonomy is in fact very limited
autonomous regions
three-world approach
based largely on cold war politics. 1) The United States and its allies 2) the Soviet Union and its allies 3) third world nations that don't fit in the first categories and were all economically underdeveloped and deprived.
rational-legal legitimacy
based on a system of well-established laws and procedures.
charismatic legitimacy
based on the dynamic qualities of an individual leader or small group.
single-member plurality electoral system
based on the principle of having only one member (as of a legislature) selected from each electoral district
rights
basic individual freedoms of press, religion, speech and association
political culture
basic values and assumptions that people have toward authority, the political system , and other overarching themes in political life
why is the influence of the backbenchers limited
by the way the House of Commons is organized, it does not have the kind of committee system in which members and their extensive staffs develop expertise in a given policy are
what are the qualifications for voting in PA
must be a U. S. citizen for 1 year, a resident of PA, and a resident of election district you wish to vote in for 30 days before any election - 18 years of age
iron triangle
mutually-beneficial relationships between private itnerests, bureaucrats, and legislators; sometimes called an "integrated elite"
newly-industrializing countries
nation-states that began developing economic industrial sectors relatively recently
developing countries
nation-states which are industrializing
developed countries
nation-states which have industrial and post-industrial economies
Nongovernmental organizations
national and international groups, independent of any state, that pursue policy objectives and foster public participation.
(NCBWA)
national congress of british west africa
(NCNC)
national council of nigeria and the cameroons
This type of identity is generally considered to be the most important group identity classification
national identity
(NPN)
national party of nigeria
(NRC)
national republican convention
Chiang Kai-shek
nationalist president of china before 1949 and later of the government in exile on Taiwan following the communist takeover
Procedural democracy
necessary condition for the development of substantive democracy.
An indirect form of imperialism in which powerful countries overly influence the economies of less-developed countries
neocolonialism
our home is russia
new political party chaired by former prime minister viktor chernomyrdin
(NIC)
newly industrialized countries: the handful of countries, such as south korea, that have developed a strong industrial base and grown faster than most of the third world
briefly identify the major sources of news in the UK
newspapers (Gaurdian, Independent), tabloids Mirror, Sun), television, and radio; all of which are far more centralized
This state is widely consider the best example of a "failed state"
nigeria
(NNDP)
nigerian national democratic party
(NPP)
nigerian people's party
(NYM)
nigerian youth movement
what does the power of judicial review make in courts
no law or action can contradict the U. S. constitution, which is the supreme law of the land. the court can only review a law that is brought before it through a lawsuit
The Soviet system of lists that facilitated the CPSU's appointment of trusted people to key positions, adopted by other communist regimes.
nomenklatura
china and the USSR both conduct9ed0 elite recruitment thorough this
nomenklatura
how are supreme court justices chosen
nominated by the president and confirmed with the "advice and consent" (majority votes) of the senate
Common features of bureaucracy
non-elected positions, impersonal, efficient structures, formal qualifications for jobs, hierarchical organization, red tape and inefficiency.
during the 21st century, a global civil society has emerged, with human rights and environmental groups providing international pressures. What are examples of civil society
non-government organizations or agencies
economic liberalization
policy designed to remove political controls over economic activity
The top policy-making and executive body of a communist party state
politiburo
coercive participation
political action organized by ruling authorities rather than by interest groups or civil society groups
identity politics
political activity and ideas based on the shared experiences of an ethnic, religious, or social group emphasizing gaining power and benefits for the group rather than pursuing ideological or universal or even statewide goals
legitimacy
political authority conferred by law or by a state or national constitution
Revolution of rising expectations
political discontent is generally fueled if the crisis is preceded by a period of relative improvement in the standard of living.
right
political forces favoring the status quo or a return to earlier policies and values
left
political groups favoring change, often of an egalitarian nature
left
political groups favoring change, often of an egaltarian nature
greens
political parties that emphasize environmental and other "new" issues, and radical change
big tent parties
political parties that seek to build large coalitions across the cleavages within their society
identity politics
politics based on membership in a particular interest group or segment of society rather than individualized self-interest
Identity Politics
politics based on membership in a particular interest group or segment of society rather than individualized self-interest.
Globalization
popular term used to describe how international economic, social, cultural, and technological forces are affecting events inside individual countries
globalization
popular terms used to describe how international economic, social, cultural and technological forces are affecting events inside individual countries
extraterritoriality
portions of China, Japan, and Korea where European law operated during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
extraterritoriality
portions of china, japan, and korea where european law operated during the late 19th and early 20th centuries
The shift during the last half century from an economy based primarily on industry and manufacturing to one in which the majority of people are employed in the service sector, which produces the bulk of profits
postindustrialism
Discretionary power
power given to bureaucrats - the power to make small decisions in implementing legislative and executive decisions.
judicial review
power held by courts in some countries that allows them to rule on the constitutional merits of laws and other policies
judicial review
power held by courts in some countries that allows them to rule the constitutional merits of laws and other policies
inherent powers
powers that grow out of the very existence of government
Good Friday Agreement
practical peace agreement reached by the major parties in Northern Ireland and wit the British and Irish governments on Good Friday 1998. paved the way toward enduring political calm in the province
warlord
pre-revolutionary Chinese leaders who controlled a region or other relatively small part of the country; also a term used in other countries such as Afghanistan
what responsibilities does the constitution give to the vice president of the U. S.
preside over the senate - help decided the question of the presidential disability
vladimir putin
president of Russia since 2000
Sun Yat-sen
president of china after the 1911 revolution; chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death, he attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.
jose manuel barroso
president of the EU commission
a system in which citizens directly vote for legislative representatives as well as for executive branch leaders, and where the two branches function with separation of powers
presidential election
what type of election year has the highest voter turnout
presidential election years
which executive system hold a direct election of the chief executive
presidential system
jean monnet
primary architect of the EU and the french planning system
gordan brown
prime minister of great britain since july 2007
cabinet responsibility
principle that requires a prime minister and government to retain the support of a parliamentary majority
cabinet responsibility
principle that requires a prime minister and government to retain the support of parliamentary majority
non-governmental organization (NGO)
private group that pursues self-defined goals outside of government; common activities are publicizing issues, lobbying, making demands on government, and providing direct services
jaques delors
prominent french socialist politician who was president of the european commission, 1985-1995
new left
promoted civil rights, opposition to the Vietnam war, feminism, LGBT rights
describe the radicalization and "loony left"
promoted environmental policies against wars; radicals
what form of elections encourages a multi-party system?
proportional representation
Northern Ireland
protestants call it Ulster
democracy movement
protests by chinese students and others that culminated in the Tiananmen Square disaster of 1989 in Beijing
who are the "new left"
radicals from the 1960s: educators, agitators, and others who sought to implements a broad range of reforms on issues like gay rights, abortion, gender roles, and drugs
conflicts in Northern Ireland are largely the result of
religion: catholics vs. protestants
were British citizens tolerant in the 1950s and 1960s? did they protest? were they patriotic?
remarkably tolerant of each other and of those who led them, there were protests, but they considered themselves to be very patriotic
an economy which is heavily supported by state expenditures, while the state receives 'rent' from other countries, e.g., by leasing out oil fields
rentier economy
proportional representation
representation of all parties in proportion to their popular vote
what is the largest group of "cannot-voters"
resident aliens
This term describes the belief and practice by the government to follow existing laws even as it is making new ones
rule of law
near-abroad
russian term to describe the other fourteen republics of the former soviet union
formal sector
salaried or wage-based work registered in official statistics.
given by Khrushchev in 1957; seen as the beginning of the "thaw" and de-Stalinization
secret speech
leonid brezhnev
seized power from Nikita Khrushchev and became leader of the Soviet Communist party in 1964, ordered forces in to Afghanistan and Czechoslovakia.
Constitutional courts
serve to defend democratic principles.
special economic zones in China
set up for foreign investors
Political ideologies
sets of political values held by individuals regarding the basic goals of government and politics.
Historical evolution
shapes a country's concept of who has the authority to rule and its definition of legitimate political power.
Ethnic group
shares a well-developed sense of belonging to the same culture.
what did Thatcher do before her term was up and why did she do it
sharply reduced the role of the state and privatized many of the nationalized industries as possible
what did supporters say about Thatcher/Major rule
she saved the British economy by bringing both inflation and unemployment under control andy by creating a more dynamic private sector
an immediate transition from a command economy to a market economy; a post-1991 plan supported by Yeltsin and his government which called for privatization of state-owned industry and macroeconomic policies designed to control inflation
shock therapy
what are the 4 choices the president has when a bill arrives at his/her desk
sign into law - veto or refusal to sign (can be overruled by 2/3 vote) - becomes law if there are no actions by president within 10 days of receiving it - pocket veto; it dies
Magna Carta
signed in 1215, King John was forced to sign this agreement that declared that the king was not an absolute monarch
authority
similar to power, but with a claim of legitimacy
presidential systems
similarity between United States, Nigeria, and Mexico
The party system in Great Britain is best defined as a
single, two, or multiparty system
just russia
small groups merged in 2006-2007, sometimes translated as fair russia and also completely under Kremlin's control
central committee
supposedly the most important body in a communist party; its influence declined as it grew in size and the party needed daily leadership
central committee:
supposedly the most important body in a communist party; its influence declined as it grew in size and the party needed daily leadership
tiananmen square
symbolic heart of chinese politics; site in Beijing of protests and a massacre in 1989
collectivization
system in which private farms were eliminated, instead, the government owned all the land while the peasants worked on it.
bureaucracy
system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials
purge
systematic removal of people from a party, state, or other office; especially common in communist systems
informal politics
takes into consideration not only the ways that politicians operate outside their formal powers, but also the impact that beliefs, values, and actions of ordinary citizens have on policy-making.
expressed powers given to congress
taxing - borrowing - commerce - currency - bankruptcy - war and foreign relations - naturalization - postal - copyrights and patents - weights and measures - judicial - powers over teritories and other areas: eminent domain
republican party
tend to have more conservative beliefs and usually consists of christians, new right, "angry white men"
Sine-Soviet split
tensions between the USSA and china that rocked the communist world
catch-all
term devised in the 1960's to describe a new type of political party that plays down ideology in favor of slogans, telegenic candidates, and the like
catch-all
term devised in the 1960s to describe a new type of political party that plays down ideology in favor of slogans, telegenic candidates, and the like
grid-lock
term used in the United States and elsewhere to describe the paralysis of the legislative and executive branches
cadre
term used to define the permanent, professional members of a party, especially in the communist world
house of commons
that all-important lower house of the british parliament
agricultural sector
that part of a country's economy that is involved in the production of farm products
extractive sector
that part of an economy which involves making use of natural resources for economic purposes (e.g. mining)
industrial sector
that part of the economy which manufactures finished and secondary products
service sector
that part of the economy which organizes and provides services at an economic cost
in recent years, the most dissenting voice in american politics has become:
the "new right"
self-announcement
the action of announcing one's candidacy for public office
political participation
the actions by citizens which involve them in the process of selecting leaders and making policies
public policy
the actions of a state regarding a particular issues
the developed world's most significant demographic problem is
the aging population
House of Commons
the all-important lower houses of British Parliament
social capital
the amount of reciprocity and trust that exists among citizens and between citizens and the state.
state
the assembly of all those people and groups within a nation-state that have power to effect change at some level of society through direct action or political participation
correlation
the association of two events in time and/or space without a clear causal relationship
reductivism
the attempt to explain complex correlations and causations using a single independent variable; oversimplification
social contract
the basic agreement between group members and the group as a whole as to rights, privileges, duties, benefits, and costs; often partially explicit in a constitution; usually implicit, in part, in the history and politics of a group
unit
the basic body assuring work, housing, and welfare to which most urban Chinese were assigned before economic reforms took hold
Political Culture
the basic norms of political activity in a society
theocracy
the belief in government by divine guidance
legitimacy
the belief that a regime is a proper one and that the government has a right to exercise authority
gradualism
the belief that change should occur slowly or incrementally
individualism
the belief that emphasizes the role of the individual voter or consumer, typically associated with the rise of democracy in the west
acquis communataire
the body of laws and regulations new members of the EU must accept before gaining admission
Social cleavages
the boundaries between citizens of different religions, ethnic groups, race, and social and economic classes.
governance
the characteristics of a regime or government
head of state
the chief public representative of a state
describe the status of women in the bureaucracy
the civil service has long been taken over by men, but in 1999, 17% were women
shari'a
the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed
political culture
the collection of history, values, beliefs, assumptions, attitudes, traditions, and symbols that define and influence political behavior within a nation-state
civil society
the combined opportunities of churches, community organizations, interest groups, etc.; different opportunities for people to get involved in
(COREPER)
the committee of permanent representatives in the european union, made up of the head or deputy head of mission from the EU member states in brussels.
co-equal branches
the concept frequently found in presidential systems that the three branches of government are equal in power to each other, with no branch superior to the other two
accountability
the concept that government officials are responsible to and serve at the pleasure of constituents or elected officials (and that they may be removed from office by those electors or officials)
accountability
the concept that government officials are responsible to, and may be removed from office by their constituents or other government officials
Accountability
the concept that government officials are responsible to, and may be removed from office by, their constituents or other government officials.
right to self-determination
the concept that nations have a right to choose which government will exercise sovereignty over them
new right
the conservative political movement with its roots in the post-World War II era
coup d'etat
the constitutionally unauthorized removal of an existing government by force
advanced democracies
the countries have well-established democratic governments and a high level of economic development (Great Britain and the USA)
describe the courts in the UK system
the courts have never had a policy making role.
what support does Hauss give for the claim that "British governments rarely act rashly or irresponsibly"
the decision to proceed with new legislation usually comes only after an extended period of study and debate
Public Policy
the decisions made by a state that define what it will do
public policy
the decisions made by a state that defines what it will do
capacity
the degree to which a government or state is able to implement its policies
autonomy
the degree to which a state can implement policies independent of the populace or the amount of sovereignty a nation-state can exercise in the global environment
describe the elections in China
the deputies to the country people's congresses are directly elected and local officials are directly elected
Patronage
the distribution of material benefits to supporters in return for loyalty
separation of powers
the division of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government
class
the divisions of society into groups according to economic roles and status attributes
collective responsibility
the doctrine that all cabinet members must agree with all decisions
Marxism
the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded
globalization
the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of people, cultures, economies, and nation-states facilitated by technology, trade, and cultural diffusion
political socialization
the institutions and methods of developing and reinforcing significant public beliefs, attitudes, and practices (how does a culture get its people to be good political citizens or subjects?)
Regime
the institutions and practices that endure from government to government, such as the constitutional order in a democracy
regime
the institutions and practices that endure from government to government, such as the constitutional order in a democracy
civil disobedience
the intentional breaking of laws with the intention of exposing those laws' lack of fairness or justice
political economy
the interaction of political and economic systems and policy making of a state
comintern
the interwar coalition of communist parties directed from moscow
democratic deficit
the lack of democratic procedures in the EU
federation council
the largely powerless upper house of the russian parliament
Confederation of British Industry
the leading British Interest group; UK's premier business lobbying organization, providing a voice for employers at a national and international level
Labour Party
the leading left-wing party in Britain, in power since 1997
labour party
the leading left-wing party in britain, in power since 1997
liberal democrats
the neofacist and racist opposition party led by vladimir zhirinocsky
International Political Economy
the network of economic activity that transcends national boundaries
euro
the new european currency, introduced in 1999
while the ____ was concentrated around the anti-war and civil rights movements, ____ enhanced conservative values in the american political culture
the new left; "angry white men"
head of government
the office and the person occupying the office charged with leading the operation of a government
shadow cabinet
the official leadership of the opposition party that "shadows" the cabinet
transparency
the open and public operation of government
regime
the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit
bureaucracy
the part of the government composed of technical experts and others who remain from administration to administration
bureaucracy
the part of the government composed of technical experts and others who remain from administration to andministration
government
the part of the state with legitimate public authority; the group of people and organizations that hold political authority in a state at any one time
executive
the people and agencies which implement or execute government policy (from the head of government to the lowest bureaucracies)
Government
the people in charge of a territory at a given time
Devolution
the process by which a government under a unitary system transfers power to sub-national governments.
decolonization
the process by which colonial powers divested themselves of empires
political socialization
the process by which people get their ideas about politics
apportionment
the process of allocating power to a set of consituencies
collectivization
the process of bringing individual property and resources under communal control (normally seen in communist systems)
devolution
the process of decentralization power from national governments that stops short of federalism
devolution
the process of decentralizing power from national governments that stops short of federalism
democratization
the process of developing democratic states
reapportionment
the process of dividing the number of state representatives and senators among the state's population in order to assure districts of equal size
head of state
the representative of a country to the world. A largely ceremonial position in many systems
Head of State
the representative of a country to the world. A largely ceremonial position in many systems.
budgetary deficit
the result of government spending in any one fiscal year exceeding the government revenue in that year (national debt is the total of yearly deficits)
industrialized democracy
the richest countries with advanced economies and libearl states
Industrialized Democracy
the richest countries with advanced economies and liberal states
legitimacy
the right to rule, as the determined by the country's citizens.
suffrage
the right to vote
Presidential system
the roles of the head of state and head of government are given to one person - the president.
regime
the rules that a state sets and follows in exerting its power.
Electoral systems
the rules that decide how votes are cast, counted, and translated into seats in a legislature.
privatization
the selling off of state-owned companies
nationalism
the sense of belonging and identity that distinguishes one nation from another.
multiple causality
the simultaneous effects of a number of independent and intervening variables that bring about changes in dependent variables
(SEA)
the single european act: act that created the truly common market in 1992
mensheviks
the smaller and more moderate faction of the russian social democratic party before WWI
social capital
the social norms that lead to cooperation within and among groups in a society
agents of political socialization
the societal structures through which political orientation is passed from some members of a society to others
gosplan
the soviet central planning agency
nomenklatura
the soviet system of lists that facilitated the CPSU's appointment of trusted people to key positions, adopted by other communist regimes
nomenklatura
the soviet system of lists that facilitates the CPSU's appointment of trusted people, key positions, adopted by other communist regimes
cheka
the soviet union's first secret police
american exceptionalism
the special character of the U. S. as a uniquely free nation based on democratic ideals and personal liberty
democratization
the spread of representative government to more countries and the process of making governments more representative
State corporatism
the state determines which groups are brought in.
Comparative Politics
the study and comparison of domestic politics across countries.
political science
the study of political systems and political behavior
Political Science
the study of political systems and political behavior.
standing committee
the subcommittee that runs the politburo in china
gross domestic product
the sum total of the value of all the goods and services produced in a nation
electoral system
the system by which voters choose their representatives
Electoral System
the system by which voters choose their representatives.
separation of powers
the system of governance in which government power is divided into several bodies with the ability to check the power of the other bodies
nomenklatura
the system of patronage in Communist countries
regime
the system, rules, and laws in place in a particular territory at a particular time
Ethnonationalism
the tendency for an ethnic group to see itself as a distinct nation with a right to autonomy or independence. A fundamental centrifugal force.
Tyranny of the majority
the tendency of democracies to allow majority rule to neglect the rights and liberties of minorities.
Devolution
the tendency to decentralize decision-making to regional governments.
democratization
the term _____ refers to any movements in a society toward free, fair, and competitive elections of policy makers that reflect the collective will of the society. These movements need not result in a true substantive, liberal democracy to qualify as _____. _______ is also present when a system transforms in a way that moves it from being an illiberal democracy to more of a liberal democracy. _____ is fully achieved when a country's system meets all the requirements of both a substantive democracy and a liberal democracy.
Marketization
the term that describes the state's recreation of a market in which property, labor, good, and services can all function in a competitive environment to determine their value.
state
the territory (or one of the territories) under the control of a government
gross domestic product per capita
the total value of a nation's goods and services divided by its population
gross domestic product (GDP)
the total value of goods and services produced by an economy
presidencialismo
the traditional concentration of power, formal and informal, in the office of the mexican president
devolution
the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states
Privatization
the transfer of state-owned property to private ownership.
politicization of religion
the use of religion to justify political choices and changes or the desire to influence other areas with religion
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
the value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given year
single-member district
the voter' in each district elect one of the state's representatives
decision making
the was governments (or other bodies) make policies
political culture
the way a nation, or other group of people approaches issues of government and politics
Decision Making
the way governments (or other bodies) make policies
House of Lords
the weaker upper house of the British Parliament, slated for reform of abolition
house of lords
the weaker upper house of the british parliament, slated for reform or abolition
civil society
the web of membership in social and political groups that some analysts believe is needed to sustain a democracy
civil society
the web of membership in social and political groups that some analysts believe is needed to sustain democracy
what happens if the house and senate cannot agree on the version of a bill
their two texts go to a conference committee of members from both houses whose job is to "iron out" the differences between the two
postmaterialism
theory that young middle-class voters are likely to support environmentalism, feminism, and other "new" issues
postmaterialism
theory that young middle-class voters are likely to support environmentalists, feminism, and other "new" issues
Communist and post-communist countries
these countries have sought to create a system that limits individual freedoms in order to divide wealth more equally. Communism flourished during the 20th century, but lost ground to democratic regimes by the beginning of the 21st century. Russia and China represent this group.
Centripetal forces
these types of forces bind together the people of a state, giving it strength. One of the most powerful centripetal forces is nationalism.
Centrifugal forces
these types of forces destabalize the government and encourage the country to fall apart.
what did critics say about Thatcher/Major rule
they created new problems and exacerbated existing ones by widening the gap between rich and poor and by allowing public services to deteriorate
rapid economic and political change that transforms a country into a stable nation with democratizing political institutions, a growing economy, and an expanding web of nongovernmental institutions (examples: Mexico, Iran)
compressed modernity
unitary state
concentration of political power in a central government as opposed to federalism
(CBI)
confederation of british industry: the leading british business interest group
this organization unites the fifteen former republics of the Soviet Union. Russia is the clear leader of the group, and it has little formal power over its members. The members are to some extend bound together by trade agreements, but the unity of the Confederation is also threatened by nationality differences.
confederation of independent states
maastricht treaty
created the EU and EMU; signed in 1992
the Maastricht Treat
created the EU in 1992
Maastricht Treaty
created the European Union and the European Monetary Union; signed in 1992
Democratic consolidation
creates a stable political system that is supported by all parts of society. All institutions and many people participate, so this ideology penetrates political parties, the judicatory, the bureaucracy, and the military.
who are the "new right"
descriptive term for policies or groups that are right wing, stress traditional values, often with a racial overtone
in the period between 1958 and 1966, Chinese communist policy differed from Russian communist policy in that Chinese policy put more emphasis on...
development of the agricultural sector
in what way were patterns of political and economic change altered significantly in china during the 19th century
europeans established spheres of influence in china
vetting
evaluating for possible approval or acceptance
Vetting
evaluating for possible approval or acceptance.
bureaucracies are typically part of what branch of government?
execuative
most democracies have three branches of government, what are they?
executive, legislative, and judicial
Disadvantage of free market economy
this kind of economy inevitably goes through cycles of prosperity and scarcity - recessions and depressions that eventually correct themselves, but can be devastating.
Separatist movements
this movement occurs when nationalities within a country may demand independence.
Democratization
this process has occured because authoritarian regimes have lost legitimacy, the urban middle class expanded in developing countries, there is a new emphasis on human rights by the the United States and the EU, and the snowball effect - when one country in a region begins this process, it influences the other to do so as well.
totalitarianism
this term is almost always used to describe a particularly repressive and usually detested regime.
Coup d'etat
this type of change generally represents the most limited of the three types of change, replacing the leadership of a country with new leaders.
Revolution
this type of change implies change at a more basic level, and involves either a major revision or an overthow of existing institutions.
Ethnic cleavages
this type of social cleavage is clearly the most divisive and explosive cleavages in countries at all levels of development.
correlation
exists when a change in one variable coincides with a change in the other. correlations are an indication that causality may be present.
deepening
expansion of the EU's powers
newly industrialized countries
experiencing rapid economic growth and have shown a tendency toward democratization and political and social stability (Mexico and Iran).
Civil rights
usually refer to the promotion of equality.
Civil liberties
usually refer to the promotion of freedom.
Head of government
usually the person in charge of the executive power
Head of Government
usually the person in charge of the executive power.
Liberal democracy
value the ideal of equal opportunity, but usually tolerate a great deal of inequality, especially within the economy.
electorate
voters as a group
Electorate
voters as a group.
wasted votes
votes cast that do not influence the outcome of an election
What is the most common form of conventional participation in the political process
voting in an election
Mixed system
voting is arranged in a combination of multi-member and single-member districts. Voters cast votes for individuals and parties. Some seats are filled by winners in plurality races, while others are filled by party. A mixed system results in an in-between number of parties.
interest groups
groups of people organized to support a particular cause
Linkage institutions
groups that connect the government to its citizens, such as political parties, interest groups, and print and electronic media.
Liberal Democratic Party
in Britain, the number-three party and in some ways the most radical; in Russia, the neofascist and racist opposition party led by Vladimir Zhirinovsky
single-member district
in France, the electoral system in which a second, runoff ballot is held to determine the winner if no candidate gets a majority in the first round
integrated elite
in Japan, France, and Germany, refers to cooperation among government, business, and other interest groups
parliamentary legislature
in a democracy, makes the laws, controls finances, appoints and dismisses the prime minister and the cabinet, and debates public issues. Supports decisions made by the executive branch.
capitalism and affluence
in a democracy, the means of production are privately owned and prices, wages, and profits are determined by private industry
rule of law
in a democracy, the principle that legal rules rather than arbitrary and personal decisions determine what happens
vote of confidence
in a parliamentary system, a vote in which the members express their support for (or opposition to) the government's policies; if it loses, the government must resign
vote of confidence
in a parliamentary system, a vote in which the members express their support for (or opposition to) the governments policies; if it loses, the government must resign
three-line whip
in a parliamentary system, statements of MPs that they must vote according to the party's wishes
three-line whip
in a parliamentary system, statements to MPs that they must vote according to the party's wishes
collective responsibility
in a parliamentary system, the concept that all cabinet members agree on policy decisions and that all will be responsible for the results
cabinet
in a parliamentary system, the group of ministers who direct administrative bureaucracies (ministries) and make up the government, which is responsible to the parliament; in a presidential system, the administrative directors responsible to the president
Political Participation
in authoritarian governments, most citizens accomplish this through obedience. In democracies, citizens may play a more active part in this.
white paper
in britain and elsewhere, a government statement that outlines proposed legislation; the last stage before the submission of a formal bill
manifesto
in britain, and other parliamentary systems, another term for a party's platform in an election campaign
liberal democratic party
in britain, the number-three party and in some ways the most radical; in russia, the neofascist and racist opposition party led by vladimir zhirinovsky
cult of personlity
in communist and other systems, the excessive adulation of a single leader
Political Participation
in established democracies, people have the freedom to vote, join interest groups, and engage in at least peaecful protest
single-member districts, tow-ballot systems
in france the electoral system in which a second, runoff ballot is held to determine the winner if no candidate gets a majority in the first round
greens
in germany, the first major environmentally oriented party; a junior partner in government until 2006
integrated elite
in japan, france, and germany, refers to cooperation among government, business, and other interest groups
Support
in systems analysis, popular input that tends to endorse the current leadership and its policies
support
in systems analysis, popular input that tends to endorse the current leadership and its policies
shadow cabinet
in systems like britain's the official leadership of the opposition party that 'shadows' the cabinet
environment
in systems theory, everything lying outside the political system
subsidarity
in the EU, policy that devolves decision making to the lowest appropriate level
checks and balances
in the U. S., the informal designation of separation of powers
checks and balances
in the United States, the informal designation of separation of powers
five-year plan
in the former soviet union and other communist countries, the period for which gosplan developed goals and quotas
checks and balances
in the united states, the informal designation of separation of powers
the primary sector
includes farming, fishing, logging, mining and other industries in which raw materials are grown or extracted.
sovereignty
independent legal authority over a population in a particular place; the degree to which a state controls its own territory and independently make and carry out policy
Plurality system
individual candidates run in single-member districts. Voters cast votes for individual candidates and the candidate with more votes than others wins the seat. One result is a two (or few) party system.
the political culture in the U. S. is best characterized as ____
individualism
Direct democracy
individuals have immediate say over the decisions that the government makes.
normative issues
issues that require value judgments.
describe the bureaucracy in the UK system
it is weak compared to its equivalents on the Continent of Japan. British senior civil servants see themselves more as administrators and believe that the cabinet should define public policy.
This doctrine allows courts to overturn laws that violate a constitution
judicial review
describe the population density in the UK
just over 60 million
Prime Minister Tony Blair was a member of the
labour party
what is the chief reason that most voters do not vote
lack of interest or lack of political efficacy
less developed countries
lack significant economic development, and they also tend to have authoritarian governments (Nigeria).
arable land
land that is suitable for raising crops (it need not be cultivated to count)
democratic party
liberal and progressive beliefs; favor women's rights, environmentalism, and social programs, "little man"
incrementalism
limited, marginal, or minor changes
incrementalsim
limited, marginal, or minor changes
nomenklatura
lists of names to draw from to be member of government
democracy wall
literally, a wall on which chinese dissidents wrote big-character posters in the late 1970s
grassroots politics
locally-organized activism; as opposed to top-down, hierarchical organizing
third international
moscow-dominated organization of communist parties around the world between the two world wars
describe what happens once legislation is proposed
most are laid out in a semi-circle, but some create heated debates
Indirect
most democracies are ______ because large populations make it almost impossible for individuals to have a great deal of direct influence on how they are governed.
Chief executive
most important person in the policymaking process, inviting new policies and playing an important role in their adoption.
describe china's ethnic minorities
most live near china's boarders, there is an independence movement active in Tibet, and China has officially recognized many ethnic minority groups
Democratization
movements in a society towards free, fair, and competitive elections of policy makers.
democratization
movements in society towards free, fair, and competitive elections of policy makers
Liberalization
movements toward greater individual liberty or greater use of free markets.
describe the speed or pace of policy making in the U. S.
much slower because at least 2/3 of the branches have to come to an agreement
Gubernatorial
of, or having to do with, governors
when are elections for members of the U. S. Congress
off-year election: held between presidential elections
boris berezovsky
oil-based oligarch, possible mafia kingpin, taken down by Putin, broke w/ him over Chechnya, self-exile in U.K., commits suicide 2013 over lost lawsuit
Boris Yeltsin's government created what group of wealthy people
oligarchs
Business and political leaders with what some consider undue influence in Russia
oligarchs
continuous body
on a third of the senators are up for reelection every two years
Poverty
one of the greatest obstacles to democratization because it blocks citizen participation in a government.
fatherland-all russia
one of the leading opposition parties in russia in the 1999 duma elections
yabloko
one of the leading reformist parties in russia
strong state
one with the capacity and the political will to make and implement effective public policy
weak state
one without the capacity and the political will to make and implement effective public policy
how does the U. S. differ from other democracies
only industrialized democracy that does not guarantee basic healthcare to everybody
glasnost
openess
political party
organization that contests elections or otherwise contends for power
modern day political effects of the Long March of 1943-1936 are most clearly manifested in...
patron-clientelism
secret speech
given by khrushchev in 1957; seen as the start of the "thaw"
intergovernmental organizations
(IGOs) organizations composed of representatives appointed by the state gov's that have agreed to become members of the organization
Madero, Francisco
An initial leader of the Mexican Revolution and a land owner who sought moderate democratic reform
Theory
An integrated set of hypotheses, assumptions, and facts
Supranational System
An intergovernmental system with its own sovereign powers over member states
Unitary State
An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials
unitary state
An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials
describes Deng Xiaoping Theory
"it doesn't matter whether a cat is white or black, as long as it catches mice'
current salary for the president of the U. S.
$400,000
party of power
patronage parties with strong official sponsorship
code law system
(civil law) a system of laws in which only legislative acts, and properly executed regulations, have the force of law (judicial precedents rarely, if ever, have the force of law in these systems
civil society and civic culture
- social and political groups that some analysts believe is needed to sustain democracy - characterized by trust, legitimacy and limited involvement which is needed for democracy
Shirin Ebadi
-Nobel Peace Prize Winner -studied law and became a judge -defended alleged human rights abuse -devout Muslim
Muhammad Mossadeq
-Prime Minister of Iran
Mohammad Khatami
-Rafsanjani's successor -cleric -supported more rights for women -Supported members of religious and ethnic minority groups -Stressed importance of strengthening civil society
Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (1934-)
-Served 8 years as president -Head of Expediency Council and Assembly of Experts
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (1956-)
-Won 2005 election by more than 60% vote -hard liner -first non-cleric president of Islamic Republic -appealed to young poor Iranians who felt they had been neglected by theocracy -pursued more conservative policies
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (1903 - 1989)
-cleric
Reza Shah
-first of the two Pahlevi Monarchs -Changed country's name to Iran
Muhammad Khatami
-religious elite -imposed limited freedoms
Muhammad Reza Shah
-replaced his father -Pro western
describe the difference between members of parliament (MPs) and members of the US House of Representatives
-the concept of having the confidence of the house (parliament), wherein the governing party derives it's authority from the support of the majority of Members of Parliament (MP's), instead of from the voters for a fixed term, -the executive is not a separate branch of government, but instead is drawn from elected MP's.
Functions of Political Parties
1 Articulating ideology 2 Recruiting leaders 3 Staffing the government bureaucracy 4 Proposing, forming, and shaping policy 5 Connecting people to government 6 Mobilizing citizens 7 Aggregating interests 8 Engaging in political socialization and educating the public
Liberalism
1. A political attitude that favors evolutionary transformation; 2. An ideology and political system that favors a limited state role in society and the economy, and places high priority of individual political economic freedoms
Communism
1. A political-economic system in which all wealth and property are shared so as to eliminate exploitation, oppression, and ultimately, the need for political institutions such as the state; 2. An ideology that places the emphasis on creating economic equality instead of on individual political and economic freedoms 3. A political ideology that advocates such a system 4.One-party authoritarian regime in which a Communist party controls most aspects of a country's political and economic system
sources of legitimacy
1. Charisma of a leader 2. Belief systems, ideologies, and founding myths 3. Tradition (including monarchy and birthright) 4. Revolutions 5. Religion 6. Constitutions 7. Rule of law and/or rational legal authority 8. Competitive elections 9. Distinct aspects of a country's political culture
State
1. The organization that maintains a monopoly of force over a given territory; 2.A set of political institutions to generate and execute policy regarding freedom and equality
sources of cleavages
1. Wealth (Rich vs. Poor) 2. Region (Urban vs. Rural, Center vs. Periphery) 3. Religion (Catholics vs. Protestants, Christians vs. Muslims, Religious vs. Secular voters) 4. Level of education (University graduates vs. High school graduates) 5. Race 6. Ethnicity
political efficacy
1. a citizen's capacity to understand and influence political events. 2. If citizens have a high level of ____, they believe that the government takes their input seriously and cares about what they have to say. They also believe in their own abilities to understand political issues and to participate in solving problems. If citizens lack ______, they may not believe that it is important to vote, or they may try to ignore the government's efforts to enforce laws.
three points that characterizes the U. S.
1. no more than a tiny minority of americans have questioned the regime based on the constitution of 1787 2. individualism remains one of the most widely held beliefs among americans 3. almost all americans accept the idea of a weak state
outline 3 reasons why the conservatives were successful
1. pragmatic politicians who were flexible enough to change their policies when circumstances warranted 2. because their roots lay in the nobility, conservative politicians tended to embody the values of the responsibility of the elite to the less fortunate 3. they had a rather elitist but effective organization
Social Democracy (socialism)
1.A political-economic system in which freedom and equality are balanced through the state's management of the economy and the provision of social expenditures 2.A political ideology that advocates such a system
Charismatic Legitimacy
1.Legitimacy built on the force of ideas embodied by an individual leader. 2. Legitimacy based on a state's identification with an important individual
number of congressional districts in PA
18
voting amendments 19 and 26
19th (1920): all men and women over the age of 21 can vote 26th (1971): age is set to 18
length of term for U. S. House of Representatives
2 years
describe the religious differences in the UK
2/3 of the people belong to the Church of England, 10% are catholic
how many member states are in the European Union
28
minimum age before becoming a United States President
35 years old
requirements for becoming President of the U. S.
35 years old - natural born citizen - 14 years a U. S. resident
number of members/seats in the U. S. House of Representatives
435 members
length of term of U. S. Senators
6 years
describe the regional differences in the UK
70% live in urban areas
how many supreme court justices are there
9
describe the modern civil service
94-95
confucianism
Chinese philosophical and religious tradition stressing, among other things, order and hierarchy
patronage
the privileges a government grants to its supporters
political ideology
A __________ is a set of ethical principles that helps provide an outline of the proper ordering of society, and explains how society should work.
San Andrés Peace Accords
A 1996 agreement that promised to end the Zapatista rebel uprising but was never implemented by the PRI government
Bracero Program
A WWII program that allowed millions of Mexicans to work temporarily in the US
Market
A _____ is any type of structure that allows buyers and sellers to exchange goods, services,and information. For a true _____ to exist there must be competition. In recent decades, most political and governmental systems around the world have moved toward allowing freer _____s.
cleavages
A ______ is a division in a society that causes people within that society to support different sides of an issue, support a particular political party, or vote differently.
Referendums
A _______ is a vote on an issue referred to an electorate by the government. The result may lead to new laws or may in some cases amend the constitution.
Welfare states
A ___________ has governmental policies that provide a "social safety net" by directly or indirectly providing pensions, health care, unemployment insurance, and assistance to the poor and others in need. _________ may also redistribute wealth to provide for the needs of the public. Welfare state systems may have some, or all, of the following policies in place: 1. Government funded poverty relief 2. Government mandated unemployment benefits 3. Government mandated maternity leave and/or paternity leave 4. Government subsidized housing 5. Free job training provided by law 6. Government mandated disability insurance 7. Government subsidized or free university tuition 8. Government mandated retirement benefits or pensions 9. Government funded programs for the homeless
Hierarchical authority structure
A basic characteristic of bureaucracy - a chain of command that is hierarchical; the top bureaucrat has ultimate control and authority flows from the top down.
Task specialization
A basic characteristic of bureaucracy - a clear division of labor in which every individual has a specialized job.
Clear goals
A basic characteristic of bureaucracy - a clearly defined set of goals that all people in the organization strive towards.
Extensive rules
A basic characteristic of bureaucracy - clearly written, well-established formal rules that all people in the organization follow.
Impersonality
A basic characteristic of bureaucracy - job performance that is judged by productivity, or how much work the individual gets done.
Merit principle
A basic characteristic of bureaucracy - merit-based hiring and promotion; no granting of jobs to friends or family unless they are the best qualified.
Nihilism
A belief that all institutions and values are essentially meaningless that the only redeeming value is violence
Mexico's War of Independence
A bloody 11-year conflict that resulted in Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821
state-owned enterprises
A business owned by the government
Causation
A cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the changes in another variable.
Central Planning
A communist economic system in which the state explicitly allocates resources by planning what should be produced and in what amounts, the final prices of good, and where they should be sold
Ethnic Conflict
A conflict in which different ethnic groups struggle to achieve certain political or economic goals at each other's expense
National Conflict
A conflict in which one or more group within a country develop clear aspirations for political independence, clashing with others as a a result
Guerrilla War
A conflict whereby non-state combatants who largely abide by the rules of war target the state
Partido Acción Nacional (PAN)
A conservative Catholic Mexican political party that until 2000 was the main opposition to the PRI
Transparency
A government is being transparent when it allows the public to see and understand what it is doing and why. No government acts in a completely transparent manner. Many display little transparency at all. Here are some examples of the types of government actions that indicate transparency. 1. Providing accurate political and economic information to the public 2. Allowing information about government policies to be freely disseminated 3. Allowing citizens numerous avenues to gain information about the government and its actions 4. Allowing information about the government to flow freely, including information that could be damaging to the government, with little or no censorship 5. Allowing independent media to operate free from government control 6. Providing open government proceedings, including courts, legislative sessions, and government hearings 7. Publishing the workings of the government, including laws, rules, budgets, and officials' salaries 8. Choosing leaders in an open way, without secrecy
Welfare State
A government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc.
Nation
A group of people who feel bound into a single body by shared culture, values, folkways, religion and/or language
Nation
A group that describes self-government through an independent state
Newly Industrializing Country (NIC)
A historically less-developed country that has experienced significant economic growth and democratization
Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN)
A largely Mayan rebel group that staged an uprising in 1994, demanding political reform and greater rights for Mexico's indigenous people
Microfinance
A loan system covering a broad spectrum, including credit, savings, insurance, and financial transfers
modernization theory
A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences between nations. According to this model, the biggest obstacle for LDCs is tradition because holding on to old values and beliefs can hinder progress.
Dependency theory
A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones
PURCHASING POWER PARITY
A monetary measurement of development that takes into account what money buys in different countries
Coup D'état
A move in which military forces take control of the government by force
Nation-State
A nation which has its own government.
developmental state
A nation-state in which the government carries out policies that effectively promote national economic growth
Referendum
A national vote called by a government to address a specific proposal often a changed to the Constitution
Initiative
A national vote called by members of the public to address a specific proposal
Theocracy
A nondemocratic form of rule where religions is the foundation for the regime; An authoritarian regime that has leaders who claim to rule on behalf of God
Totalitariansim
A nondemocratic regime that is highly centralized, possessing some form of strong ideology that seeks to transform and absorb fundamental aspects of state, society, and the economy, using a wide array of institutions and the application of force
Quota
A nontariff barrier that limits the quantity of a good that may be imported into a country
Villa, Francisco Pancho
A northern Mexican peasant leader of the revolution who, with Emiliano Zapata, advocated a more radical socio economic agenda
One-Party Dominant System
A party system in which a single party rules for long periods of time and the opposition parties are not likely to gain the support needed to successfully challenge the dominant party for control of the government
Catch All Party
A party that attracts a wide range of political interests; tends to lack ideology
Perestroika
A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society
Structural-Adjustment Program/ Washington Consensus
A policy of economic liberalization adopted in exchange for financial support from liberal international organizations; typically includes privatizing state-run firms, ending subsidies, reducing tariff barriers, shrinking the size of the state, and welcoming foreign investment
Facism
A political ideology that asserts the superiority and inferiority of different groups of people and stresses a low degree of both freedom and equality in order to achieve a powerful state
neoliberalism
A political movement beginning in the 1960s that blends traditional liberal concerns for social justice with an emphasis on economic growth (dictionary.com definition)
Conservative Party
A political party in Great Britain which developed from the Tories in the 1830s, One of the two major parties in the UK, it is generally more right wing, and more towards free-markets and the upper classes,advocates a mixed economy and encourages property owning
Two-Party System
A political party system with two major political parties
Nondemocratic Regimes
A political regime that is controlled by a small group of individuals who exercise power over the state without being constitutionally responsible to the public
Authoritarianism
A political system in which a small group of individuals exercises power over the sate without being constitutionally responsible to the public
One-Party System
A political system in which only one party exists.
Democracy
A political system in which political power is exercised either directly or indirectly by the people; often protects basic rights and freedoms
Party-State
A political system in which power flows directly from the ruling political party (usually a communist party) to the sate, bypassing government structures
Unicameral System
A political system in which the legislature comprises one house
Bicameral System
A political system in which the legislature comprises two houses
Presidential System
A political system in which the roles of the head of state and head of government are combined in one executive office; usually directly elected by the people
Democracy
A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
Liberal Democracy
A political system that promotes participation, competition, and liberty and emphasizes individual freedom and civil rights
Populism
A political view that does not have a consistent ideological foundation but that foundation, but that emphasizes hostility toward elites and established state and economic institutions and favors greater power in the hands of the people
Mercantilism
A political-economic system in which national economic power is paramount and and the domestic economy is viewed as an instrument that exists primarily to serve the needs of the state
Equality
A shared material standard of individuals within a community, society, or country
QUANGO
A quasi-autonomous non-governmental organization: a public body stuffed by appointees rather than politicians or civil servants.
Regulation
A rule of order that sets the boundaries of a given procedure
Informal sector
A sector of the economy that is not regulated or taxed by the state
Informal Economy
A segment of the economy that is not regulated or taxed by the state
National Identity
A sense of belonging to a nation and a belief that they have a unique political destiny; the common set of political aspirations that bind citizens of a country together
Electoral System
A set of rules that decide how votes are cast, counted and translated into seats in a legislature
Electoral System
A set of rules that decide how votes are cast, counted, and translated into seats in a legislature.
Politburo
A seven-member committee that became the leading policy-making body of the Communist Party in Russia.
Mixed Presidential Parliamentary System
A system consisting of both a president elected by the people and another head of government (usually a prime minister) who is elected by a legislative body (e.g. Russia)
Imperialsim
A system in which a state extends its power to directly control territories, resources, and people beyond its borders
Rule of Law
A system in which all individuals and groups, including those in government, are subject to the law, irrespective to their power or authority
Federalism
A system in which power is divided between the national and regional governments
Federalism
A system in which significant state powers, such as taxation, lawmaking and security, are devolved to regional or local bodies (such as states, provinces, counties, and cities)
Micorcredit
A system in which small loans are channeled to the poor through borrowing groups whose members jointly take responsibility for repayment
Bureaucratic Authoritariansim
A system in which the state bureaucracy and the military share a belief that a technocratic leadership, focused on rational, objective, and technical expertise, cam solve the problems of the country without public participation
Multiparty System
A system in which three or more political parties have the capacity to gain control of government separately or in coalition.
Intergovernmental System
A system in which two or more countries cooperate on issues
Oligarchy
A system of government in which a small group holds power
Presidential System
A system of government in which the legislative and executive branches operate independently of each other
Parliamentary System
A system of government in which the legislature selects the prime minister or president.
communism
A system of government in which the state plans and controls the economy and a single, often authoritarian party holds power, claiming to make progress toward a higher social order in which all goods are equally shared by the people.
theocracy
A system of government under which a deity is seen as the supreme ruler, or the entity in which ultimate sovereignty rests.
cabinet government/collective responsibility
A system of government, as in Britain, in which the cabinet (rather than the PM) excecises responsibility for formulating policy and directing both the government and the executive branch.
Common Law
A system of law based on precedent and customs
Capitalism
A system of production based on private property and free markets
checks and balances
A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power
Neocorporatism
A sytem of social democratic policy making in which a limited number of organizations representing business and labor work with the state to set economic policy
Tariff
A tax of imported goods
Modernization Theory
A theory asserting that as societies developed, they would take on a set of common characteristics, including democracy and capitalism
monetarism
A theory holding that economic variations within a given system, such as changing rates of inflation, are most often caused by increases or decreases in the money supply; A policy that seeks to regulate an economy by altering the domestic money supply, especially by increasing it in a moderate but steady manner (dictionary.com definition)
Pluralism
A theory of government that holds that open, multiple, and competing groups can check the asserted power by any one group.
Communism
A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.
Secretary of Government
A top cabinet post that controls internal political affairs and was often a stepping-stone to the presidency under the PRI
NAFTA
A trade agreement linking Mexico with the US and Canada
unicameral legislature vs. bicameral legislature
A unicameral legislature consists of one chamber or house, while a bicameral legislature consists of two chambers. Federal systems of government often have bicameral legislatures, while unitary systems of government often have unicameral legislatures. In federal systems with bicameral legislatures, the lower house usually represents the people directly, while the upper house represents regional concerns. This is the basis for the bicameral systems in the United States, Mexico, and Russia, for example.
Legitimacy
A value whereby an institution is accepted by the public as right and proper, thus giving it authority and power
Supranational Organization
A venture involving three or more nation-states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives. The European Union is one such organization
pocket veto
A veto taking place when Congress adjourns within 10 days of submitting a bill to the president, who simply lets it die by neither signing nor vetoing it.
Fundamentalism
A view of religion as absolute and inerrant that should be legally enforced by making faith the sovereign authority
Televisa
Mexico's largest media conglomerate which for decades enjoyed a close relationship with the PRI
Partido de la Revolución Democrática (PRD)
Mexico's main party of the left
Sovereignty
Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.
Superstructure
All economic institutions in a society (eg religion, culture, national identity); these idea and values derive from the base and serve to legitimize the current system of explotaiton
neocolonialism
Also called economic imperialism, this is the domination of newly independent countries by foreign business interests that causes colonial-style economies to continue, which often caused monoculture (a country only producing one main export like sugar, oil, etc).
Political Participation in China
Although electoral politics are not a big part of the Chinese system, the government has experimented with elections at the local level. Since the period of reforms that began in the late 1970s, however, many more avenues of political participation have opened up for the average citizen. Especially at the local level, it is common for leaders to meet with citizens to discuss their concerns.
Ethnic Cleavages
Although over 90% of people living within the People's Republic of China are Han Chinese, China must still deal with significant ethnic cleavages in some regions of the country. To address these cleavages, the Chinese government has set up five autonomous regions within the PRC. The five autonomous regions in the PRC are: ~ Tibet ~ Guangxi ~ Xinjiang ~ Inner Mongolia ~ Ningxia Despite the theoretical autonomy of these regions, separatist movements operate within each of them. Both peaceful and violent protests are common in some of these regions. The government in Beijing frequently calls on the military to quell these protests.
command economy
An economic system in which the government controls a country's economy.
Command Economy
An economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes are determined centrally by a government
Proportional Representation
An election system in which each party running receives the proportion of legislative seats corresponding to its proportion of the vote.
Single-Member Districts
An electoral district in which voters choose one representative or official (not voting for more than one person for any position)
single member district
An electoral district in which voters choose one representative or official.
Multimember District (MMD)
An electoral district with more than one seat
First Past the Post
An electoral system in which individual candidates compete in single-member districts; voters choose between candidates, and the candidate with the largest share of the vote wins the seat
Proportional Representation (PR)
An electoral system in which political parties compete in multimember districts; voters choose between parties, and the seats in the district are awarded proportionally according to the results of the vote
Mixed Electoral System
An electoral system that uses a combination of single-member districts and proportional representation
Semi-presidential System
An executive system that divides power between two strong executives, a president and a prime minister
marxism-leninism
An expanded form of Marxism that emphasizes Lenin's concept of imperialism as the final stage of capitalism and shifts the focus of struggle from developed to underdeveloped countries.
Anarchism
An ideology believing that private property and capitalism lead to inequality, but, like liberals, anarchists place high value on individual political freedom
Federal Electoral Institute
An independent agency that regulates elections in Mexico; created in 1996 to end decades of electoral fraud
Neocolonialsim
An indirect form of imperialism in which powerful countries overly influence the economies of less-developed countries
Citizenship
An individual's relationship to the state, wherein citizens swear allegiance to that state and the state in return is obligated to provide rights to those citizens.
Patron-Client Politics
An informal aspect of policy-making in which a powerful patron offers resources such as land, contracts, protection, or jobs in return for the support and services of lower-status and less powerful clients; corruption, preferential treatment, and inequality are characteristic of clientelist politics.
Instituion
An organization or activity that is self-perpetuating and valued for its own sake
Inflation
An outstripping of supply by demand, resulting in an increase in the general price level of goods and services and the resulting loss of value in a country's economy
Political Culture
An overall set of values widely shared within a society
Who has the power to remove the supreme leader from office
Assembly of Religious Experts
Liberal Attitudes
Attitudes that promote evolutionary change within a system
Secretary of the Treasury
Mexico's most powerful economic cabinet minister
Culture
Basic institutions that define a society
Calderón, Felipe
Mexico's most recent (as in not current) president, elected in 2006; ended in 2012
PEMEX
Mexico's powerful state-owned oil monopoly
Mexican Revolution
Bloody conflict in Mexico between 1910-17 that established the long-lived PRI regime
who are PA's two senators
Bob Casey, Jr (D) and Pat Tommey (R)
the first elected leader by the citizens of Russia
Boris Yeltsin
List of Russian Leaders
Boris Yeltsin, Vladimir Putin, Dmitry Medvedev, Vladimir Putin
Trades Union Congress
Britain's leading trade union confederation
Conservative Prty
Britain's most important right-of-center party, in power more often than not for two centuries
Tony Blair
British prime minister since 1997 and architect of "New Labour". Favored low taxes, tightly controlled social spending, and closer ties to Europe
Thomas Hobbes
British social theorist of the 17th century who emphasized a strong state
Cultural Revolution
Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.
Plurality
Candidate or party with the most votes cast in an election, not necessarily more than half.
Causation vs. Correlation
Causation, means that one event caused another. In other words, a certain event, let's call it X, led to or is responsible for a second event, Y. Correlation, on the other hand, simply means that two events are associated. That is, they are often, or even always, seen at the same time. While correlation between two events may hint at causation, it does not prove a cause and effect relationship. For example, two events that occur at the same time may both be caused by a third event. In addition, even if there is a cause and effect relationship between two events, correlation alone cannot tell us which event is the cause and which is the effect.
behind-the-scenes leadership exercised by the CCP's elderly leaders during Deng Xiaoping's years in power. Deng was able to urge his colleagues into formal retirement with him in the 1980s, but they continued to run the country through this body which was set up in 1982. It theoretically existed only to advise the politburo, but in reality its members remained the most powerful people in the country and made all the important decisions. It was abolished at the Fourteenth Party Congress in 1992
Central Advisory Committee
CCP
Chinese Communist Party
mass line
Chinese Communist principle that stressed "learning from the masses"
Economic Liberalization
Changes consistent with liberalism that aim to limit the power of the state and increase the power of the market and private property in an economy
Modern
Characterized as secular, rational, materialistic, technological, and bureaucratic, and placing a greater emphasis or individual freedom than in the past
Totalitarian
Characterized by a government in which the political authority exercises absolute and centralized control
Postmodern
Characterized by a set of values that center on "quality of life" considerations and give less attention to material gain
comparison of political and economic change in China and Russia
China rose to regional hegemony before Russia did
geographic influences on china's political system
China's population is concentrated along river valleys and coastal areas in the east
Authoritarian regimes
Common characteristics of __________ __________ include: a small group of elites exercising power over the state. citizens with little or no input into selection of leaders and government decisions. no constitutional responsibility of leaders to the public. restriction of civil rights and civil liberties.
Society
Complex human organization, a collection of people bound by shared institutions that define how human relations should be conducted
Political Socialization
Complex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values.
Coercion
Compelling behavior by threatening harm
Fox, Vicente
Mexico's president from 2000-2006 and the first non-PRI president in more than seven decades
Margaret Thatcher
Conservative and first woman prime minister of Great Britain, 1979-1990
transparency in Nigeria
Corruption remains a serious problem in Nigeria. The courts are not independent and little happens in Nigeria as the constitution says it is supposed to. As a result, despite government attempts at reform, the decision-making process in Nigeria is frequently hidden from the public's view.
Municipios
Country-level governments in Mexican states
in early 2014, Russia annexed what region
Crimea
procedural democracy
Decision making process involving; universal participation, political equality, majority rule, and responsiveness
civil society in Nigeria
Deep cleavages across Nigerian society have greatly hampered the development of a vibrant civil society within the country. Mistrust among the various ethnic and religious groups within the society remains a significant problem.
Zedillo, Ernesto
Mexico's president from a 1994-2000; he implemented political reforms that paved the way for fair elections in 2000
Nahuatl
Mexico's second-largest indigenous group concentrated in central Mexico
Indirect Democracy
Democracy in which representatives of the public are responsible for government decision making
Direct Democracy
Democracy that allows the public to participate directly in government decision making
Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong. De facto ruler of China from 1970's to 1997
Deng Xiaoping
"It doesn't matter whether a cat is white or black, as long as it catches the mice." The famous statement above reflects the governing approach taken by
Deng Xiaoping Theory
Political Attitude
Description of one's views regarding the speed and methods with which political changes should take place in a given society; views regarding the status quo in any society, specifically the desired pace and methods of political change
Structural Adjustment/Import Substitution
Development strategy that uses tariffs and other barriers to imports, and therefore stimulates domestic industries.
foreign direct investment
Direct investments in productive assets by a company incorporated in a foreign country, as opposed to investments in shares of local companies by foreign entities. An important feature of an increasingly globalized economic system.
Single-Member District (SMD)
Districts in which only one representative for each constituency and the candidate with the larges number of votes- and not necessarily a majority- wins the state
Separation of Power
Division of powers among branches of government.
Fragmentation
Divisions based on ethnic or cultural identity
substantive democracy
Domocracy is in the substance of gov. policies, and not in the policy making procedure
Economic forces
Economic inequalities may also destabalize a nation-state - a fundamental centrifugal force.
First Past the Post
Electoral system based on single-member districts in which the candidate who receives the most votes wins.
rent/rent-seeking behavior
Expenditure of scarce resources (capital, human, natural) to produce or gain an asset that generates economic rent.
Maquiladoras
Factories that import goods or parts to manufacture goods that are exported
Chinese spiritual movement suppressed by the Chinese government since the late 1990s
Falun Gong
Multinational Corporation (MNC)
Firm that produces, distributes, and markets its goods or services in more than one country
radical
French party that was radical by 19th century standards, which is to say it favored democracy, capitalism, and anticlericalism
GDP per capita
GDP divided by total population.
christian democratic party
Germany's leading right-of-center party; similar parties exist elsewhere where there is a large catholic population
Social Democratic Party
Germany's left-of-center party, in power since 1997
christian democratic parties
Germany's leading right-of-center party; similar parties exist elsewhere where there is a large catholic population
Property
Goods or services that are owned by an individual or group, privately or publicly
Public Goods
Goods, provided or secured by the sate, available to society and which no private person or organization can own
neoliberalism is a feature of politics in which country
Great Britain
what country bases its legal and judicial systems on common law
Great Britain
what regions are in the UK
Great Britain, Northern Ireland, England, Scotland, Wales
what countries formally divides its executive into two positions; the head of government and the dead of state
Great Britain, Russia, and China
Failed Chinese campaign of the late 1950s to speed up development and move to socialism and communism
Great Leap Forward
which case study country would be part of NATO
Great britain
GDP stands for
Gross Domestic Product
Intergovernmental Organizations (IGO)
Group created by states to serve certain policy ends
the majority of people in China are
Han
Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin, who's next?
Hu Jinato
"one country, two systems" is a reference to Chinese policy toward...
Hong Kong
the most significant law-making body in Great Britain is
House of Commons
360 members from single-member districts, elected by plurality, represent many different ethnicities, only 13 representatives were women
House of Representatives
term of congress
House of Representatives: 2 year terms Senate: 6 year terms
President of China
Hu Jinato
Liberal Democratic Party
In Britain, the number-three party and in some ways the most radical.
corporatist systems
In _____, certain interest groups within society have a special relationship with the government. These key interest groups have a "seat at the table" in return for their cooperation in the creation and implementation of government policies.
parliamentary systems
In _____, the ministers of Government who hold executive power are chosen from within the legislature and are accountable to it. There is no clear separation of executive and legislative functions in such a system. The head of government - often called the prime minister, premier, chancellor, or some other similar term - is a member of the legislature as well, and is usually the head of the majority party in parliament. In many presidential systems, including that of the United States, elections are held on regular schedules. In parliamentary systems, this is rarely the case. Instead, there is usually a maximum term between elections of the legislature, but no minimum. Elections occur on irregular election cycles, and are usually" called" by the prime minister at some point prior to the deadline.
pluralist systems
In _______, interest groups compete, rather than cooperate, for influence over government. ______ are based on the idea that all individuals, political parties, and interest groups have roughly equal access and ability to influence government policy, and that the government is neutral in its treatment of interest groups. In theory, so long as all interest groups feel they have access to the political process and are being heard, such systems will remain stable.
unitary system
In a ______, all power ultimately rests in the hands of the central government. Any power exercised by sub-national governments (e.g., state, provincial, or city governments) exists because it was granted by the central government.
federal system
In a ________, there is some power that does not ultimately rest in the hands of the central government and such power may not be taken away by the central government through normal law making procedures. Instead, in ______, the power of the sub-national governments is guaranteed in the constitution and only by amending that document can the powers of the sub-national governments be altered or taken away.
Substantive Democracy
In a ____________, competitive elections are held and the results are likely representative of the political views of the population. Peaceful transitions from one government to the next are also an important aspect of _______________ies.
Procedural Democracy
In a _____________, elections are held, and the institutions and processes of elected government appear to be in place, but for any number of possible reasons, including electoral fraud and excessive vetting of candidates prior to the election, the results of those elections may not be reflective of the political views of the population.
Liberal Democracy
In a ______________, free, fair and competitive elections are held, and political liberties such as free speech and press are respected. Traits include: 1 Free, fair, and competitive elections 2 Large scale disenfranchisement is not a.problem 3 Civil liberties and/or human rights are protected 4 Strong independent judiciaries 5 Large, strong civil societies
Sovereignty
In a basic sense, ____________ can be defined as having independent legal authority over a particular territory, and the legitimate power to rule and make laws for that territory.
Illiberal Democracy
In an _______, elections are not free, fair, or competitive, and/or political liberties such as free speech and press are not respected. 1 Elections without protections of civil liberties and/or human rights 2 A lack of independent judiciaries 3 Small or weak civil societies 4 Large-scale disenfranchisement, often along racial or ethnic cleavages
bureaucracy
In general, _________s display a high degree of specialization of functions, as well as fixed rules and a rigid hierarchy. _____ is a part of nearly all governmental systems regardless of size, but is particularly crucial in implementing policy in authoritarian systems led by a single party. In such systems, members of the ______ are usually drawn from party members, and are accountable to the party leadership.
Impeachment vs. Confidence Votes
In parliamentary systems, Governments and prime ministers are usually removed through confidence votes or internal actions of the ruling party, while in presidential systems, impeachment is the usual means of removing the executive administration. While there are many differences between these two approaches to government, one of the most important to keep in mind is that confidence votes normally require only a simple majority of the lower house to topple a government, while impeachment often requires that the president first be accused of violating a law (the literal impeachment), and then that a super-majority of the legislature, or some other body, vote to remove the president.
Political Participation in Nigeria
In theory, citizens of Nigeria have all the avenues of liberal, democratic political participation open to them. In reality, the structures of government and politics in Nigeria do not function well. As a result, political violence is one of the most common forms of political participation in the country. In the past, coup d'etats have been an important means of changing governments in Nigeria.
National People's Congress
In theory, the party's highest body is the _____________. In practice, the Party Congress is too large and meets too infrequently - once every five years - to exercise any real authority. Instead, it functions primarily as a "rubber stamp" of broad policy decisions made by smaller and more powerful party structures.
presidential systems
In_______, the executive power is held in a separate branch of government from the legislative and judicial powers. This executive branch is usually led by a single president, hence the name. Under normal circumstances, the executive is not accountable to, nor removable by, the legislature. Votes of confidence are not part of presidential systems. As a result of this separation of executive and legislative powers, presidential systems are often slow to act, lack party discipline in the legislative branch, and are prone to political "gridlock."
Parastatals
Industries partially or fully owned by the state.
Hyperinflation
Inflation of more than 50% a month for more than two months in a row
Formal Institutions
Institutions usually based on officially sanctioned rules that are relatively clear
Informal Institutions
Institutions with unwritten and unofficial rules
Democratic corporatism
Interest representation is institutionalized by the state and organizations develop institutionalized and legally binding links with the state agencies, so that the groups become semi-public agencies, acting on behalf of the state. As a result, groups and individuals lose their freedom.
Nongovernmental Organizations
International organizations that operate outside of the formal political arena but that are nevertheless influential in spearheading international initiatives on social, economic, and environmental issues.
List of Prime Ministers in Britain (Oldest to most recent)
James Callaghan, Margaret Thatcher, John Major, Tony Blair, Gordan Brown, David Cameron
Concrete Review
Judicial review that allows the constitutional court to rule on the basis of actual legal disputes brought before it.
why did the social and economic reforms described in the Beveridge report succeed in Britian? why did a more capitalistic policy not prevail?
Labour party won the 1945 elections. they were committed to going farther and faster in enacting its recommendations as well as nationalizing a number of key industries. Conservatives had retained the welfare state Labour has so greatly expanded in the first few years after the war.
David Cameron
Leader of the British Conservative Party since 2006
Bicameral Legislatures
Legislatures with two chambers
Rational-Legal Legitimacy
Legitimacy based on a system of laws and procedures that are highly institutional
Charismatic Authority
Legitimacy of a leader derived from personality, rather than ideology.
Traditional Legitimacy
Legitimacy that accepts aspects of of politics because they have been institutionalized over a long period of time
Vanguard of the Proletariat
Lenin's argument that an elite communist party would have to carry out revolution because as a result of false consciousness, historical conditions would not automatically lead to capitalism's demise
Newly Industrializing Countries
Less developed countries whose economies and whose trade now include significant amounts of manufactured products. As a result, these countries have a per capita GDP significantly higher than the average per capita GDP for less developed countries.
what effect did the Maastricht Treaty have on the European Union
Limited king's power, stated that people have rights
fundamentalism
Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).
Glasnost
Literally, openness. The policy of political liberalization implemented in the Soviet Union in the late 1980s
Perestroika
Literally, restructuring; the policy of political and economic liberalization implemented in the Soviet Union the the late 1980s
Caciques
Local military strongmen, who generally controlled local politics in 19th century Mexico
Birthrate
The number of childbirths per 1,000 people per year. Decreasing birthrates are often a sign of economic development.
the first document limiting monarchial powers in Great Britain
Magna Carta
The Chinese version of Marxism-Leninism developed by Mao Zedong which emphasizes the strengths of the peasant class
Maoism
Criollos
Mexican-born descendants of Spaniards during the period of Spanish colonial rule
Mestizos
Mexicans of mixed European and indigenous blood who make up the majority of Mexico's population
Congress
Mexico's bicameral legislature
Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM)
Mexico's dominant trade union confederation, which was a main pillar of the PRI's authoritarian regime
de Santa Anna, General Antonio López
Mexico's first great caudillo, who dominated its politics for three decades in the mid 19th century
Supreme Court
Mexico's highest court
Maya
Mexico's largest indigenous group, concentrated in the south of the country
An agreement in which Mexico, the US and Canada committed themselves to the elimination of the trade barriers among them
NAFTA
Coercive Governmental Structures
No matter which type of governmental system is in place, all governments exercise their power through the use of force from time to time. The coercive governmental structures used can range from the military or secret police, to regular police and a penal system. In many countries, these coercive forces are used to suppress opposition to the government. While in others, they mostly serve to protect against crime and civil unrest., In authoritarian systems, the use of coercive force to suppress opposition to the government is common. Torture, imprisonment without a fair trial, and summary executions of oppositions forces are frequently used to maintain control in such systems.
A philosophy that those who have wealth and power are responsible for those who are less fortunate
Noblisse Oblige
Sinn fein advocates for what region of the UK
Northern Ireland
NIMBY
Not In My Back Yard: opposition by residents to a proposal for a new development because it is close to them
What subsidy dominate the Nigerian economy
Oil
The policy that has increased the average age in China
One-Child Policy
Act in China that allows people to have only 1 child in the city and 2 children in the countryside created in 1980; to control population
One-child policy
Civil Society
Organizations outside of the state that help people define and advance their own interests
Reactionary
Someone who seeks to restore the institutions of a real or imagined earlier order
Infant Mortality Rate
The number of deaths of children one year of age or younger per 1,000 live births. Decreasing infant mortality rates are a sign of economic development.
Deathrate
The number of deaths per 1,000 people per year Decreasing death rates are a sign of economic development.
Nomenklatura
The process of filing influential jobs in the state, society, or the economy with people approved and chosen by the communist party
Glasnost
Policy of openness initiated by Gorbachev in the 1980s that provided increased opportunities for freedom of speech, association and the press in the Soviet Union.
Authoritarian Regimes
Regimes that limit the role of the public in decisions making and often deny citizens basic rights and restrict their freedoms
Yoruba
People who spoke a common language and originally belonged to a number of small city-states in the forests on the southern edge of the savanna in what is today Benin and southwestern Nigeria.
PRC
Peoples Republic of China
Economic Liberalization
Philosophy that aims to limit the power of the state and increase the power of the market and private property in an economy.
Social Democrats
Philosophy that rejects revolution and prefers moderate socialistic and other egalitarian reforms enacted through the parliamentary process
Nationalism
Pride in one's people and the belief that they have unique political destiny
Patriotism
Pride in one's state
who elects cabinents
Prime Minister
John Major
Prime Minister after Margaret Thatcher (1990-1997);
Fusion of Power
Principle of parliamentary democracy in which the executive and legislative branches share powers.
Rule of Law
Principle that the law applies to everyone, even those who govern
Elite Recruitment
Process through which future political leaders are identified and selected.
political capital
describes the power of government officials derived from their political popularity
Personality Cult
Promotion of the image of an authoritarian leaders not merely as a political figure but as someone who embodies the spirit of the nation and possess endowments of wisdom and strength far beyond those of the average individual and is thus portrayed in a quasi-religious manner; state sponsored exaltation of an authoritarian leader
Labour Party
The working-class socialist party established in the 1890s to represent the interest of workers in the British government, and to try to achieve change peacefully.
Revolution
Public seizure of the state in order to overturn the existing government and regime
Political Capital
describes the power of government officials derived from their political popularity.
Judicial Review
Review by a court of law of actions of a government official or entity or of some other legally appointed person or body or the review by an appellate court of the decision of a trial court
Personal/ Monarachical Rule
Rule by a single, leader, with no clear regime or rules constraining that leadership
Illiberal Democracy
Rule by an elected leadership through procedures of questionable democratic legitimacy; does not protect basic civil liberties
Military Rule
Rule by one or more military officials, often brought to power through a coup d'etat; often authoritarian
Military Rule
Rule by one or more military officials, often brought to power through a coup d'état.
anatoly chubais
Russian government official who was put in charge of crafting the program to privatize the state-owned industries of the Soviet Union?
mikhail khodorkovsky
Russian tycoon arrested on corruption and tax evasion charges in 2003
The Ultimate legal authority in Iran is
Sharia Law
What type of law is practiced in some regions of Nigeria
Sharia Law
redistributive politics
Shift wealth from rich to poor
authority
Similar to power, but with at least a claim of legitimacy.
patrimonial state
Single ruler treats state as his own personal property,a nd appoints public offices to his own favor.
post-industrial
describing an economy in which the service sector has become more important than the industrial sector
Cleavages
Social or cultural divisions within a state
(KGB)
Soviet secret police
Ethnic Identity/ Ethnicity
Specific attributes and societal institutions that make one group of people culturally different from others
what is the most important center of policymaking in china
Standing Committee of the Politburo
Social Expenditures
State provisions of public benefits, such as education, health care, and transportation
Bonyads
Tax exempt, charitable trusts in Iran that control 20% of the country's GDP through petroleum.
Population Breakdown by Age
The distribution of a population by age. For example, the percentages of a population aged 0-14, 15-49, and 49 and over. An older, or aging, population is often a sign of economic development. Age may also be an important cleavage within a society.
politics
The process of making collective decisions. _______ takes many forms. The concept encompasses what is done within the formal governmental and political structures of a society, but also informal interactions as well.
Democratization
The process of making something democratic.
Land Use
The distribution of land between various uses. Often land use is split between arable land, permanent crops and other uses. Can indicate level of economic development. However, simple rules are difficult to create. For instance, a high percentage of agricultural land often indicates a country is still developing. However, some developed countries have a significant, portion of their land growing crops as well.
Country
Term used to refer to state, government, regime, and the people who live within that political system
State Sponsored Terrorism
Terrorism supported directly by a state as an instrument of foreign policy
Juárez, Benito
The 19th century Mexican president who is today considered an early proponent of a modern, secular, and democratic Mexico
Cuauhtémoc
The Aztec military leader defeated by the Spanish conquerors
Political Socialization in China
The CCP is the main agent of political socialization in China. The CCP is involved in nearly every official structure in Chinese society; from the media and schools to scout troops, and the CCP uses all of these structures to indoctrinate and educate the people of China in the socialist system of the country.
(EU)
european union: the current name of the "common market"
The upper legislative house of the Russian Federation, consisting of 2 members from each of the 89 federal administrative units. One member is selected by the each regional governor and the second by the regional legislature
The Federation Council
Democratic Centralism
The Leninist organizational structure that concentrates power in the hands of the party elite
Díaz, Porfirio
The Mexican dictator who ruled from 1876-1910 and was deposed by the Mexican Revolution
Cárdenas, Lázaro
The Mexican president from 1934-40 who implemented a radical program of land reform and nationalized Mexican oil companies
López Portillo, José
The Mexican president from 1976-82; he increased the role of the state in the economy and nationalized Mexico's banking system in an attempt to avert a national economic crisis
Carranza, Venustiano
The Mexican revolutionary leader who eventually restored political order, ended the revolution's violence, and defeated the more radical challenges of Zapata and Villa
a Revolutionary Alliance formed in 1905 by a group of radical Chinese studying in Japan. They elected Chiang Kai-shek as their leader.
The Nationalist Party/ Kuomintang
Political Party System in China
The PRC effectively operates under a single-party system. Unlike the other countries covered in this course, the PRC is run by the parallel structures of the CCP and the government. The CCP sets the ideological and policy agenda in the PRC and party members populate virtually all government positions of real authority. The CCP has ultimate control of many of the key agents of political socialization in China, including the media, schools, and the government. Although other political parties are allowed to exist, all legally operating parties in the PRC must be approved by the CCP. Parties that challenge the supremacy of the CCP rarely, if ever, gain official approval.
sovereignty in Nigeria
The People
President of China
The President of the PRC is largely a ceremonial position. All official actions of the president must be done under orders of the NPC and its Standing Committee. The office has no power of its own. The office of president is term limited; the president may not serve more than two consecutive five-year terms. While the office of the president has no official power in the government, it has been traditional since the 1990s for the president to also be the general secretary of the CCP. Since the president is head of state of China, the office represents China to the world. By making the general secretary of the CCP the president, the most powerful political figure in China has also been its public and diplomatic face to the world. As a result, the presidency is a powerful position in China despite the lack of official governmental powers.
Cortés, Hernán
The Spanish conqueror of Mexico
People's Liberation Army (PLA)
The __________ is the unified land, sea, air, and missile forces of the PRC.
Central Committee
The ___________ - consists of about 300 members chosen by the National Party Congress. Members all hold positions of significant power around the country. Theoretically, the ______ is the body that chooses the members of the Politburo, its standing committee, and the general secretary of the party. The ______ exercises the authority of the National Party Congress when that body is not in session, approving party policies. The ______ often plays a crucial role in party policy-making because it is the organ of the CCP in which true political debate between party elites occurs.
Discipline Inspection Commission
The _______________ - has the job of finding corruption within the party, enforcing standards of conduct (including ideological standards), and disciplines party members who do not follow the standards or engage in corruption.
Sovereignty
The ability of a state to carry out actions or policies within a territory independently from external actors or internal rivers
Freedom
The ability of an individual to act independently, without fear of restriction or punishment by the state or other individuals or groups in society
Comparative Advantage
The ability of one country to produce a particular good or service more efficiently relative to other countries' efficiency in producing the same good or service
Autonomy
The ability of the state to wield its power independently of the public
Capacity
The ability of the state to wield power to carry out basic tasks, such as defending territory, making and enforcing rules, collecting rules, collecting taxes, and managing the economy
Power
The ability to influence others or impose one's will on them
power
The ability to make others do something they might not otherwise have done.
Development
The act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining
Constitution of 1917
The document established by the Mexican Revolution that continues to regulate Mexico's political regime
Under Mikhail Gorbachev, Soviet policies that opened up the system and allowed for freedom of expression.
glasnost
advantages of holding referendums
The advantages of holding referendums include the following: 1. The government can avoid responsibility for the policy implemented through a referendum, shifting accountability to the people. 2. If, as is often the case, the executive has the power to call a referendum, it allows the executive to bypass the legislature. Although this is only true if the executive branch has the power to call referendums unfettered by the legislature. 3. The government can claim it is acting democratically by putting the issue to a vote of the people. 4. Calling for a referendum on an issue, and actually holding a vote, can force a decision on an issue and shut off debate. This can be very important to a government if it is using up valuable political capital debating an issue that is important to the public, but not a major part of the government's agenda. 5. Calling for a referendum on an issue can lead to greater legitimacy for the policy if the referendum succeeds and the policy is ultimately implemented.
Fertility Rate
The average number of children that would be born per woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years and bore children according to a given fertility rate at each age. Decreasing fertility rates are often a sign of economic development.
Political Ideology
The basic values held by an individual about the fundamental goals of politics or the ideal balance of freedom and equality
Constitution
The body of fundamental laws setting out the principles, structures, and processes of a government
Judiciary
The branch of a country's central administration that is concerned with dispensing justice
Legislature
The branch of government charged with making laws
Executive
The branch of government that carries out the laws and policies of a state
Population Growth Rate
The change in population over time. The rate of population growth often slows as countries become more developed. However, other factors including war, famine, and disease may also slow or even reverse population growth. It is also important to remember that population growth can be affected by factors other than birthrates or fertility rates. Net positive immigration, for example, may be an important factor in the population growth of some countries.
Cabinet
The chief government ministers or officials in government, in charge of such policy areas as defense and agriculture
Separation of Powers
The clear division of power between different branches of government and the provision that specific branches may check the power of other branches
Sharia
The code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed
guanxi
The concept of _____ cannot be easily defined in English. It is deeply rooted in Chinese culture and influences how every aspect of Chinese society operates, including those related to government and politics. ______ describes a personal connection between two people that allows one to ask a favor of the other. ____ also describes a network of contacts which an individual can ask to do a favor, or can call upon to exert influence on behalf of a third party. _____ can also describe the idea that the relationship between two people is such that they needn't speak their needs for the other to take them into consideration before acting. No matter the formal structures in place, much decision making in China still occurs on the basis of ______.
Mexican-American War
The conflict between Mexico and the US in which the US gained one-third of Mexican territory (Texas)
Corporatism
The control of a state by interest groups.
clause 4
The controversial clause in the Labour Party manifesto that called for nationalization of all British industry. This clause was eliminated by Party leader Tony Blair as part of his realignment to "New Labour" during the early 1990's.
Marketization
The creation of the market forces of supply and demand in a country
Net Migration
The difference between the number of immigrants to a territory and the emigrants from that same territory. A positive value indicates a net inflow of people; a negative number indicates a net outflow.
GDP by economic sector
The distribution of a country's GDP by economic sector. For example, the percentages of a country's GDP derived from agriculture, industry, and services. Countries with large service sectors are usually the most developed. Those with large industrial sectors usually come next. Those with large agricultural sectors are usually the least developed.
Population Breakdown by Race or Ethnicity
The distribution of a population based on ethnic or racial classifications. Examinations of the racial or ethnic distributions within a country may provide insights into political cleavages within that society.
Population Breakdown by Religion
The distribution of a population based on religious classifications. Examinations of the religious distribution within a country may provide insights into political cleavages within that society.
Head of Government
The executive role that deals with the everyday tasks of running the state, such as formulating and executing policy
Head of Government
The executive role that deals with the everyday tasks of running the state, such as formulating and executing policy.
Head of State
The executive role that symbolizes and represents the people both nationally and internationally
Head of State
The executive role that symbolizes and represents the people both nationally and internationally.
Life Expectancy at Birth
The expected number of years of life remaining at the time of birth for a given population. Increasing life expectancy at birth is a sign of economic development.
velayat-e faqih
The guardianship of the religious jurist. Concept elaborated by Ayatollah Khomeini to justify political rule by the clergy.
Proletariat
The working class
empirical or positive question
The first type of question - how do things actually happen? - is known as a factual question, ___________. The answer to such a question tells us the way things actually are.
Labastida, Francisco
The first-ever PRI candidate to lose a presidential election; he was defeated in 2000 by Vicente Fox of the PAN
Regime
The fundamental rules and norms of politics, embodying long-term goals regarding individual freedom and collective equality, where power should reside and the use of that power
International Regime
The fundamental rules and norms that link states together and shape their relationships to one another, usually regarding some specific issues (such as greenhouse gasses or trade).
Satisfaction
The government enjoys legitimacy if the citizens receive benefits from the government, if the government wins wars, and if the citizens are protected from violence and crime.
Constitutional Court
The highest judicial body in a political system that decides whether laws and policies violate the Constitution; in most political systems they oversee the entire judicial structure
economic development
The improvement of living standards by economic growth.
Market
The interaction between the forces of supply and demand that allocates resournces
Government
The leadership or elite in charge of running the state
Lower House
The legislative chamber that usually represents the population at large
Upper House
The legislative house that often represents geographic sub-units
Central Committee
The legislature-like body of a communist party
legitimacy in Nigeria
The legitimacy of the current Nigerian government system rests mostly in its design. With a federal structure and requirements for competitive elections, the Nigerian system is built to assure that all portions of Nigeria's highly diverse population have a say in its governance. In reality, the ineffectiveness of the current government and prior governments as well, greatly undermines this legitimacy. During periods of military rule, the legitimacy of those governments rested heavily in the fact that the religious and ethnic cleavages, which create so much turmoil in Nigerian society, tend to have a smaller impact on the functioning of the military.
Chamber of Deputies
The lower house of Mexico's legislature
Comparative Method
The means by which social scientists make comparisons across cases
Comparative Method
The means by which social scientists make comparisons across cases.
Judicial Review
The mechanism by which courts can review the actions of government and overturn those that violate the constitution
GDP real growth rate
The percentage change in GDP over a given period adjusted for inflation.
Rate of Urbanization
The percentage change in the population that lives in urban areas over a given time.Rapid urbanization is often an indication of economic development. This data may also be useful in analyzing the growth of an urban/rural cleavage within a society.
Urbanization
The percentage of a population that lives in urban areas. Heavily urbanized societies are often more economically developed. This data may also be useful in analyzing an urban/rural cleavage within a society
Literacy Rates
The percentage of people who can read and write at a particular age. (There is no universal definition of what it means to be able to read and write). Higher literacy rates tend to indicate a higher degree of economic development.
Unemployment Rate
The percentage of the population, that is willing and able to work, but does not have a job.
Civil Service
The permanent professional branches of a government's administration, excluding military and judicial branches and elected politicians
Import substitution industrialization (ISI)
The political economic model followed during the authoritarian regime of the PRI, in which the domestic economy was protected by high tariffs in order to promote industrial growth
Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI)
The political party that emerged from the from the Mexican Revolution to preside over an authoritarian regime that lasted until 2000. Social Democracy.
tertiary sector
The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment.
Abstract Review
The power of judicial review that allows courts to decide on questions that do not arise from actual legal cases; sometimes occurs even before legislation becomes law
Laissez-Faire
The principle that the economy should be "allowed to do" what it wishes; a liberal system of minimal state interference in the ecnonomy
Co-Optation
The process by which individuals or members of the public are brought into a beneficial relationship with the state, making them dependent on the state for certain rewards
Globalization
The process of expanding and intensifying linkages between states, societies, and ecnomics
state
The territory (or one of the territories) under the control of a government. The concept of _____ includes the idea that control is exercised by some degree of force. While a _____ may consist of only a single nation, many ___s rule over two or more nations.
Politburo
The top policy-making and executive body of a communist party
Gross Domestic Products (GDP)
The total market value of all goods and services produced by a country over a period of one year
Total Population
The total number of people who live in a particular territory. Total population is one indicator of a country's global and regional importance. It is no surprise that all six countries covered in this course are among the 25 most populous countries on earth.
Gross Domestic Product
The total value of goods and services produced within the borders of a country during a specific time period, usually one year.
Gross National Product
The total value of goods and services, including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country within a specific time period, usually one year.
Devolution
The transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to regional governments.
Privatization
The transfer of state-owned property to private owndership
Globalization
The trend toward increased cultural and economic connectedness between people, businesses, and organizations throughout the world.
Senate
The upper house of Mexico's legislature
Terrorism
The use of violence by non-state actors against civilians in order to achieve a political goal
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
The value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given year. Higher levels of GDP often mean more power in world affairs.
Civil Society
The way citizens organize and communicate their interests
why were literacy tests abolished
They were used unfairly to bar African Americans from voting.
party general secretary
Traditionally, the nine-member Politburo Standing Committee holds the most power within the CCP, usually setting the direction of party policy. The Standing Committee of the Politburo holds weekly meetings chaired by the party general secretary. The _____________ is usually the single most powerful political figure in China.
Radicals
Those with a political attitude that favors dramatic, often revolutionary change
Conservatives
Those with a political attitude that is skeptical of change and supports the current order
implied powers
granted by reasonable deduction from expressed powers
Privatization
To change from government or public ownership or control to private ownership or control.
privatization
To change from government or public ownership or control to private ownership or control.
supranational organizations
Today, groups ranging from the World Bank, World Trade Organization (WTO), and International Monetary Fund (IMF), to the European Union play an important role in world governance. These organizations all have some authority to enforce multilateral agreements on a wide range of issues. At times, member and non-member states have claimed that these organizations infringed upon the sovereignty of nation-states. These organizations can have a significant effect on any number of domestic political issues within member states, including environmental, taxation, and monetary policies. The current standoff in the United Nations over the development of nuclear technology in Iran is but one example of a country claiming that a supranational organization is infringing on its national sovereignty.
who is PA's governor
Tom Wolf
British prime minister since 1997 and architect of "New Labour"
Tony Blair
rural factories and businesses of greatly varying size that are run by local government and private entrepreneurs. They make their own decisions and are responsible for their profits and losses. The growth of this system has slowed the migration of peasants to the cities and has become the backbone of economic strength in the countryside.
Township and Village Enterprises (TVEs)
Gender as a cleavage
Traditional Chinese culture places far greater value on male children than on female children. At times throughout China's history, this has led to parents killing female infants. Although it is illegal under current Chinese law, the use of sex-selection abortions is a modern incarnation of this ancient issue in Chinese society.
marshall plan
U. S. funds provided for reconstruction of europe after WWII
devolution is currently in what country
UK
Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA)
US immigration legislation (1986) that toughened American immigration laws while granting amnesty to many longtime undocumented workers
Supreme People's Court (SPC)
Under the Chinese constitution, the ___________ is responsible to the NPC, and therefore is not a truly independent body, nor does it have the power of judicial review. The ___ is responsible for administering courts of all levels and in all regions of China. Like most supreme courts around the world, the _________ is a court of last resort and has appellate jurisdiction over cases heard in the local courts and the special courts.
the dominant political party in Russia is
United Russia
The political party led by Russian president Vladimir Putin; gained 64% of the vote or 315 out of 450 seats in 2007 election. No real ideological position other than "pro-Putin"
United Russia Party
Camarillas
Vast informal networks of personal loyalty that operate as powerful political cliques
expressed powers
granted to congress exploitly in the consitution
Became president of Mexico in 2000 and ended the PRI's reign; first democratically elected candidate from an opposition party; pushed to end official corruption, reduce poverty, and spur economic growth; tried to protect the rights of Mexico's natives
Viciente Fox
Political Violence
Violence outside of state control that is politically motivated
Vote of Confidence
Vote taken by a legislature as to whether its members continue to support the current prime minister. Depending on the country, a vote of no confidence can force the resignation of the prime minister and/or lead to new parliamentary elections.
Vote of No Confidence
Vote taken by a legislature as to whether its members continue to support the current prime minister; depending on the country, a vote of no confidence can force the resignation of the prime minister and/or lead to new parliamentary elections
Proportional representation
Voting is arranged in multimember districts. Voters cast votes for parties and seats are divided among parties on the basis of percentage of overall vote. This usually results in a multi-party system.
prime minister of china
Wen Jibao
The United Nations
When it was formed in 1945, the United Nations' main mission was to prevent World War III. Since its founding, the primary structure within the United Nations for achieving this goal has been the UN Security Council. The Security Council consists of five permanent members, and ten members who hold their seats on a rotating basis. The five permanent members of the Security Council are the five victorious powers from World War II: The People's Republic of China, France, the Russian Federation, The United Kingdom, and the United States. These powers are also the only countries that are recognized as nuclear weapons powers under the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NNPT).
Multicausality
When variables are interconnected and interact together to produce particular outcomes
current chief justice of the supreme
William Rehnquist
Service Sector
Work that does not involve creating tangible goods
structural adjustment
World Bank programs which offer financial and management aid to poor countries while demanding privatization, trade liberalization, and governmental fiscal restraint
corporatism
_____ is a method through which business, labor, and/or other interest groups bargain with the state over economic policy. ______ makes the government appear to be less authoritarian, but in reality the practice eliminates any input from groups not sanctioned or created by the state. Only a handful of groups have the right to speak for the public, effectively silencing the majority of citizens in political affairs. _______ gives the public a limited influence in the policymaking process, but the interest groups are funded and managed by the state. Most people would rather have a state-sanctioned organization than none at all, so many participate willingly with the hope that the state will meet their needs.
Civil Society
_____ is made up of the voluntary organizations that form the basis of a functioning society. Social organizations, religious organizations, charities, civic groups, and other voluntary organizations are part of _______. _______ does not include the structures of the state, which are backed up by force, nor does it include the economic structures of society that form the market. The success of a _______ rests on social norms that lead to cooperation within and among groups, such as belief in the rule of law, respect for others, and honest and reliable performance of duties. Such social norms are the social capital of a society. If a society has few widely respected social norms of this type, it will be difficult, if not impossible, to establish a well-functioning ________. Well-functioning ___________s are often seen as necessary to establish a well-functioning liberal democracy.
Politburo
______ consists of 25 full members, including the members of the Politburo Standing Committee. The ______ consists of the key decision makers in China. Selects candidates for Central Committee membership before meetings of the National Party Congress.
Gerrymandering
______ is the manipulation of electoral district boundaries for political purposes.
political participation
_______ describes any means used by people to express their opinions, and perhaps influence political events and/or government actions. The means and methods available vary from country to country, but some are available regardless of the political regime in place or country involved.
legitimacy
_______ is the generally held belief, within a society, that a government has the right to rule or exercise power.
democratic centralism
_______ is the system of internal political organization used in China. The term was first used to describe the Marxist/Leninist system used in the U.S.S.R. Under the theory of ______, members of the ruling party in a single-party state are allowed to debate policy, but once a decision has been reached by majority vote, all members are expected to follow the decision. In the words of Vladimir Lenin, _______ requires "freedom of discussion, unity of action." In systems that employ ______, the government is usually subordinate to the party. This has been the case in China since the founding of the PRC.
Command economies
_______ often have many of the following characteristics in common: 1. Central planning of all major economic decisions 2. Fixed or government set prices for goods and services 3. Government control of distribution and production of most, if not all, goods in the economy 4. Government control of employment and wages 5. Government ownership of most economic resources 6. Government ownership of all property, or few private property rights, if any 7. Government determined production levels and production quotas 8. Government created economic "plans" (e.g., 3-year plans, 5-year plans, etc.) 9. Small degree of income inequality for the vast majority of the population 10. Little freedom of choice in economic matters, including occupations, jobs, and housing
clientelism
________ is exemplified in China, Russia, Mexico, and Nigeria.
Market economies
________ often have many of the following characteristics in common: 1. The law of supply and demand, rather than the government, allocates most resources 2. Private property is largely respected 3. Significant income and wage inequality can be found across a large portion of the society 4. Economic booms and busts (i.e., the business cycle) 5. Persistent unemployment, although the rate of unemployment varies over time 6. Focus is on the profits of businesses 7. Population has significant freedom of choice in occupations, jobs, housing, etc. 8. Competition is expected between workers and between businesses
Political orientation
_________ is the ideas one holds about politics.
Political socialization
_________ is the process by which people get their ideas about politics (political orientation), and about government as well. The process of __________occurs through interactions between people and agents of political socialization, and includes the passing down of political ideas from one generation to the next.
Globalization
_________ is the process through which the countries of the world are becoming more interconnected in the economic, political, and social realms. Many believe that technology is driving _____, although other factors may contribute as well. The increased reliance on market economies seen all around the world, the ratification of numerous free trade agreements, and the increasing importance of supranational organizations, such as the European Union (EU), have also played a role.
Central Military Commission
__________ - although the chairman of the _________n of the PRC (the government) is technically commander-in-chief of the Chinese military, the ________ of the CCP really controls military policy in the PRC.
Cross-cutting Cleavages
__________ exist when membership in one segment of society does not correlate with membership in another segment of society. For example, membership in a particular ethnic group does not tend to correlate with membership in a particular social class.
Agents of political socialization
__________ vary from society to society, but always include some of the following: 1. Family 2. Religion 3. Race or Ethnicity 4. Economic or Social Class 5. Gender 6. School 7. Peers 8. Media 9. Government 10. Political Parties 11. Interest Groups 12. Work 13. Trade Unions
Voter Turnout
___________ is the number of eligible voters who actually vote in an election. It can be expressed as either a raw number, or as a percentage. In countries which use electoral systems to choose government officials, it can be helpful to look at level of _______ to determine how satisfied the people are with the current system. However, you must always be aware that _______ can sometimes be coerced, and at other times governments may inflate the numbers to increase their apparent legitimacy.
Economic development
____________ is a measure of the social and economic progress of countries. Increases in ___________ are often indicated by factors such as an increase in the use of new technologies - a move from an agricultural society to an industrial society for instance - and rising living standards.
Social movements and interest groups
_______________ arise when a segment of society feels strongly about a particular cause. These causes may include environmental issues, concerns over women's or minority rights, concerns over globalization, or just about any other political issue imaginable. Social movements are usually informal in nature, but may lead to the creation of more formal interest groups. ______________ often arise along cleavages in a society, and can have a great deal of influence on political events if the governmental and political system in place allows.
political culture
_________________ describes the way a nation or other group of people approaches issues of government and politics. A strong consensual political culture, for example, can help develop and maintain a similar political orientation across a wide political spectrum.
Duverget's law
a 2-party system is created when parliament is elected by plurality in single-member districts; a multi-party system is created in proportional representation
De facto
a Latin term meaning in fact. Often used in politics to describe situations in which political realities differ from those required by law
De jure
a Latin term meaning in or by law. Often used in politics to describe situations in which political realities differ from those required by law.
australian ballot
a ballot containing the names of all the candidates for public office, handed to the voter at the polling station to be marked in secret: originated in australia
constitution
a basic political document that lays out the institutions and procedures a country follows
Democratic pluralism
a basic principle of democracy and a situation in which power is split among many groups. The formation of interest groups is spontaneous, and the dialogue between interest groups and the state is voluntary so the groups remain autonomous.
Social class
a basis of social cleavages. even though this type of cleavage has declined in industrial and post-industrial societies, it is still an important basis of cleavages.
bureaucracy
a body of unelected government officials
petition
a certain number of valid signatures is typically prescribed by statute in order for the candidate to get on the ballot
Political efficacy
a citizen's capacity to understand and influence political events. When citizens enjoy a high level of ____ ______, they believe that the government takes their input seriously and cares about what they have to say. If citizens lack this quality, they may not believe that it is important to vote, or they may try to ignore the government's efforts to enforce laws.
coalition
a combination, union, or merger for some specific purpose
nation
a community of people that shares territory and a government
import substitution
a government policy that uses trade restrictions and subsidies to encourage domestic production of manufactured goods
Import substitution
a government policy that uses trade restrictions and subsidies to encourage domestic production of manufactured goods, Development strategy that uses tariffs and other barriers to imports, and therefore stimulates domestic industries.
white paper
a government statement that outlines proposed legislation; the last stage before the submission of a formal bill
welfare state
a government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc.
level of transparency
a government with a high __________ __ ___________ is one that operates openly by keeping the citizens informed about government operations and political issues and by responding to citizens' questions and advice.
a government that has autonomy is
a government with independence and freedom
industrial policy
a government's decisions and actions, which define goals and methods for the manufacturing sectors of an economy
parastatal
a government-owned corporation to compensate for the lack of private economic development or to ensure complete and equitable service to the whole country (can be anything from a national airline or a railroad to a postal system or manufacturing and marketing operations)
market economy
a governmental and political system in which the governent lets market forces, for the most part, control
Market Economy
a governmental and political system in which the government lets market forces, for the most part, control.
command economy
a governmental and political system under which the government is very involved in the planning and operation of the economy. Market forces are not allowed to operate freely
constitutional monarchy
a governmental system in which the power of a monarch is limited
republic
a governmental system that does not have a monarch
welfare state system
a governmental system under which the government directly or indirectly provides pensions, healthcare, unemployment insurance, and assistance to the poor and others in need
political party
a group of individuals with broad common interests who organize to nominate candidates for office, win elections, conduct government, and determine public policy
liberal parties
a group of parties that are anti-socialistic but have some opinions similar to Arbeiderpartiet. These parties are Venstre, Senterpartiet and KrF.
nation
a group of people bound together by a common political identity.
nation
a group of people who identify themselves as belonging together because of cultural, geographic, or linguistic ties
ethnic group (ethnicity)
a group of people who identify with each other due to a shared culture and/or language
a nation is usually described as
a group of people with the same culture, religion, and language
faction
a group organized on idealogical or other lines operating inside a political party
faction
a group organized on the grounds of self-perceived common interests within a political party, interest group, or government
an illiberal democracy is one lacking in
competitive elections
examples of political participation
a. Coup d'etats, revolutions, resistance movements, and political violence b. Protests, demonstrations, rallies, boycotts and strikes c. Civil disobedience d. Petitioning government (including town hall meetings, letters, emails, phone calls, etc.) e. Forming interest groups, joining social movements, non-governmental organizations (NGO), citizens' policy meetings, etc. f. Joining political parties g. Standing for political office
autarchy
complete self-sufficiency
Totalitarianism
absolute control by the state or a governing branch of a highly centralized institution.
single european act
act that created the truly common market in 1992
(AC)
action congress
(AG)
action group
Communism
advocates a political system in which all property is held in common, usually by the state.
Liberalism
advocates a political system in which the individual is autonomous, civil liberties are respected, and rapid progress is encouraged.
Socialism
advocates a political system in which the means of production and distribution are held in common, usually by the state.
Fascism
advocates a political system in which the nation or a race is seen as most important, not the individual or even the people as a collective.
Conservatism
advocates a political system in which traditional institutions are respected and maintained, while allowing for slow and minimal change.
catch-all party
aim is to gather support from a broad range of citizens through a de-emphasis on ideology and an emphasis on pragmatism and marketing.
stagflation
an inflationary period accompanied by rising unemployment and lack of growth in consumer demand and business activity
accommodation
an informal agreement among a government and important interest groups in response to the interest groups' concerns about government policy or program benefits
political accomodation
an informal agreement among a government and important interest groups, in response to the interest groups' concerns about government policy or program benefits
clientelism
an informal aspect of policymaking in which a powerful patron(e.g. a government agency or dominant political party) offers resources such as land, contacts, protection or jobs in return for the support and services of lower-status and less powerful clients; corruption, preferential treatment and inequality are characteristic of clientelist politics
globalization
an integration of social, environmental, economic, and cultural activities of nations that has resulted from increasing international contacts.
peak association
an interest group organization whose membership is other organizations with parallel interests and goals; frequently a nationwide organization of specialized or localized smaller organizations
advisory opinion
an opinion of a court that does not decide a specific legal case, but instead simply advises other parts of the government on the proper interpretation of the constitution, law, or regulation
political party
an organization created to get and maintain power, usually within a government
Interest Group
an organization formed to work for the views of a relatively narrow group of people, such as a trade union or business association
interest group
an organization formed to work for the views of a relatively narrow group of people, such as a trade union or business association
public structure
an organization or process by which a government carries out its public policies
Political Party
an organization that contests elections or otherwise contends for power
political party
an organized group of people with the primary purpose of electing its members to government office (alternatively, some parties exist to represent and promote a point of view or ideology regardless of electoral successes)
subsidiarity
an organizing principle that matters ought to be handled by the smallest, lowest or least centralized competent authority (Wikipedia definition)
manifesto
another term for a party's platform in an election campaign
political participation
any means used by the people to express their opinions, and perhaps, influence political events and/or government actions
fascism
any movement, ideology, or attitude that favors dictatorial government, centralized control of private enterprise, repression of all opposition, and extreme nationalism
independent variable
any one of the inputs, institutions, or processes that shape the results of government policymaking
interest group
any organization that seeks to influence government policy making to better serve the self-perceived wants and needs of its members
corporatism
arrangements through which government, business, and labor leaders cooperatively set microeconomic or macroeconomic policy, normally outside of the regular electoral legislative process
corporatism: europe
arrangements through which government, business, and labor leaders cooperatively set microeconomic or macroeconomic policy, normally outside of the regular electoral legislative process
power
as conventionally defined, the ability to get someone to do something he or she otherwise would not do
nation
as used by political scientist, primarily a psychological term to describe the attachment or identity rather than a geopolitical unit such as the state
why do comparativists believe that the U. S. is a weak state
at least 2/3 of the branches must reach an agreement
politico
attempt to combine the basic elements of the trustee, delegate, and partisan roles
fragmented authoritarianism
authority divided among several groups/powers
why do some people argue that voter registration ought to be abolished
because people in at least two elections were refused the right to vote by the millions, some people still think all they need to do is vote and they will get a good government.
describe the evolution of the Labour Party in the 70s-80s
began is 1906 as an alliance between trade unions and social groups that were strengthened by expansion of workers' rights
paul-henri spaak
belgian politician who was one of the leading architects of the early common market
post-materialist values
beliefs in the importance of policy goals beyond one's immediate self interest (e.g. environmentalism and cultural diversity) as well as one's prosperity and security; sometimes labeled "post-modern values"
trustee
believe that each question they face must be decided on its merits
conservative party
birtains most important right-of-center party, in power more often than not for two centuries
tony blair
british prime minister, 1997-2007, and architect of "new labour"
thomas hobbes
british social theorist of the seventeenth century who emphasized a strong state
The part of the government composed of technical experts and others who remain from administration to administration
bureaucracy
oligarch
business and political leaders with what some think is undue influence in russia
describe the modern cabinet
cabinet government is becoming a myth. 94-95
coalition
cabinet of parliamentary government in which two or more parties cooperate
term used to describe the permanent, professional (but low level) members of a party, especially in the communist world
cadre
the ability of the state to wield power to carry out basic tasks, such as defending territory, making and enforcing rules, collecting taxes, and managing the economy
capacity
what is a significant change in membership of the CCP in recent years
capitalists may now be party members
qualitative research
case studies of historic and cultural aspects of political systems
online voting
casting votes over the internet
A new type of political party that began to emerge in the 1960s that plays down ideology in order to attract more voters
catch-all parties
state bureaucracy which explicitly allocates resources by planning what should be produced and in what amounts, setting the final prices of these goods, and deciding where they should be sold.
central planning
unicameral
describing a legislative body consisting of one house
eminent domain
change of property without consent implied powers of congress
nationalization
changing something from private to state ownership or control
This type of legitimacy was used in Ayatollah Khomeini's regime following the Iranian Revolution
charismatic legitimacey
Neutrality of the judiciary
check on the abuse of power.
PLA
china's military
CCP
chinese communist party, founded in 1921 and came to power in 1949, it is the ruling party for the people's republic of China.
may 4th movement
chinese protest movement triggered by opposition of the treaty of versailles; a major step on the path leading to the creation and victory of the CCP
falun gong
chinese spiritual movement suppressed by the government since the late 1990s
Social welfare
citizen's social welfare needs include health, employment, family assistance, and education.
Conflictual political culture
citizens in this political culture are sharply divided, often on both the legitimacy of the regime and solutions to major problems.
economic well-being
citizens tend to credit their government with economic prosperity and blame their government for economic hardships, so political legitimacy is reinforced by _____ ____-_________.
presidential system
citizens vote for legislative representatives as well as executive branch leaders and the two branches function with separation of powers.
This term designates official membership within a state by a member of the population
citizenship
people accept the rules and the elites, join groups that bind them to their diverse communities, and are able to resist antisystem protest, making the state resistant to sweeping change
civic culture
Democratic characteristics
civil liberties, rule of law, neutrality of the judiciary, open civil society, civilian control of the military.
This term refers to the aggregation of religious organizations, labor unions, women's groups, etc
civil society
what is an indication that the proliferation of nongovernment organizations in china
civil society is growing
a process whereby the state co-opts members of the public by providing specific benefits or favors to a small group in return for public support
clientelism
the process by which individuals are brought into a beneficial relationship with the state, making them dependent on the state for certain rewards.
co-optation
Alliance
coalition of British Liberals and Social Democrats in the 1980s that became the Liberal Democrats of today
alliance
coalition of british liberals and social democrats in the 1980s that became the liberal democrats of today
common market
colloquial name used to describe the EU especially in its early years
communist
command system, government owns the means of production, economic decisions are made by central government, and government provides extensive social programs for population
(CAP)
common agriculture policy: the EU's agricultural policy, blamed for many of its economic troubles and likely to be changed as it adds new members
Multi-party system
common for party systems
(CFSP)
common foreign and security policy: EU goal of creating a single foreign policy for its fifteen member states; one of the three pillars
Gross national product per capita
common measurement of economic performance. Divides the gross national product by the population of the country
Gross national product
common measurement of economic performance. Like GDP, but including income citizens earned outside the country.
Purchasing Power Parity
common measurement of economic performance. Takes into consideration what people can buy using their income in the local economy.
Gross Domestic Product
common measurement of economic performance. all the goods and services produced by a country's economy in a given year, excluding income citizens and groups earn outside the country.
Economic performance
common policy issue
Karl Marx
communist manifesto
(CPRF)
communist party of the russian federation: the new incarnation of the CPSU for russia
(CPSU)
communist party of the soviet union: the party that ran the soviet union until its collapse in 1991
balance of trade
comparison between the value of exports and the value of imports for a nation-state; usually figured by subtracting the value of imports from the value of exports (positive means that exports were worth more than imports; negative means that the value of imports exceeded the value of exports)
Which of the following is a requirement for a fucntional democracy
competitive and free elections
off-year elections
congressional elections held between presidential elections
Margaret Thatcher was part of which party?
conservative
margaret thatcher
conservative and first woman prime minister of great britain, 1979-1990
Similar to our Republican Party. Currently the minority party
conservative party
new right
conservative political movements in industrialized democracies that
new right
conservative political movements in industrialized democracies that have arisen since the 1960s and stress "traditional values", often with a racist overtone
normative analysis
consideration based upon preferences and values about what things should be like
empirical analysis
consideration of agreed-upon facts gathered by observation or experiment
nonlegislative powers
constitutional amendments - electoral duties - impeachment power - executive powers - investigatory powers
federal
constitutional practice in which sub national units are granted considerable power
federalism
constitutional practice in which subnational units are granted considerable power
rule of law
constitutionalism; a governance system operating predictably under a known and transparent set of procedural rules (laws)
union right of forces
created by another group of reformers who were more firmly committed to pro-market policies than Yabloko
origins of the republican party
created in the 1850s when a number of parties that opposed slaver and the secession came together
bicameral
describing a legislative body with two houses
danwei
control maintained through this system, all Chinese citizens have a lifetime affiliation with a specific industrial, agricultural, or bureaucratic nit that dictated all aspects of their lives, including housing, health care, and other social benefits.
Supranational organizations
cooperating groups of nations that operate on either a regional or international level.
graft
corruption/ill-gotten money
two-party system
countries in which only two parties seriously compete for power
Less Developed Countries
countries with less advanced economies, poorer
permanent crops
crops that need not be replanted after each harvest, such as coffee, olives, rubber, apples and oranges
This type of division separates society into many groups that allow them to cooperate on issues and ultimately unifies them
cross-cutting cleavage
cross-cutting cleavages
cross-cutting cleavages exist when membership in one segment of society does not correlate with membership in another segment of society. For example, membership in a particular ethnic group does not tend to correlate with membership in a particular social class
collectivist consensus
cross-party British support for the welfare state that lasted until the late 1970s
collectivist consensus
cross-party british support for the welfare state that lasted until the late 1970s
civic culture
culture characterized by trust, legitimacy, and limited involvement, which some theorists believe is most conducive to democracy
civic culture
culture characterized by trust, legitimacy, and limited involvement, which some theorists believe is most conductive to democracy
Xi Jingping
current president of China
interventionist
describing an activist government and/or state that is involved in a wide range of political, economic, and social arenas
The first written constitution for Iran came about as a direct result of
death of Ayatollah Khomeini
consensus policy making
decision making procedures that emphasize win/win outcomes
compromise
decision-making procedure in which all sides make concessions in order to reach an agreement
compromise
decision-making procedure in which all sides make concessions in order to reach and agreement
consensus policy making
decisions making procedures that emphasize win/win outcomes
presidentialism
describes a system of government in which the president wields extraordinary power and the legislative and judicial branches of government are subordinate to the president
gridlock
describes the paralysis of the legislative and executive branches
cleavage
deep and ling-lasting political divisions
cleavage
deep and long-lasting political divisions
sovereignty refers to
defined borders
cadres
defines the permanent, professional members of a party, especially in the communist world
inputs
demands and support by individuals and groups upon the policymaking process of government
The Leninist organizational structure that concentrates power in the hands of the party elite; rule by the few for the good of the many
democratic centralism
who has the better degree of party discipline and control of the legislative branch of the government
democrats
late 20th century, a practical mix of authoritarian political control and economic privatization; a combination of socialist planning and the capitalist free market, with the understanding that political and social values remained subject to Party control
deng xiaoping theory
a radical critique of mainstream economic theory that stresses the continued power the north has over the third world
dependency theory
capitalist roader
derogatory term used to label moderate CCP leaders during the Cultural Revolution
causation
describes a relationship between events in which one event, the cause, engenders another event, the effect, to occur
post-industrial society
describes a society in which a large portion of the economy is engaged in providing services rather than industrial or agricultural production
Post-industrial Society
describes a society in which a large portion of the economy is engaged in providing services rather than industrial or agricultural production.
industrialized
describes a society in which mechanized production of goods is common
The process of decentralizing power from national governments that stops short of federalism
devolution
Spatial forces
devolutionary events most often occur on the margins of the state, where distance, remoteness, and peripheral location promote devolution, especially if water, desert, or mountains separate the area from the center of power and neighbor nations may support separatist objectives.
Regional cleavages
differing political values and attitudes characterize people living in different geographic regions.
lower house
directly elected by the people, known for impulsive legislative actions.
Export-oriented industrialization
directly integrates their economies into the global economy by concentrating on economic production to find a place in international markets
what is "time-zone fallout" on election evening
discourages people from voting because media projects a winner before they have a chance to vote
Fragmentation
divisions based on ethnic or cultural identity.
cleavages
divisions that cause people within a society to support different sides of an issue, support a particular party, or vote differently from their fellow citizens
Liberal Democrats
in Britain, the #3 party and in some ways the most radical;
Voting behavior
do citizens in the country participate in regular elections?
monetary policy
domestic government policies affecting interest rates and the supply of money available within an economy
treaty of rome
drafted by Spaak's group; signed by six governments in 1957; officially the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (TEEC), it's an international agreement that led to the founding of the European Economic Community (EEC) on 1 January 1958.
resurgence of capitalism and markets; change of state policy toward more open economics and less government intervention in the economy
economic liberalization
laissez-faire
economic policy that stresses a limited government role
mixed-market economy
economic system that combines both private ownership and government ownership of the means of production
keynesianism
economic theory, based on the ideas of British economist John Maynard Keynes, that argues that the government can stimulate the economy by increasing public spending or by cutting taxes
government
either a generic term to describe the formal part of the state or the administration of the day
Government
either a generic term to describe the formal part of the state or the administration of the day; people in power at the moment
member of parliament
elected members of the British or other parliament
backbenchers in the British parliament are
elected members without office or cabinet
first-past-the-post
electoral system based on sing;e-member districts in which the candidate who recieves the most votes win
first-past-the-post
electoral system based on single-member districts in which the candidate who receives the most votes wins
first past the post
electoral system based on single-member districts in which the candidate who receives the most votes wins.
proportional representation
electoral system in which parties receive a number of seats in parliament proportionate to their share of the vote
proportional representation
electoral system in which parties receive an number of seats in parliament proportionate to their share of the vote
proportional representation
electorate votes for party slates; seats are allocated based on the per cent of the vote each party gets
This process identifies and selects future political leaders
elite recruitment
similarity between confucianism and maoism
emphasize the responsibility of ruler to the people
civil servants
employees of the government who administer (not make) policy; expected to serve any and all governments
the executive office is to which of the following as it pertains to lawmaking
enforce the law
separation of powers
ensures that power is shared and one branch does not come to dominate the others.
describe the role of social class
essentially, the wealthier you are, the more you have. High-classed games, strong accents, set the stage for style, etc.
describe the minority groups in the UK
ethnic minorities took up about 8% of the British population: Indian (23%), Pakistani (16%), Afro-Caribbean (13%), Black African (11%)
(ECSC)
european coal and steel community: precursor: one of the european union, formed in 1951
(EC)
european community, now the EU:the formal name of what became the EU in the 1970s and 1980s
(ECJ)
european court of justice: the EU's judicial body, with sweeping powers
(EEC)
european economic community: first official title of today's EU, the precursor of the EU
(EMS)
european monetary system: the first attempt to link the EU member states' currencies
(EMU)
european monetary union: including the central bank and the euro, created in 1998; includes a central bank and the euro
a mercantilist strategy for economic growth in which a country seeks out technologies and develops industries focused specifically on the export market
export-oriented industrialism
The political party system in Iran is best described as
factional splits
cleavage
factors that separate groups within a society; may be cultural, historic, geographic, economic, ethnic, racial, etc.; the wider and deeper the cleavages, the less unified the society; cleavages which coincide with one another can reinforce each other; cleavages that don't coincide can weaken the divisions between groups
Empirical data
factual statements and statistics
This term describes Nigeria's inability to provide basic of public services
failed state
what seems to be a trent in the degree of trust in the american government
faith in politicians and involvement in social and political life have declined dramatically
This socialization institution is one of the most influential in developing a person's political ideology
family
(FEDECO)
federal electoral commission
(FEC)
federal executive council
government that divides the power between the central government and the sub-units. the US governments are set up like this
federalism
Corporatism
fewer groups compete than under pluralism, with usually one for each interest sector. (Labor, agriculture, management).
international financial institutions
financial institutions that have been established (or chartered) by more than one country, and hence are subjects of international law.
This type of policy deals with taxing and spending on government programs
fiscal policy
russian federaton
formal name of russia
constitution of 1982
formal source of sovereignty, authority, and power, but in reality has little bearing on policymaking in china today
separation of powers
formal term for checks and balances in a system like that of the U. S>.
separation of powers
formal term for checks and balances in a system like that of the United States
separation of powers
formal term for checks and balances in a system that of the united states
boris yeltsin
former reformist communist leader and president of russia, 1991-2000
unanimity principle
formerly required for all decisions in the EU, now only for major new policies
a policy first introduced by Zhou Enlai and championed by Deng Xiaoping, focusing on developing industry, the military, agriculture, and science in China
four modernizations
competitive elections
free and fair elections
Deng Xiaoping is best described as supporting what type of economic system
free market
liberal democracy
free, fair, and competitive elections are held, and political liberties such as free speech and press are respected
Civil liberties
freedom of belief, speech, and assembly
radical
french party that was radical by the 19th century standards, which is to say it favored democracy, capitalism, and anticlericalism
what are liberal democracies
fulfills 5 characteristics - emphasizes on human rights
maastricht treaty on european union
gave what was now officially called the EU authority to act in new areas
secretariet
generic term used to denote the bureaucratic leaders of a communist party
provisional government
generic term used to describe temporary governments formed until a new constitution is written; also, the government in russia between the two 1917 revolutions
politiburo
generic term used to describe the leadership of communist parties
politiburo
generic term used to describe the leadership of communist party
a socialist market economy consists of
good regulation by government
new divisions
gospels, history, paul's letters, general letters, prophecy.
set of institutions and people formally authorized by formal documents such as a constituion to pass laws, issue regulations, control the police, etc
government
the leadership or elite in charge of running the state
government
fiscal policy
government decisions about total public spending and revenue that result in budgetary deficits or surpluses
extractive policies
government efforts to gather valuable resources for public use (i.e. taxes)
legitimacy
government has the right to rule and the people accept it
regulatory policies
government policies designed to control practices and behavior of citizens and organizations and prevent harmful results and/or ensure civic benefits of those behaviors
distributive policies
government policies that allocate valuable resources
redistributive policies
government policies that take valuable resources from one or more groups in society and allocate them to other groups
police powers
government powers to regulate public safety and enforce laws
parliamentary democracy
government ruled democratically by a national representative body that has supreme legislative powers
Laissez-faire refers to
government should stay out of trade
social democratic parties
government's left-of-center party; in power since 1997
interventionist state
governments in industrialized democracies that pursue an active economic policy
interventionist state
governments in industrialized democracies that pursue and active economic policy
perestroika refers to
gradual economic reforms
globalization
growth to a global or worldwide scale
While China, like Russia, recruits through the nomenklatura, the actual party leadership communicates through this patron-client network, which emphasizes the importance of personal career ties between individuals
guanxi
the two biggest factors in creating the high level of corruption evident in the Chinese political culture are the economic boom and...
guanxi
sovereignty
having independent legal authority over a particular territory, the legitimate power to rule and make laws for that territory
secretarian
having to do with religion
Sectarian
having to do with religion.
Secular
having to do with worldly rather than religious concerns.
gennady zyuganov
head of the russian communist party
judicial review
hearing cases where in the constitutionality of a lawyer regulation is challanged
One state's predominance over other states; the political, economic, ideological or cultural power exerted by a dominant group over other groups, regardless or the explicit consent of the dominated groups
hegemony
describe the three types of lords
hereditary peers: hold seats that have been passed down through family ties over the centuries life peers: people appointed to nonhereditary positions as a result of distinguished service in Great Britain law lords: serve as Britains highest court of appeals, but cannot rule acts of Parliament unconstitutional
technocrats
highly educated bureaucrats who make decisions based on their perceptions of technical ideas rather than political ones.
technocrats
highly-educated bureaucrats who make decisions based on their perceptions of technical issues rather than political ones
Upper house of Parliament. Unelected body - heredity peers, life peers, law lords. Served as final court for civil cases and criminal cases. Has the authority to amend and delay legislation
house of lords
Part of the post-Maoist reform program. During the 1980s, Maoist-era communes were dismantled and replaced by the household responsibility system. The party divided collective farms into small plots which were worked by families. The amount the farmers were required to sell to the state was reduced, and the market was allowed to determine most agricultural prices
household responsibility system
Identity
how a country defines themselves in racial, linguistic, ethnic, or religious terms
Feedback
how events today are communicated to people later on and shape what people do later on
feedback
how events today are communicated to people later on and shape what people do later on
Elite recruitment
identifying future leaders of the government.
Nationalism
identities based on nationhood.
Nationalism
if citizens identify strongly with their nation, they are usually more accepting of the legitimacy of the government.
Cabinet coalition
if the country has a multi-party system with no clear majority party, a cabinet coalition will form, where several parties join forces and are represented in different cabinet posts. A common problem is that they tend to be unstable, especially if they result from a fragmented legislature.
perestroika
ill-fated program to reform the soviet economy in the late 1980s
development strategy that uses tariffs and other barriers to imports, thereby stimulating domestic industries
import subsitution
Stalin's 5 year plans were most successful in
industrialization
parastatal
industry partially owned by the state
Tories
informal name for Britain's conservative party
tories
informal name for britain's conservative party
three pillars
informal term denoting the main areas in which the EU has worked since the Maastricht Treaty
third world
informal term for the poorest countries in asia, africa, and latin america
empirical
information gained through observation
Demand
inputs through which people and interest groups put pressure on the state change
demand
inputs through which people and interest groups put pressure on the state for change
a form of privatization in which industries or services formerly owned by the government are made available for purchase only by government-controlled companies or by individuals loyal to government leaders; see also state corporatism
insider privatization
Societal corporatism
interest groups take the lead and dominate the state. (Neocorporatism)
Neocorporatism
interest groups take the lead and dominate the state. (Societal corporatism)
non-governmental organizations
international organizations that operate outside of the formal political arena but that that are nevertheless influential in spearheading international initiatives on social economic and environmental issues
(IPE)
international political economy: the network of economic activity that transcends national boundries
The secondary sector
involves the transformation of raw materials and natural resources (from the primary sector) into finished products. (industrial societies)
From 1949 to 1978, China followed a communist political/economic model which included a command economy and "cradle to grave" health care, employment, and retirement security. This model was replaced by Deng Xiaoping, who introduced the socialist market economy - gradual infusion of capitalism while maintaining state control
iron rice bowl
code law
law based on a comprehensive system of written rules of law divided into commercial, civil, and criminal codes. (Predominant in Europe and countries influenced by the French, German, or Spanish systems. China, Mexico, Russia).
common law
law based on tradition, past practices, and legal precedents set by the courts through interpretations of statutes, legal legislation, and past rulings. (Found in Britain, the United States, and other countries with a strong English influence.)
Great Reform Act
law force-passed in 1832 that expanded the suffrage; widely seen as a key step toward democracy in Britain
great reform act
law passed in 1832 that expanded the suffrage; widely seen as a key step toward democracy in britain
partisan
lawmakers who owe their first allegiance to the political party
legislation
laws passed by a legislature
joseph stalin
leader of the CPSU and Soviet Union, 1924-1953
david cameron
leader of the british convervative party since 2006
vladimir zhirinovsky
leader of the right-wing and racist liberal democratic party in russia
john locke
leading democratic and liberal theorist who stressed "life, liberty, and the pursuit of property
John Locke
leading democratic and liberal theorist who stressed "life, liberty, and the pursuit of property"
the Duma is
legislative body; the lower house
the branch of government normally controls the country's budget
legislative branch
bolsheviks
lenin's faction of the russian social democratic party; later came to mean anyone who subscribed to his view and/or organizaztion
(LDC)
less developed countries
minority
less than 50%
Nationalism
loyalty to and love of one's nation. Nationalism is often displayed by those who live within nation-states, as well as by those who desire to.
what is the most important factor in the revival of legal codes in modern day china
marketization/privatization
what is the most significant factor in the continuing decentralization of policymaking in China
marketization/privatization
currency markets
markets in which traders buy and sell currencies; the values of currencies set in these markets have a powerful influence on foreign exchange rates
a Maoist value that emphasizes communication between party leaders, members, and peasants
mass line
Substantive democracy
may also be called a liberal democracy. Citizens have access to multiple sources of information.
Liberal democracy
may also be called a substantive democracy
variables
measurable traits or characteristics that change under different conditions.
electoral system
mechanisms through which votes are cast and tallied, and seats in the legislature are allotted
electoral system
mechanisms through which votes are cast and tallied, and seats in the legislature are alotted
MP
member of parliament
(MP)
member of parliament: elected members of the british or other parliament
free votes
members can do as they choose, which governments usually use when their own party is divided
what happens in a conference committee
members from the two parties come together and resolve the differences between the two chambers
backbenchers
members of a parliament who are not in the government or shadow cabinet
backbenchers
members of parliament who are not in the government or shadow cabinet
A person of mixed white, indigenous (Amerindian), and sometimes African descent
mestizo
vote by mail
method of voting in an election whereby ballot papers are distributed or returned by post to electors, in contrast to electors voting in person at a polling station or electronically via an electronic voting system
Bourgeoisie
middle-class professionals or businessmen
a coup d'etat describes
military takeover
political liberalization
minimizing governmental intervention in economy and civil rights and liberties
treaty of amsterdam
minor 1998 agreement that added some limited powers to the EU
structure of state government
modeled after the federal government and consist of three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The U.S. Constitution mandates that all states uphold a "republican form" of government, although the three-branch structure is not required.
Majority
more than 50%
(NPC)
north people's congress
(NEPU)
northern elements progressive union
how do interest groups in the UK compare to those in the U.S. and why
not as much lobbying is found in the UK
corporatism: mexico
nother term to describe the way people are integrated into the system via patron-client relations
twentieth party congress
occasion of khrushchev's "secret speech" launching de-stalinization
supranational organization
organizations consisting of a number of sovereign states
Interest groups
organizations of like-minded people whose goal is to influence and shape public opinion. Often support candidates, but do not run their own slate of candidates. Have almost no independence in authoritarian states (China), and are autonomous from the state (western industrial democracies).
supranational
organizations or events in which nations are not totally sovereign actors (e.g. the European Union or global warming)
interest groups
organizations that seek to represent the interests(usually the economic interests)of their members in dealing with the government
Social movements
organized collective activities that aim to bring about or resist fundamental change in an existing group or society.
state-owned
owned by a government
State-owned, or state-controlled, corporations created to undertake a broad range of activities, from the control and marketing of agricultural production to the provision of banking services and the operation of airlines, other transportation facilities an public utilities
para-statal
This is a government-owned corporation that compensates for the lack of private economic development and ensures complete and equitable service to the whole country
parastatal
companies owned or controlled by the state in the third world
parastatals
In theory, this political system is the most efficient at passing legislation
parliamentary sytem
the president (or military general in power) is the head of an elaborate patron-client system and dispenses government jobs and resources as rewards to supporters. Cabinet positions, bureaucracy chiefs and all other government positions are part of the president's patronage system
patrimonialism
Neofeudal realtionships in which "patrons" gain the support of "client" through the mutual exchange of benefits and obligations
patron-client relations
what groups of persons are widely barred from voting
people in mental institutions, criminals, and military dischargees are not allowed to vote
euroskeptic
people opposed to the expansion of the EU's power
euroskeptic
people opposed to the expansion of the European Union's power
(PDP)
people's democratic party
(PRP)
people's redemption party
PRC
people's republic of china
per capita
per person
nationalization
philosophies or attitudes that stress the importance of extending the power or support for a nation; government takeover of a private business
nationalization
philosophies or attitudes that stress the importance of extending the power or support for a nation; government takeover of private business
nationalization
philosophies or attitudes that stress the importance of extending the power or support of a nation; government takeover of private busines
social democracy
philosophy that rejects revolution and prefers moderate socialistic and other egalitarian reforms enacted through the parliamentary process
Nontariff regulatory barriers
policies and regulations used to limit imports through methods other than taxation
shock therapy
policies in formerly communist countries that envisage as rapid a shift to a market economy as possible.
campaign
policies in which the party seeks to reach its goals by mobilizing people
Upper house
provides accountability for lower house
Rule of law
provides for equal treatment of citizens and due process
Output
public policy in systems theory
output
public policy in systems theory
Beveridge Report
published in the 1940s; set the stage for the British Welfare State
beveridge report
published in the 1940s; set the stage for the british welfare state
a statistical tool that attempts to estimate the buying power of income across different countries by using prices in the United States as a benchmark
purchasing-power parity (PPP)
The systematic removal of people from party, state or other office; especially common in communist systems. In Stalin regime, millions of citizens, including up to one million party members, generals, and members of the politburo and Central Committee were executed
purges
the primary goal of the Chinese cultural revolution was to...
purify the party and the country through radical transformation
"shock therapy"
quick transition between economic systems
gang of four
radical leaders in china during the cultural revolution, led by Jiang Ching, Mao's wife, they were later brought to trial
new left
radicals from the 1960s
debate in China pitting ideologues against experts, cadres against technocrats or other supporters of economic development
red - vs - expert
the U. S. is more evenly divided politically than at any point in recent history between what we now call "red" and "blue" states: "red" and "blue" being:
red: republican leaning states blue: democratic leaning states
The term for a vote called on a specific issue in which the state makes the final decision on a policy
referendum
a national ballot called by the government on a policy which allows the public to make direct decisions about policy itself
referendum
Political culture
refers to the collection of political beliefs, values, practices, and institutions that a government is based on.
structural adjustment
refers to the set of adjustments or so-called reforms that are required by international banks as a condition for future loans and for refinancing on payments due on existing loans
American exceptionalism
refers to the special character of the United States as a uniquely free nation based on
civil society
refers to voluntary organizations outside the state that help people define and advance their own interests - usually very strong in liberal democratizes where individual freedoms are valued and protected. Authoritarian states feel that their power is threatened by citizens participating in this.
what faction has controlled the politburo since the death of Deng Xiaoping in 1997
reformers/open door
hundred flowers campaign
reformist chinese campaign in the mid-1950s which gave a wide variety of approaches to how communism should be carried out in china
the institutions and practices that endure from government to government, such as the constiutional order in a democracy
regime
totalitarianism
regime in which the state has all but total power
unitary state
regimes in which subnational unites have little or no power
unitary state
regimes in which subnational units have little or now power
This type of policy deals with establishing environmental standards
regulatory policy
normative
relating to an ideal
positive
relating to what is
Guanxi refers to
relationships between lawmakers; corruption
Civilian control of the military
restricts the likelihood of the military seizing control of the government.
traditional legitimacy
rests upon the belief that tradition should determine who should rule and how. (monarchy)
long march
retreat by the CCP in the mid-1930s, which turned into one of its strengths in recruiting support among the peasants in the countryside, this event made Mao's leadership more legitimate
judicial review
review by a court of law of actions of a government official or entity or of some other legally appointed person or body or the review by an appellate court of the decision of a trial court
fascism
right-wing regimes, often drawing on racist philosophies in countries such as germany and japan between the two world wars
fascism
right-winged regimes, often drawing on racist philosophies in countries such as Germany and Japan between the two world wars
Political Rights
rights of political participation such as voting, lobbying, and protesting
Cold War
rivalry between the superpowers from the end of WWI to the collapse of the Soviet Union
cold war
rivalry between the superpowers from the end of WWII to the collapse of the soviet union
This type of legislature provides legitimacy to nondemocratic states by approving all executive descisions
rubber stamp
one-party rule
rule by one political party, with other parties banned or excluded from power; the party often is able to create a broad membership as a source of political control
oligarchy
rule by the few
democracy
rule by the people
postindustrial society
society in which the dominant industries are in the service and high-tech sectors
what was the nature of interest groups in the UK
some groups are national, others focus on only local concerns
Political elite
someone who holds political power.
vote of confidence
sometimes called "no confidence" votes. The means of removing the prime minister and cabinet from power
in what region of the country was the poll tax once used? why was it abolished
south; they went against the 14th amendment
This term defines a state's claims to exercise authority and effective control of political decisions within a given territory
sovereignty
designed to facilitate and control entry by foreign governments/capital into the Chinese market, regions were created in which foreign investors were given preferential tax rates and other incentives. Eventually spread to most of urban China
special economic zones
institutions
stable, long lasting organizations that help turn political ideas into policy.
most bills die at what stage
stage 4: a committee
describe the interest groups interact with the government in both Russia and China in a system
state corporatism
para-statal sector
state-owned, or state-controlled, corporations created to undertake a broad range of activities, from the control and marketing of agriultural production to the provision of banking services and the operation of airlines, other transportation facilities and public utilities
privatization refers to
state/nationally owned properties privatized
quantitative research
statistical studies which seek correlations and causations between data
co-optation
strategy of that manages symbiotic interdepen. by neutralizing problematic forces in specfic environment
describe the "welfare state" and the standard of living
strong enough to guarenttee basic healthcare, education, and pensions for everyone
This is a development strategy that stresses integration into global markets, privatization, etc. It is often demanded by the World Bank or IMF in order for countries to be able to recieve loans
structural adjustment
development strategy that stresses integration into global markets and privatization. Supported by the World Bank, the IMF and other major northern financial institutions; a policy of economic liberalization adopted in exchange for financial support from liberal international organizations, typically includes privatizing state-run firms, ending subsidies, reducing tariff barriers, shrinking the size of the state, and welcoming foreign investment
structural adjustment
Political institutions
structures of a political system that carry out the work of governing.
red guards
students and others who supported Mao during the cultural revolution; they carried Mao's little "red" book
asymmetrical federalism
subdivisions have local control while central state still retains authority over money, defense and foreign relations
nikita khrushchev
successor of josef stalin as head of the CPSU and soviet union from 1953 until he was ousted in 1964
broadening
support for expanding EU membership
Inputs
support or demand from people to the state
input
support or demand from people to the state
what policy has the Blair government taken on Iraq and why has he taken this position
support the US. he sent the second largest contingent of troops to Iraq in the war that began in 2003. this was because of his troubles in Northern Ireland
who introduces major pieces of legislation
the Cabinet
what dominates the parallel hierarchies of Chinese political institutions
the Chinese Communist Party
Guanxi
the Chinese conception of interpersonal relationships
what is a major difference between the Russian and Chinese military
the Chinese military takes an active role in policymaking; the Russian military does not happen
qualified majority voting
the EU voting system in which the council of ministers does not need to reach unanimity on most issues
european parliament
the EU's legislature
codecision
the European Union legislative procedure whereby a proposal from the European Commission is negotiated and adopted jointly by the Council of Ministers and the European Parliament.
This measures the inequality of wealth within a state
the Gini coefficient
Majlis
the Iranian legislature
democratic centralism
the Lenist organizational structure that concentrates power in the hands of the party elite
which British public policy has caused the greatest conflict with the European Union?
the National Defense
what is the one "way up to the top" in the UK system
the Parliamentary Party
Glasnost
the Russian word for openness. Describes the policy of increased political openness seen near the end of the U.S.S.R.
perestroika
the Russian word for restructuring, used to describe the liberalization of government structures in the Soviet Union under the leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev
Sovereignty
the ability to carry out actions or policies within their borders independently from interference either from the inside or the outside
Power
the ability to get people to do what they otherwise would not do
power
the ability to make others do something they might not otherwise have done
devolution
the process by which a government under a unitary system transfers power to sub-national governments
supply side economics
the economy theory that 1. markets are the most efficient and fair way to allocate productive resources and valuable products; 2. government should interfere in the production of goods and services as little as possible; and 3. economic actors will negate any actions by government to manipulate demand by anticipating the actions and taking counter measures
commission, european
the executive of the EU
ballot fatigue
the farther down the ballot, the fewer the votes
campaign financing
the financing of electoral campaigns at the federal, state, and local levels
Magna Carta
the first document that limited the power of the English monarch
political communication
the flow of information from and about government to its constituents and feedback from constituents to people in government
coup d'etat
the forceful removal of a government, often by the military
Coup d'etat
the forceful removal of a government, often by the military.
coup d'état
the forceful replacement of a regime or a government by a small elite group or groups
prebendalism
the form of patron-client politics that legitimizes the exploitation of government power for the benefit of office holders and their followers
apostasy
the formal abandonment of one's religion
transparency
the full, accurate, and timely disclosure of information (dictionary.com definition)
Politicization of religions
the fusion of church and state.
political gridlock
the inability to reach political consensus
legitimacy
the generally held belief that the government has the right to rule or exercies power
socialist parties
the growth of these was sparked by the rise of human right violation and poor working conditions of the industrial era
Newly Industrialized Countries
the handful of countries, such as South Korea, that have developed a strong industrial base and grown faster that most of the third world
national debt or surplus
the historic total of yearly government budgetary deficits and surpluses for a nation-state
Keynsian economics
the idea that governments can manipulate macroeconomic demand through taxation and spending policies in order to foster stable growth
causation
the idea that one variable causes or influences another.
political orientation
the ideas one holds about politics
state duma
the lower house of the Russian legislature
state duma
the lower house of the russian parliament
gerrymandering
the manipulation of electoral district boundaries for political purposes
Gerrymandering
the manipulation of electoral district boundaries for political purposes.
Chinese Communist principle that stressed "learning from the peasants;" leaders would communicate their will and direction to the people, but the people in turn would communicate their wisdom through the mass line to the leaders
the mass line
social welfare
the material condition of the members of a group; may also refer to the group-supplied material benefits in a society (e.g. health care)
economic development
the measure of the social and economic progress of countries
Judicial review
the mechanism that allows courts to review laws.
parliamentary party
the members of parliament from a single party
interest articulation
the methods by which citizens and groups can express their desires and make demands upon government (e.g., political participation, lobbying, protest, etc.)
power ministries
the most important departments in the russian government
cultural revolution
the period of upheaval in china from the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s; the attempt was to purify china of its past so that it could focus on Mao's understanding of communism
imperialism
the policy of colonizing other countries-literally, establishing empires
Imperialism
the policy of colonizing other countries-literally, establishing one's adversary
democracy/democratization
the political orientation of those who favor government by the people or by their elected representatives
united russia
the political party led by russian president vladimir putin
co-option or co-optation
the political tactic of winning over opponents by assimilating some of their positions into your own
Co-optation
the political tactic of winning over opponents by assimilating some of their positions into your own.
informal sector
the portion of an economy largely outside government control in which employees work without contracts or benefits
what positions must cabinet ministers also hold
the position they are given whether it reflects their interests or not
executive power
the power to execute or enforce laws
judicial power
the power to interpret the laws
legislative power
the power to make laws
veto
the power to reject a piece of legislation
clientelism
the practice of exchanging public resources for votes, and political support. Often seen in corporatist systems, although its existence is not limited to such systems
imperialism
the practice of one nation-state taking control of nations and territory of other countries
rent seeking
the practice of political leaders who, for the purposes of remaining in positions of power, "rent" public assets (resources or tax supported services) to patrons who profit from those public assets
Patronage
the privileges a government grants its supporters.
Economic liberalization
the process of limiting the power of the state over private property and market forces.
politics
the process of making collective decisions
nationalization
the process of making the government the owner of productive resources
industrialization
the process of moving from an agricultural society to an industrial society
Industrialization
the process of moving from an agricultural society to an industrial society.
political integration
the process of promoting loyalty to and identity with the nation-state over more parochial loyalties
privatization
the process of putting ownership of productive resources into the hands of non governmental organizations and people
politics
the process through which a community, state, or organization organizes and governs itself
political recruitment
the process through which citizens of a country are chosen to be involved in politics
political recruitment
the processes by which people become public participants and leaders
politics
the processes through which groups of people govern themselves or are governed; activities associated with the exercise of authority
judicial review
the pwoer of courts to modify or nullify the actions of legislatures and executives
political spectrum
the range of political beliefs in a society
Political Spectrum
the range of political beliefs in a society.
foreign exchange (ForEx)
the rates at which the currency from one nation trades with others; affected by currency markets, balances of trade, and domestic government policies
feedback
the reactions of people and organizations that shape political environments for future policy making
session
the regular period of time during which congress conducts business
patron-client relationships
the relationships seen in systems of clientelism, in which governments hand out privileges to supporters
Patron-Client Relationships
the relationships seen in systems of clientelism, in which governments hand out privileges to supporters.
what is the primary purpose of political parties
to get people elected
why do states have residency requirements
to keep a political machine from bribing outsiders to affect the outcome of local elections and to ensure that every voter has at least some time to become familiar with the candidates and issues in an election.
purpose of"separation of powers"
to make it hard for them to act in a rapid and decisive manner to enact coherent policies that systematically address pressing social and economic issues
Falsify
to represent falsely
adjudicate
to resolve a matter in dispute; when backed up by the authority of government the decision can be enforced
co-opt
to win support by granting special favors to an individual or a group; there is often an implication that those receiving benefits abandon important goals when offered less-important benefits
liberal
tolerant or broad-minded; generous or lavish
Per Capita Gross National Product (GNP)
total amount of goods and services produced divided by the population size
describe the business sector (trade association) in the UK
trade associations for most industries. Chambers of commerce promote business interests in their communities, the CBI is the most important of this group.
(TUC)
trades union congress in great britain: britains leading trade union confederation
free trade
unrestricted trade between countries
Wen Jiabo's "new socialist countryside" program is meant to address the issue of...
urban-rural cleavages
incrementalism
used ti describe policies that make limited, marginal, or minor changes on existing practices
incrementalism
used to describe policies that make limited, marginal, or minor changes in existing practices
Describe British political culture in the 1950s and 1960s
trust, deference to authority and competence, pragmatism, harmony, high voter participation
american voters have been supporting the ____ party system
two
Market economy factors
two factors have promoted the movement towards this type of economy: belief that the government is too big, and lack of success of command economies.
a bicameral legislation has
two governing bodies
structure of local government
two tiers: counties and municipals
did the British government have legitimacy in the 1950s and 1960s
unanimous agreement that the political system based on parliamentary sovereignty and cabinet rule was legitimate the government has developed gradually, so that tradition is a primary source of stability
glasnost
under gorbachev, soviet policies that opened up the political system and allowed freedom of expression
(UMBC)
united middle belt congress
(UPN)
united party of nigeria
In which of the following areas of life are women in Iran best represented
university enrollment
interest aggregation
ways in which demands of citizens and groups are amalgamated into proposed policy packages (e.g., leadership, political parties, etc.
what distinguishes american courts from other liberal democracies
we have a federal system; legislature and executive branches are not fused
how does the UK as a whole stand on European Union integration and why
when Blair became leader, almost everyone enthusiastically supported both adding new countries and giving new powers to the EU
Coinciding cleavages
when every dispute aligns the same groups against each other, this type of cleavage is likely to be explosive.
coinciding cleavages
when membership in a particular segment of society correlates with membership in another segment of society. (ex: membership in a particular ethnic group tends to correlate with membership in a particular social class)
Coinciding Cleavages
when membership in a particular segment of society correlates with membership in another segment of society. For example, membership in a particular ethnic group tends to correlate with membership in a particular social class.
how has american public opinion evolved since the 1960s
when the new left and new right emerged.
consultative authoritarianism
where one individual determines the course of action
describe the racism in the UK
widespread, a career was build by Enoch Powell that exploited the fear and antagonism many British men and women felt towards Asians, Africans, and Afro-Caribbeans
First-past-the-post
winner-take-all system, plurality system.
the Labour party in the UK would support what class of people
working class
