upper & lower motor neuron disease
PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR АTROPНY
A lower motor neuron disease that causes muscle wasting
Upper versus Lower Motor Neuron Disease UMND Fasciculations
Absent
HUNTINGTONS СНOREА
An inherited upper motor neuron disease which affects nerve cells in the brain.
PSEUDOBULBAR PALSY
An upper motor neuron disease that effects voluntary movement of the facial muscles.
Upper versus Lower Motor Neuron Disease LMND Atrophy
Present
Examples of upper motor neuron lesions include:
cerebral palsy hydrocephalus ALS (both upper and lower) CVA birth injuries multiple sclerosis Huntington's chorea traumatic brain injury pseudobulbar palsy brain tumors
Identify two symptoms of a lower motor neuron lesion. hypotonicity fasciculations rigidity hyperactive reflexes
hypotonicity fasciculations
Multiple sclerosis
is an upper motor neuron disease
Lower Motor Neuron Disease
is characterized by a lesion that affects nerves or their axons at or below the level of the brainstem, usually within the "final common pathway." The ventral gray column of the spinal cord may also be affected. Symptoms include flaccidity or weakness of the involved muscles, decreased tone, fasciculations, muscle atrophy, and decreased or absent reflexes.
Poliomyelitis is an example of an _________ motor neuron disease.
lower motor neuron
Spinal muscular atrophy Duchenne muscular dystrophy Sre both _______motor neuron diseases
lower motor neuron diseases
Which of the following is not characterized as an upper motor neuron disease? muscular dystrophy cerebral palsy hydrocephalus multiple sclerosis
muscular dystrophy
Upper motor neuron diseases are caused by damaged tracts in the ___________matter of the spinal cord.
white matter
Which diagnosis is considered both an upper and lower motor neuron disease? multiple sclerosis Duchenne muscular dystrophy spinal muscular atrophy amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Corect Answer: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis causes progressive degeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons.
Muscle weakness, hypotonicity, and muscle fasciculations are all characteristics of: bulbar palsy upper motor neuron pathology lower motor neuron pathology pseudobulbar affect
Correct Answer lower motor neuron pathology A lower motor neuron disease is characterized by a lesion that affects nerves or their axons at or below the level of the brainstem. The ventral gray column of the spinal cord may also be affected. Symptoms include flaccidity or weakness of the involved muscles decreased tone, fasciculations, muscle atrophy, and decreased or absent reflexes.
Which deep tendon reflex grade would be most anticipated in a child diagnosed with cerebral palsy? 0 1+ 2+ 3+
Correct Answer: 3+ Deep tendon reflexes elicit a muscle contraction when the muscles tendon is stimulated. The most commonly used reflex grading system ranges from O no response to 4+very brisk/hyperactive response. An upper motor neuron disease such as cerebral palsy would most likely result in reflex grades of 3+ or 4+
Which of the following would be a clinical presentation of an upper motor neuron syndrome? paresthesia fasciculations Babinski's sign muscle atrophy
Correct Answer: Babinski's sign Babinski's sign is indicative of an upper motor neuron lesion. This finding is often associated with damage to the corticospinal (pyramidal) tracts. The remaining options are more characteristic of a lower motor neuron lesion.
Which potential cause would be least likely to be associated with abnormal "floppy" tone in an infant? neuromuscular disorder the infant is weak damage to descending motor pathways premature birth at 28 weeks
Correct Answer: damage to descending motor pathways Damage to descending motor pathways, or upper motor neuron pathways, results in hypertonia. Abnormal "floppy" tone is more characteristic of hypotonia.
Which term is most consistent with bladder dysfunction resulting from an S4 spinal cord injury? flaccid reflexive absent asymptomatic
Correct Answer: flaccid Bladder dysfunction can be subcategorized into flaccid or reflexive categories. Flaccid or lower motor neuron bladders result from an injury of the spinal cord below the S2 spinal level Reflexive or upper motor neuron bladders result from an injury above T12
Which symptoms would be most consistent with a lesion in the ventral grey column of the spinal cord? hyperactive reflexes and hypertonia hypoactive reflexes and hypertonia hyperactive reflexes and hypotonia hypoactive reflexes and hypotonia
Correct Answer: hypoactive reflexes and hypotonia The ventral grey column of the spinal cord contains cell bodies of lower motor neurons. Lesions of lower motor neurons often produce characteristic symptoms including diminished or absent reflexes and low tone.
Which pathology is considered to be a lower motor neuron disease? bulbar palsy multiple sclerosis cerebral palsy post-polio
Correet Answer. post-polio Post-polio syndrome is a lower motor neuron disorder that refers to new neuromuscular symptoms that occur decades after recovery from an acute paralytic episode of polio. The primary symptom is a decline in the strength of muscles that had previously been affected by polio. Other symptoms include myalgia, joint pain, muscle atrophy, excessive fatigue with activity, and diminished endurance.
Upper versus Lower Motor Neuron Disease LMND Reflexes
Diminished or absent
Identify two conditions that are characterized as lower motor neuron diseases. birth injuries brain tumors Guillain-Barre syndrome carpal tunnel syndrome traumatic brain injury
Guillain-Barre syndrome carpal tunnel syndrome
Upper versus Lower Motor Neuron Disease UMND Reflexes
Hyperactive
Upper versus Lower Motor Neuron Disease UMND Tone
Hypertonic
Upper versus Lower Motor Neuron Disease LMND Tone
Hypotonic to flaccid
Upper versus Lower Motor Neuron Disease UMND Atrophy
Mild from disuse
Upper versus Lower Motor Neuron Disease LMND Fasciculations
Present
Lower
The ventral grey column of the spinal cord contains cell bodies of ________motor neurons.
Babinski's sign is indicative of an ________motor neuron lesion.
Upper
Reflexive or upper motor neuron bladders result from an injury where?
above T12
A lower motor neuron lesion affects nerves or their axons, where?
at or below the level of the brainstem.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a disease that affects _______ motor neurons.
both upper and lower motor neurons
Upper Motor Neuron Disease
disease is characterized by a lesion found in descending motor tracts within the cerebral motor cortex, internal capsule, brainstem or spinal cord. Symptoms include weakness involved muscles, hypertonicity, hyperreflexia, mild disuse atrophy, and abnormal reflexes. Damaged tracts are in the lateral white column of the spinal cord.
Identify two symptoms of an upper motor neuron lesion. hypertonicity flaccidity fasciculations abnormal reflexes muscle atrophy
hypertonicity abnormal reflexes
Examples of lower motor neuron lesions include:
poliomyelitis ALS (both upper and lower) Guillain-Barre syndrome tumors involving the spinal cord trauma progressive muscular atrophy infection Bell's palsy carpal tunnel syndrome muscular dystrophy spinal muscular atrophy
