UNL COMM 101: Exam 2

Communication patterns of groups in power

-Tend to replicate themselves unless there's some intervention -Tend to inadvertently disempower other groups -Make themselves the norm -Ex: Obama being elected as first black president but no one talked about Donald Trump being white

Problems with academic writing

-good writing is rich, detailed, specific, and makes us feel like a part of the journey, we need to include stories and direct quotes form the people with in the organization -Tends to use big words that people don't understand

Ethnography

-method of inquiry focused detailed, in-depth description of everyday life and practices -representing in words that you have lived through as a person when your state purpose was to study a culture, type of field work

4 Key characteristics of culture

1. collection of signs and meaning that doesn't exist in people head but is shared; rites, rituals, artifacts, conversation 2. People actively participate in the creation of future but at the same time culture act back on its members, shaping and constraining their conceptions of the world -Emphasizes the notion that culture is not a "thing", moment to moment 3. Emphasizes the notion that culture is not a thing rather it exists in the moment to moment 4. Should bee seen as an interpretive rather than experimental science

4 functions of pragmatist sees culture having in an organization

1. creating a shared identity amongst organization members 2. generating employee commitment to the organization 3. Enhancing organizational stability 4. serving as a sense-making device

How Game Theory interacts with Communication

1. reality is socially constructed 2. all organizations have norms or behaviors incentives ad disincentives for behaviors 3. for change to happen it must happen on the cultural level

6 principles of community oriented policing

1. the empowerment of the community 2. a belief in a broad police fiction 3. the reliance of police on citizen for authority, information, and collaboration 4. the application of general knowledge and skill 5. specific tactics targeted at particular problems rather than general tactics such as preventive patrol and paid repose 6. decentralized authority to better respond to neighborhood needs

The Categorical Imperative

18th century German Philosopher Immanuel Kant 1.Act as if your action were to become a universal law that everyone must obey 2.Never treat other merely as a means, but always as an ends unto themselves. Kant believed that a good end can never justify a bad means for achieving it. 3.Act in a way that respect the rights of others

Quality of Life

Americans are working more than ever and work is increasingly inescapable as technology keeps us connected all the time

Conduct Organizational Analysis

Choose your organization, explains why you chose this organization, list methods of study, present findings, discuss recommendations how to improve, present those findings to the organization -Interviewing -Observing -Directly quoting

Field work

Collection of information outside of lab, library, or work place setting.

Accommodative processes

Equal power, interaction can't be competition, must be shared goals, support from relevant authorities recognizing the differences amongst other cultures that aren't yours, acting in ways to include rather than exclude people

Necessary conditions for successful interactions

Equal power, interaction can't be competition, must be shared goals, support from relevant authorities, salience, typicality

The Veil of Ignorance

John Rawls argued that if people had to make decisions to knowing whether they would benefit themselves; i.e. behind a veil of ignorance, they act more justly. People would favor systems of governance that benefited everyone and not an elite few because people would not know their place in society. A just society would focus on caring for its weakest members

Organizational communication as information transfer

Metaphor-pipeline, focused on exchange of information and transmission of meaning. Pros are that it is a basic approach and cons are that it is an incomplete process. There is no clear sender and receiver.

Organizational communications dialogue

Mindful communication -Promotes an environment where equitable exchange of ideas is possible Equitable transaction -All participants can voice their opinions and perspectives -Voice is the ability to participate in ongoing organizational dialogue Empathetic conversation -Understand and imagine the world of another person Real meeting -Respect of another's subjectivity and world/view everyday business of constructing and maintaining multiple social realities.

Definitions of Culture

Normative—culture as a container, proper norms of behavior Interpretive—culture as co-created, socially constructed Critical—culture as a struggle in a larger context, power/disempower groups of people Dialectic—culture as shifting tensions

Real Meeting

Respect of another's subjectivity and worldview. Dialogue is a fundamental human activity.

Ways positive interactions between groups can best be facilitated

Self-disclosure, typicality, salience, extended contact effect (an ingroup friend's outgroup relationship can contribute to positive attitudes), media contact (TV shows, gaming research), bilingual education -Minimize power differences -Support from authorities -Need people to be representative of their culture and salient

Organizational communication

The interaction to direct a group towards a shared goal. Have shared interest, differences are present, and many definitions because of different assumptions and goals.

Facts

a body of "social knowledge" shared by members, that enable those members to navigate the culture

Thick Description

a terom on the idea of an interpretive theory of culture. The use of qualitative is meant to distinguish this kind of social science research from more quantitative research. Detailed with a lot of depth

Equitable Transaction

all can voice their opinion and perspective

Relevant constructs

all organizations and social collectives identify objects, individuals, grants, and processes that punctuate the daily life of the organization and allow members to structure their experiences

The Golden Mean

an ethical principle developed by Aristotle Morality is to be found in moderation and that extreme should be avoided

Stories

are not just random descriptions of event but rather perform a sense-making function in teaching us what is important to pay attention to. -most important ways in which humans produce and reproduce social reality

Rule-base principles

as exemplified by the categorical imperative, stress an obligation to duty and universal codes of behavior

Ends-based principles

as exemplified by utilitarianism, these principles are focused on creating good outcomes

Situated

different effective communication is necessary for specific communications

Rites and Rituals

emerge party from a need organization members to experience order and predicability in their lives. Such rituals can be as informal as a daily greeting or as format as the pomp and circumstance of a graduation ceremony

Organizational Detective

good detectives ask a lot of questions, take notes, observe and watch, and they solve the mystery

Dialogue

increases satisfaction, improves relationships, create great organization climate, and is time consuming

Environmental Degradation

is heightened companies move in attempts to find locals with the least environmental regulations and/or the most resources to be exploited

Semiotics

is the study in which sign systems or systems of representation, come to create social reality for people

IMF (International Monetary Fund)

lends money to member nations (188 members) in order to allow them to prevent economic collapse

How community policing changes the rules of Law Enforcement

makes most important goal safer communities, changes the way police are rewarded (not just for arrests)

McDonald's Theory of Peace

no two countries with a McDonalds have ever fought a war

Corporate Inversion

occurs when a company attempts to lower taxes, buys a much smaller company in a foreign country that has a more favorable tax code. The company dos not actually change how it does business but now claims that its company is located in another country.

Rules of the "Game of Law Enforcement"

officers get promoted and reward for making arrests, so the goal is to confiscate guns/drugs, make arrests instead of having safer communities

Vocabulary

often one of the most distinctive features of a culture is members use of a specific vocabulary or jargon that describes important aspects of the culture. Jargon serves as a badge for membership

Practices

organizational life is made up of set of ongoing practices that members must engage in to accomplish the process of organizing. Cultural perspective, focus on such practices provides insight onto the routine features of everyday organizational life. Ex: snowboarders

Urgent Organizations

organizations who's main goal is to shorten the time period in which employees can respond to their sutlers and each other

Perishable

patterns of interaction that were effective last year may be out dated today due to change in customer taste and technology

The New Social Contract

refers the new implied contract between employees and employers. Different kind of employment relationship in which job security is fleeting and tied to the fit of employees skills fit with the organizations needs at the time

Informal Communication Networks

relationships with trusted coworkers characterized by quick, verbal communication and are the most dynamic source of power in contemporary organizations because of troll tex play in responding to a turbulent business climate

Expression of culture and sense making

relevant contrusts, facts, practices vocal, metaphors, stories, rites, rituals

The goal of community policing

safer communities and creating greater trust and cooperation between communities and law enforcement; to make it a cooperative game

Game Theory

says all social interaction can be treated as a game, have rules, rewards, and punishments

Mindful Communication

scripts and grand narratives-mindless

Multicultural Management

the ability to adapt one's leadership style to both respond to and the most of pervasive cultural difference in values and practice amount a diverse employee population

Voice

the ability to take place in ongoing organizational dialogue

Globalization

the closer integration of the counters and people of the world which has brought about the enormous reduction of cost of transportation and communication, and the breaking down of artificial barriers to the flow of goods, services, capital. etc.

Human Trafficking

the illegal trade of human beings across borders

Ethical concerns

the new world of work os replete with unique and challenge ethical concerns

Cultural approach to studying organizations

the observation that more things are going onion organizations than getting the job done

Metaphor

the study of organizational metaphors has become an important in their way for culture researchers to interpret the sense-making process of organization members

Ethics

the study of the general nature of morals and of the specific choices made by a person

Empathic Conversation

understand and imagine world of another person. Key for managing diversity, More concerned about group effectiveness that individual ego or position.

Community policing

when communities cooperate with police to make safer places

Outsourcing

when companies in the United State choose to hire people in other counties to do some of their work. (lowest labor cost)

WTO (World Trade Organization)

created to eliminate trade tariffs and settle international trade disputes

Creativity vs. Constraint

creativity—design -interpretations of meanings -all forms of initiatives -new ways of organizing tasks and understanding relationships -use of storytelling constraint—rules -social and institutional forms, laws, rules, procedures, slogans, and management styles designed to gain compliance and limit dialogue at all costs -top-down decision making and problem solving

Utilitarianism

Bentham & Mill: proposed that all ethical conflicts can be resolved by determining which action would create "the greatest good for the greatest number of people"

Intergroup contact theory

Bring members of one social group to another social group with the goal of influencing attitudes and reducing prejudice Is the best way to decrease stereotypes/misunderstanding

Salience

being prominent

Care-based principles

by the veil of ignorance and the golden rule, stress reciprocity and the need to consider the world from the position of others

Intergroup Communication (Short Answer)

communication at the social identity level groups

World Bank

created by the UN to give loans to developing countries to allow them to better their economies, DEVELOPING WORLDS