unit 5 test

What do methamphetamine, caffeine, and cocaine have in common? They excite neural activity and arouse body functions. They slow body functions and calm neural activity. They depress neural functioning and reduce pain. They relax the body, lead to disinhibition, and produce euphoria. They distort perceptions and evoke sensations without sensory input.

They excite neural activity and arouse body functions.

Sensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus are called night terrors. hallucinations. neuroadaptations. dissociations. stressors.

hallucinations.

Hypnosis involves a state of improved perceptual skills. heightened openness to suggestion. elevated autonomic arousal. low-amplitude and high-frequency brain waves. increased physical stamina.

heightened openness to suggestion.

Soon after taking a psychoactive drug, Larisa's breathing slowed, her pupils constricted, and her feelings of anxiety were replaced by blissful pleasure. Larisa most likely experienced the effects of LSD. nicotine. heroin. cocaine. amphetamine.

heroin.

The occurrence of REM rebound supports the notion that humans, like most other mammals, need REM sleep. as people grow older they need to spend progressively more time dreaming. dreams are triggered by random bursts of neural activity. dreams help to solidify our memories of daytime experiences. dreams represent unconscious wishes and anxieties.

humans, like most other mammals, need REM sleep.

Advocates of the social influence theory of hypnosis are likely to argue that most hypnotized people are consciously faking hypnosis. hypnotic susceptibility is positively correlated with introversion. the process of dissociation best explains hypnotic phenomena. hypnotized people are simply enacting the role of good hypnotic subjects. hypnosis is a unique state of consciousness.

hypnotized people are simply enacting the role of good hypnotic subjects.

Researchers have demonstrated that people trained to perform tasks recall them better after a night's sleep than after several hours awake. This finding suggests that sleep helps restore and repair brain tissue. is involved in the memory process. patterns suit a species' ecological niche. inspires creative achievements and problem solving. plays a role in the growth process.

is involved in the memory process.

Greg remembered a recent dream in which his girlfriend suddenly grabbed the wheel of his speeding car. Greg's therapist suggested that the dream might be a representation of the girlfriend's efforts to avoid sexual intimacy. According to Freud, the therapist was attempting to reveal the ________ of Greg's dream. manifest content latent content circadian rhythm neuroadaptation NREM cycle

latent content

According to Freud, the personally threatening and censored meaning of a dream is its latent content. manifest content. hallucinatory content. dissociated content. social influence.

latent content.

As Inge recalled her dream, she was dancing with a tall, dark gentleman when suddenly the music shifted to loud rock and the man disappeared. According to Freud, Inge's account represents the ________ content of her dream. manifest hallucinatory hypnagogic latent paradoxical

manifest

Consciousness is the sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem. our awareness of ourselves and our environment. effortless encoding of incidental information into memory. the ability to solve problems, reason, and remember. the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information.

our awareness of ourselves and our environment.

REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because it leads to highly imaginative dreams that are perceived as colorless images. our heart rate is slow and steady, while our breathing is highly irregular. our brain and nervous system are less active and our muscles are very active. our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move. we are deeply asleep but can be awakened easily.

our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move.

Hypnotized people are no more likely to perform dangerous acts than those who are asked to simulate hypnosis. This fact is most consistent with social influence theory. the activation-synthesis theory. Freud's dream theory. dissociation theory. withdrawal theory.

social influence theory.

Compared with when they were only 20 years old, 60-year-olds complete the sleep cycle more slowly. spend less time in NREM-1 sleep. complete REM rebound more often. spend less time in deep sleep. spend more time in paradoxical sleep.

spend less time in deep sleep.

People are particularly responsive to hypnosis if they are below average in intelligence and education. strongly expect that they can be hypnotized. were diagnosed with a psychological disorder at one time in their lives. suffer a physical or psychological dependence on alcohol. are easily distracted and have difficulty focusing attention.

strongly expect that they can be hypnotized.

The circadian rhythm is influenced by light-sensitive retinal proteins that trigger signals to the dopamine reward system. sleep spindles. thyroid gland. suprachiasmatic nucleus. MDMA.

suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Sleep apnea is a disorder involving the cessation of breathing during sleep the excessive use of sleeping pills or other sleep-inducing drugs. periodic uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepiness hypnagogic sensations of falling or floating weightlessly. screams and panic during deep sleep.

the cessation of breathing during sleep

The human sleep cycle repeats itself every 30 minutes 1.5 days 2 1/2 hours 90 minutes 4 hours

90 minutes

Which of the following is most accurate about a typical night's sleep? During REM sleep the muscles are tense and brain waves reveal deep relaxation. Most of a night's sleep is spent in REM. As sleep progresses, NREM-3 sleep diminishes while REM sleep increases. Everyone needs 8 hours of sleep per night. The sleep cycle repeats itself every 60 minutes.

As sleep progresses, NREM-3 sleep diminishes while REM sleep increases.

The release of stored serotonin and the eventual damage of serotonin-producing neurons is most closely associated with the long-term use of Ecstasy. amphetamines. alcohol. barbiturates. morphine.

Ecstasy.

Which of the following is true of alcohol? In large doses, it is a hallucinogen; in small doses, it is a depressant. In large doses, it is a stimulant; in small doses, it is a depressant. In large doses, it is a depressant; in small doses, it is a stimulant. In large doses, it is a depressant; in small doses, it is a depressant. In large doses, it is a stimulant; in small doses, it is a stimulant.

In large doses, it is a depressant; in small doses, it is a depressant.

How is the hypothalamus involved in sleep? In response to decreasing light the hypothalamus' suprachiastmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin, leading you to sleep. The action of the hypothalamus suppresses immune cell production that fights off viral infections and cancer. The hypothalamus triggers the pituitary gland in the endocrine system to produce the hormone thyroxin, which leads you to sleep. During sleep the hypothalamus stimulates the production of free radicals, Cell clusters in the hypothalamus stimulate the production of relatively slow alpha waves, signaling the transition from deep relaxation to sleep.

In response to decreasing light the hypothalamus' suprachiastmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin, leading you to sleep.

Which of the following is true of melatonin? It helps restore and repair brain tissue by increasing the production of free radicals. It alters metabolic and hormonal functioning in ways that mimic aging. Production of melatonin during sleep boosts our immune system, which helps us fight off viral infections. It is a sleep hormone released by the pineal gland into the bloodstream. It is produced by the brain during the hypnagogic stage in NREM sleep.

It is a sleep hormone released by the pineal gland into the bloodstream.

Jason has been smoking marijuana. Which of the following best describes the effects of this psychoactive drug on Jason's behavior? Jason will quickly experience a euphoric rush, then a significant "crash" as the drug wears off. Jason will become dehydrated quickly, which could lead to overheating and death. Jason will feel increased alertness and wakefulness. Jason will experience blissful pleasure during use but extreme discomfort during withdrawal. Jason will become relaxed and experience mild hallucinations, followed by memory loss.

Jason will become relaxed and experience mild hallucinations, followed by memory loss.

Which of the following is a psychedelic drug? cocaine LSD nicotine caffeine heroin

LSD

Evidence suggests that we consolidate our memories of recent life events through hypnagogic sensations. dissociation. REM sleep. parallel processing. neuroadaptation.

REM sleep.

Nightmares are to ________ as night terrors are to ________. REM sleep; NREM-3 sleep delta waves; alpha waves narcolepsy; sleep apnea NREM-3 sleep; NREM-2 sleep NREM-2 sleep; NREM-1 sleep

REM sleep; NREM-3 sleep

What is most likely to occur when the brain is repeatedly flooded with artificial opiates? The brain stops making dopamine. The brain shrinks. The brain stops producing endorphins. The immune system is suppressed. The level of serotonin is permanently decreased.

The brain stops producing endorphins.

Which of the following is true of night terrors? They involve the temporary inability to breathe. They are usually recalled vividly for days following their occurrence. They jolt the sleeper to a sudden state of full waking alertness. They are typically accompanied by a state of temporary muscular immobility or paralysis. They typically occur during NREM-3 sleep.

They typically occur during NREM-3 sleep.

Dreams often involve sudden emotional reactions and surprising changes in scene. This best serves to support the theory that dreams represent both latent content and manifest content. strengthen our memories of the preceding day's events. are triggered by random bursts of neural activity. reflect one's level of cognitive development. prepare us for the stress and challenges of the following day.

are triggered by random bursts of neural activity.

Compulsive craving for and use of a drug is an indication of addiction narcolepsy dissociation hallucination hypnagogic sensations

addiction

François was dismayed to discover that some of his football teammates were using drugs to enhance their footwork and endurance on the playing field. Which of the following drugs were the players most likely using? barbiturates amphetamines morphine derivatives marijuana heroin

amphetamines

Which of the following is a common symptom of nicotine withdrawal? drowsiness euphoria diminished appetite insensitivity to pain anxiety

anxiety

Which of the following is the most widely consumed psychoactive substance? marijuana caffeine alcohol nicotine cocaine

caffeine

With the approach of night, our body temperatures begin to drop. This best illustrates the dynamics of the circadian rhythm. latent content. alpha wave pattern. REM rebound. hypnagogic state.

circadian rhythm.

Soon after taking a psychoactive drug, Zachary experienced a diminished appetite, an increased pulse rate, dilated pupils, and feelings of self-confidence and euphoria. Zachary most likely experienced the effects of THC. marijuana. heroin. cocaine. LSD.

cocaine.

Prior to age 9, children's dreams seem more like a slide show and less like an active story in which the dreamer is an actor. This best illustrates that the content of dreams reflects children's manifest content. latent content. night terrors. psychological dependence. cognitive development.

cognitive development.

Until reading this question you were unaware that your shoes are pressing against your feet. This focusing of your conscious attention, or selective attention, illustrates that behaviorism explains many psychological phenomena. consciousness is easily understood and defined. advances in neuroscience make it possible to relate brain activity to our mental states. conscious awareness is one part of the dual processing that occurs in our two-track minds. the definition of consciousness is constantly evolving.

conscious awareness is one part of the dual processing that occurs in our two-track minds.

Alcohol consumption disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memory by decreasing sleep apnea. increasing self-consciousness. decreasing REM sleep. decreasing tolerance. increasing anxiety.

decreasing REM sleep.

The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep are called beta waves alpha waves delta waves sleep spindles theta waves

delta waves

Drugs such as alcohol and opiates that calm neural activity and slow body functions are called depressants. hallucinogens. amphetamines. endorphins. dissociatives.

depressants.

Sleep deprivation has been shown to decrease narcolepsy. reduce hypertension. increase attentiveness to highly motivating tasks. decrease tolerance and increase withdrawal. diminish immunity to disease.

diminish immunity to disease.

Research indicates that alcohol decreases latent content. disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memories. increases REM sleep. impairs short-term recall of what has just been said. impairs recall of existing long-term memories.

disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memories.

The divided-consciousness theory of hypnosis states that hypnosis involves role-playing obedience to authority motivational conflict age regression dissociation

dissociation

The impact of circadian rhythms is best illustrated by the different study habits of men and women. the different personalities of people born during different months of the year. varying levels of neurotransmitters during REM sleep. the differing musical preferences of younger and older persons. fluctuations in energy level and alertness across the span of a day.

fluctuations in energy level and alertness across the span of a day.

Research on the use of addictive drugs indicates that all categories of psychoactive drugs are associated with dependence. regular marijuana smokers typically experience an irresistible craving for THC. an occasional cigarette smoker almost always becomes a heavy smoker. individuals who receive morphine from physicians for pain relief usually develop the irresistible cravings of an addict. many people are able to stop using addictive drugs without professional help.

many people are able to stop using addictive drugs without professional help.

THC, the active ingredient in ________, is classified as a ________. marijuana; stimulant cocaine; stimulant heroin; depressant marijuana; hallucinogen cocaine; hallucinogen

marijuana; hallucinogen

Which of the following sleep disorders would be the most incapacitating for a commercial bus driver? insomnia sleep apnea sleepwalking narcolepsy night terrors

narcolepsy

The change in brain chemistry that offsets the effects of a psychoactive drug is called dissociation. dependence. neuroadaptation. narcolepsy. disinhibition.

neuroadaptation.

Which of the following drugs is classified as a stimulant? morphine LSD marijuana nicotine alcohol

nicotine

Research indicates that memories retrieved during hypnosis are accurate recollections of information previously learned forgotten again as soon as the person awakens from the hypnotic state often accurate indicators of childhood sexual abuse experienced as being inaccurate even when they are true often combination of fact and fiction

often combination of fact and fiction

Morphine and heroin are opiates amphetamines hallucinogens barbituates stimulants

opiates

Research studies of the content of dreams indicate that the genital arousal that occurs during sleep is typically related to sexual dreams. most dreams are pleasant, exotic, and unrelated to ordinary daily life. people are more likely to dream of failure than of success. men are less likely than women to report dreams with sexual overtones. hypnosis increases the amount of time we spend in NREM sleep, which interferes with dreams.

people are more likely to dream of failure than of success.

Unpleasant withdrawal symptoms are indicative of REM rebound. narcolepsy. physical dependence. neuroadaptation. dissociation.

physical dependence.

Chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods are called ________ drugs. hypnagogic dissociative narcoleptic psychoactive neuroadaptive

psychoactive

After drinking three cans of beer, Akiva felt less guilty about the way he mistreated his wife and children. Akiva's reduced guilt most likely resulted from the fact that his alcohol consumption has directed his attention to the future. reduced his self-awareness. destroyed some of his brain cells. increased his level of sympathetic nervous system arousal. reduced his sexual desire.

reduced his self-awareness.

Alcohol consumption is LEAST likely to make people more sexually daring. self-conscious. aggressive. fearful. self-disclosing.

self-conscious.

A rewarding consequence of cigarette smoking is that it reduces sensitivity to pain. heart rate. blood pressure. mental alertness. the release of epinephrine into the bloodstream.

sensitivity to pain.

The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep are called sleep spindles. circadian rhythms alpha aves delta waves amplitude waves

sleep spindles.

The altered state of consciousness that is most similar to a drug-induced hallucination is the near-death experience. hypnosis. REM sleep. narcolepsy. withdrawal.

the near-death experience.

After a stressful day at the office, Arthur has five or six drinks at a local bar before going home for dinner. Research suggests that Arthur's heavy drinking will have the most adverse effect on his ability to remember at the time he is drinking the name of his employer and his own home address. the next day the names of the people he talked to and what he said while drinking. at the time he is drinking how to do long division. the next day the names of the business associates he talked to before going to the bar. at the time he is drinking the names of the people he has just met.

the next day the names of the people he talked to and what he said while drinking.

As drug users experience neuroadaptation, they demonstrate signs of narcolepsy. hallucinations. tolerance. dissociation. NREM.

tolerance.

The need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience its effects is an indication of resistance. narcolepsy. withdrawal. tolerance. dissociation.

tolerance.

The discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of certain drugs is called narcolepsy. dissociation. withdrawal. REM rebound. intolerance.

withdrawal.

Forty-year-old Lance insists that he never dreams. Research suggests that he probably experiences very little REM sleep. passes through the sleep cycle much more rapidly than most people. would report a vivid dream if he were awakened during REM sleep. experiences more NREM-2 sleep than most people. dreams during NREM-3 rather than during REM sleep.

would report a vivid dream if he were awakened during REM sleep.