Unit 4

Who is Albert Bandura and what theory of learning did he create?

Observational or Social Cognitive Learning

What was the unconditioned stimulus (US) in Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

food powder

Ivan Pavlov

founder of Classical Conditioning

negative reinforcement

grounding until your room is clean

Briefly discuss the three types of learning (Classical, Operant, and Cognitive)

-Classical Conditioning is a type of learning through which an organism learns to *associate* one stimulus with another. Ex) Baby Albert with the rabbit. He associated the loud noises with the rabbit and other things that looked like it, which made him afraid of the rabbit. -Operant Conditioning is a type of learning in which the *consequences* of a behavior are manipulated in order to *increase or decrease a behavior*. Ex) positive and negative reinforcements, and punishments (CS=when does the person engage in the response; CR= what has the person learned to do; R=what strengthens the response or why do they keep doing it) -Cognitive Learning is mental processes such as thinking, knowing, problem solving, and remembering. Ex) insight, latent learning, observational

Differentiate between positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment.

-Positive reinforcement is a *reward* that follows a response. Ex) Being allowed to go out with your friends if you clean your room. -Negative reinforcement is the termination of an unpleasant stimulus after a response in order to increase the probability that the response will be repeated. Ex) Being grounded *until* your room is clean -Punishment is an unpleasant consequence and *decreases the frequency* of the behavior. Ex) Being grounded because you didn't clean your room

positive reinforcement

a reward that follows a response

stimulus

an event or object in the environment to which an organism responds

avoidance conditioning

avoiding an unwanted stimulus

variable ratio

based on a number of correct responses, random

What was the conditioned stimulus (CS) in Pavlov's experiment?

bells, etc.

example of spontaneous recovery

bit by a dog, scared. sees dog, scared. experiences a nice dog, no longer scared. sees dog later, scared.

B.F. Skinner

father of Operant Conditioning

positive reinforcement tends to _________ the probability of a response; and negative reinforcement tends to ________ the probability of a response.

increase; increase

unconditioned response

involuntary response to a stimulus

elicitation effect

modeling a behavior

example of a secondary reinforcer and how it is connected to a primary reinforcer

money can buy food

example of inhibitory effect

not doing something because a model was punished

shaping

rewarding successive approximations of a desired response

What are three things which influence the chances of using an individual as a model?

status, competence, power

reinforcer

strengthens a response

insight

sudden realization of a solution

extinction

when a conditioned response disappears